Construction Methods - These are the procedures and techniques that are used during the building

process.
Framing
 It is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape.
Two Categories of Framing
Heavy Frame Construction
• If the vertical supports are few and heavy such as in timber framing, pole building
framing, or steel framing.
• Timber Framing
• Pole Building Framing
• Steel Framing
Light Frame Construction
• If the supports are more numerous and smaller called light-frame construction.
• Light wood Framing
• Light steel framing
Other Construction Methods
 masonry (building with individual stones or bricks held together by mortar)
 reinforced or unreinforced concrete (a material made from a mixture of gravel, sand, cement
and water)
 rammed-earth blocks (building blocks made of compressed earth)
 Structural insulated panels (SIPs) (sandwich panels with engineered wood on two sides and
insulation in between) can be used independently or in conjunction with frames to build homes,
but most of these methods are used in tandem with a frame in the US and Canada.
COMMONLY-USED RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Platform/Stick Framing
 It is also known as “stick-built”. Platform framing uses individual pieces of dimensional lumber
(further customized on site to the exact required size) which are assembled piece by piece to
form the frame of a home. With this building method the platform or foundation is built first,
followed by the walls of the first level of the home (created with vertical pieces of lumber), and
then an additional platform for the second-story floor with the walls of the second-story
anchored into the second platform. The entire framed structure typically sits on a concrete
foundation, which is put in place before building commences. The wooden frame is built entirely
on site, piece by piece.
Engineered Wood Products (EWPS)
 Engineered Wood Products (EWPs), materials manufactured by binding particles, fibers or
veneers of wood together with adhesives, are often used in framed home construction. The most
commonly known and used EWPs include plywood and oriented strand board (OSB); often these
wood panels are attached to the studs of a framed wall to provide additional structural support
and the surfaces for walls. EWPs can also come in the form of engineered posts and beams that
are stronger than beams cut from timber, and are used for specialty projects.

Steel Framing
 Steel has been used in construction since the 19th century, most widely for commercial
buildings. There are two types of steel – “hot-rolled” and “cold-formed”. Hot-rolled steel
(sometimes “structural steel”) is produced in an industrial process using high heat. The beams
and columns produced are very strong, but also very thick; this type of steel is most often used
to construct commercial buildings, but these beams are also used sparingly in high-end
residential projects that have large spans requiring the added strength of steel “I-beams”. Hot-
rolled steel is expensive, making it cost-prohibitive for most residential projects.

Concrete
 Concrete is often used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects, but much less
commonly used in residential home construction. The strength of concrete (a mix of cement and
water plus an aggregate such as sand or stone) means it can support a great deal of weight,
especially when reinforced through embedded steel bars known as rebar.
 Insulating concrete forms (ICFs) are used for home construction in certain areas of the US, and
are made by pouring concrete in between rigid panels, often made out of polystyrene foam.
Rebar can provide additional strength internally, and the exterior panels remain in place once
the concrete sets.
Land Clearing
Land clearing is the process of removing trees, stumps, brush, stones and other obstacles from
an area as required to increase the size of the crop producing land base of an existing farm or to provide
land for a new farm operation

SITE SELECTION
 Soil suitability for agricultural production will be determined using NB Soil Survey Reports or may
be determined by providing on-site soil boring test holes (recommended 2 tests per acre) and a
soil boring report.
 Soils suitability will be based on the soil report and the soil selection criteria in section. Soils
having components falling within the Not Recommended category of table shall not be cleared.
Table - Soil Suitability Selection Criteria

GENERAL
 3.1 Land shall not be cleared on slopes above 10% unless it can be fully integrated within an
existing erosion control (terracing) conservation system to prevent erosion from the affected
area.
 3.2 Land cleared adjacent to an existing field shall not increase the overall up and down field
row length unless soil conservation practices are implemented as required to prevent an increase
in soil erosion from the effected area.
 3.3 Land shall not be cleared within 30 meters (100 ft) of a watercourse unless approved by
a NB Department of Environment Watercourse Alteration Permit. The NB Department of
Environment Watercourse Alteration Regulations and Guidelines will apply to all projects
including Regulation 90-80 and 90-120 under the Clean Water Act as revised in 1993.
  3.4 All tree growth, stumps, large stones and other obstacles to the normal operation of
farm equipment shall be completely removed. The land shall be sufficiently level to permit the
normal operation of farm equipment and the area must be ready for seed bed preparation.
 3.5 Land clearing method shall limit the loss of topsoil removed from the area being cleared.
Debris piles shall also be free from mud and topsoil (maximum allowance of 10% topsoil).
 3.6 The location of the land shall be within a reasonable distance of the farm base.
 3.7 All debris must be in clean piles and disposed of by burning or hauled to a disposal site
as approved by the project engineer or designate(preferably within the property boundary).
 3.8 Whenever possible, wood debris shall be disposed of by piling and burning within the
clearing area. All necessary permits for burning must be obtained.
 3.9 Debris shall not be shoved off to areas adjacent to the field being cleared.
 3.10 Newly cleared land shall be properly limed according to NBDARD Soil lab
recommendations.

CLEARING METHODS
 4.1 For clearing standing timber, the method used shall be the walk-down and pile; the
uprooting and pile; or the cutting and pile method.
 4.2 For clearing clear-cut areas, the method used shall be the grubbing and piling; the
grubbing, piling, and turning; or the heavy mouldboards plow or heavy breaking disc method.
 4.3 For clearing light growth and ground brush, the method used shall be the grubbing and
piling; the rotary or flail mower; the heavy mouldboard or breaking disc; or the rotary plow
method.
 4.4 Whatever the clearing method used, debris piles shall be topsoil and mud free
(maximum allowance of 10%) and well packed to ensure that they can be easily burned or loaded
and hauled off the field.
 4.5 Debris piles shall not be placed closer than 30 meters (100 ft) to adjacent cleared or
wooded areas.
 4.6 The burning method will be exempt only in designated regions where burning permits
cannot be obtained and will be reviewed on a case by case basis.

Excavation Construction
 Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment or
explosives. It includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunnelling and underground. Excavation
has a number of important applications including exploration, environmental restoration, mining
and construction. Among these, construction is one of the most common applications for
excavation. Excavation is used in construction to create building foundations, reservoirs and
roads. Some of the different processes used in excavation include trenching, digging, dredging
and site development. Each of these processes requires unique techniques, tools and machinery
to get the job done right. The processes used will depend upon the structure that will result from
the construction process.
How does the process work?
 Before the excavation process can begin, the site must be carefully examined to make sure that
the natural habitat and artefacts surrounding it are persevered throughout excavation. Next, the
plans for the size and depth of the site are made and the excavation company makes drawings
from them to clearly mark the excavation site’s boundaries. Once these two important steps
have been taken, the excavation work can begin.

The entire excavation process includes:

 setting out corner benchmarks
 surveying ground and top levels
  excavation to the approved depth
 dressing the loose soil
 making up to cut off level
 the construction of dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches
 making boundaries of the building
 the construction of protection bunds and drains

Tunnel Construction
 Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel
construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the
length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the
tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
 There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use:
 Cut-and-cover tunnel, constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over.
 Bored tunnel, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. They are usually of
circular or horseshoe cross-section. Some concepts of underground mining apply.
 Immersed tube tunnel, sunk into a body of water and laid on or buried just under its bed.

Cut- and-Cover
 Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is
excavated and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of
what is to be built above the tunnel. Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunnelling are available:
 Bottom-up method: A trench is excavated, with ground support as necessary, and the tunnel is
constructed in it. The tunnel may be of in situ concrete, precast concrete, precast arches, or
corrugated steel arches; in early days brickwork was used. The trench is then carefully back-filled
and the surface is reinstated.
 Top-down method: Side support walls and capping beams are constructed from ground level by
such methods as slurry walling or contiguous bored piling. Then a shallow excavation allows
making the tunnel roof of precast beams or in situ concrete. The surface is then reinstated
except for access openings. This allows early reinstatement of roadways, services and other
surface features. Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base
slab is constructed.
 Shallow tunnels are often of the cut-and-cover type (if under water, of the immersed-tube type),
while deep tunnels are excavated, often using a tunnelling shield. For intermediate levels, both
methods are possible.

Clay- Kicking
 Clay-kicking is a specialised method developed in the United Kingdom of digging tunnels in
strong clay-based soil structures. Unlike previous manual methods of using mattocks which relied
on the soil structure to be hard, clay-kicking was relatively silent and hence did not harm soft
clay-based structures.

Underwater Tunnels
 There are also several approaches to underwater tunnels, the two most common being bored
tunnels or immersed tubes.

Land tunnels
 A new kind of tunnels is used to reduce the environmental impact of motorways or railways:
landtunnels. These are not underground tunnels, but built at ground level.
Temporary Way
 During construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway, particularly
to remove excavated spoil, often narrow gauge so that it can be double track to allow the
operation of empty and loaded trains at the same time. The temporary way is replaced by the
permanent way at completion, thus explaining the term "Perway".

Other construction method

 Drilling and blasting
 Slurry-shield machine

 Erecting Scaffolding
• The purpose of this procedure is to ensure scaffolding is adequate for the work to be
performed and properly erected and dismantled. It covers selecting, erecting, and
dismantling all types of scaffolds. It applies to workers, supervisors, scaffold qualified
persons, scaffold custodians, and Facilities.

 Restoration
• Involves landscaping and contouring the property as closely as possible to pre-drilling
conditions. Property owners generally see a small wellhead on a level concrete pad, a
small amount of equipment, two to three water storage tanks and a metering system to
monitor gas production.

 Landscaping
• Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land,
including: living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening,
the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape.

 Road
- Road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved
or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a
motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.