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Assessment on pollen carrying capacity and pollen viability of Elaeidobius

kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Article in Philippine Agricultural Scientist · September 2022

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PHILIPP AGRIC SCIENTIST ISSN 0031-7454
Vol. 105 No. 3, 309-314
September 2022

Research Note

Assessment on Pollen Carrying Capacity and Pollen Viability of

Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Dzulhelmi MN1, Ahmad Norhisham Razi2,*, Nur-Shafiqah Farhana Kalog3, Ahmad

Afandi Murdi1, Suriyanti Su4, and Izfa Riza Hazmi4
1
Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Politeknik Nilai, Kompleks Pendidikan Bandar Enstek, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
4
School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi,
43600, Selangor, Malaysia

*
Author for correspondence; Email: norhisham_razi@upm.edu.my

Received: January 04, 2022/ Revised: April 29, 2022/ Accepted: June 02, 2022

Oil palm, also known as Elaeis guineensis Jacq (Arecales: Arecaceae), depends greatly on the pollinating
weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for fruit production. Despite this, information
on the pollen-carrying capacity of E. kamerunicus is still lacking. This study assessed the pollen-carrying
capacity (PCC) and pollen viability (PV) of E. kamerunicus in two oil palm plantations with different soil
types in Sabah, Malaysia. The pollination contribution of adult weevils to sex and body surface area (BSA)
was also investigated. Adult weevils were collected from both male and female inflorescences and kept in
microcentrifuge tubes containing pollen grain germination medium solutions to assess their pollination
contribution. Results indicated a significant difference for BSA between sexes. Mann-Whitney test showed
greater PCC for male weevils than female weevils for FELDA Sahabat and Long Danau from male
inflorescence. PCC for female inflorescence showed no significant differences between male and female
weevils for both oil palm plantations. PV showed no significant difference between sexes but differed
significantly between oil palm plantations due to better soil quality in clay textured soil. Based on the
results, pollination contribution by male adult weevils was greater than female adult weevils for both
plantations.

Keywords: pollination, pollinator, pollen viability, oil palm, Elaeis guineensis

INTRODUCTION agents including Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)

Occupying an approximate land area of 5.74 million
hectares, oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) takes
up more than 85% of Malaysia's agricultural land (MPOB
2016). Consequently, Malaysia has become the second
largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world after
Indonesia which supplies 47% of crude palm oil globally
(Sumathi et al. 2008; Ibragimov et al. 2019). Along with
effective management strategies, successful palm oil
production in Malaysia was supported by Elaeidobius
kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) through
pollination (Syed et al. 1982; Caudwell 2011). Originating
from Cameroon, West Africa, this exotic weevil overtook
the task of oil palm pollination from native pollinator
(Thysanoptera) and Pyroderces sp. (Lepidoptera:
Cosmopterygidae) (Syed 1979; Mohd-Basri and Norman
1997). In addition, E. kamerunicus also replaced assisted
hand pollination which requires a large amount of labor
cost, thus saving millions of Malaysian ringgit annually
(Hussein et al. 1991). Major factors for using
E. kamerunicus as an oil palm pollinating agent include
host-specificity, greater pollination activity in both wet
and dry seasons, significant amount of pollen grain
carried from male to female flowers for pollination to
occur, no adverse effect on the host plant, and high
dispersal rates as compared to other species (Syed 1979;
Syed et al. 1982; Corley and Tinker 2003; Kouakou et al.
2014).

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 Pollen Carrying Capacity of Elaeidobius kamerunicus
In recent years, problems related to poor fruit set
formation due to pollination deficiency have led to a
decreased volume of fresh fruit bunch (FFB), stagnation
of oil palm extraction rate (OER), and low crude palm oil
extraction rate (CPO) (MPOB 2016). Previous studies
reported that a low number of weevil population has
been caused by diet shifts encouraging predation on
weevil, low quality of pollen grain, and other
environmental factors (Dhileepan 1994; Prasetyo et al.
2014; Bettycopa et al. 2015; Teo 2015; Melendez and
Ponce 2016; Muhamad-Luqman et al. 2017). Elaeidobius
kamerunicus live, feed, and reproduce on male flowers
(Howard et al. 2001; Corley and Tinker 2003; Adaigbe et
al. 2014). When the male flower reaches anthesis, it will
produce pollen grain as well as an odor known as
estragole (5, 4-allylanisole) (Hussein et al. 1991). Adult
weevils are attracted to this odor and will fly to locate the
male flowers. An anthesising female flowers also emit a
similar kind of odor but with a weaker smell (Mayfield
and Margaret 2005). This confusion leads the weevil to
fly to the female flower. However, the female flower does
not provide a food source, breeding site, nor a place to
live for the weevil. Therefore, the weevil would either
return or try to search for another nearby male flower.
During the subsequent alight onto the anthesis female
flower, the pollen grain from the male flower that
adhered to the weevils’ body falls onto the stigma of the
female flower (Ponnamma et al. 1986). During anthesis,
pollens transferred by the anthophilous from male
inflorescences to female inflorescences leads to fruit
formation (Syed 1979). The amount of pollen grain
adhering on the weevil body is known as the “pollen
carrying capacity” or PCC (Abrol et al. 2019). The pollen
grain is considered viable if the pollen tube length is at
least twice or greater than the diameter of the pollen
grain (Gupta et al. 1989).
To date, very few studies have been performed with
regard to the pollen carrying capacity and pollen
viability of E. kamerunicus in Malaysia (Abd Latip et al.
2019). The amount of viable pollen grain carried by the
weevils is very crucial for successful pollination to occur
(Negalur and Lakshman 2017). Pollination effectiveness
can be influenced by various factors which include insect
physiology, inflorescence formation, and weather
conditions (Mohamad et al. 2021; Swaray et al. 2021).
Moreover, pollen viability (PV) may differ depending on
the formation of inflorescence due to different soil types
in oil palm production (Mohamad et al. 2021). To
understand the pollination effectiveness of E.
kamerunicus, baseline information on pollination services
is required. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the
pollen carrying capacity (PCC), pollen viability (PV), and
310 https://pas.cafs.uplb.edu.ph
Dzulhelmi MN et al.
body surface area (BSA) of the pollinating weevil
Elaeidobius kamerunicus in two oil palm plantations with
different soil types in Sabah, Malaysia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Samples were collected from seven-year-old oil palm
plantations in Long Danau (5°00’03”N, 118°27’29”E) and
FELDA Sahabat (05°07’20”N, 118°59’08”N), Sabah,
Malaysia. The Long Danau plantation consisted of
mineral soil while the FELDA Sahabat consisted of clay
soil. For the collection of adult weevils, three locations
were set up at each study site. A total of 120 weevils from
each sex was randomly collected from several full
anthesis male flowers. During full anthesis, flowers are
creamy white in colour with male flowers emitting a
stronger odor. For female flowers, the weevils were
collected by wrapping full anthesis flowers with muslin
cloth and transporting them back to the laboratory. The
PCC and PV were determined using the pollen counting
method by Permana et al. (2017). All weevils were
transferred into a microcentrifuge tube (1.5 ml size) and
washed using 200 µl KOH 10% (w/v). The samples were
kept in the microcentrifuge for 10 s to ensure that all
pollen grains were appropriately dispersed and were left
for 24 h for the pollen grains to germinate. Then, a
solution containing 50 ul of pollen grain medium was
pipetted onto both sides of the hemocytometer and
observed under the microscope (Olympus AZX7, Japan)
(Tambunan et al. 2020). The numbers of viable and non-
viable pollen grains were recorded for each 200 ul pollen
grain medium solution within the microcentrifuge tube
(1.5 ml size). The body length and width of the weevils
were measured under Dinolight Camera Dini Capture
2.0, respectively. The pollen carrying capacity, pollen
viability, and body surface area were estimated using the
following formula (Muhammad-Luqman 2020):
Pollen Carrying Capacity = (Total number of pollen)/
(Number of squares) x Dilution factor x 104
Pollen Viability = (Number of viable pollen)/(Number of
viable pollen + nonviable pollen) x 100
Body Surface Area = π[((Length of weevil)/2) x (Width of
weevil)/2)]
Data was tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk
test. As the data for PCC and PV was not normally
distributed, the Mann-Whitney test was used to calculate
differences for PCC, PV, and BSA between the sexes. The
statistical analyses were performed by using GraphPad
Prism v7.0. software.
Philipp Agric Scientist (2022)105(3):309-314 |
Pollen Carrying Capacity of Elaeidobius kamerunicus
RESULTS
There were no significant differences for BSA in male
(U = 28517, p = 0.852, n = 240) and female (U = 26093,
p = 0.074, n = 240) weevils between oil palm plantations.
When the male and female populations were pooled
respectively, there were significant differences for BSA
between the sexes (U = 24797, p = < 0.0001, n = 480). For
male flowers, the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the
PCC of male weevils was greater than that of female
weevils in FELDA Sahabat (U = 5659, p = 0.004, n = 120)
and Long Danau (U = 5222, p = 0.0002, n = 120). For
female flowers, the Mann-Whitney test indicated no
significant differences for the PCC of male and female
weevils for both FELDA Sahabat (U = 6923, p = 0.604, n =
120) and Long Danau (U = 6540, p = 0.218, n = 120). For
male flowers, the PV carried on the BSA of the weevil did
not differ between the male and female individually for
FELDA Sahabat (U = 6455, p = 0.166, n = 120) and Long
Danau (U = 6436, p = 0.155, n = 120). For female flowers,
the PV carried on the BSA of the weevil did not differ
between the male and female weevils for FELDA Sahabat
(U = 7171, p = 0.957, n = 120) and Long Danau (U = 7122,
p = 0.884, n = 120). However, the PV carried on the BSA of
the weevil differed between the two locations
(U = 106647, p = 0.046, n = 480). The results also indicated
a significant positive correlation between PCC and PV
(r = 0.752, p = 0.040, n = 8). However, there was no
significant positive correlation between PCC and BSA
(r = 0.619, p = 0.115, n = 8) (Fig. 1).
DISCUSSION
In general, sufficient pollination by the weevils produce
an excellent fruit set. With greater body size, scattered
setae on the body, and marginal end of the elytra, male
weevils have the advantage to carry a significant amount
Fig. 1. Pollen carrying capacity (PCC) with relation to
weevils’ body surface area (BSA). (■) Long Danau; (□)
FELDA Sahabat.
| Philipp Agric Scientist (2022)105(3):309-314
Dzulhelmi MN et al.
of pollen grains from male inflorescence to female
inflorescence (Adaigbe et al. 2014). Although the pollen
carrying capacity was greater for male weevils than for
female weevils on the male inflorescence, the amount of
pollen grains found on the weevils’ body that
successfully reached the female inflorescence was
comparable for both sexes (Table 1). The present results
also estimated that about 90% of the pollen grain found
on the weevils’ body was reduced during floral visit and
flight. Decrease in pollen transfer has been reported to be
caused by distance to pollen source and pollinator
interaction with other floral units (Evans et al. 2017;
Monasterolo et al. 2022). To search for a mate and to
guard their territory, male weevils travel farther
distances than female weevils. During this process, the
wind resistance may influence the amount of pollen
grain that fall off.
The pollen viability carried on the weevils’ body on
male and female inflorescences was comparable for both
sexes. This study did not obtain data on the number of
individuals (male and female) that successfully reached
the female inflorescence; however, in terms of
population, a greater number of female weevils were
able to carry a certain amount of pollen from male
inflorescence to female inflorescence with the ratio of
male to female being 1:2 (Hussein and Rahman 1991).
The pollen viability (%) that reached the female
inflorescence indicates the probability of the pollination
success and is comparable to the fruit set formation (%).
Pollen viability is also influenced by soil water
conditions (Phillips et al. 2018). Warmer climate is
expected to affect soil water availability and thus
influence flower resource production and plant-floral
visitor relationship (Maluf et al. 2022). In this study, oil
palm plantations established in clay textured soil have a
uniform distribution of moisture and nutrients which
promotes favorable conditions for soil microbes which
improve soil quality (Boafo et al. 2020).
Pollination efficiency is presumably associated with
intra-specific competition for the pollen source (Wahid
and Kamarudin 1997). Previous findings showed no
significant correlation between the weevil per spikelet
and weevil per hectare with fruit set formation and also
no correlation between pollinator force and fruit set
formation (Nurul-Fatihah 2019). In addition, due to intra
-specific competition, the number of weevils was
inversely proportional to the pollen carrying capacity
(Dhileepan 1994). In this study, a higher amount of
pollen grains found on the weevils’ body does not
necessarily mean that the pollen grains carried were
viable, although there is a higher probability of finding
viable pollen on the weevils’ body that managed to be
https://pas.cafs.uplb.edu.ph 311
 Pollen Carrying Capacity of Elaeidobius kamerunicus
Table 1. The average (mean) of pollen carrying capacity (PCC), pollen viability (PV), and body surface area (BSA) of the weevil
populations between locations.
Location FELDA Sahabat
Flower Male inflorescene Female inflorescene
Sex Male Female Male
BSA 3.99 ± 0.94 2.63 ± 0.54 3.83 ± 0.94
PCC 50207 ± 29982 39591 ± 25655 4356 ± 4422
PV (%) 75 ± 16 72 ± 17 66 ± 30
carried from male inflorescence to female inflorescence.
However, pollen viability is also restricted by the activity
of the weevil and by climatic factors such as precipitation
and air temperature (Stone and Wilmer 1989).
CONCLUSION
The study confirmed the important role of Elaeidobius
kameranicus in the pollination process, specifically in
sustaining the fruit set formation in the oil palm
landscape. Pollen carrying capacity was strongly
influenced by the weevil’s body size. Male weevils carry
a greater amount of pollen grain on their body, while
female weevils have an advantage by having a higher
number of individuals. Although weevil body size
differed between the sex groups, the pollination tasks
performed by male and female weevils indicate are both
of comparable significance. This is supported by similar
pollen viability between male and female weevils.
However, pollen viability varies between plantations.
This may be influenced by inflorescence availability
between sites due to different soil characteristics. In
summary, intrinsic factors do not pose variations for the
pollination efficiency of E. kameranicus. Therefore, more
studies on the effects of external factors such as weather
conditions and agrochemical applications are required to
ensure pollination efficiency for increased oil palm
production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Politeknik Nilai,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board, and also
appreciate the individuals who had directly and
indirectly contributed to this article.
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