Density Relative Density

1
DENSITY &
RELATIVE DENSITY
Density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
Density = Mass
Volume
where mass is in tonnes (t), volume is in cubic r.letres

(m 3 ) and density is in tonnes per cubic metre (tm" J).
Though mass may be expressed in kilogr<:'.mmes

(kg) and density in kilogrammes per cubic metre
(kgm-J ), the use of tonnes is more convel"'ient in
stability. The density of fresh water is 1 tm-3•
Relative ,density of a substance is the number of

times the substance is heavier than fresh water.
Being a ratio, RD has no units.
RD = Mass of any volume of substance

Mass of an equal volume of FW
Considering a volume of 1m 3 ,
RD of substance = Density of substance

Density of fresh water
Since the density of fresh water is I tm-3 , RD

of a substance is numerically equal to its density, if
density is expressed in tm-3 •
2
Some typical values are given below:

Density RD
Fresh water 1.0 trn- 3 1.0

Salt water 1.025 tm- 3 1.025
Fuel oil 0.95 tm- 3 0.95
Diesel oil 0.88 tm- 3 0.88
Dock water 1.015 tm- 3 1.015
./ Example 1
3
A tank has a volume of 400 m • Find how many
tonnes of SW (density 1.025 tm- 3 ) it can hold.
Mass of SW = Volume x density

= 400 x 1.025
= 410 t
Answer: The tank can hold 410 t of SW.
I Example 2
A tank can hold 320 tonnes of S\V. Pind how many

tonnes of oil of RD 0.8 it can hold.
Mass of SW = Volume of SW x density of SW

320 = V x 1.025
V = 320
1.025
Volume of tank = 320 m3

1.025
Mass of oil = Volume of oil x density of oil

= 320 x 0.8
1.025
= 249.8 t
Answer: The tank can hold 249.8 tonnes of oil.

3
IExample 3
A cylindrical tank is 10 metres high and has a radius

of 3 metres. If it is filled to an ullage of 2 metres,
with oil of RD 0.7, find the mass of oil.
Mass of oil = ,!~ume of oil x density of oil

= Cj22\x 3 x 3 x 8) 0.7
n~·t7;
= 158.4 t
Answer : Mass of oil is 158.4 tonnes.
'* Example 4
A rectangular tank measuring 20 m x 10m x 10m
has an ullage pipe extending to 0.5 m above the tank
top. If the tank is 98%. full of FW, find the mass of
FW and state the ullage.
Volume of FW = 98 (20 x 10 x 10) m3

iOo
Mass of FW = Volume of FW x density of FW
= 98 (20 x lOx 10) x 1
100
= 1960 t.
Depth of FW = 98 x depth of tank

iOo
= 98 x 10 = 9.8 m
100
Height of ullage pipe 1

r - - - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - ' - - . J I :::::
~
1-- Free height
---l:::.-~
t --1 ::>
Depth of FW I
Free height inside tank = 10 - 9.8 = 0.2 m
Height of ullage
pipe above tank top
Ullage
=
=
-0.7
0.5m
Answer: Mass of FW 1960 tonnes, ullage 0.7 metres.
I Example 5
A rectangular tank is 20 m x 20 m x 12 m. Find how

many tonnes of oil of RD 0.8 it can hold, if 2% of
the volume of the tank is to be left for expansion.
State also, the uUage on loading.
Volume of tank = 20 x 20 x 12 = 4800 m3
Volume of tank = Volume of oil + Free space
4800 =V + (2 x 4800)
100
4800 = V + 96
V = 4704 m 3
= 4704 x 0.8
= 3763.2 t
Depth of oil = 98 x depth of tank

TOO
= 98 x 12 = 11.76 m
100
Ulla(e = 12 - 11.76 = 0.24 m
Answer: Mass of oil = 3763.2 t, ullage = 0.24 m.

5
* Example 6
In worked example 5, if it was required to leave 2%

of the volume of oil loaded for expansion, find the
mass of oil and the uHage on loading.
Volume of tank = Volume of oil + Free space

4800 = V + ( 2 x V)
100
4800 = 1.02V
V = 4705.88 m3

= 4705.88 x 0.8
= 3764.7 t
Depth of oil = Volume of oil

Area of tank surface
= 4705.88 = 1l.765 m
20 x 20
Ullage = Depth of tank - depth of oil

= 12 - 1l.765 = 0.235 m
Answer: Mass of oil 3764.7 t, ullage 0.235 m.
Exercise 1
Density and relative density
1 A rectangular tank measures 16 m x 15 m x 6

m. How many tonnes of oil of RD 0.78 can it
hold?
2 A cylindrical tank of diameter 8 m is 10m

high. 400 t of oil of RD 0.9 is poured into it.
Find the ullage, assuming IT to be 3.1416.
6
3 A tank of 2400 m3 volume and 12 m depth, has

vertical sides and horizontal bottom. Find how'
many tonnes of oil of RD 0.7 it can hold,
allowing 2% of the volume of the tank for
expansion. State the ullage on loading.
4 A tank 10m deep has vertical sides. Its

bottom consists of a triangle measuring 12 m x
12 m x 10 m. Find the mass of oil (of RD 0.8)
to be loaded, allowing 3% of the volume of oil
loaded for expansion. State the ullage on
completion of loading.
5 A rectangular tank measuring 25 m x 12 m x 8

m has an ullage pipe projecting 0.3 m above
the tank top. Find the mass of SW in the tank
when the ullage is 3.3 m.
6 A rectangular tank measures 30 m x 16 m x 14

m. It has an ullage pipe projecting .5 m above
its top. Oil of RD 0.78 is to be loaded. The
pipeline leading from the refinery to the ship
is 10 km long and 40 cm in diameter. At the
time of completion, all the oil in the pipeline
has to be taken. Find at what ullage the
valve at the refinery end must be shut so that
the final ullage in the ship's tank would be
0.78 m. State also, the mass of oil loaded
finally. (Assume IT to be 3.1416).
7 A tank with a horizontal base and vertical

sides is 10m deep and has a rectangular
trunkway 1 m high. The volume of the tank
alone is 8000 m 3 and that of the trunkway 500
m3• Find the ullage when 5320 t of vegetable
oil of RD 0.7 is loaded.
8 A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21 m

and a volume of 2,0 600 m3 , which includes a
trunkway of depth 1 m and volume 600 m3•
Find the ullage when 16320t of oil of RD 0.8
7
is loaded.
9 A rectangular tank has a total depth of lO.5 m

and volume 8200 m3 , which includes a
trunkway of depth 0.5 m and volume 200 m3•
Find the mass of oil of RD 0.8 loaded and the
ullage, if 2% of the volume of the tank is left
for expansion.
l O A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21 m

and volume 10 250 m3 which includes a
trunkway of depth 1 m and volume 250 m3•
Oil of RD 0.9 is to be loaded so as to leave
3%, of the volume of oil loaded, for expansion.
Find the mass of oil to be loaded and the final
ullage.
CHAPTER - 1
DENSITY & RELATIVE DENSITY
Chapter – 1
Density & Relative Density
Example 1
Given:-
1. Volume = 400 m3
2. Density = 1.025 t/m3
Density = Mass
Volume
Density * Volume = Mass
1.025t * 400 m3 = Mass

m3
410 t = Mass
The tank can hold 410 tonnes of SW.
Example 2
Given:-
1. Maximum mass of SW tank can hold = 320 t
2. RD of oil = 0.8 (Density of oil 0.8t/m3)
Density of SW = 1.025t/m3
Density of SW = Mass of S.W

Volume of tank
Volume of tank = Mass

Density
Volume of tank = 320 t * m3

1.025 t
Volume of tank = 312.195 m3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
We know, Volume of tank = 312.195 m3(from equation 1)
Now,
Density of Oil = Mass of oil

Volume of tank
Density of Oil * Volume of tank = Mass of oil
Page 1 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
0.8 t * 312.195 m3 = Mass of oil

m3
249.8 t = Mass of oil
The tank can hold 249.8 tonnes of oil.
Example 3
2m
2m
10 m
8m
Given:-
1. Height of cylindrical tank = 10 m
2. Radius of cylindrical tank =3m
3. Ullage of cylindrical tank =2m
4. RD of oil = 0.7 (Density = 0.7 t/m3)
Total height of tank = Sounding of tank + Ullage of tank
Total height of tank – Ullage of tank = Sounding of tank
10 m – 2 m = Sounding of tank
8m = Sounding of tank --------------------------------------------------(1)
We know, Sounding of tank = 8 m (from equation 1)
Volume occupied in cylinder = ∏*r2*h
Volume occupied in cylinder = 22*(3)2*8

7
Volume occupied in cylinder = 22*3*3*8

7
Page 2 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume occupied in cylinder = 226.286 m3 ---------------------------------------------------------(2)
We know, Volume occupied in tank = 226.286 m3(from equation 2)
Density of Oil = Mass of oil

Volume occupied in tank
Density of Oil * Volume occupied in tank = Mass of oil
0.7 t * 226.286 m3 = Mass of oil

m3
158.4 t = Mass of oil
Mass of oil in tank is 158.4 t
Example 4
0.5 m
10 m
98% FULL
10 m
20 m
Given:-
1. Dimensions of tank = 20m * 10m * 10m (L * B * H)
2. Height of ullage pipe = 0.5m
3. Percentage of volume of FW in tank = 98%
Density of FW = 1.000 t/m3
Volume occupied by FW in tank = 98 * (L * B * H)

100
Volume occupied by FW in tank = 98 * (20m * 10m * 10m)

100
Volume occupied by FW in tank = 1960 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(1)
We know, Volume occupied in tank = 1960 m3(from equation 1)
Page 3 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Density of FW = Mass of FW
Density of FW * Volume occupied in tank = Mass of FW
1 t * 1960 m3 = Mass of FW
m3
1960 t = Mass of FW -----------------------------------------------------------------(2)
We know, Mass of FW in tank = 1960 t (from equation 2)
Volume empty = 100% - 98%
Volume empty = 2%
Volume empty in tank = 2 * (L * B * H)

100
Volume empty in tank = 2 * (20m * 10m * 10m)

100
Volume empty in tank = 40 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(3)
We know, Volume empty in tank = 40 m3 (from equation 3)
Volume of empty tank = L * B * Ullage
Volume of empty tank = Ullage

L*B
40 m3 = Ullage
20m * 10m
0.2 m = Ullage -----------------------------------------------------------------(4)
We know, Ullage of tank = 0.2 m (from equation 4)
Total ullage = Ullage of tank + Height of ullage pipe
Total ullage = 0.2 m + 0.5 m
Total ullage = 0.7 m
(a) Mass of FW in tank is 1960 tonnes.

(b) Ullage of tank is 0.7 m.
Page 4 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Example 5
Left 2% for Expansion
12 m
98% FULL
20 m
20 m
Given:-
2. Percentage of volume left for expansion = 2% of tank
3. RD of oil = 0.8 (Density of oil = 0.8t/m3)
Volume occupied by Oil in tank = 98 * (L * B * H)

100
Volume occupied by Oil in tank = 98 * (20m * 20m * 12m)

100
Volume occupied by Oil in tank = 4704 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(1)
We know, Volume occupied in tank = 4704 m3(from equation 1)
Density of Oil = Mass of Oil

Density of Oil * Volume occupied in tank = Mass of Oil
0.8 t * 4704 m3 = Mass of Oil

m3
3763.2 t = Mass of Oil -----------------------------------------------------------------(2)
We know, Mass of Oil in tank = 3763.2 t (from equation 2)
Volume empty = 100% - 98%
Volume empty = 2%
Volume empty in tank = 2 * (L * B * H)

100
Page 5 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume empty in tank = 2 * (20m * 20m * 12m)

100
Volume empty in tank = 96 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(3)
We know, Volume empty in tank = 96 m3 (from equation 3)

L*B
96 m3 = Ullage
20m * 20m
0.24 m = Ullage
(a) Mass of Oil in tank is 3763.2 tonnes.

Example 6
12 m
98% FULL
20 m
20 m
Given:-
2. Percentage of volume left for expansion = 2% of oil loaded
3. RD of oil = 0.8 (Density of oil = 0.8t/m3)
Let Volume occupied in tank = a -----------------------------------------------------------------(1)
Volume empty in tank = 2 * a

100
Volume of tank = L * B * H
100
Page 6 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume of tank = 20m * 20m * 12m
Volume of tank = 4800 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(2)
We know, Volume of tank = 4800 m3 (from equation 2)
Total volume of tank = Volume filled + Volume empty
4800 m3 = 2*a +a
100
4800 m3 = 2a + 100 a
100
4800 m3 * 100 = 102 a
480000 m3 = 102 a
480000 m3 =a
102
4705.882 m3 =a
(From equation 1) we know that a = volume occupied in tank
4705.882 m3 = volume occupied in tank -----------------------------------------------------------------(3)
Density of Oil = Mass of Oil

Density of Oil * Volume occupied in tank = Mass of Oil
0.8 t * 4705.882 m3 = Mass of Oil

m3
3764.7 t = Mass of Oil ----------------------------------------------------------(4)
We know, Mass of oil in tank = 3764.7 t (from equation 4)
Total Volume = Volume occupied + Volume empty
Total Volume – Volume occupied = Volume empty
4800 m3 – 4705.882 m3 = Volume empty
94.118 m3 = Volume empty ----------------------------------------------------------(5)
We know, Volume empty in tank = 94.118 m3 (from equation 5)
Page 7 of 21
CHAPTER - 1

L*B
94.118 m3 = Ullage
20m * 20m
0.235 m = Ullage

Page 8 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Exercise 1
Answer 1
Given:-
1. Dimensions of tank = 16m * 15m * 6m (l *b * H)
2. RD = 0.78 (Density = 0.78 t/m3 )
Volume of tank = 16m * 15m * 6m
Volume of tank = 1440 m3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(1)
We know volume of tank = 1440 m3 (from equation 1)
Density = Mass
Volume
Density * Volume= Mass
0.78t * 1440 m3 = Mass

m3
1123.2 t = Mass
The tank can hold 1123.2 tonnes of oil.
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Height of cylindrical tank = 10 m
2. Diametre of cylindrical tank =8m
3. Mass of oil poured in tank = 400 t
4. RD of oil = 0.9 (Density = 0.9 t/m3)
5. ∏ = 3.1416
8m
ullage
m
10 m
400 t
Page 9 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Radius = Diameter/2
Radius = 8m/2
Radius = 4m
Volume of cylinder = ∏r2h
Volume of cylinder = 3.1416*(4m)2*10m
Volume of cylinder = 3.1416*16m2*10m
Volume of cylinder = 502.65 m3
Weight poured in tank = 400 t
Volume occupied by oil in tank = Mass / Density
Volume occupied by oil in tank = 400 / 0.9
Volume occupied by oil in tank = 444.444m3
Volume left in tank = Total volume – volume occupied
Volume left in tank = 502.656m3 – 444.444m3
Volume left in tank = 58.212m3
Volume left in tank = ∏r2h
58.212 m3 = 3.1416*(4m)2*h
58.212 m3 = 3.1416*16m2*h
1.158 m = h
The ullage of tank is 1.158m
Page 10 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Volume of tank = 2400m3
2. Depth of tank = 12m
3. RD of oil = 0.7
4. Percentage of volume left for expansion = 2% of the volume of tank
12 m
98% FULL
Volume left for expansion = 2*(2400m3)

100
Volume left for expansion = 48m3
Volume of oil in tank = Total volume of tank – Volume left for expansion
Volume of oil in tank = 2400m3 – 48m3
Volume of oil in tank = 2352m3
Mass of oil in tank = 2352*.7
Mass of oil in tank = 1646.4 t
2400m3 = L * B * 12m
200 m2 = L * B
Volume left for expansion = L * B * H
48m3 = 200m2 * H
0.24 m = H

Page 11 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Height of tank = 10m
2. Sides of triangle = 12m, 12m, 10m
3. RD of oil = 0.8
4. Volume left for expansion = 3% of volume of oil
10m
Surface area of isosceles triangle = b*√(4a2-b2)

4
Surface area of isosceles triangle = 10*√(4*(12)2)-(10)2

4
Surface area of isosceles triangle = 10*√576-100

4
Surface area of isosceles triangle = 10*√476

4
Surface area of isosceles triangle = 54.544m2
Volume of tank = Surface area of triangle* Height
Volume of tank = 54.544m2*10m
Volume of tank = 545.44m3
Let volume of oil in tank = a
Volume left for expansion = 0.03*a
Total volume of tank = Volume of oil + Volume left for expansion
545.44m3 = a + 0.03a
545.44m3 = 1.03 a
529.553m3 = a
Volume of oil in tank = 529.553m3
Mass of oil in tank = RD * Volume of oil
Mass of oil in tank = 0.8 * 529.553
Volume of tank = Volume of oil + Volume left for expansion
Page 12 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
15.887m3 = Volume left for expansion
Volume left for expansion = Surface area of triangle * ullage
15.887m3 = 54.544m2 * ullage
0.291m = ullage

Answer 5
Given:-
1. Measurement of tanks = 25m*12m*8m
2. Height of ullage pipe above tank = 0.3m
3. Final ullage of tank = 3.3m
0.3 m
3.3 m
8m
12 m
25 m
RD of seawater = 1.025
Final ullage = Ullage of tank + ullage of pipe
3.3m = ullage of tank + 0.3m
3.0m = ullage of tank
Height of tank = Ullage of tank + Sounding of tank
8m = 3m + Sounding of tank
5m = sounding of tank
Volume occupied in tank = L * B *H
Volume occupied in tank = 25m*12m*5m
Page 13 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume occupied in tank = 1500m3
Density of SW = Mass
Volume
1.025 = Mass
1500
1537.5 t = Mass
Mass of Oil in tank is 1537.5 tonnes.
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Measurements of tank = 30m*16m*14m’
2. Height of ullage pipe = 0.5m
3. RD of oil = 0.78
4. Length of pipe line = 10km (10000m)
5. Diameter of pipe line = 40 cms (0.4m)
6. Final ullage = 0.78m
7. ∏ = 3.1416
0.5 m
0.78
m
14 m
40cms
16 m
30 m 10 km
Final ullage = Ullage of tank + ullage of pipe
0.78m = ullage of tank + 0.5m
0.28 m = ullage of tank
Height of tank = Ullage of tank + sounding of tank
14 m = 0.28m + Sounding of tank
13.72m = sounding of tank
Page 14 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume required to be filled in tank = L * B * H
Volume required to be filled in tank = 30m * 16m * 13.72m
Volume required to be filled in tank = 6585.6m3
Density = Mass / Volume
0.78 = Mass / Volume
0.78*6585.6 =Mass
5136.8t = Mass
Radius of pipeline = Diameter of pipeline/2
Radius of pipeline = 0.4m/2
Radius of pipeline = 0.2m
Volume of pipeline = ∏r2h
Volume of pipeline = 3.1416*(0.2m)2*10000m
Volume of pipeline = 1256.64m3
Volume required to be filled in tank = Volume in tank + volume of pipeline
6585.6m3 = Volume in tank + 1256.64m3
5328.96m3 = Volume in tank
Total volume of tank = L * B * H
Total volume of tank = 30m * 16m *14m
Total volume of tank = 6720m3
Total volume of tank = Volume in tank + empty volume
6720m3 = 5328.96m3 + empty volume
1391.04m3 = empty volume
Empty volume = L * B * H
1391.04m3 = 30m * 16m * H
2.898m = H
Final ullage at which the valve of the refinery must be shut = Ullage of tank + height of ullage pipe
Page 15 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Final ullage at which the valve of the refinery must be shut = 2.898m + 0.5 m
Final ullage at which the valve of the refinery must be shut = 3.398m

(b) Ullage at which the valve of the refinery must be shut = 3.398m
Answer 7
Given:-
2. Height of trunkway = 1m
3. Volume of tank = 8000m3
4. Volume of trunkway = 500m3
5. Mass of oil to be loaded = 5320 t
6. RD of oil = 0.7
500 m 3 1m
8000 m3 10m
Density = Mass/ Volume
Volume of vegetable oil = Mass of vegetable oil / Density
Volume of vegetable oil = 5320/0.7
Volume of vegetable oil = 7600m3
8000m3 = L * B * 10m
800m2 = L*B
Page 16 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Volume left in tank = Total volume of tank – Volume occupied by oil
Volume left in tank = 8000m3 – 7600m3
Volume left in tank = 400m3
Volume left in tank = L * B * ullage
400m3 = L * B * ullage
400m3 = 800m2 * ullage
0.5m = ullage
Total ullage = Ullage of tank + ullage of trunkway
Total ullage = 0.5m + 1m
Total ullage = 1.5m
Ullage of tank after loading is 1.5m
Answer 8
Given:-
3. total volume of tank (including trunkway) = 20600m3
5. Mass of oil to be loaded = 16320 t
6. RD of oil = 0.8
1m
20600 m3 21m
Page 17 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Density = Mass/ Volume
Volume of vegetable oil = Mass of vegetable oil / Density
Volume of vegetable oil = 16320/0.8
Volume of vegetable oil = 20400m3
Volume of trunkway = L * B * H
600m3 = L * B * 1m
600 m2 = L*B
Volume left in tank = Total volume of tank – Volume occupied by oil
Volume left in tank = 20600m3 – 20400m3
Volume left in tank = 200m3
200m3 = 600m2 * ullage
0.333m = ullage
Ullage of tank after loading is 0.333m
Page 18 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Height of tank = 10.5m
2. Height of trunkway = 0.5m
3. Total volume of tank (including trunkway) = 8200m3
5. Volume left for expansion = 2% of the volume of tank
6. RD of oil = 0.8
0.5m
8200 m3 10.5m
Volume left for expansion = 2*(8200m3)

100
Volume left for expansion = 164m3
Volume of oil in tank = Total volume of tank – Volume left for expansion
Volume of oil in tank = 8200m3 – 164m3
Volume of oil in tank = 8036m3
Mass of oil in tank = 8036 * 0.8
Volume of trunkway = L * B * H
200m3 = L * B * 0.5m
400 m2 = L*B
Page 19 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
164m3 = 400m2 * ullage
0.41m = ullage

Answer 10
Given:-
1. Height of tank = 21 m
3. Total volume of tank (including trunkway) = 10250m3
5. Volume left for expansion = 3% of the volume of oil
6. RD of oil = 0.9
1m
10250 m3 21 m
Let volume of oil in tank = a
Volume left for expansion = 0.03*a
Total volume of tank = Volume of oil + Volume left for expansion
Page 20 of 21
CHAPTER - 1
10250 m3 = a + 0.03a
10250 m3 = 1.03 a
9951.456 m3 = a
Volume of oil in tank = 9951.456 m3
Mass of oil in tank = RD * Volume of oil
Mass of oil in tank = 0.9 * 9951.456
Volume of tank only = Total volume of tank – Volume of trunkway
Volume of tank only = 10250m3 – 250m3
Volume of tank only = 10000m3
Volume of tank only = L * B * H
10000m3 = L * B * 21
476.190m2 = L * B
Volume left in tank = Volume of tank – Volume occupied by oil
Volume left in tank = 10000m3 – 9951.456m3
Volume left in tank = 48.544m3
48.544m3 = L * B * ullage
48.544m3 = 476.19m2 * ullage
0.102m = ullage
Total ullage = Ullage of tank + Ullage of trunkway
Total ullage = 0.102m + 1m
Total ullage = 1.102m

-o0o-
Page 21 of 21
2
WATER
PRESSURE
Pressure is the load per unit area.
At any point in a liquid, pressure acts in all

directions and is expressed in tonnes per square
metre (tm-2). It may, if desired, be expressed in
kilo- Newtons per square metre (kN m- 2 ) where 1
tonne per square metre = 9.81 kilo-Newtons per
square metre OR in bars where 1 bar = 10.2 tonnes
per square metre.
At any point in a liquid,
Pressure = depth x density

tm- 2 = m x tm-3
Thrust is the total pressure exerted on a given

surface. Thrust is expressed in tonnes (t) but may, if
desired, be expressed in kilo-Newtons (kN) where 1
tonne = 9.81 kilo-N ewtons.
Thrust = pressure x area

t = tm- 2 x m2
Example 1
Find the thrust on a keel plate 10 m x 2 m when the

draft of the ship is 5 m in salt water.
9

= 5 x 1.025
= 5.125 tm- 2

= 5.125 x 10 x 2
= 102.5 t
Answer: Thrust on keel plate = 102.5 tonnes.
Examp~e 2
A tank has a rectangular bulkhead 20 m wide and 10

m high. Find the thrust experienced by the bulkhead
when the tank is full of oil of RD 0.9.
Note: For calculating the thrust on a vertical

surface, the pressure is taken at the geometric
centre of the immersed part of the surface and
multiplied by the immersed area.

= 5 x 0.9
= 4.5 tm- 2

= 4.5 x 20 x 10
= 900 t
Answer: Thrust on bulkhead = 900 tonnes.
Example 3
A lock gate is 30 m wide and 10m high. The water

inside the lock is 7 m deep and of RD 1.005 and that
10
outside is 5 m deep and of RD 1.025. Find the

resultant thrust and the direction in which it acts.
Considering !he water insid~,

= 7 x 1.005
2"
= 3.5175 tm- 2

= 3.5175 x 30 x 7
= 738.675 t
Considering the w~~ outside

= 5 x 1.025
2"
= 2.5625 tm- 2
= 2.5625 x 30 x 5
= 384.375 t
Thrust outwards = 738.675 t

Thrust inwards = 384.375 t
Answer Resultant thrust = 354.3 t outwards.
Example 4
A deep tank 10 m wide and 10 m deep has a

rectangular manhole (1.2 m x 0.6 m) at its forward
11
end. The longer sides of the manhole are horizontal

and its lower edge is 0.7 m from the bottom of the
tank. Find the total pressure experienced by the
manhole cover when the tank is full of oil of I~ D 0.8
to an ullage of 1 m.
10m - - - - - - - - r
1 m
T
_
_ - =-~_- - -"j_~l~_I:_m_1~_._II l~
"; : 0.7 m
Depth of tank = 10 m
Ullage = 1 m
Depth of oil = 9 m
Height of C above
bottom = 1 m
Depth of C below
oil surface = 8 m
Pressure at C = :'=:epth x density

= 8 x 0.8
= 6.4 tm- 2
Thrust = Pressure x area

= 6.4 x 1.2 x 0.6
= 4.608 t
Answer: Total pressure on manhole = 4.608 tonnes.
Example 5
A collision bulkhead is in the form of a triangle 10m

x 13 m x 13 m. Find the thrust experienced by it
12
when saltwater is run into the forepeak tank to a

sounding of 9 m.
M f----
P
S m---7 R
Tank1to p
S Q
~ 5m
f ) N
Wa t e r sur f ace
In triangle ORN,
OR2 = ON2 - RN2
= 13 2 52
= 144
OR = 12 m
Depth of tank = 12 m
Triangles OSQ and ORN are similar.
~ = OS SQ = 5 x 9 = 3.75 rn
or
RN OR 12
Area of triangle OPQ = 1- (PQ • OS) = SQ • os
= 3.75 x 9
= 33.75 m 2
Area of immersed part of bulkhead = 33.75 rr: 2
Depth of C below water line = ! x 9 = 3 m

3
13
Pressure at C = depth x density

= 3 x 1.025
= 3.075 tm- 2 .

= 3.075 x 33.75
= 103.781 t
Answer: Thrust on bulkhead = 103.781 tonnes.
Example 6
A double bottom tank measures 20 m x 20 m x 1 m.

Its air pipe extends 12 m above its top. Find the
thrust on the tank top when it is pressed up with salt
water.
Pressure at tank top = depth x density

= 12 x 1.025
= 12.3 tm- 2
Thrust on tank top = pressure x area

= 12.3 x 20 x 20
= 4920 t
Answer: Thrust on tank top = 4920 tonnes.
Exercise 2
Water pressure
1 Find the thrust experienced by a flat keel

plate 10 m x 2 m when the draft is 8 m in 5W.
2 A box-shaped vessel 150 m x 20 m x 12 m is

floating in a dock of RD 1.010 at an even
14
keel draft of 10 m. Find the total water

pressure experienced by the hull.
3 A submarine :1as a surface area of 650 m 2 and

can withstand a total water pressure of
1332500 t. Find at what approximate depth in
SW she would collapse.
A rectangular lock gate 4-0 m wide and 20 m

high has water of RD 1.010 12 m deep on one
side and water of RD 1.020 11 m deep on the
other. Find the resultant thrust experienced
and the direction in which it acts.
5 A rectangular lock gate 36 m wide and 20 m

high has FW on one side to a depth of 16 m.
Find what depth of SW on the other side will
equalize the thrust.
6 A collision bulkhead is triangular in shape. _Its

maximum breadth is 12 m and its height 15 m.
Find the thrust experienced by it if the
forepeak tank is pressed up to a head of 3 m
of SW.
7 A collision bulkhead is triangular shaped,

having a breadth of 14- m at the tank top and
a height of 12 m. As a result of a collision,
the forepeak tank gets ruptured and SW enters
the tank to a sounding of 9 m. Calculate the
thrust on the bulkhead.
8 A tank has a triangular bulkhead, apex

upwards. Its base is 14- m and its sides, 15 m
each. It has a circular inspection hole of
radius 0.5 m. The centre of the manhole is 0.8
m above the base and 1.6 from one corner.
Find the thrust on the manhole cover when the
tank contains oil of RD 0.95 to a sounding of
10 m. (Assume IT to be 3.14-16).
15
9 A rectangular deep tank is 22 m x 20 m x 10

m. Above the crown of the tank is a
rectangular trunkway 0.2 m high, 5 m long and
4 m wide. Find the thrust on the tank lid
when the tank is pressed up with SW to a head
of 2.64 m above the crown of the tank.
10 A double bottom tank measures 25 m x 20 m x

2 m. Find the thrust on the tank top when
pressed up to a head of 16 m of SW. Also find
the resultant thrust on the tank bottom, and
the direction that it acts, if the ship's draft in
SW is 10 m.
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Chapter – 2
Water Pressure
Exercise -2
Answer 1
Given:-
1. Dimension of plate = 10m * 2m

2. Draft = 8m
8m
2m
10 m
Area = Length * Breath
Area = 10m * 2m
Area = 20m2
Thrust = (Pressure) * Area
Thrust = (Depth * Density) * Area
Thrust = 8 * 1.025 * 20
Thrust = 164 t
Thrust experienced by flat keel plate is 164t
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Dimensions of vessel = 150m*20m*12m

2. RD of DW = 1.010
3. Draft of vessel = 10m
Total pressure exerted on a given surface is called as thrust.
Page 1 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
12 m
10 m
20 m
150 m
Total pressure at sides = (Pressure) * (Area)
Total pressure at side = (Depth/2 * Density) * (Length * Draft)
Total pressure at side = (10m/2 * 1.01) * (150m * 10m)
Total pressure at side = 7575t
Total pressure at end = (Pressure) * (Area)
Total pressure at end = (Depth/2 * Density) * (Length * Draft)
Total pressure at end = (10m/2 * 1.01) * (20m * 10m)
Total pressure at end = 1010t
Total pressure at keel = (Pressure) * (Area)
Total pressure at keel = (Depth * Density) * (Length * Draft)
Total pressure at keel = (10m * 1.01) * (150m * 20m)
Total pressure at keel = 30300t
Total pressure = (2*Pressure at sides) + (2*Pressure at ends) + (Total pressure at keel)
Total pressure = (2*7575) + (2*1010) + (30300)
Total pressure = 47470t
Total water pressure exerted on hull is 47470t.
Page 2 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Surface Area of submarine = 650m2

2. Total water pressure to withstand = 1332500t
Total Pressure = (Pressure) * (Area)
Total Pressure = (Depth * Density) * Area
1332500 = Depth * 1.025 * 650
2000m = Depth
Submarine would collapse at 2000m of water depth.
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Dimensions of lock gate = 40m * 20m

2. RD1 = 1.01 (Side 1)
3. Depth1 = 12 m (Side 1)
4. RD2 = 1.02 (Side 2)
5. Depth2 = 11m (Side 2)
40 m
20 m
RD = 1.01
11 m RD = 1.02 12 m
Thrust1 = (Pressure1) * (Area1)
Thrust1 = (Depth/2 * Density) * (Length * Draft)
Thrust1 = (12m /2* 1.01) * (40m * 12m)
Thrust1 = 2908.8t
Page 3 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Thrust2 = (Depth/2 * Density) * (Length * Draft)
Thrust2 = (10m/2 * 1.02) * (40m * 11m)
Thrust2 = 2468.4t
Resultant Thrust = Thrust1 – Thrust2
Resultant Thrust = 2908.8t – 2468.4t
Resultant Thrust = 440.4t
Resultant Thrust = 440.4t towards shallower side
Answer 5
Given:-
1. Dimensions of lock gate = 36m * 20m

2. Depth1 = 16 m (Side 1)
RD of FW = 1.000
36 m
20 m
RD = 1.02 RD = 1.025
16 m
Thrust1 = (Depth/2 * Density) * (Width * Depth)
Thrust1 = (16m/2 * 1.00) * (36m * 16m)
Thrust1 = 4608t
We know, thrust on one side is equal to other
Page 4 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Thrust2 = (Depth2 /2* Density) * (Width * Depth2)
4608 = (Depth2 * 1.025 * 36 * Depth2)/2
249.756 = (Depth2)2
√249.756 = Depth2
15.804m = Depth2
Depth of SW required to equalize the thrust is 15.804m
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Breath of triangle = 12m

2. Height of triangle = 15m
3. Sounding = 3m
F 12 m C
B
15 m
G
D E
3m
H
In triangle ADE and triangle ABC
1. A = A (Common angle)
2. ADE = ABC (Corresponding angles)
3. AED = ACB (Corresponding angles)
Now triangle ADE is similar to triangle ABC.

We know that similar triangles are in equal ratio.
AF = BC
Page 5 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
AG DE
15 = 12
3 DE
DE = 12*3
15
DE = 2.4m
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * AG * DE

2
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * 3 * 2.4

2
Area of triangle of ADE = 3.6m2
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 1 * height

3
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 1 * 3

3
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 1m
Thrust = (Pressure) * (Area)
Thrust = (Depth of geometric centre * Density) * (Area)
Thrust = (1 * 1.025) * (3.6m2)
Thrust = 3.69t
Thrust experienced by Fore Peak tank is 3.69 t
Answer 7
Given:-
4. Breath of triangle = 14m

5. Height of triangle = 12m
6. Sounding = 9m
Page 6 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
F 14 m C
B
12 m
G
D H E
9m
In triangle ADE and triangle ABC
4. A = A (Common angle)
5. ADE = ABC (Corresponding angles)
6. AED = ACB (Corresponding angles)
Now triangle ADE is similar to triangle ABC.

We know that similar triangles are in equal ratio.
AF = BC
AG DE
12 = 14
9 DE
DE = 14*9
12
DE = 10.5m
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * AG * DE

2
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * 9 * 10.5

2
Area of triangle of ADE = 47.25m2
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 1 * height

3
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 1 * 9

3
Page 7 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Depth of geometric centre of isosceles triangle = 3m
Thrust = (Depth of geometric centre * Density) * (Area)
Thrust = (3 * 1.025) * (47.25m2)
Thrust = 145.3t
Thrust on bulkhead is 145.3 t
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Base of triangle = 14m
2. Side of triangle = 15m
3. Radius of inspection hole = 0.5m
4. Centre above base = 0.8m
5. Centre of manhole from corner = 1.6m
6. RD of oil = 0.95
7. Sounding of tank = 10m
8. ∏ = 3.1416
15 m
10m
F 0.5m
1.6 m
0.8m
B C
D 14 m
DC = 1 BC (AD is perpendicular bisector for isosceles triangle)

2
DC = 1 * 14
2
Page 8 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
DC = 7m
In triangle ADC:-
(AC)2 = (AD)2 + (DC)2 (Pythagoras Theorem)
(15)2 = (AD)2 + (7)2
225 – 49 = (AD)2
√176 = AD
13.267m = AD
Area of manhole = ∏r2
Area of manhole = 3.1416 * (0.5)2
Area of manhole = 3.1416 * 0.25
Area of manhole = 0.785m2
We know EF is depth of manhole centre
DE = DF + EF
10 = 0.8 + EF
9.2m = EF
Thrust = (Geometric centre depth * Density) * (Area)
Thrust = 9.2 * 0.95 * 0.785
Thrust = 6.861 t
Thrust on the manhole cover is 6.861t
Page 9 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Dimensions of tank = 22m * 20m * 10m

2. Dimensions of trunk = 5m * 4m * 0.2m
3. Depth = 2.64 m above crown
C A
2.64 m
B
0.2 m
4m
D 5m
10 m
20 m
22 m
CD = AB + height of trunk way
2.64m = AB + 0.2m
2.44m = AB
Depth of tank lid = 2.44m
Area of tank lid = L * B
Area of tank lid = 5m * 4m
Area of tank lid = 20m2
Thrust = (Depth * Density) * (Area)
Thrust = 2.44 * 1.025 * 20
Thrust = 50.02t
Thrust on the tank lid is 50.02t
Page 10 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
Answer 10
Given:-
1. Dimensions of the tank = 25m * 20m * 2m

2. Tank top pressed to the head of = 16m
16 m
20 m
18 m 25 m
10 m
2m
Thrust on tank top = (Pressure) * (Area)
Thrust on tank top = (Depth * Density) * (L * B)
Thrust on tank top = (16 * 1.025) * (25 * 20)
Thrust on tank top = 8200t
Thrust on tank bottom from top = (Pressure) * (Area)
Thrust on tank bottom from top = (Depth * Density) * (L * B)
Thrust on tank bottom from top = (18 * 1.025) * (25 * 20)
Thrust on tank bottom from top = 9225t
Thrust on tank bottom from bottom = (Pressure) * (Area)
Thrust on tank bottom from bottom = (Depth * Density) * (L * B)
Thrust on tank bottom from bottom = (10 * 1.025) * (25 * 20)
Thrust on tank bottom from top = 5125t
Page 11 of 12
CHAPTER – 2
WATER PRESSURE
9225 t
4100 t
(Resultant)
5125 t
Resultant Thrust = 9225t – 5125t
Resultant Thrust = 4100t (outwards)
Resultant thrust on tank bottom is 4100 t (outwards)
-o0o-
Page 12 of 12
3
FLOTATION
Archimedes' Principle states that when a body is

whoHy or partially immersed in a fluid, it suffers an
apparent loss of weight which is equal to the weight
of fluid displaced.
Since the word fluid includes both, liquids and

gases, and the fact that merchant ships are only
expected to be partially immersed in water, a
modified version of Archimedes' Principle may be
called the Principle of flotation.
Principle of flotation: When a body is floating in a

liquid, the weight of liquid displaced equals to the
weight of the body.
Experimental explanation
Consider a rectangular watertight box 10m x 1 m x

2 m, weighing lOt. If this was lifted by a crane and
gradually lowered into a pool full of FW, the volume
of water displaced can be collected and measured.
It will be noticed that as the box is lowered

more and more into the water, the load registered by
the spring balance becomes less and less. Consider
the case when the draft becomes 0.1 m. The
underwater volume of the box is then 1.0 m3 i.e. the
volume of water displaced (overflow) is 1.0 m3• The
weight of water displaced or displacement is 1 t. So
the apparent loss of weight or buoyancy experienced
17
by the box is 1 t. The spring balance now shows a

reading of only 9 t whereas it showed lOt before
the box reached the water surface. Similarly when
the draft becomes 0.2 m, the displacement (or
buoyancy) is 2 t and the load registered by the spring
balance is 8 t.
10 tonnes
.......~ h-<::----~~
E Graduated
N 10 m vessel
. _._._'-._'-'-
. _ . _ . _ . a_ . _ . _ -
. _' -
. _' -. _' -
. ' - ' - ' -. '_ -. '
_~=~~~=_~=~!r.:s~w~t=-r =~=~=~ =~~- ~J

'-'-'-'_._'---'-'- '-'-'-'-'-'
- . - .- . -. - - - -- - .- . - . -' - . - .- -- . _.
<: 10 tonnes
~
~-..:--~~~-~I
____ - __ .
-n ..
------ ---_. -------- ------ -- --: §-----

._._--- -'_._"_._._._.-------'
' - ' - ' - .-._._._--._._._._._._ .
~- ~-~ -: ~
-_ -__ - -- _
lwater
displaced
(overflow)
J,
-,-,_._"
. - -- . - . - .- . - . - . - . _. - . - . - . - . - . _. - . -' - .
18
The following would be the results, expressed as a

table:
Draft Volume of Displacement Load registered by

displacement or buoyancy spring balance
0.00 m 0.0 m3 0.0 t 10 t

0.05 0.5 0.5 9.5
0.1 1 1 9
0.2 2 ? 8
0.4 4 4 6
0.6 6 6 4
0.8 8 8 2
1.0 10 10 0
At a draft of 1.0 m, it is noted that the spring

balance registers zero indicating that the buoyancy
equals to the weight so that the body is now floating
freely.
From the foregoing it is clear that:
(i) The volume of water displaced is the under

water volume of the ship.
(ii) Buoyancy or displacement is the upward thrust

experienced by the ship. When the ship is floating
freely, its displacement (or buoyancy) equals to its
weight. The weight of the ship is therefore referred
to as displacement (W).
W = Volume of water x Density of water

displaced displaced
OR
W = Underwater volume x Density of water

of ship displaced
19
While doing stability ca1culations..l density should

preferrably be in tm-3 , volume in m -' and displacement
in t.
Example 1
A homogeneous rectangular log 6 m x 1 m x 0.8 m

floats in SWat a draft of 0.5 m, with its largest face
parallel to the water. Find its mass.
W = u/w volume x density of water displaced

W = 6 x 1 x 0.5 x 1.025 = 3.075 t
Since the log is floating freely, its displacement and

mass are equal.
Answer: Mass of log = 3.075 tonnes.
Example 2
A homogeneous rectangular log 6 m x 1.5 m x 1 m

has RD 0.7. Find its draft in FW. (Assume that the
log will float with its largest face parallel to the
water).
Mass of log = Volume x density

= 6 x 1.5 x 1 x 0.7
= 6.3 t
When floating freely, mass = displacement.
6.3 = 6 x 1.5 x d x 1
d = 0.7 m
Answer: Draft in FW = 0.7 metres.

20
Example 3
A homogeneous log of 0.5 m square section has RD

0.8. Find its draft in water of RD 1.02, assuming
that it will float with one face horizontal.
Let the length of the log be L metres.
Mass of log = Volume x density

= L x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.8 tonnes
w = u/w volume x density of water displaced

W = L x B x d x 1.02
= L x 0.5 x d x 1.02 tonnes
When floating freely, Displacement = Mass
L x 0.5 x d x 1.02 = L x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.8

d = 0.5 x 0.8 = 0.392 m
1.02
Answer: Draft of log = 0.392 metres.
Figure for example it
10 m
0
o.s IJ)
~')
'" E
rt'I
d D
('II
• I
0,
C
21
Example 4
A hollow, plastic cylinder of 1 m diameter and lam

length floats in FW at a draft of 0.2 m, with its axis
horizontal. Find its mass.
OA = OB = OC = 0.5 m radius
CD = 0.2 m draft
OD = OC - CD = 0.3 m
In triangle OOB,
DB2 = 08 2 - 00 2
2 2
= 0.5 - 0.3
= 0.16
DB = 0.4 m
Sin BOO = .4 = 0.8

.5
Angle BOD =
Angle AOB =
Area of segmen!...6.9!?£
Area of circle
= AOB
360 0 -
Area of segment AOBC = TTr 2 x AOB
360
2
= 3.1416 x 0.5 x 10~
360
= 0.232 m2
Area of tria.ngle AOB = 1 x 0.8 x 0.3
= 0.120 m2
22
Area of segment ABC = 0.232 - 0.120

= 0.112 m 2
Underwater volurr.e = 0.112 x 10

= 1.12 m3
\V = u/w volume x density of water displaced
W = 1.12 x 1
= 1.12 t
Answer: Mass of cylinder = 1.12 tonnes.
Example 5
A cylindrical drum of radius 40 cm and height 2 m

weighs 200 kg. Lead pellets are put in it until it
floats with its axis vertical, at a draft of 1.4 TIl in
SW. Find the mass of lead pellets in it, in
kilogrammes.

W = IT. r 2 d x 1.025
= 3.1416 x .4 x .4 x 1.4 x 1.025

= 0.7213 t
Total mass of drum and lead = 0.7213 t

Mass of drum = 0.2 t
Mass of lead = 0.5213 t
Answer: Mass of lead pellets = 521.3 kilogrammes.
Example 6
A rectangular lidless box 6 m x 2 m x 1.5 m floats in

water of RD 1.005 at a draft of 0.6 m. Find the
23
maximum mass of iron that can be put in it without

sinking it, when it is floating in SW.
w u/w volume x density of water displaced
Maximum W = 6 x 2 x 1.5 x 1.025 = 18.450t

Present W = 6 x 2 x 0.6 x 1.005 = 7.236t
Difference of displacement = 1l.214t
Answer: In SW, it can hold 11.214 tonnes of iron.
Example 7
A rectangular barge 10m x 5 m x 4 m, floating in

SWat a draft of 2 m, is being lifted out of the water
by a heavy-lift crane. Find the load taken by the
crane when the draft becomes 1.2 m.

W at 2.0 m draft = 10 x 5 x 2.0 x 1.025 = 102.5 t
W at 1.2 In draft = 10 x 5 x 1.2 x 1.025 = 61.5 t
Load taken by crane = difference = 41.0 t
Exercise 3
Flotation
1 A rectangular log of wood 8 m long, 2 m wide

and 2 m high floats in FW at a draft of 1.6 m
with one face horizontal. Find its mass and
RD.
2 A rectangular log of wood 5 m x 1.6 m x 1.0 m

weighs 6 t and floats with its largest face
horizontal. Find its draft in SW and its RD.
24
3 A rectangular log 3 m broad and 2 m high

floats with its breadth horizontal. If the
density of the log is 0.7 tm-3 , find its draft in
water of RO 1.01.
4 A cylinder 2 m in diameter and 10m long

floats in FW, with its axis horizontal, at a
draft of 0.6 m. Find its mass.
5 A barge of triangular cross section is 20 m

long, 12 m wide and 6 m deep. It floats in SW
at a draft of 4 m. Find its displacement.
6 A cylindrical drum of 1.2 m diameter and 2 m

height floats with its axis vertical in water of
RO 1.016 at a draft of 1.4 m. Find the
maximum mass of lead shots that can be put
in it without sinking it.
7 A rectangular barge 10m long and 5 m wide,

floating in SWat a draft of 3 m, is being
lifted out of the water by a heavy-lift crane.
Find the load on the crane when the draft has
reduced to 1 m.
8 A rectangular box 2.4 m long, 1.2 m wide and

0.8 m high, floats in water of RO 1.012 at an
even keel draft of 0.2 m. Find the maximum
mass of SW that can be poured into it without
sinking it.
9 A box-shaped vessel of 18450 t displacemenL

is 150 m long and 20 m wide. Find its draft
in SW.
l O A box-shaped vessel 120 m long and 15 m

wide is floating in OW of RO 1.005 at a draft
of 5 m. If her maxmium permissible draft in
SW is 6 m, find how much cargo she can now
load.
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Chapter – 3
Flotation
Exercise -3
Answer 1
Given:-
1. Dimensions of wooden log = 8m * 2m * 2m

2. Draft at FW = 1.6m
RD of FW = 1.000
2m
1.6m
2m
8m
Volume displaced by log = L * B *draft
Volume displaced by log = 8 * 2 * 1.6
Volume displaced by log = 25.6m3
RD of FW = Mass of log
Volume of water displaced
1.000 = Mass of log

25.6
25.6 t = mass of log
Volume of log = L * B H
Volume of log = 8 * 2 * 2
Volume of log = 32m3
Density of log = Mass of log

Volume of log
Page 1 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Density of log = 25.6t

32.0m3
Density of log = 0.8t/m3
1. Mass of log is 25.6t

2. Density of log is 0.8t/m3
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Dimensions of log = 5m * 1.6m * 1m

2. Mass of log = 6t
1m
1.6m
5m
Volume of log = L * B * H
Volume of log = 5 * 1.6 * 1
Volume of log = 8m3

Volume of log
Density of log = 6
8
Density of log = 0.75 t/m3
RD = Density of log
Density of FW
RD = 0.75
1.0
RD = 0.75
Mass of SW displaced = 6t
Page 2 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Density of SW = Mass of log

Volume displaced
1.025t/m3 = 6t .
L * B * draft
1.025t/m3 = 6t .
5 * 1.6 * draft
Draft = 6 .
5 * 1.6 * 1.025
Draft = 0.732m
1. Draft in SW is 0.732m
2. RD of log is 0.75
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Breath of log = 3m
2. Height of log = 2m
3. RD of water = 1.01
4. Density of log = 0.7t/m3
2m
3m
Let length of log = l
Let draft of log = d

Volume of log
0.7 = Mass of log

3*2*l
Page 3 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
0.7 * 3 * 2 * l = mass of log
Density of water= Mass of log

Under water Volume
1.01 = 0.7 * 3 * 2 * l
l*3*d
1.01 * 3 * l *d = 0.7 * 3 * 2 * l
d = 1.386m
1. Draft of log is 1.386m
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Diameter of cylinder = 2m
2. Length of cylinder = 10m
3. Draft = 0.6 m
RD of FW = 1.000
NOTE : VOLUME OF ANY 3 DIMENSIONAL UNIFORM OBJECT IS GIVEN BY THE FORMULA
BASE AREA * HEIGHT
2m
A
B
E C
0.6m
Area of segment BDC = Area of sector ABDC – Area of triangle ABC
AB = AD = AC = 1m (Radius of the circle)
AE + ED = AD
AE = AD – ED
AE = 1m – 0.6m
Page 4 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
AE = 0.4m
In right angle triangle AEC
(AE)2 + (EC)2 = (AC)2 (Pythagoras Theorem)
(0.4)2 + (EC)2 = (1)2
(EC)2 = (1)2 – (0.4)2
(EC)2 = 1 – 0.16
(EC)2 = 0.84
EC = √0.84
EC = 0.917m
BE = EC (AE is perpendicular bisector on BC)
BC = BE + EC
BC = 0.917m + 0.917m
BC = 1.834m
Area of triangle ABC = 1 * Base * Height

2
Area of triangle ABC = 1 * BC * AE

2
Area of triangle ABC = 1 * 1.834 * 0.4

2
Area of triangle ABC = 0.3668m2
In triangle AEC
Cos Ѳ = AE (CosѲ = B)
AC H
CosѲ = 0.4
1.0
Ѳ = Cos-1(0.4)
Ѳ = 66.42°
Similarly in triangle ABE, BAE = 66.42°
BAC = BAE + EAC
Page 5 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
BAC = 66.42° + 66.42°
BAC = 132.84°
Area of sector ABDC = Ѳ * ∏ * r2

360°
Area of sector ABDC = 132.84° * 22 * (1)2

360° * 7
Area of sector ABDC = 1.1597m2
Area of segment BDC = Area of sector ABDC – Area of triangle ABC
Area of segment BDC = 1.1597m2 – 0.3668m2
Area of segment BDC = 0.7929m2
Under water volume = Area of segment BDC * Height
Under water volume = 0.7929 * 10
Under water volume = 7.929 m3
Density of FW = Mass of log

Under water volume of log
1 = Mass of log
7.929
1 * 7.929 = Mass of log
7.929 t = Mass of log
Mass of log is 7.929 t
Page 6 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Answer 5
Given:-
1. Length of triangular barge = 20m

2. Breath of triangular barge = 12 m
3. Depth of triangular barge = 06m
4. Draft of triangular barge = 04m
12 m G
B C
6m
D F E
4m
BG = GC (AG is perpendicular bisector on BC)
BG = GC = 6m
In triangle AGC and triangle AFE
1. EAF = EAF (Common angle)

2. AFE = AGC (Corresponding angles)
3. AEF = ACG (Corresponding angles)
Triangle AGC is similar to triangle AFE by AAA similarity.
We know that sides of similar triangle are in equal ration,
So
AF = EF
AG GC
4 = EF
6 6
4 * 6 = EF
6
Page 7 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
4m = EF
EF = FD (AF is perpendicular bisector on DE)
4m = FD
ED = EF + FD
ED = 4m + 4m
ED = 8m
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * Base * Height

2
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * DE * FA

2
Area of triangle ADE = 1 * 8 * 4

2
Area of triangle ADE = 16m2
Density of SW = Mass of barge

Underwater Volume of barge
Density of SW = Mass of barge

Underwater surface area of barge * length
1.025 = Mass of barge

16 *20
1.025 * 16 * 20 = Mass of barge
328 t = Mass of barge
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Diameter of drum = 1.2m
2. Height of drum = 2m
4. Draft = 1.4m
Page 8 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
1.2m
1.4m 2m
Radius = Diameter
2
Radius = 1.2
2
Radius = 0.6m
Height = Freeboard + Draft
2m = Freeboard + 1.4m
2m – 1.4m = Freeboard
0.6m = Freeboard
Density of water = Mass of lead

Volume above water
Density of water = Mass of lead

∏ * r2 * freeboard
1.016 = Mass of lead

∏ * r2 * 0.6
1.016 * 0.6 * ∏ * r2 = Mass of lead
1.016 * 0.6 * 22 * (0.6)2 = Mass of lead

7
1.016 * 0.6 * 22 * 0.6 * 0.6= Mass of lead

7
0.69 t = Mass of lead
Maximum amount of lead mass that can be put in without sinking is 0.69 t
Page 9 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Answer 7
Given:-
1. Length of barge = 10m

2. Breath of barge = 5m
3. Initial draft = 3m
4. Final draft = 1m
RD of SW = 1.025
3m 1m 5m
10 m
Density of SW = Initial mass of barge

Underwater Volume of barge
1.025 = Initial mass of barge

L * B * draft
1.025 = Initial mass of barge

10 * 5 * 3
153.75t = Initial mass of barge
Density of SW = Final mass of barge

Underwater volume of barge
Density of SW = Final mass of barge

L * B * draft
1.025 = Final mass of barge

10 * 5 * 1
1.025 * 10 * 5 * 1= Final mass of barge
Page 10 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
51.25 t = Final mass of barge
Load on crane = change in displacement
Load on crane = Initial displacement – Final displacement
Load on crane = 153.75t – 51.25t
Load on crane = 102.5t
Load on crane is 102.5 t
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Length of box = 2.4m

2. Width of box = 1.2m
3. Height of box = 0.8m
5. Draft of box = 0.2m
1.2 m
2.4 m
0.8 m
0.2 m
Freeboard of box = Total height – Draft of box
Freeboard of box = 0.8m – 0.2m
Freeboard of box = 0.6m
RD of water = Mass of SW to pour

Volume above water
RD of water = Mass of SW to pour

L * B * Freeboard
1.012 = Mass of SW to pour

2.4m * 1.2m * 0.6m
Page 11 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
1.012 * 2.4 * 1.2 * 0.6 = Mass of SW to pour
1.749 t = Mass of SW to pour
Maximum amount of SW that can be poured into without sinking is 1.749t
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Displacement of SW = 18450t
2. Length of vessel = 150m
3. Breath of vessel = 20 m
18450 t
20 m
150 m
RD of SW = 1.025
RD of SW = Displacement
Underwater Volume
L * B * draft
1.025 = 18450
150 * 20 * draft
1.025 * 150 * 20 * draft = 18450
Draft = 18450
1.025 * 150 * 20
Draft = 6m
Draft of the vessel is 6m
Page 12 of 13
CHAPTER – 3
FLOTATION
Answer 10
Given:-

2. Breath of vessel = 15m
3. RD of DW = 1.005
4. Draft = 5m
5. Maximum permissible draft = 6m (in SW)
NOTE : FOR A BOX SHAPED VESSEL DENSITY IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO DRAFT
Let initial draft in SW = x
5 = 1.025
X 1.005
5 * 1.005 = x
1.025
4.902m = x
Maximum permissible draft (SW) = Initial draft in SW + Permissible sinkage
6m = 4.902m + Permissible sinkage
RD of SW = Cargo to load
Permissible sinkage of volume
RD of SW = Cargo to load
L * B * Permissible sinkage
1.025 = Cargo to load

120 * 15 * 1.098
1.025 * 120 * 15 * 1.098 = Cargo to load
2025.8 t = Cargo to load
Cargo to load is 2025.8t
-o0o-
Page 13 of 13
4
SOME
IMPORTANT TERMS
Displacement is commonly used to denote the mass

of a ship in tonnes. Technically, it is the mass of
water displaced by a ship and, when floating freely,
the mass of water displaced equals to the mass of
the ship, as explained in Chapter 3.
Light displacement is the mass of the empty ship

- without any cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast
water, fresh and feed water in tanks, consumable
stores, and passengers and crew and their effects.
Load displacement is the total mass of the ship

when she is floating in salt water with her summer
loadline at the water surface.
Present displacement is the mass of the ship at

present. It is the sum of the light displacement of
the ship and everything on board at present.
Deadweight (DWT) of a ship is the total mass of

cargo, fuel, freshwater, etc., that a ship can carry,
when she is floating in salt water with her summer
loadline at the water surface.
DWT of ship = load displ light displ
Deadweight aboard is the total mass of cargo, fuel,

ballast, fresh water, etc., on board at present.
DWT aboard = present displ light displ
26
Deadweight available is the total mass of cargo,
fuel, fresh water, etc., that can be put on the ship at
present to bring her summer loadline to the water
surface in salt water.
DWT available = load displ - present displ.
Waterplane coefficient (C w), or coefficient of

fineness of the water-plane area, is the ratio of the
area of the water-plane to the area of a rectangle
having the same length and maximum breadth.
C W ::: Area of water-plane

L x B
Area of water-plane = L x B x Cw
~(----- L -------';l)
Block coefficient (Cb), or coefficient of fineness of

displacement, at any draft is the ratio of the
underwater volume of the ship at that draft to a
rectangular box having the same extreme dimensions.
Cb = Underwater volume
LxBxd
Underwater volume = L x B x d x Cb
The term block coefficient may also be used
with respect to a tank in which case it would be the
ratio of the volume of the tank to the volume of a
rectangular box having the same extreme dimensions
as the tank.
27
C b of tank ::: Volume of tank

L xB x0
Volume of tank ::: L x B x 0 x Cb
Reserve buoyancy (RB) is the volume of the

enclosed spaces above the waterline. It maybe
expressed as a volume in m 3 or as a percentage of
the total volume of the ship.
RB ::: Total volume - underwater volume

RB % ::: Above water volume x 100
Total volume
Reserve buoyancy is so called because, though it is
not displacing any water at that time, it is available
for displacement if weights are added or if bilging
takes place. Bilging is the accidental entry of water
ihto a compartment, due to underwater damage and is
discussed in volume II.
Tonnes per centimetre (TPC) is the number of

tonnes required to cause the ship to sink or rise by
one centimetre. In 51 units TPC is indicated as t
cm- l .
28
Considering 1 cm sinkage
sinkage 1 cm ~ or 1 100 m
water-plane t area = -A m2
Increase in underwater volume = A x ..l.. m3

100
Increase in W = A x density of water displaced.

100
Or TPC = A x density of water displaced

100
TPC in SW = A x 1.025 = 1.025/\
iOO 100
TPC in FW = A x 1.0 00 = A
100 . 100
TPC in OW RO 1.017 = A x 1.0 17 = 1.0 17 A
100 100
In the foregoing formulae, the area of the

water-plane of a ship-shape has been considered
constant since the sinkage or rise being considered is
only 1 crn. However, the area of the water-plane of
a ship-shape usually increases as draft increases.
Hence, its TPC also increases as dr.aft increases. In
view of this, calculations involving TPC should
generally be confined to small values of sinkage or
rise, say less than about 20 cm, in the case of
ship-shapes. Otherwise, the accuracy of the
calculation will tend to suffer.
In the case of a box-shaped vessel, the area of
the water-plane is the same at all drafts and hence
its TPC does not change with draft.
29
Example 1
A box-shaped vessel is 120 m long and 16 m wide and

has a load draft of 8 m. If her present draft is 6 m,
find the DWT available.
w :: u/w volume x density of water displaced.
Load W :: 120 x 16 x 8 x 1.025 :: 15744 t

Present W :: 120 x 16 x 6 x 1.025 :: 11808 t
DWT available :: 15744 - 11808 : 3936 t
Example 2
The length and breadth of the water-plane of a ship

are 100 m and 12 m. If the coefficient of fineness of
the water-plane is 0.7, find her TPe in SW and in FW.
Water-plane area:: L x B x e
:: 100 x 12 x 0.7
:: 84:0 m 2
TPe:
1~0 x density of water
In SW, TPe:: 840

100 x 1.025 :: 8.6 10 t cm 1
In FW, TPe :: 840 1

100 x l : 8.400 t cm-
Example 3
A ship floating in OW of RD 1.010 at a draft of 5 m,

is 90 m long and 10m wide at the water-line. If her
block coefficient is 0.72 and her light displacement is
1200 t, find the DWT aboard.
Vi u/w volume x density of water displaced.

30
Present W = 90 x lOx 5 x 0.72 x 1.010

= 3272.4 t
Light W = 1200.0 t
DWT :-' oard = 2072.4 t
Example 4
A box-shaped vessel is 120 m long and 14 rn wide and

12 m high. If her displacement is 13776 t, find her
reserve buoyancy % in SW.
w = u/w volume x density of water displaced.
13776 = V x 1.025
V = 1377 6 = 13440 m3
1.025
Total volume = 120 x 14 x 12 = 20160 m3
RB = Total vol - underwater vol

= 20160 - 13440 = 6720 m3
RB % = Above water volume x 100

Total volume
= 6720
20160x
0
100 = 33.333%
Example 5
A ship is floating in FW at a draft of 6.8 m. If her

maximum FW draft is 7.0 m, and her SW TPC is 40,
find the DWT available.
Sw TPC = A x 1.025
100
40 = A x 1.025
100
31
Or A ::: 40 x 100 = 3902.4 m2

1.025
FW TPC = A ::: 3902.4 = 39.024 t cm- l
IW 1"00
Sinkage required = 7.0 - 6.8 = 0.2 m = 20 cm.
Cargo to load ::: Sinkage x TPC = 20 x 39.024
= 780.48 t.
DWT available ::: 780.48 t.
Exercise 4
Displacement, DWT I RB, TPC , etc.
1 A box-shaped vessel 120 m long and 15 m wide

has a light draft of 4 m and a load draft of 9.8
m in SW. Find her light displacement, load
displacement and DWT.
2 A box-shaped vessel 100 m long and 14 m wide

is floating in SWat a draft of 7.6 m. Her light
draft is 3.6 m and load draft 8.5 m. Find her
present displacement, DWT aboard and DWT
available.
3 A ship is 200 m long and 20 m wide at the

waterline. If the coefficient of fineness of the
water-plane is 0.8, find her TPC in SW, FW
and DW of RD 1.015.
4 A double bottom tank 20 m x 10.5 m x 1.0 m

has a block coefficient of 0.82. Calculate how
much fuel oil of RD 0.95 it can hold.
5 A ship floating in SWat a draft of 8 m is 110

m long and 14 wide at the waterline. If her
block coefficient is 0.72, find her displacement.
32
If her load displacement is 12000 t, find the
OWT available.
6 A vessel of 14000 t displacement is 160 m long

and 20 m wide at the waterline. If she is
floating in SWat a draft of 6.1 m, find rrer
block coefficient.
7 A box-shaped vessel 18 m x 5 m x 2 IT! floats

in SWat a draft of 1.4 m. Calculate her RB%.
8 A box-shaped vessel of 2000 t displacement is

50 m x 10 m x 7 m. Calculate her RB% in FW.
9 The TPC of a ship in SW is 30. Calculate her

TPC in FW and in OW of RO 1.018.
10 A ship is floating at a draft of 8.2 m in OW of

RO 1.010. If her TPC in SW is 40, find how
much cargo she can load to bring her draft in
OW to 8.4 m.
CHAPTER – 4
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
Chapter –4
Some Important Terms
Exercise -4
Answer 1
Given:-
1. Length of the vessel = 120m

2. Breath of the vessel = 15m
3. Light draft = 4m
4. Load draft = 9.8m
RD of SW = 1.025
9.8m 4m 15m
120m
RD of SW = 1.025
RD of SW = Light Displacement
Underwater Volume at light draft
L * B * Light Draft
1.025 = Light Displacement

120 * 15 * 4
1.025 * 120 * 15 * 4 = Light Displacement
7380 t = Light Displacement
RD of SW = Load Displacement
Underwater Volume at load draft
L * B * Load draft
Page 1 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
1.025 = Load Displacement

120 * 15 * 9.8
18081 t = Load displacement
DWT = Load displacement – Light Displacement
DWT = 18081t – 7380t
DWT = 10701 t
1. Light displacement is 7380t

2. Load displacement is 18081t
3. DWT is 10701t
Answer 2
Given:-

3. Present draft = 7.6m
4. Light draft = 3.6m
5. Load draft = 8.5m
RD of SW = 1.025
14m
Load Draft
3.5m
Draft
7.6m
Light Draft
3.6m
100m
RD of SW = Present Displacement
Underwater volume at present draft
RD of SW = Present Displacement
L * B * Present draft
1.025 = Present Displacement

100 * 14 * 7.6
Page 2 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
1.025 * 100 * 14 * 7.6 = Present Displacement
10906t = Present Displacement
Underwater Volume at light draft
L * B * Light Draft
1.025 = Light Displacement

100 * 14 * 3.6
1.025 * 100 * 14 * 3.6 = Light Displacement
5166 t = Light Displacement
DWT Aboard = Present Displacement – Light displacement
DWT Aboard = 10906t – 5166t
DWT Aboard = 5740 t
Underwater Volume at load draft
L * B * Load Draft
1.025 = Load Displacement

100 * 14 * 8.5
1.025 * 100 * 14 * 8.5 = Load Displacement
12197.5t = Load Displacement
DWT available = Load Displacement – Present Displacement
DWT available = 12197.5t – 10906t
DWT available = 1291.5t
1. Present Displacement is 10906t

2. DWT aboard is 5740 t
3. DWT available is 1291.5t
Page 3 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Length of ship = 200m

2. Breath of ship = 20m
3. Cw = 0.8
20m
Cw = 0.8
200m
TPC at FW = L * B * Cw * RDFW
100
TPC at FW = 200 * 20 * 0.8 * 1

100
TPC at FW = 32t/cm
TPC at DW = L * B * Cw * RDDW
100
TPC at DW = 200 * 20 * 0.8 * 1.015

100
TPC at DW = 32.48t/cm
TPC at SW = L * B * Cw * RDSW
100
TPC at SW = 200 * 20 * 0.8 * 1.025

100
TPC at SW = 32.8t/cm
1. TPC at FW is 32t/cm
2. TPC at DW is 32.48t/cm
3. TPC at SW is 32.8t/cm
Page 4 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Dimensions of tank = 20m * 10.5m * 1m

2. Block coefficient (CB) = 0.82
3. RD of fuel oil = 0.95
1m
10.5 m
CB = 0.82
20 m
Volume of tank = L * B * H *CB
Volume of tank = 20 * 10.5 * 1 * 0.82
Volume of tank = 172.2 m3
RD fuel oil = Mass of fuel oil

Volume of tank
0.95 = Mass of fuel oil

172.2
163.6t = Mass of fuel oil
Double bottom tank can hold 163.6t of fuel oil
Answer 5
Given:-
4. Block Coefficient (CB) = 0.72
5. Load Displacement = 12000t
Page 5 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
14 m
8m
CB = 0.72
110 m
Underwater Volume = L * B * Draft * CB
Underwater Volume = 110 * 14 * 8 * 0.72
Underwater Volume = 8870.4 m3
RD of SW = Displacement of vessel
Underwater Volume
1.025 = Displacement of vessel

8870.4
9092.2 t= Displacement of vessel
DWT available = Load Displacement – Displacement of vessel
DWT available = 12000t – 9092.2 t
DWT available = 2907.8 t
DWT available is 2907.8 t
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Displacement = 14000t
2. Length of vessel= 160m
4. Draft = 6.1m
Page 6 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
20 m
6.1 m
14000 t
160 m
RD of SW = 1.025
Underwater Volume
1.025 = 14000
Underwater Volume
Underwater Volume = 14000

1.025
Underwater Volume = 13658.537 m3
Block Coefficient = Underwater Volume

L * B * Draft
Block Coefficient = 13658.537

160 * 20 * 6.1
Block Coefficient = 0.7
Block Coefficient of the vessel is 0.7
Page 7 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
Answer 7
Given:-
1. Dimensions of vessel = 18m * 5m * 2m

2. Draft of vessel = 6.1m
RD of SW = 1.025
18 m
6.1 m
2m
5m
Total Volume of vessel = L * B * H
Total Volume of vessel = 5 * 2 * 18
Total Volume of vessel = 180 m3
Height = Draft + Freeboard
18.1m = 6.1m + Freeboard
11.0 m = Freeboard
Volume above water level = L * B * Freeboard
Volume above water level = 5 * 2 * 11.9
Volume above water level = 119 m3
RB% = Volume above water level * 100

Total Volume
RB% = 119 * 100

180
RB% = 66.11%
Reserve Buoyance percentage is 66.11%
Page 8 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Displacement of vessel =2000t

2000 t
7m
10 m
50 m
Total Volume of vessel = L *B * H
Total Volume of vessel = 50 * 10 * 7
Total Volume of vessel = 3500m3
RD of FW = Displacement of vessel
Underwater Volume
1.000 = 2000
Underwater Volume

1.000
Underwater Volume = 2000m3
Volume above water line = Total volume – Underwater volume
Volume above water line = 3500 m3 – 2000m3
Volume above water line = 1500 m3
RB% = Volume above water line * 100

Total Volume
RB% = 42.86%
Reserve Buoyancy is 42.86%
Page 9 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
Answer 9
Given:-
1. TPC is SW = 30t/cm
2. RD of DW = 1.018
TPC at SW = CW* L * B * RDSW

100
30 = CW * L * B * 1.025
100
30 = CW * L * B
1.025 100
29.268 = CW * L * B -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)

100
TPC at DW = CW* L * B * RDDW

100
TPCDW = 29.268 * 1.018 (CW * L * B = 29.268 from equation 1)

100
TPCDW = 29.795 t/cm
TPC at FW = CW* L * B * RDFW

100
TPCDW = 29.268 * 1.000 (Cw * L * B = 29.268 from equation 1)

100
TPCDW = 29.268 t/cm
1. TPC at DW is 29.795t/cm
2. TPC at FW is 29.268t/cm
Answer 10
Given:-
1. Present Draft = 8.2m

2. RD of DW = 1.010
3. TPC of SW = 40 t/cm
4. Draft required =8.4m
Page 10 of 11
CHAPTER – 4
8.4 m 8.2 m
RD = 1.010
TPCSW = CW * L * B * RDSW
100
40 = CW * L * B * 1.025
100
40 = CW * L * B
1.025 100
39.024 = CW * L * B ------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
100
TPCDW = CW * L * B * RDDW
100
TPCDW = 39.024 * 1.010 (CW * L * B = 39.024 from equation 1)

100
TPCDW = 39.44 t/cm
Max permissible sinkage = Draft required – Present Draft
Max permissible sinkage = 8.4 – 8.2
Max permissible sinkage = 0.2
Cargo to load = Max permissible sinkage * TPCDW
Cargo to load = 0.2 * 39.414
Cargo to load = 788.3t
-o0o-
Page 11 of 11
5
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON
DRAFT &DISPLACEMENT
Part I: When displacement is constant
When a ship goes from SW to FW, her draft

would increase and vice versa. This can be
illustrated "by a simple example. Consider a ship of
10000 tonnes displacement.
In salt water
10000 = Vsw x 1.025

or Vsw = 10000 = 9756 m 3
1.025
Underwater volume in SW = 9756 m3
In fresh water
10000 = VFW X 1
or VFW = 10000 m3
Underwater volume in FW = 10000 m3
From the foregoing example it is clear that

when a ship goes from SW to FW her underwater
volume (and hence her draft) increases, and vice
versa, though her displacement is constant.
34
FRESH WATER ALLOWANCE
FWA is the increase in draft when a ship goes

from SW to FW and vice versa.
FWA = W
40 TPC
Where W is the displacement of the ship in

salt water, expressed in tonnes.
TPC is the tonnes per centimetre immer
sion in salt water.
FWA is the fresh water allowance in
centimetres.
FWA of a
ship usually increases as draft increases. This is
because W depends on underwater volume whereas
TPC depends on waterplane area. As draft increases,
both Wand TPC increase but W increases at a faster
rate. Hence FWA, as calculated by the foregoing
formula, also increases as draft increases. The table
on the next page is taken from the hydrostatic
particulars on an actual ship in service.
The FW A calculated, by the foregoing formula,

for the summer load condition is called the FWA of
the ship. This FW A is· mentioned in the loadline
certificate and is considered constant for those
loadlines marked on the ship's sides - T, S, Wand
WNA. When a ship is loading down to her marks in
FW, she can immerse her loadline by the FWA of the
ship so that when she goes to SW, she would rise to
her appropriate loadline.
If it is desired to find the FW draft of the ship

when she is not immersed up to the load line marked
on the ship's sides, the FWA must be calculated by
35
the formula and added to the SW draft of the ship at

that time.
Draft W TPC W = FWA

m t tem- 1 40 TPC em
3.000 547B 20.90 547B = 6.6

40 x 20.9
5.000 97B8 22.08 9788 = 11.1

40 x 22.08
7.000 14299 22.95 14299 = 15.6

40 x 22.95
9.000 19051 24.14 19051 = 19.7

40 x 24.14
9.233 19617 24.28 19617 = 20.2

(load 40 x 24.28
draft)
DOCK WATER ALLOWANCE
DWA is the increase in draft when a ship goes

from saltwater to dockwater, and vice versa, where
the dock water is neither fresh not salt i.e., RD
between 1 and 1.025. When loading in a dock, the
ship can immerse her loadline by the D WA so that
when she goes to sea, she would rise to her
appropriate load line.
When a ship goes from SW to FW (change of

RD of .025) she increases her draft by FWA. So for
any change of RD between 1.025 and 1.000, linear
interpolation may be done. For example:
36
Change of Change of
RD Draft
SW to FW ] .025 FWA
1.025 1.000
SW to OW ] .008 .008 x FWA

1.025 1.017 .025
SW to .005 .005 x FWA

OW ]
1.025 1.020 .025
FW to .016 .016 x FWA

OW ]
1.000 1.016 .025
OW to .012 .012 x FWA

OW ]
1.017 1.005 .025
From the foregoing example, it is clear that:
Change of draft = change of RD x FWA

.025
The change of draft, so obtained, would be in

the same units as the FWA - mm, cm or m.
This formula holds good for any change of RD.

However, when the change of draft is calculated
between SW and OW, it is called DWA. The term
dock water is used here only symbolically to
represent water whose RD is between 1.000 and
1.025 and, for stability purposes, includes the water
of rivers, harbours, etc., even though they may not
have enclosed docks.
37
Part II: When draft is constant
When a ship floats at the same draft, on

different occasions, in water of different RD, her
displacement each time would be different. This is
illustrated by a simple example.
Suppose the underwater volume of a certain

ship at 7 m draft is 14000 m3•
In SW, at 7 m draft, W = 14000 x 1.025 = 14350 t.
In FW, at 7 m draft, W = 14000 x 1.000 = 14000 t.
RD 1.01, at 7 m draft, W = 14000 x 1.010 = 14140 t.
RD 1.02, at 7 m draft, W = .14000 x 1.020 = 14280 t•
LOAD LINES OF SHIPS
The following diagram shows the port and

starboard side loadlines of a cargo ship. To see the
port side loadlines, cover up the the right 1/3 of the
sketch. To see the starboard side loadlines, cover up
the left 1/3 of the sketch. The WNA loadline has
been included in dotted lines as it is only required by
vessels less than 100 metres in length, trading in the
North Atlantic during the winter season. The exact
limits and dates of the winter zone in the North
Atlantic are given in the loadline rules.
All the lines are 25 mm thick, are cut into the

shell plating and are painted white or yellow on a
dark background or black on a light background. The
upper edge of each loadline indicates its exact level.
-----------------
·················l······;.:. VI
E
E
o
M
N
a..
..
r'"
I
1Il E
E
u.. 0
0 ""
N
W
O
E
E
i..L
t- .... t.~

(J)
a
~
------ --L1>-_ - - - - - - a::
0
CD
"',
E
~
(J)
1 E E
r····
E EE
00
0 · 0 LIl
a
,.., M"-f
~ ~~~!l
a..
. .1 -
I
(J)
- --u..---- E - - - - - - -
o
w
o
o
~
E
LIl :. ····I·i..:.·
l. . .
(J)
~
0::
o
a.. if --l
-, I
I I
E I I
E I I
o I
M e:t l I
N
ZII
.. '" .!..... t-: UI 3: ~LJ
39
The top of the deck line indicates where the

top of the freeboard deck would meet the outer side
of the shell plating, if produced. Directly below the
deck line is the Plimsoll mark (or loadline disc) and
the vertical distance between them is called the
Statutory Summer Freeboard. The centre of the
loadline disc is at the middle of the upper ed~ of its
25 mm thick, painted, diametric line. The deck line
and the Plimsoll mark are situated exactly amidships.
Exactly 540 mm forward of the disc is a

vertical line 25mm thick with horizontal lines,
measuring 230 mm x 25 mm, on each side of it. On
its forward side the lines are marked S, T and W
(also WNA if applicable). The lines on the after side
are marked F and TF.
The upper edge of the line marked S is in line

with the horizontal line of the Plimsol mark. In
summer zones, the ship can load up to this line in
salt water. The vertical distance between the upper
edges of Sand T (and also between Sand W) is 1/48
of the summer draft of the vessel. The dates and
limits of winter, summer and tropical zones are given
in the loadline rules. The WNA mark, if applicable, if
situated exactly 50 mm below the W mark (measured
between their upper edges).
The vertical distance between the upper edges

of the lines marked Sand F, and also between T and
TF, is the FWA of the ship.
Example 1
A ship's load ~isplacement is 16000 t and TPC is 20.

If she is in OW of RD 1.0 I 0, find by how muCh she
may immerse her loadline so that she will not be
overloaded when she goes to sea.
FWA = W = 16000 = 20 cm
40 . fpc 40 x 20
40
DWA = 0.025 - dd) x FWA = (1.025 - 1.010) x 20

.025 .025
= 12 cm
Hence, ship can immerse her SW loadline by 12 cm.
Example 2
A vessel of FW A 200 mm goes from water of RD

1.018 to water of RD 1.006. Find the change in draft
and state whether it will be sinkage or rise.
Change of draft Change of RD x FW A

.025
= (1.018 - 1.006) x 200
.025
= 96 mm.
Since the RD of water has decreased the draft will

increase.
Hence, the vessel will sink by 96 mm.
Example 3
A box-shaped vessel 24 x 5 x 3 m has a mean draft

of 1.2 m in DW of RD 1.009. Calculate her draft in
DW of RD 1.019.
W = u/w volume x density of water displaced.

In DW RD 1.009, W = 24 x 5 x 1.2 x 1.009
In DW RD 1.019, W = 24 x 5 x d x 1.019
Since displacement is constant,

24 x 5 x d x 1.019 = 24 x 5 x 1.2 x 1.009
d = 1.2 x 1.009 = 1.188 m
1.019
41
Hence, draft in OW of RO J.019 = 1.188 m.
Note: This problem could also be worked by

calculating the displacement, SW TPC, FWA and then
the change of draft, all by various formulae.
However such a method would be unduly tedious.
Example 4
A box-shaped vessel 20 x 6 x 4.5 floats in OW of RO

1.010 at a draft of 2.4 m. Calculate her percentage
reserve buoyancy in OW of RO 1.020.

In OW RO 1.010, W = 20 x 6 x 2.4 x 1.010
In OW RO 1.020, W = V x 1.020
Since displacement is constant,
V x 1.020 = 20 x 6 x 2.4 x 1.0 10

V = 285.176 m3
Total volume = 20 x 6 x 4.5 = 540 m3

Above water volume = Total volume - u/w volume
= 540 - 285.176 = 254.824 m3
RB% = Above water volume x 100 = 254.824 x 100
Total volume 540
= 47.19%
Hence, RB% in OW of RO 1.020 = 47.19%
Example 5
A vessel displaces 5000 t at a certain draft in OW of

RO 1.018. Find her displacement when floating at
the same draft in OW of RO 1.012.
42
In DW RD 1.018, 5000 = V x 1.018

or V = 5000 = 4911.591 m3•
1.018
Hence, u/w vol of ship at that draft = 4911.591 m3•
In DW RD 1.012, W = 4911.591 x 1.012

= 4970.53 t
= 4971 t
Example 6
A vessel displaces 16000 t at her summer load draft

in SW. If she is now floating in DW of RD 1.015 with
her summer loadline on the water, calculate how
much DWT is available.
VI = u/w volume x density of water displaced.
At Summer load draft, 16000 =V x 1.025
or V = 16000 = 15609.756 m3
1.025
Hence, underwater volume of ship at summer draft =

= 15609.756 m3
Present disp = 15609.7505 x 1.015 = 15843.9 t
DWT available = Maximum disp - present disp

= 16000 - 15843.9
=156.1 t
= 156 t
43
Example 7
A vessel is in SW with her summer loadline 60 mm

above the water on the port side and 10 mm above
the water on the starboard side. Find the DWT
available, if her TPC is 40.
Obviously, the vessel is listed to starboard. Since

both, port and starboard loadlines are of same name
(above water), mean distance from water w1'i'Ibe half
the ~ of the distances.
Mean distance of loadline == 60 + 10 == 35 mm

2
Hence, when upright, loadlines will be 3.5 cm above

water.
DWT available == Sinkage x TPC == 3.5 x 40

== 140 t
Example 8
A vessel is in SW with her port summer loadline 80

mm below water and her starboard, 200 rn above.
Find the DWT available if TPC is 30.
Obviously the vessel is listed to port. Since the
loadline on one side is above the water and the
other, below the water (different names), the mean
distance of the loadline from the water will be half
the difference between the distances. The name
(above or below) of the mean distance will be the
same as that of the larger of the two distances.
Mean distance of loadline == 200 - 80 == 60 mm

2
Hence, when upright, loadline will be 6.0 cm above
water.
44
DWT avaialable = Sinkage x TPe = 6 x 30
= 180 t
Example 9
A vessel floats in DW RD 1.016 with her winter

loadline 100 mm below water on the port side and
180 mm below water on the starboard side. If her
FWA is 200 mm, TPe is 24 and summer load draft is
9.6 m, find DWT available.
Port winter loadline is 100 mm below water

Stbd winter loadline is 180 mm below water
Mean distance from water =t (180 + 100)

= 140 mm below
Hence, when upright, winter loadline will be 14 cm

below water.
Distance W to S = 1 x Summer draft

48
= 1 x 9.6 = 0.2 m
48
= 20 cm
Hence, distance from present waterline to S

= 20 - 14 = 6 cm
DWA = (1.025 - 1.016) FWA = .009 x 200 = 72 mm

.025 .025
DWA = 7.2 cm
Hence, total sinkage permissible = 6 + 7.2 = 13.2 cm
TPC = A x density of water

100
45
Note: TPC given is always SW TPC unless specifi

caUy stated otherwise.
In SW, 24 = A x 1.025 or A = . 24
100 i50 1.025
In DW, TPC= A x 1.016 = 24 x 1.016

100 1.025
= 23.79 tcm- 1
DWT avail'.lble = sinkage x TPC = 13.2 x 23.79 = 314t
Example 10
A vessel arrives at port X at the mouth of a river.

Her displacement is 12000 t and arrival draft 5.77 m
in RD 1.020. She is to cross a bar upriver before
entering port Y. The depth at the bar is 6.0 m and
RD 1.005. If her TPC is 25, find the minimum
quantity of cargo to off-load at port X so that she
may cross the bar with an under-keel clearance of
0.5 m.
FWA = W = 12000 = 12 cm
40 xTPC 40x25
Change of draft = Change ofRD x FWA

.025
= (1.020 - 1.005) x 12
.025
= 7.2 cm = .072 m
Depth of water over bar = 6.0 m

Under-keel clearance = 0.5 m
Max draft to arrive at bar = 5.5 m
Change of draft due to RD = 0.072 m
46
Max draft on dep port X = 5.428 m

Draft on arrival port X = 5.770 m
Required mean rise at port X = 0.342 m
= 34.2 cm
TPC at Port X = 25 x 1.020 = 24.88 tcm- 1

1]25
Cargo to discarge = rise x TPC

= 34.2 x 24.88
= 850.9 t
Hence, required to discharge 851 t at port X.
Note: The TPC given is always the SW TPC unless

clearly stated otherwise. The TPC used in the final
stage of this problem is the TPC at RD 1.020
because the cargo lightening operation is being
carried out at port X whose RD is 1.020. This is
purely of academic interest because any cargo
calculation involving TPC is approximate only. If the
SW TPC was used in this problem, the answer would
be only 4 tonnes different. In actual practice at sea,
the displacement of the ship at the required draft of
5.5 m in RD 1.005 would be found out (using the
hydrostatic particulars of the ship) and that,
subtracted from the present displacement, would
give the quantity of cargo to off-load at port X.
This is explained in Chapter 17.
'+7
Exercise 5
1 A ship of 16000 t displacement and TPC 20 is

floating in SWat a draft of 8.0 m. Find her
draft in FW.
2 A ship goes from water of RO 1.008 to SW.

Find the change in draft, if her FWA is 180
mm, and state whether it would be sinkage or
rise.
3 A ·,·essel goes from water of RO 1.010 to FW.

If her FWA is 160 mm, state whether she
would sink or rise and by how much.
A ship of FWA 175 mm goes from water of RO

1.006 to water of RO 1.018. Find the amount
of sinkage or rise.
5 A ship's stability data book gives her load

displacement to be 18000 t and TPC to be 25.
If she is now loading in OW of RO 1.018, by
how much may her loadline be immersed so
that she would not be overloaded?
6 A box-shaped vessel 20 x '+ x 2 m has a mean

draft of 1.05 m in SW. Calculate her draft in
OW of RO 1.012.
7 A box-shaped vessel 18 x 5 x 2 m floats in OW

of RO 1.000 at a draft of 1.4 m. CalculatE'
her percen.tage reserve buoyancy when she
enters SW.
8 The hydrostatic particulars of a ship indicate

that her displacement in SWat a draft of 5 m
is 3000 t. Find her displacement when floating
at 5 m draft in water of RD 1.018.
48
9 A vessel displaces 4500 t of FW at a certain

draft. Find her displacement at the same
draft in water of RD 1.020.
10 A ship 100 m long and 20 m wide, block

coefficient 0.8, floats in SWat a mean draft
of 8.0 m. Calculate the difference in
displacement when floating at the same draft
in FW.
11 A vessel displaces 14 500 tonnes, if floating in

SW upto her winter load-line. If she is in a
dock of RD 1.010, with her winter load-line on
the surface of the water, find how much cargo
she can load, so that she would float at her
winter load-line in SW.
12 A vessel of 12000 t displacement arrives at

the muuth of a river, drawing 10.0 m in SW.
How much cargo must she discharge so that
her draft in an upriver port of RD 1.012 would
be 10.0 m.
13 A vessel floating in DW of RD 1.005 has the

upper edge of her summer loadline in the
waterline to starboard and 50 mm above the
\Vaterline to port. If her FWA is 180 mm and
TPC is 24, find the amount of cargo which the
vessel can load to bring her to her permissible
draft.
14 A vessel is floating at 7.8 m draft in OW of RO

1.010. TPC is 18 and FW A is 250 mm. The
maximum permissible draft in SW is 8.0 m.
Find the OWT available.
15 A vessel's statutory freeboard is 2.0 m. She is

loading in OW of RD 1.015 and her freeboard
is 2.1 m. TPC = 24. FWA = 200 mm. Find the
D"VT available.
49
16 A vessel is lying in a river berth of density

1.010 tonnes per m3 , with her summer loadline
20 mm above the water on the starboard side
and 50 mm above the water on the port side.
Find how much cargo she can load to bring her
to her ~ummer loadline in SW t if her summer
displacement is 15000 tonnes and TPe is 25.
17 A vessel is floating in dock water of RD 1.005

with her starboard WNA mark 30 mm below,
and her port WNA mark 60 mm below the
water line. If her summer SW draught is 8.4 m,
TPe is 30 and FWA is 160 mm, calculate how
much cargo can be loaded to bring the vessel
to her summer draught in SW.
18 A vessel is loading in a SW dock and is lying

with her starboard· Winter loadline 60 mm
above and her port Winter loadline 20 mm
below the surface of water. If her summer
draught in SW is 7.2 m and TPe is 20, find
how many tonnes of cargo the vessel can load
to bring her down to her Tropical loadline in
SW.
19 From the following details, calculate the DWT

available: - Present freeboards: port 3.0 m,
starboard 2.9 m in water of RD 1.020. FWA
200 mm. TPe 30. Statutory summer freeboard
2.8 m.
20 From the following information, calculate the

DWT available upto the Tropical loadline in
SW:
Present freeboards: port 1.68 m, starboard

1.79 m in RD 1.017.
Tropical SW freeboard: 1.63 m

Tropical SW draft: 9.6 m
FWA 150 mm, TPe 20.4
CHAPTER – 5
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT
Chapter –5
Effect of Density on Draft & Displacement
Exercise -5
Answer 1
Given:-
2. TPC = 20t/cm
3. DraftSW = 8m
FWA = Displacement
40 * TPC
FWA = 16000
40 * 20
FWA = 20cms / 0.2m
Draft in SW + FWA = Draft in FW
8m + 0.2m = Draft in FW
8.2m = Draft in FW
Draft in FW is 8.2m
Answer 2
Given:-
1. RD of DW = 1.008
2. FWA = 180mm
RD of SW = 1.025
DWA = (Difference in Density) * FWA

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.008) * 180

0.025
DWA = 122.4mm/ 12.24cm
Change in draft = 12.24cms
Page 1 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
The vessel will rise it will move from lesser density to higher density.
Answer 3
Given:-
2. FWA = 160mm
RD of FW = 1.000
DWA = Difference in Density * FWA

0.025
DWA = (1.010 – 1.000) * 160

0.025
DWA = 64mm/ 6.4cms
Change in draft is 6.4 cms
The vessel will sink as it is moving from greater density to lesser density.
Answer 4
Given:-
1. FWA = 175mm
2. RD1 = 1.006
3. RD2 = 1.018
DWA = Difference in density * FWA

0.025
DWA = (1.018 – 1.006) * 175

0.025
DWA = 0.012 * 175

0.025
DWA = 84mm/ 8.4cms
Change in draft = 8.4cms
The vessel will rise as it is moving from lesser density to higher density.
Page 2 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 5
Given:-
2. TPC = 25t/cm
3. RD1 = 1.018
RD of SW = 1.025
FWA = Displacement
40 * TPC
FWA = 18000
40 * 25
FWA = 18cms/ 180mm
DWA = Change in Density * FWA

0.025
DWA = (1.025-1.018) * 180

0.025
DWA = 0.007 * 180

0.025
DWA = 50.4mm/ 5.04cms
Her loadline can be immersed by 5.04cms
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Dimensions of vessels = 20m * 4m * 2m

2. Draft in SW = 1.05m
3. RD of DW = 1.012
20m
2m
1.05m
4m
RD =1.012
Page 3 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Underwater Volume
L * B * draft in SW

20 * 4 * 1.05
1.025 * 20 * 4 * 1.05 = Displacement of vessel
86.1 t = Displacement of vessel
DISPLACEMENT OF VESSEL REMAINS CONSTANT
RD of DW = Displacement of vessel
Underwater Volume
L * B * Draft in DW
1.012 = 86.1
20 * 4 * Draft in DW
1.012 * 20 * 4 * draft in DW = 86.1
Draft in DW = 86.1
1.012 * 20 * 4
Draft in DW = 1.063m
Answer 7
Given:-

2. RD of DW = 1.000
3. Draft at RD1.000 = 1.4m
18m
2m
1.4m
5m
RD =1.000
Page 4 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
RD of SW = 1.025
Underwater Volume
L * B * draftDW

18 * 5 * 1.4
1.000 * 18 * 5 * 1.4 = Displacement of vessel
126 t = Displacement of vessel
WE KNOW THAT DISPLACEMENT OF THE VESSEL WILL REMAIN CONSTANT
Underwater Volume
L * B * DraftSW
1.025 = 126
18 * 5 * draftSW
DraftSW = 126
18 * 5 * 1.025
DraftSW = 1.366m
Total height of vessel = draft + freeboard
2m = 1.366m + freeboard
0.634m = freeboard
Total volume of the vessel =L*B*H
Total volume of the vessel = 18 * 5 * 2
Total volume of the vessel = 180m3
Volume of vessel above water line = L * B * freeboard
Volume of vessel above water line = 18 * 5 * 0.634
Volume of vessel above water line = 57.06 m3
%Reserve Buoyancy = Volume of vessel above water line * 100

Total Volume
Page 5 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
% Reserve Buoyancy = 57.06 * 100

180
%Reserve Buoyancy = 31.7%
Percentage of reserve buoyancy is 31.7%
Answer 8
Given:-
1. DraftSW = 5m
3. Draft at RD 1.018 = 5m
RD of SW = 1.025
Underwater Volume
1.025 = 3000
Underwater Volume

1.025
Underwater Volume =2926.829m3
We know that at same draft, the underwater volume remains constant
Underwater Volume

2926.829
2979.5t = Displacement of vessel
Displacement of vessel when afloat at 5m draft in water of RD 1.018 is 2979.5t.
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Displacement of vessel at FW = 4500t

2. RD of DW = 1.020
RD of FW = Displacement of vessel
Underwater Volume
Page 6 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
1.000 = 4500
Underwater Volume
We know that at same draft underwater volume remains constant
Underwater Volume

4500
4590t = Displacement of vessel
Displacement of the vessel in RD 1.020 at the same draft as in FW is 4590t.
Answer 10
Given:-

3. Block Coefficient (CB) = 0.8
4. Draft SW = 8.0m
RD of FW = 1.000
Underwater Volume = L * B * DraftSW * CB
Underwater Volume = 100 * 20 * 8 * 0.8
RD of SW = Displacement of vesselSW
Underwater Volume
1.025 = Displacement of vesselSW

12800
13120t = Displacement of vesselSW
We know that underwater volume at same draft remains constant
RD of FW = Displacement of vesselFW
Underwater Volume
1.000 = Displacement of vesselFW

12800
Page 7 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
1.000 * 12800 = Displacement of vessel FW
12800t = Displacement of vessel FW
Difference in Displacement = DisplacementSW – Displacement FW
Difference in Displacement = 13120t – 12800t
Difference in Displacement = 320t
Difference in displacement when floating at the same draft in FW is 320t.
Answer 11
Given:-
2. Till winter load line
3. RD of DW = 1.010
RD of SW = Displacement of vessel SW
Underwater Volume
1.025 = 14500t
Underwater Volume

1.025
Underwater Volume = 14146.341m3
We know that, at same draft the underwater volume remains constant.
RD of DW = Displacement of vessel DW
Underwater Volume
1.01 = Displacement of vessel DW

14146.341
1.01 * 14146.341= Displacement of vessel DW
14287.8 t = Displacement of vessel DW
Max cargo that can be loaded = Displacement of vessel SW – Displacement of vessel DW
Max cargo that can be loaded = 14500t – 14287.8t
Max cargo that can be loaded = 212.2
She can load 212.2 t of cargo so that she would float at winter load line in SW.
Page 8 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 12
Given:-
1. Displacement of vesselSW = 12000t

2. Draft SW = 10.0m
3. DW RD = 1.012
RD of SW = 1.025
Underwater Volume
1.025 = 12000
Underwater Volume

1.025
Underwater volume = 11707.317m3
We know that at same draft, underwater volume remains constant.
RD of DW = Displacement of vessel DW
Underwater Volume
1.012 = Displacement of vessel DW

11707.317
1.012 * 11707.317 = Displacement of vessel DW
Displacement of vessel DW = 11847.8t
Cargo to discharge = Displacement of vessel SW – Displacement of vessel DW
Cargo to discharge = 12000t – 11847.8t
Cargo to discharge = 152.2t
She should discharge 152.2 t so that her draft in an upriver port of RD 1.012 would be 10.0m
Answer 13
Given:-
1. RD of DW = 1.005
2. Upper edge of summer loadline in water line to stbd
3. Upper edge of summer loadline 50mm above water line to port
4. FWA = 180mm
5. TPC = 24t/cm
Page 9 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
TF TF
F F
T T
L R L R
S S 50mm
W W
WNA WNA
Arithmetic mean draft = 50mm+ 0mm

2
Arithmetic mean draft = 50mm

2
Arithmetic mean draft = 25 mm above water line
Summer load line is 25mm above water line
DWA = (RDSW – RDDW) * FWA

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.005) * 180

0.025
DWA = 0.02 * 180

0.025
DWA = 144mm/14.4cms
Max permissible sinkage = Arithmetic Mean Draft + DWA
Max permissible sinkage = 2.5cms + 14.4cms
Max permissible sinkage = 16.9cms
Cargo to load = Max permissible sinkage * TPC
Cargo to load = 16.9 * 24
Cargo that can be loaded in the vessel to bring her to her permissible draft is 405.6t.
Page 10 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 14
Given:-
1. Draft of vessel = 7.8m

2. RD of DW = 1.010
3. TPC = 18t/cm
4. FWA = 250mm
5. Max permissible draft SW =8m

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.010) * 250

0.025
DWA = 0.015 * 250

0.025
DWA = 150mm/15.0cms
Change in draft = Max permissible draft – initial draft
Change in draft = 8m – 7.8m
Change in draft = 0.2m
Permissible sinkage = Change in draft + DWA
Permissible sinakge = 0.2m + 0.15m
Permissible sinakge = 0.35m/35cms
TPCDW = TPCSW * RDDW

RDSW
TPCDW = 18 * 1.01
1.025
TPCDW = 17.737t/cm
DWT Available = Permissible sinkage * TPC DW
DWT Available = 35 * 17.737
DWT Available = 620.8t
DWT Available is 620.8t
Page 11 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 15
Given:-
1. Statutory freeboard = 2m
2. RD of DW = 1.015
3. Freeboard = 2.1m
4. TPCSW = 24t/cm
5. FWA = 200mm

RDSW
TPCDW = 24 * 1.015
1.025
TPCDW = 23.768t/cm

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.015) * 200

0.025
DWA = 0.010 * 200

0.025
DWA = 80mm/8.0cms
Change in draft required = Freeboard – Statutory freeboard
Change in draft required = 2.1m – 2m
Change in draft required = 0.1m/10cms
Permissible sinkage = change in draft + DWA
Permissible sinkage = 10cms + 8 cms
Permissible sinkage = 18cms
DWT available = Permissible sinkage * TPCDW
DWT available = 18 * 23.768
DWT available = 427.8t
DWT available is 427.8t
Page 12 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 16
Given:-
1. RD of river birth = 1.01

2. Summer load line 20mm above water on stbd side
3. Summer load line 50mm above water on port side
4. Summer displacement = 15000t
5. TPC = 25t/cm
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
TF TF
F F
T T
L R L R
20mm S
S 50mm
W W
WNA WNA

2

2
Summer load line is 35mm above water line
FWA = Displacement
40 * TPC
FWA = 15000
40 * 25
FWA = 15cms

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.01) * 150

0.025
Page 13 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
DWA = 0.015 * 150

0.025
DWA = 90mm/9cms

RDSW
TPCDW = 25 * 1.01
1.025
TPCDW = 24.634t/cm
Max permissible sinkage = Arithmetic Mean Draft + DWA
Max permissible sinkage = 3.5cms + 9cms
Cargo to load = 12.5 * 24.634
Cargo that can be loaded in the vessel to bring her to her permissible draft is 307.9t.
Page 14 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 17
Given:-
1. RD of DW = 1.005
2. Stbd WNA 30mm below water line
3. Port WNA 60 mm below line
4. Summer water draft = 8.4m
5. TPC = 30t/cm
6. FWA = 160mm
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
TF TF
F F
T T
L R L R
S S
W W
60mm
30mm
WNA WNA

2

2
Arithmetic mean draft = 45 mm below water line
Winter North Atlantic load line is 45mm below water line
Distance between WNA and winter load line = 50mm
Winter load line = 50mm – 45mm above water line
Winter load line = 5mm above water line
Distance between summer load line and winter load line = 1 * Summer draft
48
Distance between summer load line and winter load line = 1 * 8.4m
48
Page 15 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Distance between summer load line and winter load line =0.175m/17.5cms

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.005) * 160

0.025
DWA = 0.020 * 160

0.025
DWA = 128mm/12.8cms
Max permissible sinkage = DWA + Distance between Summer load line and winter load line +
Distance between Winter load line and water line
Max permissible sinkage = 12.8cms + 17.5cms + 0.5cms

RDSW
TPCDW = 30 * 1.005
1.025
TPCDW = 29.415t/cm
Cargo to load = 30.8 * 29.415
Cargo to load = 906t
Cargo that can be loaded in the vessel to bring her to her permissible draft is 906 t.
Page 16 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 18
Given:-
1. Stbd WNA 60mm above water line

2. Port WNA 20 mm below line
3. Summer water draft = 8.4m
4. TPC = 30t/cm
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
TF TF
F F
T T
L R L R
S S
W W
20mm
60mm WNA WNA
Arithmetic mean draft = 60mm - 20mm

2

2
Winter North Atlantic load line is 20mm above water line
Distance between summer load line and winter load line = 1 * Summer draft
48
Distance between summer load line and winter load line = 1 * 7.2m
48
Distance between summer load line and winter load line =0.15m/15cms
Distance between tropical load line and summer load line = 1 * Summer draft
48
Distance between tropical load line and summer load line = 1 * 7.2m
48
Page 17 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Distance between tropical load line and summer load line =0.15m/15cms
Max permissible sinkage = Distance between Summer load line and winter load line + Distance
between tropical load line and summer load line + Distance between Winter load line and water line
Max permissible sinkage = 15cms + 15cms + 2cms
Max permissible sinkage = 32cms
Cargo to load = 32 * 20
Cargo that can be loaded in the vessel to bring her to her permissible draft is 640 t.
Answer 19
Given:-
1. Port freeboard = 3cms

2. Stbd freeboard = 2.9cms
3. RD of DW = 1.020
4. FWA = 200mm
5. TPC = 30t/cm
6. Statutory summer freeboard = 2.8m
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
TF TF 2.8m
2.8m
2.9m 3m
F F
T T
L R L R
S S
W W
WNA WNA
Page 18 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = Port freeboard + Stbd freeboard

2
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = 3.0 + 2.9

2
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = 2.95m
Change in draft required = Arithmetic mean freeboard – Statutory summer freeboard
Change in draft required = 2.95m – 2.8m
Change in draft required = 0.15m/15cms

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.020) * 200

0.025
DWA = 0.005 * 200

0.025
DWA = 40mm/4cms
Max permissible sinkage = change in draft required + DWA
Max permissible sinkage = 15cms + 4cms
Max permissible sinkage = 19cms

RDSW
TPCDW = 30 * 1.020
1.025
TPCDW = 29.854t/cm
Deadweight available = TPCDW + Max permissible sinkage
Deadweight available = 29.854 * 19
Deadweight available = 567.2t
Page 19 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
Answer 20
Given:-
1. Port freeboard = 1.68m

2. Stbd freeboard = 1.79m
3. RD of DW = 1.017
4. Tropical SW freeboard = 1.63m
5. Tropical SW draft = 9.6m
6. FWA = 150mm
7. TPC = 20.4t/cm
STBD SIDE PORT SIDE
1.63m 1.63m
TF TF
1.79m 1.68m
F F
T T
L R L R
S S
W W
WNA WNA
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = Port freeboard + Stbd freeboard

2
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = 1.68 + 1.79

2
Arithmetic Mean freeboard = 1.735m
Change in draft required = Arithmetic mean freeboard – Tropical SW freeboard
Change in draft required = 1.735m – 1.63m
Change in draft required = 0.105m/10.5cms

0.025
DWA = (1.025 – 1.017) * 150

0.025
Page 20 of 21
CHAPTER – 5
DWA = 0.008 * 150

0.025
DWA = 48mm/4.8cms
Max permissible sinkage = change in draft required + DWA
Max permissible sinkage = 10.5cms + 4.8cms

RDSW
TPCDW = 20.4 * 1.017

1.025
TPCDW = 20.241t/cm
Deadweight available = TPCDW + Max permissible sinkage
Deadweight available = 20.241 * 15.3
Deadweight available = 309.7t
Page 21 of 21
6
CENTRE
OF GRAVITY
The centre of gravity (G or COG) of a ship is

that point through which the force of gravity may be
considered to act vertically downwards, with a force
equal to the weight of the ship.
The position of the COG of a ship is indicated

by its distance in metres from three reference lines:
(i) Its height above the keel. This distance is

referred to as KG where K represents the keel. KG
affects the stability of the ship.
(ii) Its distance from the after perpendicular (A)

of the ship. This distance is referred to as AG. AG
affects the trim of the ship.
Note: The after perpendicular (A) of a ship is the

after part of the stern post. If the vessel does not
have a stern post, then it is the axis of the rudder
stock.
Some shipyards use midships (H) for reference

instead of the after perpendicular (A). The distance
of the COG is then referred to as HG, in this book,
but then it must be stated whether the COG is
forward or abaft midships in each case. HG affects
the trim of the ship.
Note: Midships is taken to be the line drawn at

right angles to the keel, midway between the
forward and after perpendiculars.
51
(iii) Its distance from the centre line of the ship.
This distance causes the ship to list. Since mariners
like to keep their ship upright at all times, this
distance should preferably be zero.
The position of the COG of a ship depends on

the distribution of weights on board and not on the
total weight.
When a weight is added (loaded), the COG of

the ship moves directly towards the COG of the
added weight.
When a weight is removed (discharged), the

COG of the ship moves directly away from the COG
of the removed weight.
When a weight already on board is shifted, the

COG of the ship moves in a direction parallel to that
moved by the weight.
The foregoing statements are illustrated by

the following figures wherein G is the COG of the
ship before loading/discharging/shifting and Gl is the
COG of the ship after the loading/ discharging/
shifting is completed.
So far, only the direction of shift of COG has
been considered. The distance through which the
COG would move is given by the following formula:
=
GG l
-wd
W
Wherein,
GG 1 is the shift of COG of ship in metres.
w is the weight loaded/discharged/shifted,
in tonnes.
W is the final displacement of ship in
tonnes i.e., after the weight has been
52
Effect of adding a weight
I ~g I
g
.- -~
G, G
.............. Gl
~G
G~
G,
53
Effect of removing a weight
G1
fG
,
,
I
r-r-'
I 'g I
I -
G1 G r-
-+-----:-_.g
L __
r--...,
Ig ....
I
.
\~!~I ,_
r--::1_----G
I g . . . . -.
~Gl
. - - - . 1
54
Effect of shifting a weight
g ---1'r---+---+'- g g
f----.J I
G-r-G, G~ g
G 1 '---_----I
I
I g
L_ -
G
f
Gl
I g
G
~G,
r--
I g
I
55
loaded/discharged/shifted.
d When loading/discharging, d is the
distance in metres betwen the COG of
the ship and the COG of the weight.
When shifting a weight, d is the
distance moved by the weight.
In stability calculations, the vertical,

longitudinal and transverse movements of \:OG are
calculated separately. In other words, the actual
movement of COG is split into its three components
and each component is calculated separately, as
shown in later chapters.
7
FINAL KG
Part I: Considering a single weight only.
When loading, discharging' or shifting a single

weight, the vertical shift of the COG of a ship is
giveF\ by the formula:
GG 1 = wd
W-
Wherein,
GG 1 Vertical shift of COG of ship in
metres.
w Weight loaded/discharged/shifted in
tonnes.
W F inal displacemen~ of ship in tonnes.
d When loading or discharging, 'd' is
the vertical distance between the
COG of the ship and the COG of
the weight.
When shifting a weight already on

board, 'd' is the vertical distance
moved by the weight.
Example 1
In a vessel of 12000 t displacement, KG 9 m, 200 t

of cargo was shifted from the upper deck (KG 12 m)
to the lower hold (KG 2 m). Find the new KG.
57
KG of cargo while on UD = 12 m
KG of cargo when in LH = 2 m
Hence d = 10m downwards
GG 1 += wd = 200 x 10 = 0.167 m
'iT 12000
Original KG = 9.000 m
GG 1 • = 0.167 m
KGlor new KG = 8.833 m
Example 2
In a vessel of 7850 t displacement, KG 8,1+ m, 150 t

of cargo is loaded on the UD (KG 10 m). Find the
final KG.
Final W = 7850 + 150 = 8000 t

Cargo
w = 150 t, d = 1.6 m E
_GGl = wd
W
= 150 x 1.6
8000
= 0.03 m
rE
~
.....
"'0
II
Since the cargo was loaded above the ..... G

0
COG of the ship, GGl will be upwards.
1
E
't
Original KG = 8.400 m 00
GG 1 t = 0.030 m K
KG! or new KG = 8.430 m
Example 3
In a ship of 12300 t displacement, KG 10m, 300 t of

cargo was discharged from the lower hold (KG 2 m).
Find the final KG.
Final W = 12300 300 = 12000 t.

58
w = 300 t, m
d =8 G
GG 1 = wd = 300 x 8 = 0.2 m E
W 12000
Since cargo was discharged from below

the COG of ship, GG 1 will be upwards.
r
E
0
q
ex>
II
"0
1cal~
-<
GG 1 t = 0.2 m
KG 1 or new KG = 10.2 m K
Example 4
On a vessel of 6000 t displacement KG 7.4 m, how

many tonnes of cargo may be discharged from the
lower hold (KG 2.0 m) in order to have a final KG of
8.0 m ?
Old KG = 7.4 m Original W = 6000 t

New KG = 8.0 m Discharged :: w
GG 1 t :: 0.6 m Final W :: 6000 - W
GG 1 = wd or 0.6 :: w (5.4) or w = 600 t

W 6000-w
Hence, cargo to discharge :: 600 tonnes.
Example 5
A vessel of 11 000 t displacement has KG 6.3 m. A

jumbo derrick is used to shift a weight of 250 t from
the lower hold (KG 3 m) to the UD (KG 8.5 m). The
head of the derrick is 19.5 m above the keel. Find
the KG of the ship:
(a) When the weight is hanging by the derrick and

(b) When the shifting is over.
59
This problem is to be worked in two stages.
Stafe 1: As soon as the weight is lifted off the

tan -top, the COG of the weight shifts from the LH
to the derrick head.
KG of weight when in LH = 3.0 m

Height of derrick head above keel = 19.5 m
Hence, d = 16.5 m
GG 11' = wd = 250 x 16.5 = 0.375 m

W- 11 000
+
GG 1 t = 0.375 m
KG 1 or new KG = 6.675 m
Hence KG at the end of stage 1 = 6.675 m answer (a).
Stage 2: As soon as the weight is placed on the

upper deck, the COG of the weight shifts from tht
derrick head to the UD.

KG of weight when on UD = 8.5 m
Hence, d = 11.0 m
GG1~ = wd = 250 x 11 = 0.250 m

W 11 000
New KG (end of stage 1) = 6.675 m

GG1~ = 0.250 m
Final KG (end of stage 2) = 6.425 m
KG when shifting is over = 6.425 m answer (b).

60
Example 6
A vessel of 6000 t displacement, KG 7.1 m,

loads a heavy lift weighing 1.50 t by her jumbo
derrick whose head is 16 m above the keel. If the
weight is placed on the tween deck (KG 8 m) find:
(a) the KG when the weight is hanging 1 m above
the tween deck and
(b) the KG when the loading is over.
Stage 1: As soon as the jumbo derrick takes the

heavy lift off the wharf, the COG of the weight acts
on the derrick head - equivalent to loading the
weight 16 m above the keel. The height of the
weight above the deck is of no importance.
Final W = 6000 + 1.50 = 61.50 t

d = 16 - 7.1 = 8.9 m
GG1 t = wd = 1.50 x 8.9 = 0.217 m
Vi 61.50
+
GG 1 t = 0.217 m
KG 1 or new KG = 7.317 m
Hence, KG at the end of stage 1 = 7.317 m ans(a).
Stage 2: As soon as the weight is placed on the TD,

the COG of the heavy lift shifts from the derrick
head (KG 16 m) to the TD (KG 8 m). i.e., d = 16 - 8 =
8 m downwards
GG1~ = wd = 1.50 x 8 = 0.19.5 m

W 6150
New KG (at end of stage 1) = 7.317 m
GG1~ = 0.19.5 m
Final KG (at end of stage 2) = 7.122 m
61
Hence, KG after shifting is over:;: 7.122 mans (b).
Exercise 6
Final KG by GG, formula
1 In a vessel of 8800 tonnes displacement and

KG 6.2 m, 200 tonnes of cargo was loaded in
the lower hold, 1.7 m above the keel. Find the
final KG.
2 600 tonnes of cargo were discharged from a

vessel from the upper deck 11 m above the
keel. If the original KG and displacement
were 6 m and 12 600 tonnes, calculate the
final KG.
3 In a vessel of 9900 tonnes displacement and

KG 4 m, a heavy lift of 100 tonnes is loaded
on the UD (KG 15 m). Find the final KG.
4 500 tonnes of cargo was discharged from the

lower hold (KG 3 m) of a vessel whose
displacement and KG before discharging were
11500 tonnes and 6.3 m. Find the final KG.
5 500 tonnes of cargo was shifted 15 metres

vertically downwards in a vessel of 10 000
tonnes displacement. Find the effect it has on
the KG of the vessel and state whether KG
increases or decreases.
6 In a vessel of 9000 tonnes displacement, KG

10.5 m, 300 tonnes of cargo was shifted from
the LH (KG 2.5 m) to the UD (KG 11.5 m).
Find the resultant KG of the vessel.
7 In a vessel of 9009 tonnes displacement, KG

8.7 m, how many tonnes of cargo can be
loaded on the upper deck (KG 15 m) so that
the final KG would be 9 m?
62
8 A heavy lift derrick, whose head is 20 m

above the keel, is to shift a locomotive
weighing 300 tonnes from the UD (KG 8 m) to
the LH (KG 2 m). If the displacement and
initial KG of the vessel were 12000 tonnes and
7.6 m, find the KG of the vessel (a) when the
derrick has taken the weight off the UD and
(b) after shifting is over.
9 On a vessel of 4,950 tonnes displacement, KG

9.2 m, the ship's jumbo derrick is used to load
a weight of 50 tonnes from the wharf, on to
the UD (KG 8 m). If the head of the derrick
is 25 m above the keel, calculate the KG of
the vessel (a) when the weight is hanging by
the derrick on the centre line but 2 m above
the UD, and (b) after loading.
10 A ship's derrick, whose head is 22 m above the

keel, is used to discharge a weight of 20
tonnes (KG 5 m), lying on the centre line. If
the vessel's displacement and KG before
discharging were 6000 tonnes and 8 m,
calculate the KG (a) as soon as the derrick
lifts the weight and (b) after discharging.
Part II: Considering several weights
The GGI formula, which seems adequate when

considering a single weight at a time, becomes
impracticable for general use of ships because
several weights are loaded, discharged and/or shifted,
at a time. In such cases, the calculation of final KG
is done by taking moments about the keel.
The initial moment of the weight of the ship

about its keel p~us the moments about keel of all
weights loaded mmus the moments about keel of all
weights discharged gives the final moment. This final
moment about keel divided by the final displacement
of the ship gives the final KG. In cases where
63
weights have been shifted vertically, the weight

multiplied by the vertical distance shifted gives the
change in moment, to be added if the shift is
upwards; to be subtracted if the shift is downwards.
Calculation of final KG by taking moments

about keel can be done even when only a single
weight is being loaded, discharged or shifted.
Example 7
On a ship of 10 000 t displacement, KG 7.75 m, the

following changes took place:
1000 t of cargo discharged from No.2 LH, KG 4.0 m.
2000 t of cargo discharged from UD, KG 9.8 m.
500 t of FW taken into peak tanks, KG 6.5 m.
500 t of fuel oil taken into No.4 DBT, KG 0.5 m.
500 t of cargo shifted from No.2 TD to No.2 LH,
through a vertical distance of 8 m.
Find the final KG of the ship.
Weight (t) KG Moment by Keel(tm)

Remarks Loaded Disch (m) Loaded Disch
Ship 10,000 7.75 77,500

2LH Cargo 1,000 4.0 4,000
UD Cargo 2,000 '1.8 1'1,600
Peaks FW 500 6.5 3,250
HFO 4 DBT 500 0.5 250
Total 11,000 3,000 81,000 23,600
3,000 23,600
Final W = 8,000 57,400

500 t shifted e m down ( -) 4,000
Final moment = 53,400
64
Final KG = Final moment = 53,400 = 6.675 m.

Final W 8,000
Exercise 7
Final KG by moments about keel
1 A ship of displacement 2000 t and KG 4.2 m,

loads 300 t of cargo (KG 2.0 m), 200 t of
cargo (KG 3.2 m) and 500 t of bunkers (KG 1.0
m). Find her final KG.
2 A ship of displacement 3000 t and KG 3.9 m,

loads cargo as follows:- 200 t in No.1 LH (KG
3.0 m), 300 t on deck (KG 6.4 m), 150 t in No.3
TO (KG 5.2 m) and 350 t in No.4 LH (KG 4.0
m). Find the final KG.
3 A ship of load displacement 10,000 t, KG 6.0

m, discharges cargo of 250 t (KG 3.0 m) and
150 t (KG 4.0 m). Find her final KG.
4 A ship of displacement 12,000 t, KG 4.3 m,
discharges cargo as follows:- 200 t from No.1
LH (KG 2.6 m), 250 t from No.2 TO (KG 3.4
m), 1000 t from No.3 LH (KG 4 m) and 550 t
from UO near No.5 (KG 8 m). Find final KG.
5 Ship of 2000 t displacement and KG 3.66 m,

loads 1500 t (KG 5.5 m), 3500 t (KG 4.60 m),
and takes 1520 t of bunkers (KG 0.60 m). She
discharges 2000 t cargo (KG 2.44 m) and
consumes 900 t of bunkers (KG 0.40 m). Find
the KG at the end of the voyage.
6 A ship of 3200 t displacement, KG 6.2 m, loads

5200 t of cargo (KG 4.8 m). Find the amount
of deck cargo (KG 10.4 rn) that can be loaded
so that the KG shall be 6.0 m when loading is
completed.
6.5
7 A ship of 2600 t displacement, KG 4.88 m,

loads 4600 t of homogeneous cargo (KG .5.0 m).
Find how much deck cargo (KG 10 m) may be
loaded to obtain a final KG of .5.11 m.
8 A heavy-lift derrick is used to discharge a 100

t package from a ship of displacement 8000 t,
KG 8.2 m. If the KG of the weight while on
board is 3 m and if the derrick head is 2.5 m
above the keel, find the KG of the ship (a)
while discharging and (b) after discharging.
9 On a ship of 1.5000 t displacement KG 7.9 m, a

weight of 200 t is loaded on the un (KG 12
m) using the ship's Stulken derrick whose head
is 30 m above the keel. Find the KG of the
ship (a) while loading and (b) after loading.
lOOn a ship of 11000 t displacement KG 7.2 m, a

shore crane is used to shift a 180 t heavy-lift
from the UD (KG 12 m) to the LH (KG 3 m).
Find the KG of the ship (a) during shifting and
(b) after shifting.
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Chapter –7
Final KG
Exercise -6
Answer 1
Given:-
2. KG = 6.2m
3. Loaded (w) = 200t (KG = 1.7m)
Displacement = 8800t
KG = 6.2m
w = 200t
KG = 1.7m
KG of vessel = 6.2m
KG of lower hold =- 2.0m
D↓ = 4.2m
Final Displacement (W) = Displacement of vessel + cargo
Final Displacement (W) = 8800t + 200t
Final Displacement (W) = 9000t
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 200 * 4.2

9000
GG’↓ = 0.093m
Initial KG of vessel = 6.2m

GG’↓ =-0.093m
Final KG of vessel = 6.101m
Final KG of the vessel is 6.101m
Page 1 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Discharged (w) = 600t (KG = 11m)

2. KG of vessel = 6m
3. Initial Displacement = 12600t
KG = 11m w = 600t
KG = 6m
KG of cargo = 11m
KG of vessel =-6m
D↓ = 5m
Final displacement (W) = Initial displacement – discharged cargo
Final displacement (W) = 12600t – 600t
Final displacement (W) = 12000t
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 600 * 5
12000
GG’ = 0.25m
Initial KG = 6m
GG’ ↓ =-0.25m
Final KG = 5.75m
Final KG of vessel is 5.75m
Page 2 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Initial Displacement = 9900t

2. KG = 4m
3. Loaded (w) = 100t (KG=15m)
KG = 15m w = 100t
KG = 4m
KG of cargo = 15m
KG of vessel =-4m
D↑ = 11m
Initial displacement = 9900t

Cargo loaded =+100t
Final displacement(W) = 10000t
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 100 * 11
10000
GG’ = 0.11m
Initial KG = 4.00m
GG’ ↑ =+0.11m
Final KG = 4.11m
Page 3 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Answer 4
Given:-
2. KG = 6.3m
3. Discharged (w) = 500t (KG = 3 m)
KG = 6.3m
w = 500t
KG = 3m
KG of vessel = 6.3m
KG of lower hold =- 3.0m
D↓ = 3.3m
Final Displacement (W) = Displacement of vessel - cargo
Final Displacement (W) = 11500t - 500t
Final Displacement (W) = 11000t
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 500 * 3.3

11000
GG’↑ = 0.15m

GG’↑ =+0.15m
Page 4 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Answer 5
Given:-
1. Cargo shifted (w) =500t

2. D = 15m ↓
3. Displacement (W) = 10000t
w = 500t
D ↓ = 15m
GG’ = w * d
W
GG’ = 500 * 15
10000
GG’ = 0.75m↓
KG of the ship will decrease because cargo has been shifted vertically downwards.
Answer 6
Given:-

2. KG of ship = 10.5m
3. Cargo shifted (w) = 300t
4. KG of Lower Hold = 2.5m
5. KG of Upper Deck = 11.5m
w = 300t
KG = 11.5m
KG = 10.5m
KG = 2.5m
Page 5 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
KG Upper Deck = 11.5m

KG Lower Deck = - 2.5m
D↑ = 9.0m
GG’ = w*d
W
GG’ = 300 * 9
9000
GG’ ↑ = 0.3m

GG’ ↑ = +0.3m
Answer 7
Given:-

3. Final KG required = 9m
4. KG of Upper Deck = 15m
w=?
KG = 15m
KG = 8.7m
Let cargo to be loaded = w
KG upper deck =15m

KG of vessel =-8.7m
D↑ = 6.3m
Final KG required = 9m
KG of vessel =-8.7m
GG’ ↑ = 0.3m
GG’ = w * d
(W+w)
Page 6 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
0.3 = w * 6.3
9009 + w
0.3(9009+w) = 6.3w
2702.7 + 0.3w = 6.3w
2702.7 = 6.3w – 0.3w
2702.7 = 6w
2702.7 = w
6
450.45t = w
Cargo to load to bring required KG to 9m is 450.45t
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Head of derrick = 20m above keel

2. Weight of locomotive (w) = 300t
3. KG of upper deck = 8m
4. KG of lower deck = 2m
5. Initial displacement (W) = 12000t
6. Initial KG of the vessel = 7.6m
KG of derrick = 20m
w = 300t
KG = 8m
KG = 7.6m
KG = 2m
Page 7 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
(a)
KG of derrick = 20m
KG of locomotive = -8m
D↑ = 12m
GG’ = w * d
W
GG’ = 300 * 12
12000
GG’↑= 0.3m
Initial KG of the vessel = 7.6m

GG’ ↑ =+0.3m
Final KG of the vessel = 7.9m
(b)
KG of locomotive = 8m
KG of lower hold =-2m
D↓ = 6m
GG’ = w * d
W
GG’ = 300 * 6
12000
GG’↓= 0.15m

GG’ ↓ =-0.15m
Final KG of the vessel =7.45m
a) KG of the vessel when derrick has taken the weigh off the upper deck is 7.9m.
b) KG of the vessel after shifting in 7.45m
Page 8 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
Answer 9
Given:-

2. KG = 9.2m
3. Weight of load =50t
4. KG upper deck = 8m
5. KG of derrick = 25m
KG of derrick = 25m
w = 50t
KG = 8m
KG = 9.2m
a)
KG of derrick = 25m
KG of ship =-9.2m
D↑ = 15.8m
GG’ =w*d
W+w
GG’ = 50 * 15.8
4950 + 50
GG’ = 50 * 15.8
5000
GG’ ↑ = 0.158m
Initial Kg of ship = 9.2m

GG’ ↑ =+0.158m
Final KG of ship = 9.358m
Page 9 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
b)
KG of ship = 9.2m
KG of upper deck =-8.0
D↓ =1.2m
GG’ =w*d
W+w
GG’ = 50 * 1.2
4950 + 50
GG’ = 50 * 1.2
5000
GG’ ↑ = 0.012m

GG’ ↑ =-0.012m
a. KG of the ship when weight is hanging by the derrick is 9.358m

b. KG of the ship after loading is 9.188m
Answer 10
Given:-
1. KG of derrick = 22m
2. Weight discharged (w) = 20t (KG=5m)
3. Initial displacement(W) = 6000t (KG=8m)
KG of derrick = 22m
w = 20t
KG = 8m
KG = 5m
Page 10 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG
a)
KG of derrick = 22m
KG of cargo = -5m
D↑ = 17m
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 20 * 17
6000
GG’ ↑ = 0.057m
Initial Kg of ship = 8m
GG’ ↑ =+0.057m
b)
KG of ship = 8m
KG of cargo =-5m
D↓ = 3m
GG’ =w*d
W-w
GG’ = 20 * 3
6000 - 20
GG’ = 20 * 3
5980
GG’ ↑ = 0.01m

GG’ ↑ =+0.01m
a. KG of the ship when derrick lifts the weight is 8.057m

b. KG of the ship after discharging is 8.01m
Page 11 of 11
CHAPTER – 7
FINAL KG BY MOMENTS ABOUT KEEL
Chapter –7
Final KG by Moments about Keel
Exercise -7
Answer 1
Remarks Weight (t) KG (m) Moments (tm)
Ship 2000 4.2 8400

Loads 300 2 600
Loads 200 3.2 640
Loads 500 1 500
Total 3000 10140
Final KG = Total Moments

Total Weight
Final KG = 10140
3000
Final KG = 3.380
Answer 2
Ship 3000 3.9 11700

Loads in NO.1 LH 200 3 600
Loads on deck 300 6.4 1920
Loads in No.3 TD 150 5.2 780
Loads in No.4 LH 350 4 1400
Page 1 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
Total 4000 16400

Total Weight
Final KG = 16400
4000
Final KG = 4.100
Answer 3
Ship 10000 6 60000

Discharges -250 3 -750
Discharges -150 4 -600
Total 9600 58650

Total Weight
Final KG = 58650
9600
Final KG = 6.109
Final KG of the vessel is 6.109 m
Page 2 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
Answer 4
Ship 12000 4.3 51600

Discharges No.1 LH -200 2.6 -520
Discharges No.2 TD -250 3.4 -850
Discharges No.3 LH -1000 4 -4000
Discharges UD -550 8 -4400
Total 10000 41830

Total Weight
Final KG = 41830
10000
Final KG = 4.183
Answer 5
Ship 2000 3.66 7320

Loads 1500 5.5 8250
Loads 3500 4.6 16100
Load Bunkers 1520 0.6 912
Discharges -2000 2.44 -4880
Consume bunkers -900 0.4 -360
Total 5620 27342

Total Weight
Final KG = 27342
5620
Page 3 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
Final KG = 4.865
Final KG of the vessel is 4.865 m
Answer 6
Let cargo to load = x
Ship 3200 6.2 19840

Loads 5200 4.8 24960
Cargo to Load x 10.4 10.4x
Total 8400 + x 6.000 44800+10.4x

Total Weight
6.000 = 44800+10.4x
8400 + x
6 * (8400 + x) = 44800+10.4x
50400 + 6x = 44800+10.4x
5600 = 4.400 x
Final cargo to load = 5600.000

4.400
Final cargo to load = 1272.73 t
Final cargo to load is 1272.73 t
Page 4 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
Answer 7
Let cargo to load = x
Ship 2600 4.88 12688

Loads 4600 5 23000
Cargo to Load x 10
Total 7200 + x 5.110 35688 + 10x

Total Weight
5.11 = 35688 + 10x

7200 + x
5.11 * (7200 + x) = 35688 + 10x
36792 + 5.11x 35688 + 10x
1104 = 4.890 x
Final cargo to load = 1104.000

4.890
Final cargo to load = 225.77 t
Final cargo to load is 225.77 t
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Discharge weight = 100t

2. Displacement of ship = 8000t
4. KG of weight on board = 3m
5. Derrick head is 25m from keel
Page 5 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
KG of derrick = 25m
w = 100t
KG = 8.2m
KG = 3m
a)
KG of derrick = 25m
KG of cargo = -3m
D↑ = 22m
GG’ =w*d
W
GG’ = 100 * 22
8000
GG’ ↑ = 0.275m

GG’ ↑ =+0.275m
b)
KG of ship = 8.2m
KG of cargo =-3m
D↑ = 5.2m
GG’ =w*d
W-w
GG’ = 100 *5.2

8000 - 100
Page 6 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
GG’ = 100 * 5.2

7900
GG’ ↑ = 0.066m

GG’ ↑ =+0.066m
a. KG of the ship when derrick lifts the weight is 8.475m

b. KG of the ship after discharging is 8.266m
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Displacement of ship = 15000t

2. KG = 7.9m
3. Weight of cargo loaded = 200t
5. Head of derrick = 30m
KG of derrick = 30m
w = 200t
KG = 12m
KG =7. 9m
a)
KG of derrick = 30m
KG of ship =-7.9m
D↑ = 22.1m
GG’ =w*d
W+w
Page 7 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
GG’ = 200 * 22.1

15000 + 200
GG’ = 200 * 22.1

15200
GG’ ↑ = 0.291m

GG’ ↑ =+0.291m
b)
KG of upper deck = 12m

KG of ship =-7.9m
D↓ =4.1m
GG’ =w*d
W+w
GG’ = 200 * 4.1

15000 +200
GG’ = 820
15200
GG’ ↑ = 0.054m

GG’ ↑ =-0.054m
a. KG of the ship when weight is hanging by the derrick is 8.191m

b. KG of the ship after loading is 7.954m
Answer 10
Given:-
3. Weight of cargo shifted = 180t
5. KG of lower hold = 3m
Page 8 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
w = 180t
KG = 12m
KG = 7.2m
KG = 3m
(a)
KG of heavy lift = 12m

KG of ship = -7.2m
D↓ = 4.8m
GG’ = w * d
W-w
GG’ = 180 * 4.8

11000-180
GG’ = 864
10820
GG’ ↓= 0.080m

GG’ ↓ =-0.080m
(b)
KG of Upper deck = 12m

KG of lower hold =-3m
D↓ = 9m
GG’ = w * d
W
GG’ = 180 * 9
11000
Page 9 of 10
CHAPTER – 7
GG’↓= 0.147m

GG’ ↓ =-0.147m
Final KG of the vessel =7.053m
a) KG of the vessel when shore crane has taken the weigh off the upper deck is 7.12m.
b) KG of the vessel after shifting in 7.053m
Page 10 of 10
8
CENTRE
OF BUOYANCY
The centre of buoyancy (B or COB) of a ship

is that point through which the force of buoyancy
may be considered to act vertically upwards, with a
force equal to the weight of water displaced by the
ship. It is the geometric centre of the water
displaced i.e., the geometric centre of the underwater
volume of the ship.
The position of the COB of a ship is indicated

by:
( i) Its height above the keel. This distance is

referred to as KB.
(ii) Its distance from the after perpendicular of
the ship. This distance is referred to as AB. Some
shipyards use midships (H) for reference instead of
the after perpendicular (A). The distance of the
COB is then referred to as HB, in this book, but then
it must be stated whether the COB is forward or
abaft midships in each case.
Note: Definitions of the after perpendicular and

midships are given in Chapter 6.
Both KB and AB depend on the shape and

volume of the underwater portion of the hull and are
therefore dependant on the ship's draft. KB and AB
(or HB) are given in the hydrostatic particulars of
the ship in the form of curves or tables against draft.
Further explanation of AB is given in volume II under
the heading 'Trim'.
67
The KB of a box-shaped vessel would be

exactly half the draft, if the vessel is upright and on
an even keel. The KB of a ship-shape will, however,
be a little greater than half draft, as illustrated by
the following figures:
I
I I
box-shape ship-shape
I I
I I
1
,B
T
I
K K
From the above figure, it is obvious that if

the shaded part of the box-shaped figure is removed,
the figure becomes ship-shaped. The KB of a
ship-shape would, therefore, be about five to ten
percent more than half its draft.
KB of a triangular-shaped vessel would be

two-thirds of its draft, when on an even keel and
upright, as shown in the following figure:
I
I
I
I
I
d
I
I
I
I
I
'L _
K
68
Exercise 8
Centre of buoyancy
1 A box-shaped vessel of displacement 1640 t is

50 m long, 10 m wide and 8 m high. Find her
KB in SW, if she is on an even keel and
upright.
2 A box-shaped vessel 60 m x 10m x 10m

floats in DW of RD 1.020 at an even keel
draft of 6 m. Find her KB in DW of RD 1.004.
3 A triangular-shaped vessel of displacement 650

t floats in DW RD 1.015. Her water plane is a
rectangle 30 m x 8 m. Find her KB.
4 A triangular-shaped vessel floats in SW. Her

water plane is a rectangle 40 m x 12 m.' If
her KB is 3.6 m, find her displacement.
5 A homogeneous log of wood 3 m x 0.75 m x

0.75 m floats in SW with one face horizontal.
If the RD of the log is 0.8 m, calculate the
vertical distance between its COG and its
COB.
6 A homogeneous log of wood of 0.5 m square

section floats in water of RD 1.005 at a draft
of 0.4 m with one of its faces horizontal. Find
the vertical distance between its COG and its
COB in water of RD 1.020.
7 A cylindrical drum of 0.8 m diameter and 1.5 rn

height weighs 10 kg. 490 kg of steel is put .in
it such that it floats with its axis vertical in
FW. Find its KB. (Assume IT to be 22/7) •
8 A barge is prism-shaped such that its deck and

keel are identical and parallel; its sides
vertical. Its deck consists of three shapes -"
69
triangular bow of 12 m each side; rectangular
mid-part 80 m long and 12 m wide;
semi-circular stern of radius 6 m. If the light
displacement of the barge is 500 t and it has
5000 t of cargo in it, find its KB when
floating on an even keel in SW. (Assume TT
to be 3.142).
9 The deck and keel of a flat-bottomed barge

are identical. Its sides are vertical. The deck
consists of two sections - the bow is a
triangle 12 m broad and measures 12 m in the
fore and aft direction; the mid-body is a
rectangle 50 m long and 12 m broad. If it is
floating on an even keel in SW with a
displacement of 3444 t, find the position of its
COB with reference to the keel and with
reference to its after end.
l O A barge 45 m long has a uniform transverse

cross-section throughout, which consists of a
rectangle above a triangle. The rectangle is 8
m broad and 4 m high. The triangle is apex
downwards, 8 m broad and 3 m deep. If the
displacement of the barge is 1620 t, find the
position of its COB with reference to the keel
and also with reference to the after end, if it
is upright and on an even keel in FW.
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Chapter –8
Centre of Buoyancy
Exercise -8
Answer 1
Given:-
RD of SW = 1.025
Underwater Volume
1.025 = 1640
Underwater Volume

1.025
Underwater Volume = L * B * draft
1600 = 50 * 10 * draft
1600 = draft
50*10
3.2m = draft
KB = draft
2
KB = 3.2
2
KB = 1.6m
KB of vessel in SW in 1.6m
Page 1 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Dimensions of the vessel = 60m * 10m * 10m

2. RD of DW1 = 1.020
3. Draft = 6m
4. RD of DW2 = 1.004
RD of DW1 = Displacement of vessel

Underwater Volume
RD of DW1 = Displacement of vessel

L * B * draft

60 * 10 * 6
1.020 * 60 * 10 * 6 = Displacement of vessel
3672t = Displacement of vessel
We know that displacement of vessel remains constant
RD DW2 = Displacement of vessel

Underwater Volume
RD DW2 = Displacement of vessel

L * B * draft
1.004 = 3672
60 * 10 * draft
Draft = 3672
60 * 10 * 1.004
Draft = 6.096m
KB = Draft
2
KB = 6.096
2
KB = 3.048m
KB of the vessel is 3.048m
Page 2 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Answer 3
Given:-
1. Shape of vessel is triangular

2. Displacement of vessel = 650t
3. RD of DW = 1.015
4. Dimensions of water plane rectangle = 30m * 8m
30m
B D C
C
Underwater Volume
1.015 = 650
Underwater Volume

1.015
Underwater Volume = 640.3943
Underwater Volume = (Surface Area of triangle ABC) * (length)
Underwater Volume = (1 * Base * Height) * (Length)

2
Underwater Volume = (1 * BC * AD) * (Length)

2
Page 3 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
640.394 = 1 * 8 * AD * 30
2
640.394 * 2 =h
8 * 30
5.337m =h
Draft of vessel = 5.337m
KB = 2 *Draft (Triangular shaped vessel)

3
KB = 2 *5.337
3
KB = 3.558m
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Shape of vessel is triangular

2. Water plane area = 40m * 12m
3. KB = 3.6m
RD of SW = 1.025
40m
B C
D
12m F E
D
Page 4 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
KB = 2 * draft
3
3 * KB = draft
2
3 * 3.6 = draft
2
5.4m = draft
Area of triangle Δ ADE = 1 * Base * Height

2
Area of triangle Δ ADE = 1 * DE * AF

2
Area of triangle Δ ADE = 1 * 12 * 5.4

2
Area of triangle Δ ADE = 32.4m2
Underwater Volume = Area of Δ ABE * length
Underwater Volume = 32.4m2 * 40m
Underwater Volume
1.025 = Displacement
1296
1.025 * 1296 = Displacement
1328.4t = Displacement
Displacement of vessel is 1328.4t
Page 5 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Answer 5
Given:-
1. Dimensions of log = 3m * 0.75m * 0.75m

2. RD of log = 0.8
RD of log = 0.8
0.75m
B
0.75m
3m B
COG of log = height

2
COG of log = 0.75

2
COG of log = 0.375m
RD of log = Mass of log

Volume of log
0.8 = Mass of log

3m * 0.75m * 0.75m
0.8 * 3 * 0.75 * 0.75 = Mass of log
1.35t = Mass of log
We know that
Mass of log = Mass of water displaced by log
RD of SW = Mass of log
Underwater Volume of log
RD of SW = Mass of log
L * B * draft
1.025 = 1.35
1.025 * 3 * 0.75
Page 6 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Draft = 0.585m
CB = draft
2
CB = 0.585
2
CB = 0.293m
Difference between COG & COB = COG – COB
Difference between COG & COB = 0.375m – 0.293m
Difference between COG & COB = 0.082m
Difference between its COG and COB is 0.082m
Answer 6
Given:-
1. Square section of log = 0.5m2

3. Draft = 0.4
4. RD2 = 1.020
5. RD of log = 0.8
0.5m2 0.5m2
B B
RD of log = 0.8 RD of log = 0.8
0.4m
B
RD of water = 1.005 RD of water = 1.020
Page 7 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Underwater Volume at RD 1.005 = square section * draft
Underwater Volume at RD 1.005 = 0.5 * 0.4
Underwater Volume at RD 1.005 = 0.20m3
RD of DW = Mass of log
Underwater Volume
1.005 = Mass of log

0.20
1.005 * 0.20 = Mass of log
0.201t = Mass of log
We know that mass of log will remain constatnt
RD2 = Mass of log

Underwater Volume
Underwater Volume = Mass of log

RD2

1.020
Underwater Volume = square section * draft
0.197m3 = 0.5m2 * draft
0.197 = draft
0.5
0.394m = draft
COB = draft
2
COB = 0.394
2
COB = 0.197m

Total volume of log
Page 8 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY

Area of square section * height
0.8 = 0.201
0.5 * height
Height = 0.201
0.5 * 0.8
Height = 0.503m
COG = Height
2
COG = 0.503
2
COG = 0.252m
Difference between COG & COB = COG – COB
Difference between COG & COB = 0.252m – 0.197m
Difference between COG & COB = 0.055m
Difference between its COG and COB is 0.055m
Answer 7
Given:-
1. Diameter of drum = 0.8m

2. Height of drum = 1.5m
3. Weight of drum = 10kgs
4. Weight of steel loaded = 490kgs
Radius of drum = Diameter

2
Radius of drum = 0.8

2
Radius of drum = 0.4m
RD of FW = 1.000
Page 9 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
0.8m
10 KG
1.5m
490 KG
Total weight = Weight of drum + weight loaded
Total weight = 10kg + 490 kg
Total weight = 500kg
RD of FW = Total Weight
Underwater Volume
1.000 = 0.5
Underwater Volume

1000
Underwater volume of drum = πr2 * draft
0.5 = 22 * (0.4)2 * draft

7
0.5 = 22 * 0.4 * 0.4 * draft

7
0.5 * 7 = draft
22 * 0.4 * 0.4
0.994m =draft
Page 10 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
KB = Draft
2
KB = 0.994
2
KB = 0.497m
Answer 8
Given:-
1. Side of triangular bow = 12m

2. Dimensions of mid part = 80m * 12m
3. Radius of semicircular stern = 6m
4. Light displacement of barge = 500t
5. Cargo loaded = 5000t
6. Π = 3.142
B D
12m
6m
A 12m F
12m
C 80m E
Area of Δ ABC = √3 * a2
4
Area of Δ ABC = √3 * (12)2

4
Area of Δ ABC = √3 * 144

4
Area of Δ ABC = 62.354m2
Area of rectangle BCED = L*B
Area of rectangle BCED = 80 * 12
Page 11 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Area of rectangle BCED = 960m2
Area of semicircle EFD = 1 * π * r2

2
Area of semicircle EFD = 1 * 3.142 * (6)2

2
Area of semicircle EFD = 1 * 3.142 * 36

2
Area of semicircle EFD = 56.556m2
Total surface area of barge = Area of Δ ABC + Area of rectangle BCED + Area of semicircle EFD
Total surface area of barge = 62.354 + 960 + 56.556
Total surface area of barge = 1078.91m2
Total weight of barge = Light displacement + cargo
Total weight of barge = 500t + 5000t
Total weight of barge = 5500t
RD of SW = Total weight of barge

Underwater volume
RD of SW = Total weight of barge

Total Surface area * draft
1.025 = 5500
1078.91 * draft
Draft = 5500
1078.91 * 1.025
Draft = 4.973m
KB = Draft
2
KB = 4.973
2
KB = 2.487m
Page 12 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Breath of bow triangle = 12m

2. Length in fore & aft direction of Δ = 12m
3. Dimensions of rectangle = 50m * 12m
B 50m E
12m
A
H G
12m
C D
Area of Δ ABC = 1 * Base * height

2
Area of Δ ABC = 1 * 12 *12

2
Area of Δ ABC = 72m2
Area of rectangle BEDC = L * B
Area of rectangle BEDC = 50 * 12
Area of rectangle BEDC = 600m2
Total surface area of barge = Area of Δ ABC + Area of rectangle BEDC
Total surface area of barge = 72m2 + 600m2
Total surface area of barge = 672m2
RD of SW = Displacement of barge
Underwater Volume
RD of SW = Displacement of barge
Total surface area of barge * draft
Page 13 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
1.025 = 3444
672 * draft
Draft = 3444
1.025 * 672
Draft = 5m
KB = Draft
2
KB = 5
2
KB = 2.5m
Total weight of Δ ABC = Area of Δ ABC * draft * RD of SW
Total weight of Δ ABC = 72m2 + 5m * 1.025
Total weight of Δ ABC = 369t
Total weight of rectangle BEDC = Area of rectangle BEDC * draft * RD SW
Total weight of rectangle BEDC = 600m2 * 5 * 1.025
Total weight of rectangle BEDC = 3075t
LCB of rectangle BEDC = Length of rectangle

2
LCB of rectangle BEDC = 50

2
LCB of rectangle BEDC = 25m
LCB of Δ ABC = Length of rectangle + ( 1 * length in fore & aft direction)

3
LCB of Δ ABC = 50m + (1 * 12)

3
LCB of Δ ABC = 50m + 4m
LCB of Δ ABC = 54m
Weight (t) LCB(m) Moments(tm)

Rectangle 3075 25 76875
Triangle 369 54 19926
Total 3444 96801
Page 14 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
LCB = Total moments

Total weight
LCB = 96801
3444
LCB = 28.107m
KB is 2.5m
LCB is 28.107m
Answer 10
Given:-
1. Length of barge = 45m

2. Dimensions of rectangle = 8m * 4m
3. Breath of Δ = 8m
4. Depth of Δ = 3m
5. Displacement of barge = 1620t
45m
D E
8m F
B C
3m
RD of FW = 1.000
Page 15 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
RD of FW = Displacement of barge
Underwater Volume
1.000 = 1620
Underwater Volume
Surface area of Δ ABC = 1 * Base * Height

2
Surface area of Δ ABC = 1 * BC * AF

2
Surface area of Δ ABC = 1 * 8 * 3

2
Surface area of Δ ABC = 12m2
Surface area of rectangle BCED = L * B
Surface area of rectangle BCED = 8m * 4m
Surface area of rectangle BCED = 32m2
Underwater volume of Δ ABC = surface area * length
Underwater volume of Δ ABC = 12 * 45
Underwater volume of Δ ABC = 540m3
Volume remaining to be occupied = Volume to be displaced – volume occupied by Δ ABC
Volume remaining to be occupied = 1620 – 540
Volume remaining to be occupied = 1080m3
Volume to be displaced by cuboid = L * B * h
1080 = 45 * 8 * h
1080 = h
45*8
3m = h
Draft of vessel = height of Δ ABC + height of rectangle BCED
Draft of vessel = 3m + 3m
Draft of vessel = 6m
Page 16 of 17
CHAPTER – 8
CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
Mass of water displaced by Δ ABC = Volume of Δ ABC * RD of FW
Mass of water displaced by Δ ABC = 540 * 1
Mass of water displaced by Δ ABC = 540t
Mass of water displaced by rectangle BCED = Volume * RD of FW
Mass of water displaced by rectangle BCED = 1080 * 1
Mass of water displaced by rectangle BCED = 1080t
LCB of rectangle BCED = Length or rectangle
KB of Δ ABC = 2 * draft
3
KB of Δ ABC = 2 * 3
3
KB of Δ ABC = 2m
Weight (t) KB (m) Moments (tm)

Δ ABC 540 2 1080
Rectangle BCED 1080 4.5 4860
Total 1620 5940
KB = Total moments
Total weight
KB = 5940
1620
KB = 3.667m
LCB = Length of barge

2
LCB = 45
2
LCB = 22.5m
1. KB of the vessel is 3.667m

2. LCB of the vessel is 22.5m
-o0o-
Page 17 of 17
9
TRANSVERSE
STATICAL STABILITY
While studying statical stability it is important

to distinguish between list and heel.
List
List is the transverse inclination caused by

unequal distribution of weights on either side of the
centre line of the ship. In other words, list is caused
when the COG of the ship is not on the centre line
- an internal cause. A ship with a list will become
upright only if the COG is brought to the centre line.
Heel
Heel is the transverse inclination of the ship,

caused by external forces such as wind, waves,
centrifugal force during course alterations, over-tight
moorings in port, etc. Since no transverse shift of
weights has taken place on board, the position of the
COG of the ship remains unaffected by heel.
Transverse Shift of B
When a ship is floating in still water, her COG

and COB will be in a vertical line. The forces of
gravity and buoyancy, being equal and opposite, will
cancel each other out and the ship will be in static
equilibrium.
When a ship is heeled over to one side, say to

starboard, her underwater volume increases on the
71
starboard side and decreases on the portside. The
COB, being the geometric centre of the underwater
volume of the ship, will shift to the lower side
(starboard side in this case), as shown in the
following figure:
In the foregoing figure :
b is the geometric centre of the emerged wedge

(of the part that came out of the water due to
heeling).
bl is the geometric centre of the immerse d we dge
(of the part that went underwater due to
heeling).
B is the COB before heeling.
Bl is the COB after heeling.
BBl is the shift of COB caused by heeling.
Note: BB, is parallel to bb, • BB, is not parallel to

- the water line. BBl is not paralierto the keel.
Angle GBBl is ~ a right angle.
72
Transverse metacentre (M)
When a vessel is heeled (inclined by an

external force), the force of buoyancy, acting
vertically upwards through the new position of COB,
cuts the centre line of the ship at a point called the
transverse metacentre (M). This is illustrated in the
next figure.
The position of M is indicated by its height

above the keel in metres (KM). KM increases as the
angle of heel increases, until it reaches a maximum
value at some large angle of heel. Thereafter, it
decreases as angle of heel increases. However, over
small angles of heel (say upto about 15°) the increase
of KM is generally small. Hence, KM is considered
constant for small angles of heel, for the sake of
convenience in stability calculations, and is
sometimes referred to as initial KM.
KM is calculated by adding KB and BM, each

of which is calculated separately. The initial KM is,
therefore, a function of the draft of the vessel. On
board a ship, the initial KM is obtained by consulting
a table or graph, supplied by the shipyard, wherein
KM is indicated against draft.
Metacentric height (GM)
It is the vertical distance between the centre

of gravity and the metacentre. GM is termed
positive when G is below M i.e., when KG is less than
KM and negative when G is above M i.e. when KG is
greater than KM. GM is illustrated in the next figure.
Over small angles of heel, wherein KM may be

considered constant, GM also is considered constant
and is referred to as initial GM.
73
Righting lever (GZ)

external force), the force of buoyancy, acti-~g
vertically upwards through the new position of COB,
becomes separated from the force of gravity, acting
vertically downwards through the COG, by a
horizontal distance called the righting lever (GZ).
GZ is illustrated by the following figure.
GZ normally increases as angle of heel

increases until it reaches a maximum value at some
large angle of heel. Thereafter, GZ decreases as
angle of heel increases.
For small angles of heel (upto about 15°),

wherein KM, and hence GM, may be considered
constant, GZ = GM • Sin -G in which {t. is the angle of
heel and GM is the initial GM, as is apparent in the
following figure.
For large angles of heel, GZ can be calculated

by the wall-sided formula:
GZ = Sin {t. (GM + t BM Tan2~)
This formula can be used whenever the ship's

sides within the immersed wedge and the emerged
wedge are parallel i.e., until the deck edge goes
under water. .(t. is the angle of heel, GM the initial
GM, and BM is the height of the initial metacentre
above the COB before heeling, as shown in the
following figure.
On board ships, the value of GZ can be

obtained for various angles of heel by use of cross
curves of stability (GZ curves or KN curves)
described in volume II. These curves are supplied by
the shipyard.
74
FIGURE ILLUSTRATING 8M, KM, GM, GZ,etc.
W tonnQS
~
W tonnes
K Keel. G : COG.
-a- Angle of heel.
B COB before heeling.
B, COB after heeling.
BB1 Shift of COB due to heel.
M Transverse metacentre.
GM Metacentric height.
GZ Righting lever.
W Displacement in tonnes.
W. G Z Righting moment.
Righting moment

external force), the forces of gravity and buoyancy,
75
being equal and opposite, become separated by a

horizontal distance called the righting lever and form
a couple which tends to return the vessel to upright.
The moment of this couple is a measure of the
tendency of the vessel to return to upright and is
hence called the righting moment or 'Moment of
statical stability'.
RM = W • GZ for all angles of heel.

For small angles of heel, where GM may be
considered constant, GZ = GM • Sin -& and hence
RM = W • GM • Sin -f} for small angles of heel.
Exercise 9
Moment of statical stability
1 A ship of 10 000 t displacement has a GM of

0.4 m. Calculate the moment of statical
stability when she is heeled by 5°.
2 A ship of 12 000 t displacement is heeled by

6°. If her righting lever is then 0.1 m, find
the moment of statical stability. If her KM is
8.2 m, find her KG.
3 When a ship of 14000 t displacement is heeled

by 8°, her moment of statical stabiity is 400
tm. If KG is 7.3 m, find KM.
4 A ship of 8000 t displacement has KB 3.5 m,

KM 6.5 m, and KG 6 m. Find her moment of
statical stability at 20° heel, assuming that
her deck edge remains above water (i.e. she is
still wall-sided at that angle of heel).
5 A ship of 4000 t displacement has KG 5.1 m,

KB 2.1 m, KM 5.5 m. Find the moment of
statical stability when she heels 24°, assuming
that she is wall-sided.
CHAPTER – 9
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
Chapter – 9
Transverse Statical Stability
Exercise -9
Answer 1
Given:-
1. Displacement of vessel (w) = 10000t

2. GM = 0.4m
3. Heel = 5°
Moment of statical stability = GM * SinѲ * w
Moment of statical stability = 0.4 * Sin(5°) * 10000
Moment of statical stability = 348.6tm
Moment of statical stability of ship when she is heeled by 5° is 348.6tm
Answer 2
Given:-
1. Displacement (w) = 12000t

2. Heeled = 6°
3. Righting lever (GZ) = 0.1m
4. KM = 8.2m
Moment of statical stability = GZ * w
Moment of statical stability = 0.1 * 12000
Moment of statical stability = 1200tm
GZ = GM * SinѲ
0.1 = GM Sin(6°)
0.1 = GM
Sin(6°)
0.957m = GM
KM = KG + GM
Page 1 of 4
CHAPTER – 9
8.2 = KG + 0.957
8.2 – 0.957 = KG
7.243m = KG
KG of ship is 7.243m
Answer 3
Given:-

2. Heeled by 8°
3. Moment of statical stability = 400tm
4. KG = 7.3m
Moment of statical stability = GM * SinѲ * w
400 = GM * Sin (8°) * 14000
400 = GM
Sin(8°) * 14000
0.205m = GM
KM = KG + GM
KM = 7.3 + 0.205
KM = 7.505m
KM of the ship is 7.505m
Answer 4
Given:-
2. KB = 3.5m
3. KM = 6.5m
4. KG = 6m
5. Heel = 20°
KM = KG + GM
6.5 = 6 + GM
Page 2 of 4
CHAPTER – 9
6.5 – 6 = GM
0.5 = GM
KM = KB + BM
BM = KM – KB
BM = 6.5m – 3.5
BM = 3m
Moments of statical stability = w * SinѲ (GM + 1 BM Tan2Ѳ)

2
Moments of statical stability = w * SinѲ * ((0.5) + (1 * 3 * Tan2(20°))

2
Moments of statical stability = 8000 * 0.342 * 0.699
Moments of statical stability = 1912.5tm
Moments of statical stability of ship is 1912.5tm
Answer 5
Given:-

2. KG = 5.1m
3. KB = 2.1m
4. KM = 5.5m
5. Heel = 24°
KM = KG + GM
KM – KG = GM
5.5 – 5.1 = GM
GM = 0.4m
KM = KB + BM
KM – KB = BM
5.5 – 2.1 = BM
3.4m = BM
Page 3 of 4
CHAPTER – 9
Moments of statical stability = w * SinѲ (GM + 1 BM Tan2Ѳ)

2
Moments of statical stability = w * SinѲ * ((0.4) + (1 * 3.4 * Tan2(20°))

2
Moments of statical stability = 4000 * 0.407 * 0.737
Moments of statical stability = 1199.8tm
Moments of statical stability of ship is 1199.8tm
-o0o-
Page 4 of 4
10
EQU III BR I LIM
OF SHIPS
Stable eguilibrium

external force), if she tends to come back to her
original condition, she is said to be in stable
equilibrium.
For a vessel to be stable, her GM must be

positive i.e. KG must be less than KM, as shown in
the figure on the next page.
Note As explained in Chapter 9, the position of

COG remains unaffected by heel whereas the COB
shifts to the lower side. The forces of gravity and
buoyancy form a couple which tends to return the
vessel to her original condition. A vessel with a list
also may be stable.
Unstable eguilibrium

external force), if she tends to continue heeling
further, she is said to be in unstable equilibrium.
For a vessel to be unstable, her GM must be

negative i.e., KG must be greater than KM, as shown
in the figure on the next page.
Note As explained in earlier chapters, the COB

shifts to the lower side. M is directly above B,. The
77
EQUILIBRIUM OF SHIPS
ST ABL E
UNSTABLE
NEUTRAL
K
78
forces of gflavity and buoyancy form a couple but, G

being higher than M, this couple tries to heel the
vessel further. The moment of this couple is called a
'negative righting moment' or a 'capsizing moment'.
Neutral equilibrium

external force), if she has no tendency to return to
her original condition or to continue heeling further,
she is said to be in neutral equilibrium.
F or a vessel to be in neutral equilibrium, her

GM must be zero i.e., KG equal to KM, as shown in
the figure on the previous page.
Note As explained in earlier chapters, the COB

shifts to the lower side. M is directly above B, •
Since G and M are coincident, no righting lever, and
hence no righting moment, is formed. The vessel
thus has no tendency to continue heeling further or
to return to her original condition.
11
MORE ABOUT
UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM
The impression obtained by reading about

unstable equilibrium, in the previous chapter, would
be that an unstable vessel would continue heeling
more and more until she capsized. Though this could
happen, this is not always the case.
Angle of 1011
It was mentioned earlier, under the definition

of metacentre, that KM increases as angle of heel
increases until it reaches a maximum value at some
large angle of heel. As the unstable vessel heels
over more and more, it may happen that, at some
angle of heel, KM increases sufficiently to equal to
KG. (see M1 in the following figure). The vessel
would then be in neutral equilibrium and the angle at
which this happens is called the angle of loll.
I
M I
•
B 81
K
UNSTABLE VESSEL
HEELING OVER AT ANGLE OF LOLL
80
In other words, when an unstable vessel heels
over to progressively increasing angles of heel, it
may happen that, at some angle of heel, the COB
may come vertically below the COG. The vessel
would then be in neutral equilibrium. The angle of
heel at which this happens is called the angle of 1011.
If any opening goes underwater, at this stage,

progressive flooding would take place and the vessel
would capsize. The angle of 1011 could be on either
side of the vessel. If she is at her angle of 1011 to
one side, and a wave was to roll her sufficiently to
the other side, she would flop over to her angle of
1011 on the other side.
When at the angle of 1011, if a wave causes the

vessel to heel a little more, KM would increase and
become more than KG. A small righting moment, so
formed. would return the vessel to the angle of 1011.
When at the angle of 1011, if a wave causes the

vessel to heel less, KM would decrease and become
less than KG. A small capsizing moment, so formed,
would return the vessel to the angle of loll.
The vessel at the angle of 1011, therefore,

appears to possess the characteristics of stable
equilibrium.
Though the vessel appears to be temporarily

safe, it must be emphasized here that the vessel at
the angle of 1011 is in an extremely precarious and
dangerous situation - wrong action or no action on
the part of the ship's staff would result in certain
disaster.
The corrective action to be taken at the angle

of 1011 is elaborated later, in a separate chapter in
volume II.
12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
When a vessel with a slack (partly full) tank

rolls at sea, the liquid in the slack tank would move
towards the lower side during each roll, thereby
causing the angle of roll and the period of roll to
increase. Because the vessel behaves as if her GM
has been. reduced, we say that a slack tank causes a
virtual (imaginary) loss of GM. This is called free
surface effect (FSE).
The virtual loss of GM can be calculated quite

easily and is called free surface correction (FSC). In
order to indicate whether FSC has been applied or
not, the GM before subtracting FSC is called 'Solid
GM' and after subtracting FSC it is called 'Fluid GM.'
In all stability calculations involving GM, it is fluid
GM that is used.
FSC depends on the length and breadth (mainly

breadth) of the slack tank. The quantity of liquid in
the slack tank makes only a very small difference.
FSC can be calculated by the formula:
FSC = di
V
X
-
do
Where i is the moment of inertia (or second
moment of area) of the slack tank
surface about its centre line, in m4 •
82
v is the vol~me of displacement of the

ship, in m .
di is the density of liquid in the slack

tank, in tm-3
do is the density of water outside (in

which the ship is floating), in tm-3•
FSC is the free surface correction in m,

caused by this slack tank.
Since displacement = volume of displacement x

density of water displaced, the denominator in the
foregoing formula may be substituted by W, the
displacement of the ship in tonnes. The formula then
becomes:
FSC = i di
'VI
Since 'i' is in m4 and 'di I is in tm-3 , 'i di' would
be in tm and is hence called the free surface moment
or FSM.
When several tanks are slack on a ship, the

FSM of each tank is calculated separately and then
added together to obtain the total FSM. This total
FSM divided by the final W of the ship would give
the total FSC of all the slack tanks.
On a ship, the 'i' of each tank about the tank's

centre-line is readily available in the stability
particulars supplied by the shipyard.
Example 1
Given the following particulars of a ship, calculate

her fluid GM:
W = 10000 t, KG = 9.0 m, KM = 9.8 m, moment
83
of inertia of surface of tank about its centre line =

1242 m4, RD of heavy fuel oil in the tank = 0.95.
FSC = i di = 1242 x 0.95 = 0.118 m

W 10,000
KM = 9.8 m
KG = 9.0 m
Solid GM = 0.8 m
FSC = 0.118m
Fluid GM = O.682m
Example 2
The stability particulars of a ship indicate that, for

her present condition, her W = 5532 t, KM = 8.7 m, Ii'
of No.3 DBT about its centre line = 1428 m4• If No.
3 DBT is partly full of DO of RD 0.88, and the ship's
KG is 8.5 m, calculate her fluid GM.
FSC = i di = 1428 x 0.88 = 0.227 m

W 5532
KM = 8.7 m
KG = 8.5 m
-0.2
Solid GM = m
FSC = 0.227
Fluid GM = -.027m
Note The ship has a negative fluid GM and is hence

'U'riStable.
Example 3
A vessel has a displacement of i 6635 t, KM 8.25 m,

KG 7.4 m. She has the following tanks slack:
No 1 DBT containing SW, i = 400 m4

No 3 Centre " HFO, i = 1200 m4
84
No 4 Stbd containing HFO i = 270 m:

No 5 Port " DO i = 180 m
No 8 Port " FW i = 25 m4
No 8 Stbd " FW i = 15 m4
If RD of HFO is 0.95, DO is 0.88 and SW is

1.025, find her final fluid GM.
Tank Contents i X di = FSM

No.1 DBT SW 400 x 1.025 = 410
No 3 Centre HFO 1200x 0.95 = 1140
No 4 Stbd HFO 270 x 0.95 = 256.5
No 5 Port DO 180 x 0.88 = 158.4
No 8 Port FW 25 x 1 = 25
No 8 Stbd FW 15 x 1 = 15
Final FSM = 2004.9 tm
FSC = FSM = 2004.9 = 0.121 m

VI 16635
KM = 8.250 m
KG = 7.400 m
Solid GM = 0.850 m
FSC = 0.121 m
Fluid GM = 0.729 m
Example 4
On a vessel of 18000 t displacement KM 8.9 m, KG
8.3 m, a DB tank is partly full of FW. If the tank
surface is rectangular, 20 m long and 18 m wide,
calculate her fluid GM.
Ii' of rectangular tank about its

centre line = 1b3 = 20 x 18 3 m4
. i"2' 12
FSC = i di = 20 x 183 x 1.0 = 0.54 m
W 12 18000
85
KM = 8.90 m
KG = 8.30 m
Solid GM = 0.60 m
FSC = 0.54 m
Fluid GM = 0.06 m
Example 5
On a vessel of 5000 t displacement, KM 7.8 m, KG

7.0 m, No.2 port DB tank is partly full of FW. If this
tank is 15 m long and 9 m broad, find the fluid GM.
'i' of rectangular tank about its centre line
= Ib 3 = 15 x 93 m4
TI 12
FSC = i di = 15 x 93 x 1.0 = 0.182 m

W 12 5000
KM = 7.800 m
KG = 7.000 m
Solid GM = 0.800 m
FSC = 0.182 m
Fluid GM = 0.618 m
EFFECT OF TANK-BREADTH ON FSC
The breadth of a slack tank has an enormous

effect on the FSC caused. This is illustrated simply
by worked examples 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Exarr~
On a. ship of 10000 t displ, No 3 DB tank is partly

full of SW. If the tank is 20 m long and is 18 m wide
from shipside to shipside, calculate the FSC caused.
86
FSC = i di = Ib 3 x di
W "T2 w
= 20 x 183 x 1.025
12 x 10 000
= 0.996 m
Example 7
Same ship as example 6, except that No.3 DB tank

has a watertight centre girder dividing it into port
and starboard tanks of equal breadth. Find the FSC
when both, P & S tanks are slack.
FSC for No 3 Stbd tank = i di = 1b3 x d i

W 'T2 Vi
= 20 x 93 x 1. 0 2 5
12 10 000
= 0.1245 m
(tanks are
FSC for No 3 Port tank = 0.1245 m identical )
Total FSC for No 3P & S = 0.249 m
Example 8
Same ship as example 6, except that No 3 DB tank is

divided into three watertight tanks - P, S & C
of equal breadth. Find the FSC when all three tanks
are slack.
FSC for No 3 Port tank = i di

W
= Ib 3
12
x
-
di
W
= 20 x 6 3 x 1.025
12 x 10000
= 0.0369 m
FSC for No 3 Stbd tank = 0.0369 m (because all
three tanks
FSC for No 3 Centre tank = 0.0369 m are identical)
= 0.1107 m
87
Example 9
Same ship as example 6, except that No 3 DB tank is

divided into four identical watertight tanks - Port
Outer, Port Inner, Stbd Inner, Stbd Outer. Find the
FSC when all four tanks are slack.
FSC for No 3 PO tank = i di =lb 3 X di

W 12 W
3
= 20 x 4.5 x 1.025
12 x 10 000
= 0.01557 m
FSC for No 3 PI tank = 0.01557 m (because all
FSC for No 3 SI tank = 0.01557 m four tanks
are identical)
FSC for No 3 SO tank = 0.01557 m
Total FSC for all 4 tanks = 0.0623 m
Analysis of results of examples 6, 7, 8 & 9
Single undivided DB tank, FSC = 0.996 m

Divided into 2 tanks of
equal breadth, both slack, total FSC = 0.249 m
equal breadth, all 3 slack, total F$C = 0.111 m
equal breadth, all 4 slack, total F$C = 0.062 m
From the foregoing it is clear that when a

tank is divided, in breadth, into a nUlllber of identical
watertight compartments (n), the total FSC when all
the compartments are slack is 1/n 2 of the FSC that
would have occured if the slack tank was undivided.
This is elaborated below:
Example 6
Single undivided DB Tank FSC = 0.996 m
88
Example 7
n = 2, So FSC = .996 = .996 = 0.249 m

-;;2 4
Example 8
n = 3, So FSC = .996 = .996 = 0.111 m

~ 9
Example 9
n = 4, So FSC = .996 = .996 = 0.062 m

~ 16
Note: The answers arrived at above are the same as

tne'answers obtained in each example wherein the
FSC was calculated separately for each compartment
and then added together.
The effect of the breadth of a slack tank on

the FSC is a very important factor to consider when
deciding on the action to take when a ship has a
very small, or even negative, GM.
Example 10
A vessel of 10000 t displacement, KM 9.3 m, KG 7.3

m, has two rectangular, identical deeptanks, Port and
Stbd, each 15 m long, 10 m wide and 8 m deep. The
starboard deep tank is full of SW while the port deep
tank is empty. Calculate the GM of the ship when
one quarter of the water in the starboard deep tank
is transferred to the port deep tank.
t ~
I_ _ II bIii
Before
2m!.
d =6m
After
89
Mass of SW in tank = Volume of SW x density of SW

= 15 x 10 x 8 x 1.025
= 1230 t
Mass of water transferred = ! x 1230 = 307.5 t

GG,J, = ~ = 6 x 307.5 = 0.185 m
W 10000
Old KG = 7.300 m
GG1l = 0.185 m
New KG = 7.115 m
KM = 9.300 m
Solid GM = 2.185 m
FSC for port tank = i di = Ib3 X di

W 12 W
= 15 x 103 x 1.025
12 10000
= 0.128 m
FSC for stbd tank = Q:!1! m
Total FSC for P & S = 0.256 m
OR
18 3
FSC if tank is undivided =
12
x
-diW
= 15 x 20 3 x 1.025
12 10000
= 1.025 m
90
FSC when n = 2, both sides slack = 1.025 x 1

= ~ = 0.256 m -;;2
4
Solid GM = 2.185 m
FSC = 0.256 m
Fluid GM = 1.929 m
Exercise 10
Free surface effect
1 On a ship of 5000 t displacement, a tank is

partly full of DO of RD 0.88. If the moment
of inertia of the tank about its centre line is
242 m4 , find the FSC.
2 If the tank in question 1 was partly full of SW

instead of DO, find the FSC.
3 On a ship of W 6000 t, KM 7.4 m, KG 6.6 m, a

double bottom tank of i 1200 m4 is partly full
of FW. Find the GM fluid.
4 Given the following particulars, find the GM

fluid: W = 8800 t, tank of i = 1166 m4 is partly
full of HFO of RD 0.95, KM 10.1 m, KG 9.0 m.
5 On a vessel of W 16000 t, No 4 port DB tank

20 m long and 8 m wide is partly full of DW
ballast of RD 1.010. Find the FSC.
6 A vessel has a deeptank on the starboard side

12 m long 9 m wide which is partly full of
coconut oil of RD 0.72. If W = 12000 t. KM =
9 m and KG = 8.5 m, find the GM fluid.
7 A vessel displacing 8000 t, has a rectangular

deep tank 10 m long 8 m wide and 9 m deep
full of SW. The KM is 7 m and KG 6.2 m. Find
91
the GM when 1/3 of this tank is pumped out.
Note: Since dimensions of tank are given,
change of KG of tank due to change of
sounding has to be considered.
8 A ship of W 5000 t has a tank 16 m long, 10m

wide and 4 m deep which is empty. KM is 7.2
m and KG 7.0 m. Find the GM fluid if 400 t of
oil of RD 0.95 are received in it. (See note
under previous question).
9 A vessel has two deep tanks, port and
starboard, each 12 m long, 5 m wide and 8 m
deep. The port side is full of SW while the
starboard side is empty. W = 9840 t, KM = 8.5
m, KG = 8.0 m. Calculate the GM fluid if SW
is transferred from P to S until each tank has
equal quantity of ballast.
lOA Ship displacing 10000 t has KM 9.9 m. The

following is her present condition:
Tank KG i Cont RD Remarks

(m) (m 4 ) ents
FP Tank 6.3 10 SW 1.025 Full
No 1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.~5 Slack
No 2 P 0.&5 720 HFO 0.~5 Port slack
or S stbd empty
No 3 P 0.&5 240 SW 1.025 Port full
or 5 stbd slack
No 3 C 0.&0 1200 HFO Full
No 4 P
or 5 0.70 300 FW 1.00 Both slack
No 5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack
No 5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full
AP Tank 8.80 20 SW 1.025 Empty
If the final KG is 8.~54 m, find the final GM fluid.

92
11 Vessel in same condition as in question la,

transfers some HFO from No.1 DBT to No 2 P
such that No f.. ,P becomes full, while No 1
remains partly "t!Jll. Find the resultant GM
fluid if the final KG is 8.950 m.
M:Ctel: It is not necessary to rework the

entire problem. . Just make the necessary
changes to the final part of the working of
the answer to question la, thus:
F5M obtained finally in

question 10 2087.4 tm
No 2 DBT is now not slack -684 tm
Final F5M for this question 1403.4 tm
Note 2: Where a tank was originally slack

but has now become full or empty, its F5M has
to be subtracted from the final F5M obtained
in question 10.
Note 3: When a tank was originally empty

or full but has now become slack, its F5M
must be added to the final F5M obtained in
question 10.
The final fluid GM can now be computed in

the usual manner.
12 Vessel in same condition as in question la,

transfers 5W ballast from FP into No 35 and
into AP, such that No 35 becomes full while
FP and AP remain partly full. Find the GM
fluid if final KG is 8.880 m.
13 Vessel in same condition as in question 10,

consumes the following while on passage:
All the HFO (200 t) from No 1 DB.
Half the HFO (i.e. 100 t) from No 3 c.
93
All the FW from No 4 P & 5 (Total 200 t).

Find the fluid GM on arrival at the next port.
Note 4: Find KG on arrival by taking

moments about keel, as explained in chapter 7,
and add an extra column for changes in FSM,
as shown below. Bear in mind notes 1, 2 & 3,
under question 11.
Remarks Weight (t) KG Moment about FSM
L 0 (m) keel (tm) (tm)
L 0
Ship in
Q 10 10,000 -" 8.~54 8~540 2087.4
No.1 DB 200 1.15 230 ( -):ffl
and so on.
Note 5: When dealing with several tanks, as

in a ship's calculation such as this, the change
of KG of a tank due to change in its sounding
may be ignored. This is the actual practice at
sea.
For example: When half of the HFO (i.e. 100
t) from No 3 C is pumped out, the moment of
the discharged weight about keel would be 100
x 0.6 = 60 tm.
consumes the following on a passage:
All HFO (i.e. 150 t) from No 2 Port.

Part HFO (i.e. 50 t) from No 3 C.
All FW (i.e. 100 t) from No 4 S.
Find the GM fluid on arrival port.

loads 1000 t cargo in No 2 LH KG 4 m; 2000 t
cargo in No 4 LH KG 5 m. Find the final GM
fluid, &iven that the final KM is 10.0 m.
94
16 A ship of 5000 t displacement has a DB tahk

18 m long and 12 m wide, partly full oi SW.
Find the FSC in the following cases:
(a) If the tank is undivided.

(b) If the tank is divided into identical P &
S watertight divisions and
(i) both sides are slack
(ii) only one side is slack.
(c) If the tank is divided into P, S & C
identical watertight divisions and
(i) all three of these are slack.
(ii) Only two of these are slack.
(iii) Only one of these is slack.
(d) If the tank is divided into four identical
watertight divisions - Port inner, Port.
outer, Stbd inner, Stbd outer - and
(i) All four of these are slack.
(ii) Any three of these are slack.
(iii) Any two of these are slack.
(iv) Anyone of these is slack.
Note: The use of 1/n 2 would be a very quick

method of solving this question.
17 A ship of lOOOO t displacement has a fresh

water DB tank which is 20 m long and divided
into P, Sand C watertight divisions. The P &
S divisions are each 4 m wide, while the C
division is 12 m wide. Calculate the FSC in
the following cases:
(a) Only the port side tank is slack.
(b) Both port and stbd tanks are slack.
(c) Only the centre tank is slack.
(d) All three tanks - PS&C - are slack.
(e) If all the three divisions were not
separate but formed one undivided tank
20 m broad.
95
Note: : l/n 2 cannot be used here as the
watertight divisions are not identical.
18 A ship has a very small GM. It is decided to

fill up SW ballast, one tank at a time, in six
tanks whose particularts are:
'i' about tank's

Tank centre line
No 1 DB 280m 4
No 2 P or S 600
No 3 P or S 350
No 3 C 650
State the order in which the tanks must be
filled so as to keep FSC at a minimum at all
times.
19 An unstable vessel is at her angle of loll. The

following tanks are available for SW ballast:
'i' about tank's

Tank centre line
No 1 DB 400 m 4
No 2 P 700
No 2 S 700
No 4 P 250
No 4 S 250
No 4 C 800
If it is decided to ballast three tanks with SW,
one at a time, state what order should be
followed so as to keep FSE to a minimum.
20 A vessel of W 8000 t, KM 7/3 m, KG 7.0 m, has

a tank 15 m long and 12 m wide, partly full of
HFO of RD 0.95.
(a) Find her moment of statical stability
at 6° heel.
96
(b) If her BM is 4.9 m, find her moment of

statical stability at 20° heel assuming
that she is wall-sided.
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Chapter – 12
Free Surface Effect
Exercise -10
Answer 1
Given:-

2. RD of diesel oil = 0.88
3. Moments of inertia = 242m4
FSC = i * RD of DO
W
FSC = 242 * 0.88

5000
FSC = 0.043m
FSC of the ship is 0.043m
Answer 2
Given:-
1. W = 5000t
2. RD of SW = 1.025
3. Moments of inertia (i) = 242m4
FSC = i * RD of SW
W
FSC = 242 * 1.025

5000
FSC = 0.050m
FSC of the ship is 0.050m
Page 1 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 3
Given:-
1. W = 6000t
2. KM = 7.4m
3. KG = 6.6m
4. i = 1200m4
RD of FW = 1.000
FSC = i * RD of FW
W
FSC = 1200 * 1.000

6000
FSC = 0.2m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 6.6m + 0.2m
KG(f) = 6.8m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
7.4m = 6.8m + GM(f)
7.4m – 6.8m = GM(f)
0.6m = GM(f)
GM fluid of the ship is 0.6m
Answer 4
Given:-
1. Displacement (W) =8800t

2. i = 1166m4
3. RD of HFO = 0.95
4. KM = 10.1m
5. KG = 9m
FSC = i * RD of FW
W
Page 2 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSC = 1166 * 0.95

8800
FSC = 0.126m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 9m + 0.126m
KG(f) = 9.126m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
10.1m = 9.126m + GM(f)
10.1m – 9.126m = GM(f)
0.974m = GM(f)
Answer 5
Given:-
1. Displacement (W) =16000t

2. L of DB tank = 20m
3. B of DB tank = 8m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of water
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of water
12 * Displacement
FSC = 20 * (8)3 * 1.010

12 * 16000
FSC = 20 * 8 * 8 * 8 * 1.010
12 * 16000
FSC = 0.054m
FSC for the vessel is 0.054m
Page 3 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 6
Given:-
1. L of tank = 12m
2. B of tank = 9m
3. RD of oil = 0.72
5. KM = 9m
6. KG = 8.5m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of oil
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of oil
12 * Displacement
FSC = 12 * (9)3 * 0.72

12 * 12000
FSC = 12 *9 * 9 * 9 * 0.72
12 * 12000
FSC = 0.044m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 8.5m + 0.044m
KG(f) = 8.544m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9m = 8.544m + GM(f)
9m – 8.544m = GM(f)
0.456m = GM(f)
Page 4 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 7
Given:-

2. L of tank = 10m
3. B of tank = 8m
4. H of tank = 9m
5. KM = 7m
6. KG = 6.2m
7. 1/3 of tank pumped out
RD of SW = 1.025
8m
8m 10m
10m
3m G
9m 9m
G’ 6m 7.5m
3m
Mass of water pumped out = 1 * L * B * H * RD

3
Mass of water pumped out = 1 * 10 * 8 * 9 * 1.025

3
Mass of water pumped out = 246t (w)
KG from where water pumped out = (1 * height) + (2 * height)

3*2 3
KG from where water pumped out = (1 * 9) + (2 * 9)

3 *2 3
KG from where water pumped out = 1.5m + 6m
KG from where water pumped out = 7.5m
Page 5 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
KG from where water discharged = 7.5m

KG of ship =-6.2m
d↑ 1.3m
GG’ =w*d
W–w
GG’ = 246 * 1.3

8000 – 246
GG’ = 246 * 1.3

7754
GG’ = 0.041m
Final displacement = Initial Displacement – Discharge
Final displacement = 8000t – 246t
Final displacement = 7754t

GG’ =-0.041m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of water
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of water
12 * Displacement
FSC = 10 * (8)3 * 1.025

12 * 7754
FSC = 10 *8 * 8 * 8 * 1.025
12 * 7754
FSC = 0.056m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 6.159m + 0.056m
KG(f) = 6.215m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
7m = 6.215m + GM(f)
Page 6 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
7m – 6.215m = GM(f)
0.785m = GM(f)
Answer 8
Given:-

3. KM = 6.2m
4. KG = 7m
5. Oil loaded = 400t
6. RD of oil = 0.95
10m
16m
400t 4m
Sounding G
RD of oil = Mass of oil

Volume of oil
0.95 = 400
Volume of oil
Volume of oil = 400

0.95
Volume of oil = 421.053m3
Volume of oil = L * B * sounding of tank
421.053 = 16 * 10 * sounding of tank
Page 7 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
421.053 = sounding of tank

16 * 10
2.632m = sounding of tank
KG = Sounding
2
KG = 2.632
2
KG = 1.316m
Weight (t) KG (m) Moments (tm)

Ship 5000 7 35000
Loaded 400 1.316 526.4
Total 5400 35526.4
KG of ship after loading = Total moments

Total weight
KG of ship after loading = 35526.4

5400
KG of ship after loading = 6.579m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of oil
12 * Displacement
12 * Displacement
FSC = 16 * (10)3 * 0.95

12 * 5400
FSC = 16 *10 * 10 * 10 * 0.95

12 * 5400
FSC = 0.235m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 6.579m + 0.235m
KG(f) = 6.814m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
Page 8 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
7.2m = 6.814m + GM(f)
7.2m – 6.814m = GM(f)
0.386m = GM(f)
Answer 9
Given:-
1. Dimensions of Port tank = 12m * 5m * 8m

2. Dimensions of Stbd tank = 12m * 5m * 8m
3. Port tank full of SW
4. Stbd tank is empty
6. KM = 8.5m
7. KG = 8m
12m 12m
Port Tank Stbd Tank Port Tank Stbd Tank
8m 8m
4m
G G’
5m 5m 5m 5m
Volume of each tank =L*B*H
Volume of each tank = 12 * 5 * 8
Volume of each tank = 480m3
Page 9 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
RD of SW = Mass of water
Volume of water
1.025 = Mass of water

480
1.025 * 480 =Mass of water
492t = Mass of water
Mass of water transferred = Total mass of water

2
Mass of water transferred = 492

2
Mass of water transferred = 246t
KG of mass from where shifted = 6m

KG of mass to where shifted =-2m
d↓ = 4m
GG’ = w *d
W
GG’ = 246 * 4
9840
GG’ = 0.1m (↓)
KG of ship = 8m
GG’ ↓ =-0.1m
7.9m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of SW
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of SW
12 * Displacement
FSC = 12 * (5)3 * 1.025

12 * 9840
FSC = 12 *5 * 5 * 5 * 1.025
12 * 9840
FSC = 0.013m
Page 10 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSE of 2 tanks = 2 * FSE
FSE of 2 tanks = 2 * 0.013m
FSE of 2 tanks = 0.026m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 7.9m + 0.026m
KG(f) = 7.926m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
8.5m = 7.926m + GM(f)
8.5m – 7.926m = GM(f)
0.574m = GM(f)
Answer 10
Given:-
1 Displacement t= 10000
2 KM (m)= 9.9
Total "I"
Tank KG(m) I (m^4) Liquid RD Remarks (m^4)
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Full 0

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Slack 399
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Slack 684
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Slack 246
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Full 0
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
AP Tank 8.80 20 SW 1.025 Empty 0
Total 8.954 2087.4
Page 11 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
FSE = 2087.4
10000
FSE = 0.209 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 8.954 + 0.209
KG (f) = 9.163m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9.9m = 9.163m + GM(f)
9.9m – 9.163m = GM(f)
0.737m = GM(f)
GM fluid of the vessel is 0.737m
Page 12 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 11
Given:-
2 KM (m)= 9.9
Total "I"
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Full 0

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Slack 399
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Full 0
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Slack 246
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Full 0
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
Total 8.950 1403.4
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
FSE = 1403.4
10000
FSE = 0.140 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 8.950 + 0.140
KG (f) = 9.090 m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9.9m = 9.090m + GM(f)
9.9m – 9.090m = GM(f)
0.810m = GM(f)
Page 13 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 12
Given:-
2 KM (m)= 9.9
Total "I"
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Slack 10.25

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Slack 399
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Slack 684
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Full 0
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
AP Tank 8.80 20 SW 1.025 Slack 20.5
Total 8.880 1872.15
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
FSE = 1872.15
10000
FSE = 0.187 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 8.880 + 0.187
KG (f) = 9.067 m
Page 14 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9.9m = 9.067m + GM(f)
9.9m – 9.067m = GM(f)
0.833m = GM(f)
Answer 13
Given:-
1 Displacement (t)= 10000

2 KM (m)= 9.9
Item Weight (t) KG (m) Moments (tm)
Ship 10000 8.954 89540

Consume HFO -200 1.15 -230
Hall HFO -100 0.6 -60
All The FW -200 0.7 -140
Total 9500 89110

Total Weight
Final KG = 89110
9500
Final KG = 9.380m
Page 15 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Total "I"
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Full 0

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Slack 684
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Slack 246
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Slack 1140
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Empty 0
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Empty 0
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
Total 9.380 2228.4
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
FSE = 2228.4
9500
FSE = 0.235 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 9.380 + 0.235
KG (f) = 9.615 m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9.9m = 9.615m + GM(f)
9.9m – 9.615m = GM(f)
0.285m = GM(f)
Page 16 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 14
Given:-

2 KM (m)= 9.9
Ship 10000 8.954 89540

Consume HFO -150 0.65 -97.5
Hall HFO -50 0.6 -30
All The FW -100 0.7 -70
Total 9700 89342.5

Total Weight
Final KG = 89342.5
9700
Final KG = 9.211m
Total "I"
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Full 0

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Slack 399
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Slack 246
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Slack 1140
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Empty 0
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
Total 9.211 2243.4
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
Page 17 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSE = 2243.4
9700
FSE = 0.231 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 9.211 + 0.231
KG (f) = 9.442 m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
9.9m = 9.442m + GM(f)
9.9m – 9.442m = GM(f)
0.458m = GM(f)
Answer 15
Given:-

2 KM (m)= 10
Ship 10000 8.954 89540

Loads No.2 LH 1000 4 4000
Loads No.4 LH 2000 5 10000
Total 13000 103540

Total Weight
Final KG = 103540
13000
Final KG = 7.965m
Page 18 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Tank Total "I"

KG(m) I (m^4) Liquid RD Remarks (m^4)
FP Tank 6.30 10 SW 1.025 Full 0

No.1 DBT 1.15 420 HFO 0.95 Slack 399
No. 2 P 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Slack 684
No.2 S 0.65 720 HFO 0.95 Empty 0
No.3 P 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Full 0
No.3 S 0.65 240 SW 1.025 Slack 246
No.3 C 0.60 1200 HFO 0.95 Full 0
No.4 P 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.4 S 0.70 300 FW 1.000 Slack 300
No.5 P 0.85 180 DO 0.88 Slack 158.4
No.5 S 0.85 100 HFO 0.95 Full 0
Total 7.965 2087.4
FSE = Total i
Total Displacement
FSE = 2087.4
13000
FSE = 0.161 m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSE
KG (f) = 7.965 + 0.161
KG (f) = 8.125 m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
10m = 8.125m + GM(f)
10m –8.125m = GM(f)
1.875m = GM(f)
Page 19 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
Answer 16
Given:-
2. L of tank = 18m
3. B of tank = 12m
RD of SW is 1.025
a)
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of SW
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of SW
12 * Displacement
FSC = 18 * (12)3 * 1.025

12 * 5000
FSC = 18 * 12 * 12 * 12 * 1.025
12 * 5000
FSC = 0.531m
b) i.
FSE =1 * Total free surface effect in (a)

n2
FSE =1 * 0.531 (From (a))

22
FSE = 1 * 0.531
4
FSE = 0.133m
b) ii.
FSE = 1 * FSE in (b. i.)

2
FSE = 1 * 0.133 (From (b. i. ))

2
FSE = 0.067m
Page 20 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
c) i.

n2
FSE =1 * 0.531 (From (a))

32
FSE = 1 * 0.531
9
FSE = 0.059m
c) ii.
FSE = 2 * FSE in (c. i.)

3
FSE = 2 * 0.059 (From (c. i. ))

3
FSE = 0.039m
c) iii.
FSE = 1 * FSE in (c. i.)

3
FSE = 1 * 0.059 (From (c. i. ))

3
FSE = 0.020m
d) i.

n2
FSE =1 * 0.531 (From (a))

42
FSE = 1 * 0.531
16
FSE = 0.033m
d) ii.
FSE = 3 * FSE in (d. i.)

4
Page 21 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSE = 3 * 0.033 (From (d. i. ))

4
FSE = 0.025m
d) iii.

4
FSE = 2 * 0.033 (From (d. i. ))

4
FSE = 0.017m
d) iv.

4
FSE = 1 * 0.033 (From (d. i. ))

4
FSE = 0.008m
Answer 17
Given:-
2. L of tank = 20m
3. Divided tank in P, S & C divisions
4. Breath of P & S tank = 4m
5. Breath of C tank = 12m
a)
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
FSC = L * B3 * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
Page 22 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSC = 20 * (4)3 * 1.000

12 * 10000
FSC = 20 * 4 * 4 * 4 * 1.000
12 * 10000
FSC = 0.011m
FSE of both tanks = FSE of one tank * 2 (Both tanks are identical)
FSE of both tanks = 0.011 * 2 (From a)
FSE of both tanks = 0.022m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
12 * Displacement
FSC = 20 * (12)3 * 1.000

12 * 10000
FSC = 20 * 12 * 12 * 12 * 1.000
12 * 10000
FSC = 0.288m
FSC of all three tanks = FSC of P tank + FSC of S tank + FSC of C tank
FSC of all three tanks = 0.022m + 0.022m + 0.288m
FSC of all three tanks = 0.310m
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
Page 23 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
12 * Displacement
FSC = 20 * (20)3 * 1.000

12 * 10000
FSC = 20 * 20 * 20 * 20 * 1.000
12 * 10000
FSC = 1.333m
Answer 18
a. No.1 DB
b. No.3 P & S
c. No.2 P & S
d. No.3 C
Answer 19
a. No.4 S
b. No.4 P
c. No.1 DB
Answer 20
Given:-
1. W =8000t
2. KM = 7.9m
3. KG = 7.0m
4. L of tank = 15m
5. B of tank = 12m
6. RD of oil = 0.95
i = LB3
12
FSC = i * RD of oil
12 * Displacement
12 * Displacement
FSC = 15 * (12)3 * 0.95

12 * 8000
Page 24 of 25
CHAPTER – 12
FREE SURFACE EFFECT
FSC = 15 * 12 * 12 * 12 * 0.95
12 * 8000
FSC = 0.257m
KG(f) = KG(s) + FSC
KG(f) = 7.0m + 0.257m
KG(f) = 7.257m
KM = KG(f) + GM(f)
7.9m = 7.257m + GM(f)
7.9m – 7.257m = GM(f)
0.643m = GM(f)
a)
Moment of statical stability = w * GM * SinѲ
Moment of statical stability = 8000 * 0.643 * Sin(6°)
Moment of statical stability = 537.7 tm
b)
Moment of statical stability = w * SinѲ * (GM + 1 * BM * Tan2Ѳ)

2
Moment of statical stability = 8000 * Sin(20°) * (0.643 + 1 * 4.9 * Tan2(20°))

2
Moment of statical stability = 2647.4tm
-o0o-
Page 25 of 25
13
LIST
List is the transverse inclination caused when

the COG of the ship is off the centre line.
For a ship to be in static equilibrium, the

forces of buoyancy and gravity must cancel each
other out. In other words, for a ship to be in static
equilibrium,
(i) the force of buoyancy must equal the

force of gravity and
(ii) the COB and COG of the ship must be
in a vertical line, as illustrated in
following figure A.
If the COG is moved out of the centre line of

the ship, due to asymmetrical loading or discharging
or due to transverse shift of weights aboard as shown
in figure B,
(i) the ship will sink or rise as necessary

until the force of buoyancy equals the
force of gravity and
(ii) the forces of buoyancy and gravity will
form a couple which will cause the ship
to incline until the COB comes
vertically below the COG as illustrated
in figure C.
98
G G
B B
K
FIG. A FIG. B FIG. C
In the foregoing figures, GG l is the transverse

shift of COG. The couple formed by the forces of
gravity and buoyancy causes the ship to incline. As
the ship inclines, the COB shifts to the lower side,
as explained in chapter 9, and when it comes
vertically under G l , the ship would be in static
equilibrium. The angle of inclination at which this
happens is the list - -& in foregoing figure C.
In right-angled triangle MGG, ,
Tan -& = GGl where -e- is the angle of list.

GM GGl is the transverse shift of
COG.
GM is the final fluid GM
before listing.
Since GG, =
_
~ -
W
the formula becomes
Tan -e- = dw where-e- is the angle of list.

W.GM dw is the final listing mom
ent in tonne metres.
w is the final displacement
in tonnes.
GM is the final fluid GM in
metres.
99
In order to calculate the angle of list

systematically, the following order of work is
suggested:
(i)
(ii)
Find the final
Find the final
listing moment ( dw ).
displacement ( W ).
-
(iii) Find the final fluid GM.
(iv) Apply the list formula Tan ~ = dw
W.GM
Example 1
On a ship of W 5000 t, GM 0.8m, 40 t of cargo
Final listing moment = dw

W remains unchanged.
GM remains unchanged.
-
is shifted transversely by 10m. Find the list.
= 10 x 40 = 400 tm.
Tan -& = -
dw
W.GM
= 400
5000 x 0.8
= 0.1
Hence, -G- = 5.71 0 or 50 43'.
Example 2
On a ship of W 8000 t, KG 7.0 m, KM 7.5 m,

100 t of cargo is loaded on the upper deck (KG 9.2
-
m) 2 m to port of the centre line. Find the list.
Final listing moment= dw = 2 x 100 = 200 tm to port
Final W = 8000 + 100 = 8100 ~

GG 1 t = wd = 100 x 2.2 = 0.027 m
W 8100
KG = 7.000 m
GG11' = 0.027 m
Final KG = 7.027 m
KM = l.2Q.Q m
100
Final GM = 0.473 m
+
Tan -G- = dw = 200 = 0.05220
W.GM 8100x 0.473
Hence -e = 2.99° or 2°59' to port.
Example 3
A ship of W 10000 t, KM 7.0 m, KG 6.0 m

works cargo as follows:
Loads 800 t in No 2 LH (KG 3.75) 4 m to port

of the centre line.
Loads 600 t in No 4 LH (KG 6.0 m) 8 m to

starboard of the centre line.
Discharges 400 t from upper deck (KG lO.O m)

2 m to port of the centre line.
If her free surface moment is 4400 tm, find the

final list.
To find the FLM
Remarks Weight (t) dist off CL Listing morn (tm)

Loaded Disch (m) Port Stbd
Cargo No 2 LH 800 4 m to P 3200

Cargo No 4 LH 600 8 m to 5 4800
Cargo UD 400 2 m to P 800
Total 3200 5600
- 3200
FLM = 2400 tm
The next step is to find the final fluid GM.

101
Weight Moment by keel
Remarks Loaded Disch KG Loaded Disch
Ship 10,000 6.0 60,000

Cargo 2 LH BOO 3.75 3,000
Cargo It LH 600 6.0 3,600
Cargo UD ltoo 10.0 It,ooo
Total 11,ltOO
-ltOO ",600 It,ooO
- ltoo -It,Ooo
Final 11,000 t Final 62,l.OO tm
Final KG = 62, 600 = 5.691 m

11,000
FSC = FSM = 4400 = 0.4 m
--w- 11000
KM = 7.000 m
Final KG = 5.691 m
Solid GM = 1.309 m
FSC = 0.400 m
Fluid GM -" 0.909 m
To find the list
Tan -{t = FLM = 2400 = 0.24002

W.GM 11000xO.909
Hence, {t- = 13.5° or 13°30' to stbd.
Example 4
A ship of W 8000 t, GM 0.6 m, is listed 5° to

starboard. How many tonnes of HFO must be
transferred from No 2 S to No 2 P to upright the
vessel, if the centres of the tanks are 7 m apart?
Tan -& = -
dw
W.GM
or ~
dw
102
= W.GM. Tan f}
Hence, dw = 8000 x 0.6 x Tan 5° = 420 tm

7w = 420 or w = 60 t
Example 5
A ship of 15000 t W, KM 9.0 m, KG 8.7 m is

listed 10° to port. She now loads 150 t of cargo 7 m
above the keel and 4 m to starboard of the centre
line. Find the final list.
To find the initial listing moment
Tan B- = dW or dw = W • GM. Tan B

W. GM
+-
Hence, dw = 15000 x 0.3 x Tan 10° = 793.5 tm
Hence, initial listing moment or ILM = 793.5 tm to

port.
To find final listing moment
LM caused now := 150 x 4 - 600.0 tm to stbd,

ILM = 793.5 tm to port.
FLM = 193.5 tm to port.
To find final W & fluid GM
Final W -:: 15000 + 150 = 15150 t

GG 1 !::- dw -:: 1.7 x 150- 0.017 m
W 15150
GG1+ := 0.017 m
Final KG:= 8.683 m
103
Final KG = 8.683 m
KM = 9.000 m
Solid GM = 0.317 m
FSC = 0.000 m
Fluid GM = 0.317 m
To find the .list
Tan e- = FLM- 193.5 = 0.04-029

W • GM 15150 x 0.317
Hence,B- = 231 ° or 2° 18' to port.
Example 6
A ship of W 16000 t, KM 9.0 m, KG 8.0 m is

listed 7° to starboard. She then works cargo as
follows:
Loads 1600 t cargo KG 4-.5 m, 5.0 m to port.

Loads 14-00 t cargo KG 8. a m, 4-.5 m to stbd.
Discharges 1000 t KG 6.5 m, l.0 from stbd.
Find how many tonnes of ballast must be

transferred transversely to upright the vessel, if the
P & S tank-centres are 10m apart.
Note: The vessel is required to be upright. Hence

FLM must be zero. Since final KG is not asked here,
it need not be calculated.
To find the FLM
ILM = W. GM . Tan e- = 16000 x 1.0 x Tan 7°

= 1964-.6 tm to stbd.
104
Remarks Weight(t) Dist from CL Listing mom(tm)

Loaded Disch (m) Port Stbd
ILM 1964.6
Cargo 1600 - 5m to port 8000
Cargo 1400 - 4.5m to stbd 6300
Cargo - 1000 1m from stbd 1000
9000 8264.6
- 8264.6
FLM 735.4 to port.
To upright vessel, required to cause a LM of 735.4 to

starboard, by shifting ballast - tank-centres 10m
apart.
Hence, dw = 735.4
lOw = 735.4
w = 73.54 t
Required to shift 73.5 t from port tank to starboard

tank.
Example 7
A ship displacing 9000 t has KM 8.7 m, KG 7.2

m. She is now listed 8° to port. She has port and
starboard deep tanks, each 10m long, 10m wide and
8 m deep. The port side deep tank, which was full of
SW, is pumped out until its sounding is 2 m. Assuming
that no other tanks on the ship are slack, find the
final list.
105
, I
, • f=
I
10 m--->,:
To find the FLM
ILM = W. GM • Tan -tt = 9000 x 1.5 x Tan 8°

= 1897.3 tm to port
Weight of SW pumped out = lOx lOx 6 x 1.025

= 615 t
LM caused = 615 x 5 = 3075.0 trn to stbd

ILM = 1897.3 tm to port
FLM = 1177.7 tm to stbd
To find the final fluid GM
(9000 x 7.2) - (615 x 5) = 8385 x Final KG

Final KG = 7.361 m
FSC =i di = lb 3 x di = 10 x 10 3 x 1.025
-W 12 W 12 x 8385
= 0.102 m
106
KM = 8.700 m
Final KG = 7.361 m
Solid GM = 1.339 m
FSC = 0.102 m
Fluid GM = 1.237 m
To find the list
Tan G = FLM = 1177.7 = 0.11354

W. GM 8385 x 1.237
Hence, .g. = 6.48° or 6° 29' to stbd.
Example 8
A ship of 15000 t displacement, KM 8.6 m, KG

7.0 m, is to discharge a 100 t heavy lift from the
centre line of No 2 LH (KG 2 m) by her jumbo
derrick whose head is 20 m above the keel. The FSM
(free surface moment) is 1000 tm. Find the list
caused when the derrick swings the weight 14 m
away from the centre line of the ship.
To find the FLM
FLM = dw :: 14 x 100 = 1400 tm.
To find the final fluid GM

(When weight is hanging from derrick head)
GG 1 t = dw = 18 x 100 = 0.120 m
W 15000
FSC = FSM = 1000 = 0.067 m
VI 15000
GG 1 t = 0.120 m
NewKG = 7.120 m
107
New KG = 7.120 m
Solid
KM = 8.600 m
GM = 1.480 m
-
FSC = 0.067 m
Fluid GM = 1.413 m
To find the list
Tan ~ = FLM = 1400 = 0.06605

W. GM 15000 x 1.413
When the weight is hanging from the derrick

with an outreach of 14 m, the list would be 3.78° or
3°47'.
Example 9
A ship of 8000 t displacement has a mean draft

of 7.8 m and is to be loaded to a mean draft of 8.0
m. Her GM is 0.8 m and TPC is 20. She is listed 4°
to starboard at present. How much cargo should be
loaded into the port and starboard 'tween decks
(centres 5 m & 6 m off the centre line respectively)
for the ship to complete loading and finish upright.
Sinkage = 8.0 - 7.8 ' - 0.2 m = 20 cm

Can load = s x TPC = 20 x 20 = 400 t
ILM = W • GM • tan e- = 8000 x 0.8 x tan 4°
= 447.5 tm to stbd.
Let the cargo to be loaded on the port side be, x

tonnes. Hence, the cargo to be loaded on the
starboard side would be (400 - x) tonnes.
108
Port Stbd
ILM 447.5
Cargo on port side 5 x
Cargo on stbd side 6(400 - x)
Total 5 x 447.5 + 6(400 - x)
To finish upright, port LM = stbd LM.
Hence, 5 x = 447.5 + 6(400 - x)

Hence, x = 259 t (port side)
& (400 - x) = 141 t (stbd side).
Example 10
A ship of W 11 000 t, KM 7.4 m, and KG 6.0 m

is listed 40 to port. A heavy lift weighting 150 t is
to be discharged from No 3 LH using the ship's jumQo
derrick whose head is 23 m above the keel and whose
heel is on the centre line. While in No 3 LH, the
COG of the weight is 3 m above the keel and 5 m to
port of the centre line. Find the list at each of the
following stages:
i) As soon as the derrick picks up the load

from the LH.
ii) When the derrick has swung the load 15 m
to starboard of the centrte line.
iii) After discharging the weight.
Tan.g. = dw or dw = W. GM. tan.g.

W. GM
Hence, ILM = 11000 x 1.4 x tan 4 0 = 1076.9 tm to port
Stage (i)
As soon as the derrick picks up the load, the

COG of the weight shifts from LH (KG 3 m) to the
109
derrick . heqd (KG 23 m) i.e., d = 20 m upwards.

Since the GM changes, the list would change.
GG 1t = -dw = 20 x 150 = 0.273 m

W 11000
Original =
GM 1.400 m
GG1 t = 0.273 m
GM at stage (i) = 1.127 m
Tan it = LM = 1076.9 = 0.08687

W. GM 11 000 x 1.127
Hence, .g. at stage (i) = 4.96° or 4°58' to port.
Stage (ii)
When the derrick has swung out 15 m to

starboard of the centre line, the weight has actually
travelled 20 m to starboard because it was originally
lying 5 m to port of the centre line.
LM caused = 20 x 150 = 3000.0 tm to stbd

ILM = 1076.9 tm to port
FLM = 1923.1 tm to stbd
Tan.g. = FLM = 1923.1 = 0.15513

W. GM 11000 x 1.127
Hence, -e- at stage (ii) = 8.82° or 8°49' to stbd.
Stage (iii)
As soon as the weight is discharged, the LM,

GM and W change, causing the list to change.
Final W = 11000 - 150 = 10850 t

110
LM caused now = 15 x 150 = 2250.0 tm to port.

LM during stage (ii) = 1923.1 tm to stbd.
FLM = 326.9 tm to port. .
KG of ship at stages (i) & (ii) = 6.273 m

- -
d = 16.727 m
! = = =
GG 1
\ -dwW 16.727 x 150
10850
0.2.31 m
GM during stages (i) & (ii)

GM during stage (iii)
= 1.358
1.127 m
m
Tan oft = FLM = 326.9 = 0.02219

W. GM 10850 x 1.358
Hence, Fina1-G- = 1.27° or 1°16' to port.
Exercise 11
List
1) On a ship of W 5000 t, GM 0.3 m, 20 twas

shifted transversely by 5 m. Find the list.
2) On a ship of W 8000 t, GM 2.0 m, if the

following transverse shiftings were done, find.
the list:
200 t cargo shifted 4 m to stbd

100 t cargo shifted 2 m to port
100 t cargo shifted 4 m to port
50 t stores shifted 20 m to stbd
111
3) If 200 t of cargo was shifted downwards by 10

m and to starboard by 5 m on a ship of W
10000 t, KG 7.0 m, KM 7.4 m, find the list.
4) A quantity of grain estimated to be 100 t

shifts transversely by 12 m and upwards by 1.5
m, on a ship of W 12000 t, GM 1.2 m. Find the
list caused.
5) A ship displaces 4950 t and has KG 4.85 m,

KM 5.79 m. Cargo weighing 50 t is loaded 1.25
m above the keel and 4 m to port of the
centre line. Find the list.
6) A weight of 100 t is discharged from a

position 2.45 m above the keel and 6 m to port
of the centre line of a ship of W 10000 t, KM
8.25 m, KG 7.45 m. Find the list.
7) A ship of 10000 t displacement, KG 8.3 m

carries out the following cargo operations:
Qty. Loaded or KG Distance off

(t) discharged (m) centre line
200 D 10.0 5 m port

800 D 2.3 4 m stbd
500 D 5.2 3 m port
250 L 8.0 nil
250 L 12.0 nil
If the final KM is 9.6 m, find the list.
8) A ship of W 9000 t, KG 8.3 m loads 600 t of

cargo (KG 4.0 m, .3 m to port of the centre
line) and discharges 400 t of cargo (KG 9.0 m,
from 5 m to port of the centre line). 200 t of
cargo is then shifted upwards by 5 m and to
starboard by 8 m. 300 t of cargo is then is
then shifted 1 m downwards and 4 m port.
Find the list if the final KM is 8.95 m.
112
9) A ship of W 18000 t, KG 7.75 m, discharges

1500 t (6.0 m above the keel and 3 m port of
the centre line) and loads 500 t (l0 m above
the keel and 4 m port of the centre line).
Cargo was then shifted as follows:
500 t upwards 2 m and to starboard 4 m

800 t downwards 2 m and to port 3 m.
If the final KM is 8.935 m, find the list.
10) A ship listed 8° to port, displaces 12000 t and

has KM 7.54 m and KG 6.8 m. Find how many
tonnes of SW ballast must be transferred from
No 2 port DB tank to No 2 stbd DB tank, to
upright in vessel, if the tank-centres are 10m
apart.
11) A ship displacing 4000 t has GM 1.0 m (KM

10.0 m & KG 9.0 m) and is listed 10° to port.
If 16000 t of cargo is now loaded on the
centre line and the final GM is 1.0 m (KM 9.0
m & KG 8.0 m), state whether the list would
change. If yes, find the new list.
12) A ship of W 10000 t, GM 1.5 m , is listed 5° to

stbd. If cargo is shifted vertically until her
final GM is 0.5 m, state whether the list would
change. If yes, find the new list.
13) A ship of W 8500 t, KM 9.0 m, KG 8.3 m, is

listed 8~ 0 to stbd. The following cargo
. operations were carried out:
200 t discharged KG 4 m from 5 m stbd of

CL.
300 t discharged KG 5 m from 2 m port of CL.
100 t loaded KG 2 m, 4 m to stbd of CL.
200 t shifted up by 2 m and port by 3 m.
113
If the final KM is 9.3 m ~ find the final list.
14) A ship of 15000 t displacement, KG 8.7 m, KM

9.5 m, is listed 10° to port. The following
cargo work was carried out:
500 t loaded, KG 8.0 m, 5 m stbd of CL.

300 t discharged, KG 4.0 m, 4 port of CL.
Find the quantity of SW ballast that must be

transferred transversely to bring the vessel
upright, the tank centres being 12 m apart.
(Note: Since vessel is required upright, it is

not necessary to calculate the final KG or GM
unless specifically asked).
15) A bulk carrier presently of 12250 t, KM 9.8 m,

KG 9.0 m has a list of 61- ° to starboard. She
then loads 1250 t of ore (KG 8 m, 2 m to stbd
of centre line) and discharges 250 t of ore
(KG 2 m, 5 m from starboard of centre line).
160 t of SW ballast is then transferred from
the stbd shoulder tank to the port DB tank
(vertically downwards by 9 m and transversely
by 10m). Find the final list, assuming that
there are no slack tanks, given that the final
KM is 9.6 m.
16) From a ship of W 8000 t, KM 8.6 m, KG 8.0 m,

some deck cargo was washed overboard (KG
10m, 8 m from the centre line). If the
resultant list is 3~ find the quantity of cargo
lost.
17) A ship of W 16000 t, KM 7.5 m, KG 6.0 m,

TPC 25, is listed 3° to port. Her present
mean draft is 8.6 m and she is to finish
loading at 8.8 m mean draft. Space is
available 5 m off the centre line, on either
114
side. State how much cargo must bE:. stowed

on either side to finish upright.
18) A ship displacing 12000 t has KM 9.0 m, KG

7.25 m. A 200 t heavy-lift is to be loaded by
ship's jumbo whose head is 24 m above the
keel.
Find 0) The list as soon as the derrick

picks up the weight from the wharf on the
stbd side with an outreach of 15 m.
(ij) The list when the weight is placed

on the upper deck KG 10m, 7 m to stbd of
the centre line.
19) A ship of W 10000 t, KM 7.3 m, KG 6.8 m, is

listed 50 to port. A heavy-lift weighing 100 t,
lying 6 m to port of the centre line and KG
10.0 m, is to be shifted to the lower hold KG
2.0 m on the centre line of the ship, by the
ship's jumbo derrick whose head is 28 m above
the keel.
Find (i) The list as soon as the derrick

takes the load.
(ii) The list when the derrick swings
tl;le load to the centre line.
(iii) The list after the shifting is over.
20) A ship of W 13000 t, KM 8.75 m, KG 8.0 m,

has a list of 60 to starboard. A heavy-lift
weighing 150 t, .lying on the upper deck 9 m
above the keel and 5 m to stbd of the centre
line, is to be discharged using the ship's jumbo
derrick whose head is 22 m above the keel.
Calculate
(i) The list as soon as the load is

taken by the derrick.
115
(ii) When the load is hanging over the

port side of the ship with an outreach of 10 m
from the centre line.
(iii) After discharging the heavy-lift.
21) A ship of 10000 t displacement is floating in

SW and has KM of 10.8 m and KG of 9.0 m.
She is listing 10° to stbd. She has two
rectangular deep tanks, one on either side,
each 12 m long, 12 m wide and 9 m deep. The
stbd tank is full of FW while the port one is
empty. If FW is to be transferred from the
stbd tank to the port one, find
(i) the quantity of FW to transfer to

bring the ship upright.
(ii) the list if one third of the original
FW in the stbd tank is transferred to the port
tank.
Note: Fluid GM should be used here.
22) On a ship 8000 t displacement. 50 t is shifted

transversely by 4 m. Find the list if the total
FSM is 1216 tm, KM 7.0 m, KG 6.4 m.
23) A ship has W 10000 t, KM 7.8 m, KG 7.075 m,

and is upright. No 3 port and stbd DB tanks
are full of HFO RD 0.95. Each tank is
rectangular, 15 m long, 12 m wide and 2 m
deep. Calculate the list when HFO is
consumed from No 3 stbd until the sounding is
1.2 m.
24) A vessel displacing 9000 t has KM 8.02 m, KG

7.5 m, and is upright. She loads 250 t KG 12
m, 3 m to stbd of the centre line; loads 1000
t KG 3 m, I m to port of the centre line;
discharges 250 t KG 8 m, 2 m to stbd of the
centre line. 100 t of cargo is then shifted
116
transversely 3 m to stbd. If the total FSM is

1200 tm, calculate the final list.
25) A ship of 14000 t displacement, KM 9.0 m, KG

7.8 m, has a total FSM of 2100 tm and is
listed 8° to port. How many tonnes must be
shifted transversely by 10m to upright the
ship?
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Chapter – 13
List
Exercise -11
Answer 1
Given:-
1. W = 5000t
2. GM = 0.3m
3. w = 20t
4. d = 5m
Tan Ѳ = d * w
W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 5 * 20
5000 * 0.3
Tan Ѳ = 100
1500
Tan Ѳ = 0.0667
Ѳ = Tan-1(0.0667)
Ѳ = 3.82° or 3° 49’
List of the ship is 3.82° or 3° 49’
Answer 2
Given:-
1 W (t) = 8000
2 GM (m) = 2
Item W(t) d (m) Direction Moments

Port Stbd
Shifted 200 4 Stbd 0 800

Shifted 100 2 Port 200 0
Total 600 1800
Page 1 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Total Moments = Stbd Moments - Port Moments
Total Moments = 1800 - 600
Total Moments = 1200 Stbd
Tan Ѳ = Total Moments

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 1200
16000
Tan Ѳ = 0.0750
Ѳ= 4.29° Stbd
List of the ship is 4.29° to Stbd
Answer 3
Given:-
1 W (t) = 10000
2 KG (m) = 7
3 KM (m) = 7.4
Moments
Item W (t) KG /d (m) (tm)
Ship 10000 7 70000

shifted down 200 10 -2000
Total 10000 68000
Final KG of vessel = Total Moments

Total Weight
Final KG of vessel = 68000

10000
Final KG of vessel = 6.800 m
Page 2 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Final GM of vessel = KM - Final KG of vessel
Final GM of vessel = 7.4 - 6.800
Final GM of vessel = 0.600 m

Port Stbd
Total 0 1000

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 1000
6000
Tan Ѳ = 0.1667
Ѳ= 9.46° Stbd
List of the ship is 9.46° to Stbd
Page 3 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 4
Given:-
1 W (t) = 12000
2 GM (m) = 1.2
Moments
shifted up 100 1.5 -150
Total 0 -150
Change in GM of vessel = Total Moments

Total Weight
Change in GM of vessel = -150

12000
Change in GM of vessel = -0.013 m
Final GM of vessel = Ininal GM of vessel + Change in GM
Item
W(t) d (m) Moments
Shifted 100 12 1200
Total 1200
Total Moments = 1200
Page 4 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 1200
14250
Tan Ѳ = 0.0842
Ѳ= 4.81°
List of the ship is 4.81°
Given:-
1 W (t) = 12000
KM (m)
2 = 5.79
3 KG(m) = 4.85
Moments
Ship 4950 4.85 24007.5

Load 50 1.25 62.5
Total 5000 24070

Total Weight

5000
Page 5 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Item
W(t) d (m) Direction Moments
Port Stbd
Total 200 0
Total Moments = 200 Port

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 200
4880.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0410
Ѳ= 2.35° Port
List of the ship is 2.35° to port
Answer 6
Given:-
1 W (t) = 10000
2 KM (m) = 8.25
3 KG(m) = 7.45
Moments
Ship 10000 7.45 74500

Discharged -100 2.45 -245
Total 9900 74255
Page 6 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

Total Weight

9900
Item
Port Stbd
Discharged -100 6 Port 0 600
Total 0 600

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 600
7420.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0809
Ѳ= 4.62° Stbd
List of the ship is 4.62° to stbd
Page 7 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 7
Given:-
1 W (t) = 10000
KM (m)
2 = 9.6
3 KG(m) = 8.3
Moments
Ship 10000 8.3 83000

Discharged -200 10 -2000
Loads 250 8 2000
Loads 250 12 3000
Total 9000 81560

Total Weight

9000
Item
Port Stbd

Discharged -800 4 Stbd 3200 0
Loads 250 0 0
Loads 250 0 0
Total 3200 2500
Page 8 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 700
4840.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.1446
Ѳ= 8.23° Port
List of ship is 8.23° Port
Answer 8
Given:-
1 W (t) = 9000
KM (m)
2 = 8.95
3 KG(m) = 8.3
Moments
Ship 9000 8.3 74700

Loads 600 4 2400
Shifted Up 200 5 1000
Shifted
Down 300 1 -300
Total 9200 74200

Total Weight

9200
Page 9 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Item
Port Stbd
Loads 600 3 Port 1800 0

Shifted Up 200 8 Stbd 0 1600
Shifted Down 300 4 port 1200 0
0 0 0 0
Total 3000 3600

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 600
8140.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0737
Ѳ= 4.22° Stbd
List of ship is 4.22° Stbd
Page 10 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 9
Given:-
1 W (t) = 18000
KM (m)
2 = 8.935
3 KG(m) = 7.75
Moments
Ship 18000 7.75 139500

Loads 500 10 5000
Shifted
Down 800 2 -1600
Total 17000 134900

Total Weight

17000
Item
Port Stbd

Loads 500 4 Port 2000 0
Shifted Up 500 4 Stbd 0 2000
Shifted Down 800 3 port 2400 0
0 0 0 0
Total 4400 6500
Page 11 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 2100
16995.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.1236
Ѳ= 7.04° Stbd
List of ship is 7.04 ° Stbd
Answer 10
Given:-
1 W (t) = 12000
2 KM (m) = 7.54
3 KG(m) = 6.8
4 Initial List = 8 P
Initial GM = KM - KG
Initial GM = 7.54 - 6.8
Initial GM = 0.74 m
Tan (8°) = w * d
W *GM
0.1405 = w * 10
12000 * 0.74
124.8t = w
Weight to be shifted is 124.8t
Page 12 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 11
Given:-
1 W (t) = 4000
2 KM (m) = 10
3 KG(m) = 9
4 Initial List = 10 P
5 Final GM (m) 1
Initial GM = 10 - 9
Initial GM = 1 m
TanѲ = GG'
GM
Tan 10° = GG'

1
0.176m = GG'
Item
Port Stbd
Ship 4000 0.176 Port 705.3 0.0
Loads 16000 3 0.0 0.0
0 0 4 Port 0.0 0.0
0 0 4 Stbd 0.0 0.0
0 0 3 port 0.0 0.0
0 0 0.0 0.0
Total 705.3 0.0
Total Moments = 0 - 705.3
Total Moments = 705.308 Port

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 705.3
Page 13 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
20000.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0353
Ѳ= 2.02° Port
Final List of ship will be 2.02° to port
Answer 12
Given:-
1. W =10000t
2. GM = 1.5m
3. Initial list = 5° Stbd
4. Final GM = 0.5m
TanѲ = GG'
GM
Tan (5) = GG'

1.5
0.131m = GG'
Item
Port Stbd
Ship 10000 0.131 Stbd 0.0 1312.3
Total 0.0 1312.3
Total Moments = 1312.33 - 0
Total Moments = 1312.33 Stbd

W * GM
Page 14 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Tan Ѳ = 1312.3
5000.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.2625
Ѳ= 14.71° Stbd
Final List of ship will be 14.71° to stbd
Answer 13
Given:-
1 W (t) = 8500
2 KM (m) = 9
3 KG(m) = 8.3
4 Initial List = 8.5 P
5 Final KM (m)= 9.3
Initial GM = 9 - 8.3
Initial GM = 0.7 m
TanѲ = GG'
GM
Tan
(8.5) = GG'
0.7
0.105 = GG'
Moments
Ship 8500 8.3 70550

Loads 100 2 200
Total 8100 68850
Page 15 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Final GM = Final KM – Final KG
Final GM = 9.3m – 8.5m
Final GM = 0.8m

Port Stbd
Ship 8500 0.105 Port 889.2 0.0
Discharged -200 5 Stbd 1000.0 0.0
Discharged -300 2 Port 0.0 600.0
Loads 100 4 Stbd 0.0 400.0
Shifted Up 200 3 Stbd 0.0 600.0
Total 1889.2 1600.0
Total Moments = 289.2335 Port

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 289.2
6480.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0446
Ѳ= 2.56° Port
Final List of ship will be 2.56° to port
Page 16 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 14
Given:-
2. KG = 8.7m
3. KM = 9.5m
4. Initial List = 10° Port
5. D = 12m
Initial GM = KM – KG
Initial GM = 9.5m – 8.7m
Initial GM = 0.8m
TanѲ =w*d
W * GM
Tan(10°) = w * d
15000 * 0.8
Item W (t) Direction Moments

P (tm) S (tm)
Ship 15000 2115
Loads +500 Stbd 2500
Discharged -300 Port 1200
Total 15200 2115 3700
Total moments = Stbd moments – Port Moments
Total moments = 3700 – 2115
Total moments = 1585 tm
Total moments = w * d
1585 = w * 12
1585 =w
12
132.1t =w
Weight of SW that has to be transferred is 132.1t
Page 17 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 15
Given:-
1 W (t) = 12250
2 KM (m) = 9.8
3 KG(m) = 9
4 Initial List = 6.5 S
5 Final KM (m)= 9.6
Initial GM = 9.8 - 9
Initial GM = 0.8 m
TanѲ = GG'
GM
Tan (6.5) = GG'

0.8
0.091 = GG'
Moments
Ship 12250 9 110250

Loads 1250 8 10000
Shifted Down 160 9 -1440
Total 13250 118310

Total Weight

13250
Page 18 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Final GM = Final KM – Final KG
Final GM = 9.6m – 8.929m
Final GM = 0.671m

Port Stbd
Ship 12250 0.091 Stbd 0.0 1116.6
Loads 1250 2 Stbd 0.0 2500.0
Shifted 160 10 port 1600.0 0.0
Total 2850.0 3616.6
Total Moments = 3616.569 - 2850
Total Moments = 766.569 Stbd

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 766.6
8890.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0862
Ѳ= 4.93° Stbd
Final List of ship will be 4.93° to Stbd
Page 19 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 16
Given:-
1. W = 8000t
2. KM = 8.6m
3. KG = 8.0m
4. KG of cargo = 10m
5. Distance of CL = 8m
6. Resultant List = 3°
GM = KM – KG
GM = 8.6m – 8.0m
GM =0.6m

Ship 8000 8 64000
Cargo washed -x 10 -10x
Total 8000-x 64000-10x
Final KG of ship = Total Moments

Total Weight
Final KG of ship = 64000-10x

8000-x
Final GM of ship = KM – KG
Final GM of ship = 8.6 – (64000-10x)

8000-x
Final GM of ship = 8.6(8000 – x) – 64000 + 10x

8000-x
Final GM of ship = 68800 – 8.6x – 64000 +10x

8000 – x
Final GM of ship = 4800 + 1.4x

8000 - x
Item Weight (t) Distance of COL (m) Moments (tm)

Ship 8000 0 0
Cargo washed -x 8 8x
Total 8000-x 8x
Final Moments = 8x
TanѲ = Total Moments

W * GM
Page 20 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
TanѲ = 8x
(8000-x) * GM
Tan(3°) = 8x * (8000 –x)

(8000-x) * (4800 + 1.46x)
251.557 + 0.077x = 8x
251.557 = 7.923x
31.7 t =x
Weight of cargo washed is 31.7t
Answer 17
Given:-
1. W =16000t
2. KM = 7.5m
3. KG = 6.0m
4. TPC = 25t/cm
5. Initial list = 3° (Port)
6. Required draft = 8.8m
7. Present draft = 8.6m
8. Space available is 5m of center line on either side
GM = KM – KG
GM = 7.5m – 6m
GM = 1.5m
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (3°) = w * d
16000 * 1.5
1257.8tm =w * d
Initial transverse moments = 1275.8tm (Port)
Maximum permissible sinkage = Draft required – Initial draft
Maximum permissible sinkage = 8.8m – 8.6m
Maximum permissible sinkage = 0.2m/20cms
Cargo to load = TPC * Maximum permissible sinkage
Page 21 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Cargo to load = 25 * 20cms
Item W(t) Distance of C.L (m) Direction Moments (tm)

P S
Ship 16000 1257.8
Load x 5 Port 5x
Load 500-x 5 Stbd 2500 – 5x
Total 16500 1257.8 + 5x 2500 – 5x
For ship to be upright Port moments = Stbd moments
1257.8 + 5x = 2500 – 5x
10x = 1242.2
x = 124.2t
Cargo to load in port side = 124.2t
Cargo to load in stbd side = 500t – 124.2t
Cargo to load in stbd side = 375.8t
Answer 18
Given:-
1. W = 12000t
2. KM = 9m
3. KG = 7.25m
4. Cargo to load (w)=200t
5. Head of derrick = 24 m above keel
6. Outreach of wharf = 15m
i)
KG of head of derrick = 24m

KG of ship =-7.25m
d↑ = 16.75m
Change in VCG = w * d
W+w
Change in VCG = 200 * 16.75

12000 + 200
Page 22 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Change in VCG = 3350

12200
Change in VCG = 0.275m

Change in VCG ↑ =+0.275m
Final GM = KM – Final KG
Final GM = 9m – 7.525m
Final GM = 1.475m
TanѲ = w*d
(W + w)* GM
TanѲ = 200 * 15
(12000+200) * 1.475
TanѲ = 200 * 15
12000 * 1.475
TanѲ = 0.1667
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.1667)
Ѳ = 9.46°
List is 9.46° stbd
ii)
KG of deck = 10m
KG of ship =-7.25m
d↑ = 2.75m
W+w
Change in VCG = 200 * 2.75

12000 + 200
Change in VCG = 550

12200
Page 23 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

Final GM = 9m – 7.295m
Final GM = 1.705m
TanѲ = w * dT
(W + w)* GM
TanѲ = 200 * 7
(12000+200) * 1.705
TanѲ = 200 * 7
12000 * 1.705
TanѲ = 0.0673
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.0673)
Ѳ = 3.85°
List is 3.85° stbd
Answer 19
Given:-
1. W = 10000t
2. KM = 7.3m
3. KG = 6.8m
4. Cargo to shift (w)=100t
5. KG of cargo = 10m
7. KG of Lower Hold = 2m
8. Initial list = 5° Port
KM = KG + GM initial
KM – KG = GM initial
7.3 – 6.8 = GM initial
0.5m = GM initial
Page 24 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
i)
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (5°) = w * d
10000 *0.5
437.4 = w * d
Initial Transverse Moment is 437.4tm to port

KG of cargo =-10m
d↑ = 18m
W
Change in VCG = 100 * 18

10000

Final GM = 7.3m – 6.98m
Final GM = 0.32m
TanѲ = w*d
W * GM
TanѲ = 437.4
10000 * 0.32
TanѲ = 0.1367
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.1367)
Ѳ = 7.78°
List is 7.78° port
Page 25 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
ii)
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (5°) = w * d
10000 *0.5
437.4 = w * d

KG of cargo =-10m
d↑ = 18m
W

10000

Final GM = 7.3m – 6.98m
Final GM = 0.32m

P S
Ship 10000 437.4
Shift 100 6 Stbd 600
Total 10000 437.4 600
Total Moments = Stbd moments – port moments
Total Moments = 600 – 437.4
Total Moments = 163.6tm

W * GM
TanѲ = 163.6
10000 * 0.32
Page 26 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
TanѲ = 0.0511
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.0511)
Ѳ = 2.92°
List is 2.92° stbd
iii)
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (5°) = w * d
10000 *0.5
437.4 = w * d
KG of U.H = 10m
KG of L.H =-2m
d↓ = 8m
W

10000

Change in VCG ↓ =-0.08m
Final GM = 7.3m – 6.72m
Final GM = 0.58m

P S
Ship 10000 437.4
Shift 100 6 Stbd 600
Total 10000 437.4 600
Total Moments = Stbd moments – port moments
Page 27 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Total Moments = 163.6tm (stbd)

W * GM
TanѲ = 163.6
10000 * 0.58
TanѲ = 0.0282
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.0282)
Ѳ = 1.61°
List is 1.61° stbd
Answer 20
Given:-
1. W = 13000t
2. KM = 8.75 m
3. KG = 8m
4. Cargo to discharge (w)=150t
5. KG of cargo = 9m
7. Initial list = 6° Stbd
8.75 – 8 = GM initial
0.75m = GM initial
i)
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (6°) = w * d
13000 *0.75
1024.8 = w * d
Page 28 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Initial Transverse Moment is 1024.8 tm to stbd

KG of cargo =- 9m
d↑ = 13m
W

13000
Initial KG of vessel = 8m
Final GM = 8.75 m – 8.15m
Final GM = 0.6m
TanѲ = w*d
W * GM
TanѲ = 1024.8
13000 * 0.6
TanѲ = 0.1312
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.1312)
Ѳ = 7.47°
List is 7.47° stbd
ii)

P S
Ship 13000 1024.8
Shift 150 (5+10=15) port 2250
Total 10000 2250 1024.8
Page 29 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Total Moments = Port moments – stbd moments
Total Moments = 1225.2tm to Port

W * GM
TanѲ = 1225.2
13000 * 0.6
TanѲ = 0.1571
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.1571)
Ѳ = 8.92°
List is 8.92° port
iii)
KG of Cargo = 9m
KG of ship =-8m
d↓ = 1m
W-w

13000-150

12850
Final GM = 8.75m – 7.988m
Final GM = 0.762m
Page 30 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

P S
Ship 13000 1024.8
Discharge -150 5 Port 750
Total 12850 750 1024.8
Total Moments = Stbd moments – Port moments
Total Moments = 1024.8 - 750
Total Moments = 274.8tm (port)

W * GM
TanѲ = 274.8
12850 * 0.762
TanѲ = 0.0281
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.0281)
Ѳ = 1.61°
List is 1.61° stbd
Answer 21
Given:-
2. KM = 10.8m
3. KG = 9m
4. Initial List = 10° Stbd
RD of FW = 1.000
10.8 – 8 = GM initial
1.8m = GM initial
Page 31 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
12m
12m
9m G G’
12m 12m
Distance between center of gravity of two tanks is 12m
i)
Tan Ѳ = w *d
W * GM
Tan (10°) = w * d
10000 *1.8
3173.9 = w * d
Initial Transverse Moment is 3173.9 tm to stbd
To correct list stbd moments = port moments
Stbd moments = w * d
3173.9 = w *12
3173.9 = w
12
264.5t = w
Page 32 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
ii
12m
3m
12m
9m G G’
6m
12m 3m
12m
i = LB3
12
FSE = i * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
FSE = L * B3 * RD of FW
12 * Displacement
FSE = 12 * (12)3 * 1.000

12 * 10000
FSE = 0.173m
FSE of 1 tank = 0.173m
FSE of 2 tanks = 2 * 0.173m (Similar in dimensions)
FSE of 2 tanks = 0.346m
Weight shifted =1 * Volume of tank * RD of FW

3
Weight shifted = 1 * L * B * H * RD of FW
3
Weight shifted = 1 * 12 * 12 * 9 * 1.000

3
Page 33 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Weight shifted = 432t
KG of weight shifted = 6m + 3 m
2
KG of weight shifted = 7.5m

KG to where weight shifted =-1.5m
d↓ = 6m
W

10000
KG(s) of vessel = 8.741m
FSE of 2 tanks =+0.346m
KG(f) = 9.087m
Final GM = KM – KG (f)
Final GM = 10.8m – 9.087m
Final GM = 1.713m
Transverse moments due to shifting = w * dT
Transverse moments due to shifting = 432 * 12
Transverse moments due to shifting = 5184tm (Port)

Initial Moments =-3173.9 (stbd)
Net Moments = 2010.1 (Port)
TanѲ = Net Moments

W * GM
TanѲ = 2010.1
10000 * 1.713
TanѲ = 0.1173
Ѳ = Tan-1 (0.1173)
Ѳ = 6.69°
List is 6.69° port
Page 34 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 22
Given:-

2. Weight shifted (w) = 50t
3. Transverse distance = 4m
4. FSM = 1216tm
5. KM = 7m
6. KG = 6.4m
FSE = FSM
Displacement
FSE = 1216
8000
FSE = 0.152m
KG (s) = 6.4m
FSE =+0.152
KG (f) = 6.552m
KM = 7m
KG (f) =-6.552m
GM (f) = 0.448m
TanѲ = Transverse Moments

W * GM (f)
TanѲ = w * d
W * GM (f)
TanѲ = 50 * 4
8000 * 0.448
TanѲ = 200
3584
Ѳ = Tan-1(0.0558)
Ѳ = 3.19°
Final list of the vessel is 3.19°
Page 35 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 23
Given:-
1. W =10000t
2. KM = 7.8m
3. KG = 7.075m
4. RD of HFO = 0.95
5. Dimensions of each tank = 15m * 12m * 2m
6. No 3 stbd final sounding = 1.2m
15m
15m
12m
12m
0.8m
2m
2m GG'
1.2m
HFO consumed = L * B * (H – sounding ) * RD of oil
HFO consumed = 15 * 12 * 0.8 * 0.95
HFO consumed = 136.8t
KG of ship = 7.075m
KG of HFO consumed =-1.6m
d↑ = 5.475m
W-w
Change in VCG = 136.8 * 5.475

10000 – 136.8
Change in VCG = 748.98

9863.2
Page 36 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Initial KG = 7.075m
Change in VCG =+0.076m
Final KG (s) = 7.151m
i = LB3
12
FSE = i * RD of HFO
12 * Displacement
FSE = L * B3 * RD of HFO
12 * Displacement
FSE = 15 * (12)3 * 0.95

12 * 10000
FSE = 15 * 12 * 12 * 12 * 0.95
12 * 10000
FSE = 0.208m
KG (s) = 7.151m
FSE =+0.208
KG (f) = 7.359m
KM = 7.8m
KG (f) =-7.359m
GM (f) = 0.441m

W * GM (f)
TanѲ = w * d
W * GM (f)
TanѲ = 136.8 * 6
10000 * 0.441
TanѲ = 820.8
4410
Ѳ = Tan-1(0.1887)
Ѳ = 10.69°
Final list of the vessel is 10.69° to Port
Page 37 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
Answer 24
Given:-
1 W (t) = 9000
2 KM (m) = 8.02
3 KG(m) = 7.5
Item Moments
W (t) KG /d (m) (tm)
Ship 9000 7.5 67500

Loads 250 12 3000
Loads 1000 3 3000
FSM 1200
Total 10000 72700

Total Weight

10000
Item
Port Stbd
Ship 9000 0.000 0 0.0 0.0
Loads 250 3 Stbd 0.0 750.0
Loads 1000 1 Port 1000.0 0.0
Shifts 100 3 Stbd 0.0 300.0
Total 1500.0 1050.0
Page 38 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST

W * GM
Tan Ѳ = 450.0
7500.0
Tan Ѳ = 0.0600
Ѳ= 3.43° Port
Final List of ship will be 3.43° to Port
Answer 25
Given:-

2. KM = 9m
3. KG = 7.8m
4. FSM = 2100tm
5. Initial List = 8° Port
6. Transverse distance = 10m
FSE = FSM
Displacement
FSE = 2100
14000
FSE = 0.15m
KG (s) = 7.8m
FSE =+0.15
KG (f) = 7.95m
KM = 9m
KG (f) =-7.95m
GM (f) = 1.05m

W * GM (f)
Tan(8°) = w * d
W * GM (f)
Page 39 of 40
CHAPTER – 13
LIST
2066 = w *d
To correct the list Port Moments = Starboard Moments
2066 = w * Transverse distance
2066 = w * 10
2066 = w
10
206.6t = w
Weight to transfer is 206.6t
-o0o-
Page 40 of 40
14
STIFF AND
TENDER VESSELS
STIFF VESSEL TENDER VESSEL
1 A stiff vessel is one A tender vessel is

with an unduly large one with a small
GM for her type, GM for her type,
size and nature. size and nature.
Note: Type refers to general cargo, bulker,
tanker, etc., while nature refers to
peculiarities of the vessel.
2 Angle and period of Angle and period of

roll is small. roll is large.
3 Rolling is violent Rolling is smooth

and irregular. and regular.
4 Uncomfortable for Less uncomfortable

people on board for people on board
because of jerky as movements are
movements. regular.
5 Severe stresses set Less severe stresses

up on hull. set up on hull.
6 General cargo likely General cargo, once

to break loose due secured properly, is
to jerky movements. less likely to break
loose.
118
7 Bulk cargo less Bulk cargo more

likely to shift as likely to shift as
angle of roll is angle of roll is
small. large.
8 No likelihood of Likelihood of vessel

vessel becoming becoming unstable
unstable during during passage owing
passage owing to to consumption of
consumption of fuel fuel and fresh
and fresh water water from DB tanks
from DB tanks and and also due to FSE
also due to FSE of of tanks in use.
tanks in use.
9 Greater ability to Less ability to with

withstand loss of stand such loss of
GM, if any, caused GM.
by bilging.
Note: Bilging is the flooding of a compartment,

as-a result of damage, whereby water has free
access to come in and go out.
10 Greater ability to Less ability to with

withstand transverse stand transverse shift
shift of cargo or cargo - list
list caused by such caused by such shift
shift is small. is large.
Note: As explained in the previous chapter,
Tan -& = dw
W. GM
It is obvious from the foregoing formula that

the list caused varies inversely as the GM
fluid. Considering identical circumstances, the
.list resulting from transverse shift of cargo
will be less if the vessel is stiff and much more
if the vessel is tender.

Density Relative Density

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Density Relative Density

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Density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

where mass is in tonnes (t), volume is in cubic r.letres

Though mass may be expressed in kilogr<:'.mmes

Relative ,density of a substance is the number of

RD = Mass of any volume of substance

RD of substance = Density of substance

Since the density of fresh water is I tm-3 , RD

Some typical values are given below:

Fresh water 1.0 trn- 3 1.0

Mass of SW = Volume x density

Answer: The tank can hold 410 t of SW.

A tank can hold 320 tonnes of S\V. Pind how many

Mass of SW = Volume of SW x density of SW

Volume of tank = 320 m3

Mass of oil = Volume of oil x density of oil

Answer: The tank can hold 249.8 tonnes of oil.

A cylindrical tank is 10 metres high and has a radius

Mass of oil = ,!~ume of oil x density of oil

Answer : Mass of oil is 158.4 tonnes.

Volume of FW = 98 (20 x 10 x 10) m3

Depth of FW = 98 x depth of tank

Height of ullage pipe 1

Answer: Mass of FW 1960 tonnes, ullage 0.7 metres.

A rectangular tank is 20 m x 20 m x 12 m. Find how

Volume of tank = 20 x 20 x 12 = 4800 m3

Volume of tank = Volume of oil + Free space

Mass of oil = Volume of oil x density of oil

Depth of oil = 98 x depth of tank

Ulla(e = 12 - 11.76 = 0.24 m

Answer: Mass of oil = 3763.2 t, ullage = 0.24 m.

In worked example 5, if it was required to leave 2%

Volume of tank = Volume of oil + Free space

Mass of oil = Volume of oil x density of oil

Depth of oil = Volume of oil

Ullage = Depth of tank - depth of oil

Answer: Mass of oil 3764.7 t, ullage 0.235 m.

Density and relative density

1 A rectangular tank measures 16 m x 15 m x 6

2 A cylindrical tank of diameter 8 m is 10m

3 A tank of 2400 m3 volume and 12 m depth, has

4 A tank 10m deep has vertical sides. Its

5 A rectangular tank measuring 25 m x 12 m x 8

6 A rectangular tank measures 30 m x 16 m x 14

7 A tank with a horizontal base and vertical

8 A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21 m

9 A rectangular tank has a total depth of lO.5 m

l O A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21 m

Density & Relative Density

Density * Volume = Mass

1.025t * 400 m3 = Mass

The tank can hold 410 tonnes of SW.

Density of SW = Mass of S.W

Volume of tank = Mass

Volume of tank = 320 t * m3

Volume of tank = 312.195 m3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)

We know, Volume of tank = 312.195 m3(from equation 1)

Density of Oil = Mass of oil

Density of Oil * Volume of tank = Mass of oil

0.8 t * 312.195 m3 = Mass of oil

249.8 t = Mass of oil

The tank can hold 249.8 tonnes of oil.

Total height of tank = Sounding of tank + Ullage of tank

Volume occupied in cylinder = ∏r2h

Volume occupied in cylinder = 22(3)28

Volume occupied in cylinder = 2233*8