Chapter 2:

Methods of
Manufacturing
L 1.0 CHE 135 Process
By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL
Lecture 2.1 PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA
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 Learning Outcomes
Student should be able to:
• Explain the various method
of palm oil manufacturing
process.
• Explain the knowledge on
other manufacturing process.

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 Content of Sylabus

WEEK CHAPTER/CONTENT

1 1. Introduction to palm oil milling and

refining
2-3 2. Methods of manufacturing process
4-8 3. Food applications
9-11 4. Oleochemical applications
12-14 5. Biofuel
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Chapter 2: Methods of manufacturing process

• 2.1 Physical refining
• 2.2 Chemical refining
• 2.3 Latest technology in refining
process technology

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Intro:
Palm Oil
Refining

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 EXTRACTION
(mill)

REFINING

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Why refining?
• Water, insoluble impurities, free fatty acids, oxidation
product should be kept a minimum level.
• However, the refining treatment should retain as
much as possible the tocopherols and tocotrienols
because of their antioxidant effect to the product.

• Two methods of refining: chemical or physical

refining.

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 REFINING OF CRUDE PALM OIL
PHYSICAL METHOD CHEMICAL METHOD
Crude oil storage Crude oil storage

Gum conditioning 1 Gum conditioning

2.1 Neutralization

2.2 Water washing

Drying

Bleaching 3 Bleaching

Filtration Filtration

Pretreated oil storage Pretreated or neutralized and

bleached storage
Steam refining
4 Deodorization
Polishing
Polishing
Cooling
Cooling
Edible oil storage
Edible oil storage

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Chemical
Refining

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1. Degumming
• Impurities: phophatides, protein fragments,
gummy and mucilaginous substances - soluble
in the oil only in hydrous form.
• Using : Some additives / agents
– Phosphoric acid / citric acid
• Acid is added to the degumming process to bind
the gum in oil.
• Can be precipitated by centrifuge

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 phophatides

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• Process for removing phospholipids composed of
phospatida, protein, residues, carbohydrate, water
and resin without reducing the amount of fatty
acids.
• Temperatures used for degumming process is
85°C-90°C.
– Dose rate at 0.05 to 0.2 % of the feed oil
– Concentration = 80 to 85%
• The amount of phosphoric acid is generally about
0.5 to 2 kg for flow rate 3 tons/hour palm oil.
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DEGUMMING

source:Renato Dorsa

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2. Neutralization
Disadvantages
- The losses during neutralization normally be attributed
to the following factors
(a) FFA
(b) The mucilage, coloring matter and other impurities
in the oil
(c) The saponification losses which arise through
saponification of neutral oil

Solution:
- Neutralized using NaOH

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2.1 Neutralization (con’t)

- The resulting soapstock is separated from the oil
by centrifuging and washing with water.

- Any soap retained in the washed oil is removed

by adding citric or phosphoric acid to the final
wash prior to drying of the oil.

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2.1 Neutralization (con’t)

𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 %
Refining factor = Normal value ≈ 1.5 to 2.0
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑

source:Renato Dorsa

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2.2 Washing

source:Renato Dorsa

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 3. Bleaching
• Degummed oil through a bleaching stage
separate the pigments contained in the oil
using the active material so that the color
becomes brighter.
• Active material in this process is bleaching
earth.
• At the end of process, bleached oil filtering by
two pressure leaves filters to separate
bleaching earth

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3. Bleaching (con’t.)
Purpose:
(a) To obtain the lightest color possible
(b) To remove traces of soaps present from the
alkaline process, which can effect hydrogenation
by making it erratic, non-selective and difficult to
control
(c) To remove traces of nickel from hydrogenated oil.
Nickel will disturb deodorization process by
charging the flavor and color of the final product

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3. Bleaching (con’t)
Process:
 Carried out by contacting the oil with an
adsorbent (clay or carbon) in the absence
of oxygen (with the present of oxygen,
clay may act as a catalyst for oxidation)
 To ensure no oxygen presence, the
process is carried out under a steam or
nitrogen blanket or under vacuum (plant
scale).
 Quantity of bleaching agent, 0.5-2% by
weight of the oil at 80-180ºC. At higher
temperature, the adsorption effects are
better.

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 4. Deodorization
• Deodorization is a method of reduction volatile
components from bleached oil.
• Volatile components caused the odor.
• So, deodorizer is able to reduce the odor.
• Deodorizing process is typically used in high
temperature (220-260°C) with pressure of 2
millibars.

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4. Deodorization (con’t.)
Purpose:
• To reduce the oil to odorless an tasteless fats
and oil by removing the relatively volatile
odiferous and flavored substances (aldehydes,
ketones, FFA).
• The shelf life of refined palm oil is largely
prolonged after deodorizing.

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 4. Deodorization (con’t.)
Process:
• Deodorization is steam distillation under vacuum.
The process does not reduce trace metals or
phosphatide levels. But if any soap is present, high
losses will be encountered due to foaming in
deodoriser.
• When the oil is fully deodorized, it is cooled down
to a temperature of about 55ºC before being
pumped through a polishing filter giving the
finished oil its final sparkle.

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4. Deodorization (con’t.)
• Four Factors Affecting Deodorization Process
– Temperature;
– Time;
– Pressure;
– Amount of Stripping Steam;
• Qualified deodorized palm oil generally has
bland taste and odor, light color, high
oxidative stability, and low residual FFA
content.

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4. Deodorization
Deaerates the oil – to
prevent oxidation

Heat up the oil - final

heating

Deacidification -
steam strips the oil

Cools the oil before it

leaves the system

source:Wim De Greyt

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SUMMARY

* Degumming & neutralization

* Bleaching & filtration
* Deodorization
source: Dr.ir. M. Kellens

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SUMMARIZE

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Processing efficiency - process-dependent
removal of contaminants.

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Refining Process

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Physical
Refining

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PHYSICAL REFINING

Advantages:

High quality fatty

Better yields Good oil stability
acids (by-product)

Simultaneous
Low cost
Distillation of fatty Simplicity of
equipment
acids and operation
deodorization

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PHYSICAL REFINING

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RBD OILS (CPO)

Crude Palm Oil, Bleached Palm Oil, RBD Palm Oil, Palm Oil Distillate, RBD Palm Olein

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RBD OILS (CPPO)

Palm Kernel, Crude PK Oil, Palm Kernel Cake, RBD Deodorised PKO, PK Fatty Acid Distillate

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Next Topic/Lecture

Chapter 2: Methods of manufacturing process

• 2.1 Physical refining
• 2.2 Chemical refining
• 2.3 Latest technology in refining process
technology

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