an the [qandabion ab whieh acithee™4h oil ‘tatls clue do «one FUDTUEC pt s thee Joc heSst ed-blem ek fond a] Lion _| * 25 DP \ yalsf WO S -l0, 0. = yo A 3384 12) 710, 5 “10, (=o ES) VO>NS G a the assumoaption co A esas 7 and of A. O.f2a b Sf Sot 1 4 @ noting Na 7 4 L/B Ho a~nq he a 496 mearsional o%« A ce ain Conditton ts en aged 2) “The hase of the Koll ough ( N } = Dp Vay h mc 0. Ie oon LO “2 Oo bh OLlou Lepth e D= B_ &) a a Ee. aren the sal rh € pin Neg Leche, c Pocky is roel a XD. e 6) Geneta ailuee is aS bs dobee. Place tad Hie. soil Wolf jhe unch hanged peice dn fal luce ©) “MWe. Shea =| Hn of sai) ns EN ed \o} Meht — Comlom b ed adits ae 3 etal “cond eae Gallen offers bear ASU S715) 16735) 543 S12 19-09 J ng fap act Cy : a= @ Soil type > Diffecen} soil types Naver ffeeemt mechanisms of esis roe the Joad ming en them, mM, of mechantms qee activaed ahah AD c. OmMes 6 my Soj6) Gealn Size. Grain size js no} Jeey ‘ ‘ale, 7 o ° _ iin, | Se “The _seil_Can pe” Compacicd before : 7 a { 1 ( of eles ee e t i 2@ ec— Hon of steals Ps ot) im very da TE the steal {ication is iat § $0 the bean Hy is “enacd mu i Or oe iN PA Ae tn the toad corning OVeE Soil, te. Ibeaxing capadiy 9. TAU. : WH lagPW x \ 1 ae ee! ee. oe eee atl a [eT ee pt 7 Zz Lin) y 6) Zea Cm 4 ~Ynpie t Aish B-. f Q) 2 re) ae 4 on { fe a j ~im- geneza), ~ taloie a) shatlo @ chipins is Cmsiclered bac for Gur oladion @ “The bearing Copa cidy ee AM g d Oils cle ecl Se IV) © G_ physical Fealuees of foundation: _ © Types of foundation) - ‘Bears fma AP O.Ls of Soi) fox shallow!DE a f amula oils 0 ase D Dp ¢ r MPT Lot auth “ffeu- of beaei ng “Copatik © Ri af di 5 a, OL & d 4 wu the bea¥ ing Caparity of the Soi AL whal ase. alka elena hme abe ny edejina i. 60 a 3-104 5-08 Ane=» The vVatinus set adopted do} pep V< beating pées ow O —Ti—ws.08 abscevd thal the eise ol cocdec. 9 ow the -toun alot o: Eesuised 052 dhe beating Capac a o. be caus yV Le 2a L (a env cig bc ol soil ove do S4b- hated Comolition, d Re Age —| ble Q 3 yh Le re eising to Jepyn _Egwat gecaleé than the Lh of footing the beaeing capaci Can la e 4 So/- 0€ Mote - B) in case of pute Cokerive S2il8, the heating not aft ect to the €9cter} 4 rei le the ptesence 3 Otek Seln to lite Me 7 Method C men nd Misi eae, ina 1. Cormnpachon of Avil By abo HH 11.9, mp nD) 2A: n Soil 4 x g ‘ a ab Iie dn ia I case: enn Sheat ste emngtn OF 80} Pook. ‘ eplacement ofAsoil + —___2.. Replace nok. po ae fom. the site and 15 €ep acecd 4 ; "pail aioe good quatities, -amel_4 The? bearing (ajraa wheee geaund walee fable js hi healing” Capacity Can bbe jn cecas i, 1 WO CE a ran ier 4 By Mmecercasing clptn amd. vaiddh of As we ptaoceed in downward lie ec e Eesut tin In ct eased beaeing cap- o.cl}y clone Hae kept | S By use of chemicals Ike varttous chemicals ee used to __Sii ss" onidie Diba dimmiisie sine se Ree amar acer ee them | tory Solution ‘ forms’ . gek dhe steucywee cmd Hus impeaves i Speae 4 Capacity e.4. Sodium silicals Calctum chip ide! @. GttouwHnat- TR 401 sberow foundation camdains ceacks Cavities ot oids. 1+ 46 tnjected ymdee i peesoute ott Cement q¢out so as Fes) Uy incéeas bea€ing capacity 4Saal ale S Himes. the am ¢ h_-6 plare and tr Oth of pto ed Foun goon) | Au he pla Seale raly che.’ Cen] ar Ine. Ott j 4“ ©) Th oad © e._€gwip “ball and sackcek lel plak.+ beading Column , jactcets — i eeg@ottled bef oPply ing the toa) tnctesmn enks ) A m1. imetrn Sealing Peescute, of 0 um Cc app}ied Prive Fe movi.d be fel eps ng the. Load +ed4 ) A rarnimum to at! a vied fo 0! |, /n m ement woto — abive. In 4 beg / frm oe Voth of the estimated Urmate. beat/n Capac phat 15 Jou CF. a) the. SeHlemmnt is obsetued after ea Load -jn rent ad 2.25, 6.25, 9,16) 30 m} and the al Jnoutly Imex y als, amd i} is peice @ “The_tetot ding i Eepped_ alenn_the Inctease {N~Sef}t ]emet Js only 0:02. my,eo ee “he _obse*evaton +c Setharmnent jn amm_!s_ Y= ands in ea aaa | oS 1 4p e In vq Fem ints pal, the oh jbecueing : cejeerninedas Shown tn | fs €ea Weo, ony, pie ce ailase. I action | of dtiss_metNod The Loading Zaip tee é rad ba, eh A aan Planks of Buitable sire & wooden Jeisis M.S. plale Of Sutapie Sixe_ OFa) [-— yest plale Ti eR b—As eq uiced—> ‘tad pide me a doad testHyde ule Tao R— pest Test pip. — i LI pai tee tb) Reaction of Peuss Limilations of niiioed es 1 AAS b Bp Oe fa citicmmct_ena vary Fea tae “Puls eather seme ptessuce1s pple — @) Time cf fe et: of dest is Smau it docs mt ate SelHemment with Eesp. — give the _unbiarns Aeng Hme.— 71 6) a Connat be dbtalmed by ~—__________+x = = es I Lac ee c Chamate peace &) Poet ally — ay Soi | CD) Demse -Cohestonles Sse 2 2 tbompida mei. | | @2 Cohedfuc. Cohessyomless Sey | | ' So} , coc) Gttaphi— | &). iets: In oT a ' slamdaed pene teation / test’ d= clete ren ec El e a ae ee , pe icing! tapasAan in India This is the most extensively used penetrometer test in and in U.S.A, . The test employs split-spoon sampler, as shown in Fig. 4.4.2, which consists of a driving shoe, a split barrel of circular Cross section which is longitudinally split into two parts and a coupling. IS : 2131-1981 gives the standard procedure for carrying out the test. f It is reproduced below in brief : The borehole is advanced to the required depth and the bottom is cleaned. , The split-spoon sampler, attached to standard drill rods of required length is lowered into the borehole and rested at the bottom. The split-spoon sampler is driven into the soil for a distance of 450 mm by blows of a drop hammer of 65 kg falling vertically and freely from a height of 750 mm. The number of blows required to penetrate every 75 mm is recorded whileThe number of blows required for Wont driving the sampler 300 me penetration is 060d (ORM nd cwoetad tH sal o thas pasncalar 7 OF Wt Doanoly TPs BaEeedag for the first 150 mm penetration, called the blows required rive is disregarded ampler is then withdenwn and the soi sted to the laboratory fog seating 4 ‘The split spoons sample in the split barrel is transpo testing, This procedure is carried out at various depths inthe borehole, usually, at every 0.75 m vertics 1 interval. ‘The N values are corrected for (b) Dilatancy of soil the settlement corresponding 19 he particular N. «p° of proposed footing, is found oy (a) Overtvurden pressure and And then value and the width from standard charts. orrected as © This settlement value is then ¢ Settlement from charts ‘Correction factor given by correction factor ‘Actual settlement ‘The correction factor is Z, tS LZ =0.540.5 3S! depth of water table measured from the base of Where Zy is the width of the proposed footing. From the footing and B is the settlement, the bearing capacity is calculated.Fig. 4.4.2 : Split spoon sampler@ lo ieeaniale 7 eo talnesivee “apd ajonless spi] “CS-10) a nepe o . + Anns Cohesionless Soils ol —Oxesceiphion sac} Descelphon Elm? 41 Greavel, sand and] 45] Soft. Shale, hase (E. et fe Compact & Wa clay in deep | offeeing Ww _€es\- iff aby oak tance 3 on chee ath Ae -by fools . 1 Coarse Sand, [45 colin ae a Compacy and dey Pee Pal 3 | Medium Sand, Co! 25| Moist cla sand | 15 _ ick an aa clay eee fncletled. | L leith _sd to ng thumb pe 4F(ne sand, silt |15|40f} clay “nelemled 10] iCdey Lumps casi Oith modeede Jhuwk + Pulv@efsed by Peessutée wie Loe Se. gcavel “oa ee Neey Soft clay ind] S | eavel mature lenmted with mbodeea! Pane, Ween ole je thumb pressure —mediurn sound deg 6 | Fine Sand loose ree Soll o& othee! I= iis 4 aa Sheinka | y (sive ¢lag in dey E condition. | ia S __|€S0 ¥- Sotue ahion)Fs tania ot el) CS AUB ee A ely .s-11 G_ohad are. the. + a 3 ‘i r + D Th | eS _o z oon m ae \aleeal cikeciiicith actor ch’ to. the- sdeuctute ams} wo ae the + soil ls eetained an the eq— uilibetum Condi bons. © There atc: Eatth Gicdsuee ol Eest, acHye Caen pressuzc Passive Catt | : ———-pé cS SWEC Definehon of eae _Peessute' T's the earth pressure tohen the Soil | 15 Not -to Suby'eced to any Jate — eal Movement ni. ae e ~ Be cssuec Pnsa_©_ateeal eae (Bes wACH Wer Ga etn ess yee (é Passive caeM pe essute 4 Bock fin v7 “eeein_ peg ee with any veen! Taina 0 Face gees. sian emetds aes ‘on steuctuee Ohich 's_pown 2s Lea eatth peessute= 08 ys: G_Ibefine Active Cathy Oéescure tro AcH 16,0 - 135-11 S-10 ,W- Eth_pecssute 1 , Carin pres : 1D etded on ¥ ique Nove, tm etd of om 3 ya 9 I Oefines Passive eae peessunc : CwW16, 10-13, Wt WW-@8 5-08 ) Ans fassive eae “pressute is pecssure When emeDt o e telaining wall je to ess uch that he soil tends [hoe ized. diy Com pee— CW=135-10) _ me Bock 4) ~ 3 pe a I ined as eelained by eed aini AW OF 0 ae fest euicda@ corti Bi bacte Fu Back (iu, 3 | Define is Poe -CS~10) He back fu mda Wave i4’5 coe Sut~ e horizontal ot ‘Mclined, This ‘back Ui ys ete ese age on. at top: of wou js called a4 Sutcha £4 e i —r Sutchatge | 2 Rack fu | Retaining - i oad —- 3 ee l€ah'o of the hotlzonial steess fo dine iNeelcol sheess. Co -ef Ff clenl- af earn oes Co- effiient of eattn peessuee is the“G1 Expial n—_Rankines theory ‘ ere. with assumpt fet ce. mes ——7F Ans». Assumpion of nc 3 Zankine I ai Soi) mass ts. ~ Setmis. infr. nite sh Jencous ley and “Cohesion les a geound _ “surface | ss plane. pol “OKoeizontal oe incains ed 8 Te back of watt 's Veelcal is smooth _ e Oe youl Jigids abou! dine pas en ie @ The =c)lelement is in state of Equi subeiurn_i-e on Verge of faxluce: Active eaetn pecssutc. For. fon cohesive Sell e._fo.oining cases of CohesioN beac | back itl age as Fe ows aaa Ss © bey back Fin sith po suechatge _@__ Submeeged back fiw 61 Back fil with uniform Sazchaege '—_ 4“an Oey vba che. Pal colyn Noe —— “He peessune clint es button on *ed, J Lock Tei to oacke fill is, cea | is The ptessure Alister button aE hase _| Po= ko tH where Ka= Coefftclent of active = eatin fee eerie ka = I= Sing 14+ sin g G_- unt sugnr of Soil Ome aart inteenal feichion, areal achye leat, Peeseuee pet unit Seng in. pf_woau Er 2a = ia Ka THE ann — a’bov pase of watt.@)| Submerged back fal: : saemeeyed ts Inet Bane the. ‘Land hehind oe Aealde aledl wolth sscd.e€. amd oe peessure ts hauling pes exsure wolee bp, PP Sremenged unig +4 “Thesefore al base of eetal ning wall. wid be ae ee Pa = kav + YoH ; Ta = uatlb weld kr off submeege of _ So) To = unk usig ud of wales | ko = Coeffy eae ohacHhve ecaeth pees eee i I Ti : Z i ; | bs 7, i a A _~ | kath ig katy Retaining —_ peessue © ewWatee. on both i to all cUistelbdton oj de) i digeapsubmeeged backfiul wale e. 16 pecsent on both side of naa) dn rire “preed fer to be Consideeed win shadPe case daletal pressure 16 givem by | (ALS eel ce batt {itl is paehialy fied end if Pact {jit iS most-to a clepin she below then toteeal ptersure 16 given oy ae oie fa =: Ke TH, + Ka! Ho +s Ho _@l Back {iu vith ux foem Sue charge oT jm 3 Retaning 7a ae | Te Vat a =~ : a sh ae 77 k ~} Ka 4 Ka Tn as i fig CSTf back. {ju ts hotiaonfoud amd careies _ a e. a amfoemn infensity as pet. acta re ee. fps essuee ab base uf onsitsd of pressure, of zebal ning tool wuinon ail cE 5M © nib 0 aA © peescure due to umiforrn Suechareg a ies fos kav + kod ka = Coefficient of achive cae \ Pee osutee 4 = tri foem ue hae ge intemsite | Pesne tne feid condivon sohere achve a Passiy € Care pressute ohseryed £2. Relaning vuaus R. Was te base ment 3. Undeeqeound ot e€ 4. De SSS oat RA upcuL 5S. Eaeth dorms 6= yr 6, lOifher emitabe — elec. i eae, eee. Aprcasuee— pA tie ee Se ais ee — | Asay conti pees uee Passive eaeth peessdec te @ |The. eT <0 SSUEEC exceted |© The pressette —— pei re itt Soil ov |b eetasn 3 Je etaining toat, is called [sil is Beeeoelia Ss YoNch cs esate @) NG ts -c veloped dur to Gis, cleveloped clue. Movement of watt +O we e oo awa 1 @ |AcHve ea~em * uk © hould be less foe sx- LLity of eetaining ey ie eo. a foltin3 a @) EE 78 @ EZ. es = KA ‘Do onward a pup ward W provement We mean ea oF soi) quay fe Zs of Soil eae eee ae E Yupoaed eae movwemert ot Soi) frau Hing force x e fig - Acttve Earth figs: Passive Laeth preosute pressure ,at Lon zespechVely ee_al base cond to}a) “achive Sof? yor Sab mee ged taclition— “aT TW bie hm = 2S tC Soom ry) = le ke le Ha =3m a Dal | Wr ee Knlm? 5 @ ee TW = \pkn]m> Ka = |-ding =| -0'5 i tsi oe +o1S elal acHve eatin pressuee. al base fo = ko GH, t Ko % Ho + Yo Ho = Ip X2o0xX2 $1/axlexs +)0x3ae B Deleemsne lrnete and net beax,' Capacity of a ( 242 M>_Dn a ! iby “of Qoo0o0 Eels Qo 1S? = 15 KN]m? 3 yas aid ab Hy of b8 mn oh ee ISON Sis ie Bey ee So Z Gu =12XexXNe + Yolpng t O-UY +b Nx = Che MIS x138)4 C2X9-8X18 X45) + C04 X2 X48 X 2X2-S) S234 + 154.78 + 33-24 dy = 432 or KN me [ 5 aaa Net beaei'ng Capac by Inert = Iu -~VdF = 432.02 — (2x%9,.8 x18) [Trek = 996.14 ka m3] | Compute -the intensrt Latin ian a aun ae am megs sioletnal of 20 DcyEesai) Coefficient of acHye eaeth pressure : Ka = I+ Smd) =| sinao - 1 \ lieing L+sinao 3— eB J xe0xt — Coefficient of passive earth pressuec. kp = l4 sing = ¢sin3e = p= Sing | —sin30 fe = ketH = _BxDORB fe = 480 Kn bm | ae gh oO a 1 ‘ bact 2 i is There a_unifoemly disteibuted toad. of 3-6 blot gi e back Kj, Take €= 1.8 Elm2 , ipa eag C=d, Deleemine She meg nitude of ochfue COE) pees suze. _Coeffirc tent of achive Caem “peessare ; ky SES iid = aaa oa [+ sing \4asfnsxo >ae. 2 ee Cady erate Hilt itiaseacemveninsessenniniaisitidbinidiiliniesiasastiite..: Manet Lal etal pressure tndbemaily olue to ovech atc iS | 1 Ka 9. mh Xi Mapas. & Lat oe cul 2NS Seu ¢. {rv emily due do ba efit ry Fo = \ca% MeL x Bx6 = 2G A |W? The Sceoutlant presouec ce melee tang tof wart foe Surcharge cand bacefist aec Shoun by Pk ess fed” f= Pde eo = i ee — fo. xh XH = ¥8.6 x6 Hence tesubant pEESSUEC ON wall 15 P= AP, ER ae ae aos [| poem byes)