001 CE6121 Intro

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1
Introduction 1
CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design
Introduction
Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Introduction 2
CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week
Marks Distribution
Mid-term exam 20~25%
Term final exam 25~30 %
Assignments 30 %
Total 100%
Term Papers 20 %
Grade Description % Marks Grade Point
A+ Excellent 90 and above 4.0 Mid term and

A Very Good 80 ~ <90 3.5 Final Exam
B+ Good 70 ~ <80 3.0 Combination of
B Average 60 ~ <70 2.5 Closed and Open
C Pass 50 ~ <60 2.0 Book
F Failure < 50 0.0
I Incomplete ----- -----

Introduction 3

3.00 Credits, 3 hrs/week
Syllabus
Sl. Description
1 Compression members - inelastic buckling, residual stress, latticed columns
Mid - Term
2 Torsion – analysis and design of I-shaped and closed thin-walled sections for torsion.
3 Plate buckling – buckling theory of plates, local buckling of plate elements
4 Plate girders – proportioning girder section, tension field action and design of stiffeners
Connections – slip critical connections, simple and rigid framing of steel members,
5
column bases subjected to axial load and moment
Flexural members – analysis for lateral torsional buckling, design of lateral bracing, bi-
6
Final
axial bending.
7 Beam-Columns – moment magnification and design of non-sway and sway frames;
Seismic design – design of steel moment frames, concentric and eccentric braced frames,
8
steel plate shear walls.
9 Cold formed steel structures.

Introduction 4
Reference text book
Steel Structures: Design and

Behavior, 5th Ed., 2009
Authors:
Salmon, Johnson and
Malhas,
Publisher:
Pearson – Prentice Hall
Recommended by AISC

Introduction 5
Reference book
AISC 360-05:
Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings
Authors:
American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC)

Introduction 6
Reference book
Steel Construction Manual,

14th Edition, 4th Print.
Authors:
American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC)

Introduction 7

Topics of Term Papers:
Term Paper – 1: Cold Formed Steel Structures
Term Paper – 2: Steel Construction in Bangladesh – Prospects and Challenges
INSTRUCTIONS
a. Every student shall prepare term papers on his/her own without the help from any other person so
that it reflects his/her capability, efficiency and styling. Evidence of duplicating from other students
shall cause outright cancellation of all similar term papers.
b. Term papers shall be written on the basis of materials found on standard text books, journals as well
as based on information found in the internet.
c. Term papers shall be composed in such a way that it gives the reader the basic idea about the topic,
history, brief code provisions, modern researches and other information on the topic.
d. Term papers shall be computer composed on A4 sized papers with Times Roman (12pt) or Arial
(11pt) font, single spaced lines, justified paragraphs, 25mm margin on all four sides of paper.
e. Total volume of each term paper shall not be less than 70 nor more than 100 printed pages including
table of contents, text, figures, illustrations, graphs, list of references, appendix etc. Volume of pure text
shall not be less than 60% of the total volume of paper.

Introduction 8

INSTRUCTIONS on Term Papers (Contd…)
f. The term papers shall be composed in standard scientific document style having front cover,
chapters, headings, sub-headings etc. Each chapter shall begin on a new page and shall have a chapter
title. There must be a Table of Contents at the beginning of the term paper and a list of references at
the end. All equations, figures and tables shall be properly numbered and referenced.
g. All references including web pages must be properly cited in the text as well as a list of reference
must be included at the end of the term paper in alphabetical order in standard and uniform format
(follow Harvard or Cambridge referencing style).
h. Online Submission deadline for Term Papers:
Term Paper – 1: Friday, 26th Jan, 2024, 11:59 PM
Term Paper – 2: Friday, 15th March, 2024, 11:59 PM
j. Soft (electronic) copies (in PDF format) of the Term Papers shall be uploaded in MS Teams within the
deadline mentioned above. No submission shall be acceptable without the online submission.
k. Filename of the uploaded term paper shall be of the format StudentNo-TP-no.pdf. For example,
Term Paper – 01 submitted by a student having ID 0421041234 shall be 0421041234-TP-01.pdf.
Students are advised to strictly follow this format so that their submission can be digitally
processed easily without error.

Introduction 9

Guideline for Submitting Assignments
1. Assignments must be submitted within the specified deadline.

2. Assignments shall be prepared hand written by the students themselves on 70 or 80gsm
A4 white papers (design pad is not allowed). Typed or computer composed assignment
shall not be acceptable (except graphs and tables).
3. All assignments shall have a pre-specified and pre-formatted cover page as supplied.
Students must use the supplied template for cover page.
4. A copy of the assignment shall be included with the submission.
5. It is essential that the assignments are solved correctly. Assignments shall be solved with
the help of text books and class notes. Additional notes may be supplied to students to
assist in solving the problems.
6. Answer to each problem shall start on a new page. Each problem shall start with
Answer to Q.xx (underlined) at the top of a page.

Residual Stress in Columns 10

Guideline for Submitting Assignments (Contd….)
7. Students are encouraged to discuss among themselves (group study) to solve the
assignments. Students may also discuss with their course teacher to correctly solve the
assignments.
8. Use flat-bed or sheet-feed (documents feeder) scanners for scanning the assignments.
Scanning shall be done in black-and-white mode. Scanning using smartphones or other
cameras is not allowed. Doing so would result in outright cancellation of the submitted
assignment.
9. Hardcopies of the assignments need not be submitted. Students are advised to keep those
till the end of the term.
10. Scanned pdf copies of the assignments shall be submitted on MS Teams in appropriate
folder within the specified deadline.
11. File name of the uploaded pdf shall have the format StudentNo-A-no.pdf. For example,
Assignment-01 submitted by student ID 1021041234 shall be 1021041234-A-01.pdf.
Students are advised to strictly follow this format so that their submission can be
digitally processed easily without error.

RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS

Residual stresses are self balancing stresses that remain in a member
without application of load after it has been formed/rolled into a
finished product.
Sources of residual stresses:
❑ Uneven cooling which occurs after hot rolling of structural shapes
❑ Cold bending or cambering during fabrication
❑ Punching of holes and cutting operations during fabrication
❑ Welding
Under ordinary conditions those residual stresses resulting from uneven

cooling and welding are the most important.
In wide-flange or H-shaped sections, after hot rolling, the flanges, being the
thicker parts, cool more slowly than the web region. Furthermore, the
flange tips having greater exposure to the air cool more rapidly than the
region at the junction of flange to web. Consequently, compressive residual
stress exists at flange tips and at mid-depth of the web (the regions that
cool fastest), while tensile residual stress exists in the flange and the web
at the regions where they join.

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR

Faster cooling zone
Slower
cooling
section
Just rolled out, Faster Faster
Hot and soft cooling zone cooling zone
Two edges of the flat bar shall

cool down faster due to radiation
of heat in three directions. The
middle part shall cool slower due
to radiation in two direction only.
Elevation
DEVELOPMENT RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR

+ Stress
Cool and shrunk − − distribution
Hot, Hot, Cool,

soft soft hard
Two edges of the bar shall cool faster and shrink. The middle part, being
still hot and soft, shall also shrink along without producing any stress.
The middle part now starts to cool down and shrink further and will try to
shrink down the edge part along. However, the edge portions are already
cool and hard and resist further shrinking. Thus compressive stress are
produced in the edge part and balancing tensile stress is produced in the
middle part.

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED SECTIONS

Typical residual stress distribution in rolled shapes

RESIDUAL STRESS IN WELDED SECTIONS

Typical residual stress distribution in welded shapes

Average tensile stress-strain relation of a 16”x1” x-section flat bar
having residual stress.
Distribution of residual stress and stain are shown in Fig. (A) when no external
force acts. The bar is then gradually pulled.
favg = 0  =0
1” -12 ksi -0.0004138
36 4”
+0.00041
Stress
Strain
4”
16”
+12
4”
4”
0.0012414 X-section -12 ksi -0.0004138
(a)
favg = 24 avg = 0.0008276 favg = 36 avg = 0.0016552
+0.0004138 +0.0012414
+12
+0.0012414
+0.00207
Stress
Strain
Stress
Strain
+60
+36
+36
(b) (d)
RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS

Average tensile stress-strain relation of a 16”x1” x-section flat bar having residual
stress.
Without residual stress
40
f d e Due to presence of residual
36 stress/strain the average stress-
c strain behavior follows path
Stress, ksi
30
b a-b-c-d-e.
24
18
If there was no residual stress
12 then the path would be
6 a-b-f-d-e
a
0.00041
0.00082
0.00124
0.00205
0.00166
Strain

Equation of Stress-Strain Curve:
Up to point b, the stress-strain relation is linear. After d, the curve is flat. The transition
from b to d can be covered by one parabolic curve as follows:
f = k1 2 + k2 + k3
The constants k1, k2 and k3 can be found from three conditions:
1) At b, df/d = E = 29000, when  = 0.0008276 where E is the Young’s modulus.
2) At b, f = 24 when  = 0.0008276
3) At d, f = 36 when  = 0.0016552
Now, df/d = 2k1 + k2 , from (1), 2k1(0.0008276) + k2 = 29000 ----(1)
From (2), k1(0.0008276)2 + k2 (0.0008276) + k3= 24.0 -----(2)
From (3), k1(0.0016552)2 + k2 (0.0016552) + k3= 36.0 ------(3)
Solving the above three,
k1 = -17520833.3, k2 = +58000.48, k3 = -12
Therefore,
f = +29000 for 0    0.008276 [portion a-b]
f = − 17520833.3 2 + 58000.48  − 12 for 0.008276    0.0016552 [portion b-c-d]
f = +36 for   0.0016552
Check, ideally at d, df/d = 0

Check at d, df/d = 2(− 17520833.3)(0.0016552)+58000.48
= -0.49 → very small compared to E = 29000 → OK.

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members +30 ksi
F
5” 5” Top
Flange
16” 6”
y 1”
-18 -18 ksi
36
+30 3”
5”
x
16” -18 Web
1/ ” 5”
2
 +30 3”
1” 0.00124 +30
5” 5”
Bottom
6”
Flange
-18 -18
RESIDUAL STRESS
DISTRIBUTION
Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

+30 ksi +0.00103 +12 ksi +0.000413
5” 5” 5” 5”
5” 5” Top 5” 5” Top Top
Flange Flange -18 Flange -0.000621
6” 6”
2.4” 2.4”
-18 -18 ksi -0.000621 -36 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124
+30 3” +0.00103 3” +12 3” +0.000413 3”

-0.000621
5” 5” 5” 5”
-18 Web -0.000621 -36 Web -0.00124
5” 5” Web 5” 5”
-18
+30 3” 3” +12 3” 3”
1.2” 1.2”
+12 ksi +0.000413

+30 +0.00103
5” 5” 5” 5”
5” 5” 5” 5”
Bottom
Bottom Bottom -18 -0.000621
6” 6” Flange
Flange Flange 2.4” 2.4”
-18 -18 -0.000621 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124
RESIDUAL STRESS RESIDUAL STRAIN STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION Favg = -18 ksi avg = -0.000621
Favg = 0.0 avg = 0.0
(a) (b), Elastic

+12 ksi +0.000413 -0.000207
5” 5” 5” 5” -6 5” 5”
Top Top
-18 Flange -0.000621 Flange -0.00124
2.4” 2.4”
-36 6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 -36 -36 ksi 6” -0.00186
5” 6” 5”
-0.000207
+12 3” +0.000413 3” 3” 3”
-0.000621 -0.00124
5” 5” 5” 5”
-36 Web -0.00124 -36 Web -0.00186
5” 5” 5” 5”
-18
+12 3” 3” 3” 3”
-6 ksi
1.2” 1.2”
+12 ksi +0.000413

-0.000207
5” 5” 5” 5” -6 5” 5”
Bottom Bottom
-18 -0.000621 -0.00124
Flange Flange
2.4” 2.4”
6” -36 ksi 6” -0.00124 -36 -36 ksi -0.00186
5” 6” 5” 6”
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Favg = -18 ksi avg = -0.000621 Favg = -30.375 ksi avg = -0.00124
(b), Elastic (c), Inelastic

-0.000207 -0.00124
-6 5” 5” 5” 5”
Top Top
Flange -0.00124 Flange -0.00227
-36 -36 ksi 6” -0.00186 -36 ksi 6” -0.00289

5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5”
-0.000207 -0.00124
3” 3” 3” 3”
-0.00124 -0.00227
5” 5” 5” 5”
-36 Web -0.00186 -36 Web -0.00289
5” 5” 5” 5”
3” 3” 3” 3”
-6 ksi
-0.000207 -0.00124
-6 5” 5” 5” 5”
Bottom Bottom
Flange -0.00124 Flange -0.00227
-36 -36 ksi -0.00186 -36 ksi
5” 6” 5” 6” 5” 6” 5” 6” -0.00289
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Favg = -30.375 ksi avg = -0.00124 Favg = -36 ksi avg = -0.00227
(c), Inelastic (d), Inelastic, Fully yielded

Up to point b, the stress-strain relation is 40
linear. After d, the curve is flat. The transition
b-c and c-d can be covered by two parabolic
curves of the form:
d
F = k1 2 + k2 + k3  Et = dF/d = 2k1 + k2 30
c
Portion b-c:
Stress, -Favg
The constants k1, k2 and k3 can be found from
three conditions: 20
1) At b, dF/d = 29000,  = -0.000621 b
2) At b, F = -18 ,  = -0.000621
3) At c, F = -30.375 ,  = -0.00124
The above three conditions yield
10
1) 2k1(-0.000621) + k2 = 29000
2) k1(-0.000621) 2 + k2(-0.000621) + k3= -18
a
3) k1(-0.00124) 2 + k2(-0.00124) + k3= -30.375 0
Solving the above three, 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
k1= +14552629.3, k2= +47074.36, k3= +5.621 Strain, -
 At c, dF/d = 2(14552629.3)(-0.00124) + 47074.36 = 10983.1 ksi
Portion c-d:
1) At c, dF/d = 10983.1,  = -0.00124  2k1(-0.00124) + k2 = 10983.1
2) At c, F=-30.375,  = -0.00124  k1(-0.00124) 2 + k2(-0.00124) + k3= -30.375
3) At d, F=-36,  = -0.00227  k1(-0.00227) 2 + k2(-0.00227) + k3= -36
Solving the above three,
k1= +5361101.9, k2= +24278.6, k3= -8.513


40
d
30
c
Stress, -Favg
20
b
10
a
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Strain, -
The stress-strain relation and tangent modulus equations are,
F = 29000 , Et= dF/d = 29000 for 0    -0.000621

F = 14552629.3 2 +47074.36 +5.621 , Et= dF/d = 29105258  +47074.36 for -0.000621    -0.00124
F = 5361101.9 2 +24278.6 -8.513, Et= dF/d = 10722204 +24278.6 for -0.00124    -0.00227
F = -36, Et= dF/d = 0 for -0.00227  

Column Curve Based on Tangent Modulus, Et
 2E
Euler’s buckling formula for critical stress: Fcr =
(L /r )2
 2Et  2Et
Replacing E with Et we can have: Fcr =  L/r = ….. (1)
(L / r )
2 Fcr
❑ Now, we have equations for stress F and tangent modulus Et all as

functions of strain .
The stress-strain relation and tangent modulus equations are,
F = 29000 , Et= 29000 for 0    -0.000621

F = 14552629.3 2 +47074.36 +5.621 , Et= 29105258  +47074.36 for -0.000621    -0.00124
F = 5361101.9 2 +24278.6 -8.513, Et= 10722204 +24278.6 for -0.00124    -0.00227
F = -36, Et= 0 for -0.00227  
❑ For various values of strain , we calculate F, Et etc.

❑ Using eqns (1) we can find L/r.
❑ Then we can plot the column curves F vs. L/r

Column Curve Based on Tangent Modulus, Et Data Table

Strain, Stress, L/r L/r
 F Et (Et) (Euler)
2
 Et
L/r = -0.00030 -8.70 29000 181 181
Fcr -0.00040 -11.60 29000 157 157
40 -0.00050 -14.50 29000 140 140
-0.00062 -18.00 29000 126 126
35 -0.00070 -20.20 26701 114 119
Column Compressive Stress, ksi
-0.00080 -22.72 23790 102 112

30 -0.00090 -24.96 20880 91 107
25
Et -0.00100 -26.90 17969 81 103
-0.00110 -28.55 15059 72 100
-0.00124 -30.38 10983 60 97
20 -0.00130 -31.01 10340 57 96
-0.00140 -32.00 9268 53 95
15 -0.00150 -32.87 8195 50 93
-0.00160 -33.63 7123 46 92
10 -0.00170 -34.29 6051 42 91
-0.00180 -34.84 4979 38 91
5
-0.00190 -35.29 3906 33 90
-0.00200 -35.63 2834 28 90
0
-0.00210 -35.86 1762 22 89
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
-0.00226 -36.00 46 4 89
Slenderness Ratio, L/r
-0.00230 -36.00 0 0 0

Transition b-c: 5” 5”
-0.000621    -0.00124
+12 ksi
5”
5” 5” -6
Top
-18 Flange 5”
2.4”
-36 6” -36 ksi -36 -36 ksi
5” 6” 5” 5” 5”
+12 3” 3”
(b), Elastic (c), Inelastic
a a
5”
5”
-36 Web -36
a
-18
+12 3” 3”
1.2”
-6 ksi b
+12 ksi
5
5” 5” -6
a a 
Bottom
-18 -0.00124 -0.000621
Flange
2.4”
-36 ksi -36 -36 ksi (b)-(c)
6” 5” 6” 5”
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION

a = −8077.5( + 0.000621)
Favg = -18 ksi, Favg =-30.375 ksi, b = −16155.1( + 0.000621)
avg = -0.000621 avg= -0.00124

16”
Transition b-c: y 1” 5” 5”
-0.000621    -0.00124
x 5”
Ix,eff = 2[(16-2a)
×13/12+(16-2a) ×1×8.52] 16”
5”
+ 0.5×163/12 – 0.5×b3/12 1/ ”
2
5” 5”
= 2[{16+16155.1( +0.000621)}/12
+{16+16155.1( +0.000621)}72.25]
(b), Elastic 1” (c), Inelastic
-{16155.1 ( +0.000621)}3/24 a a
+170.667
Iy,eff = 2(16-2a)3/12+(16-b)(1/2)3/12
b
= [16+16155.1( + 0.000621)]3/6
+ [16+16155.1( + 0.000621)]/96
a a
(b)-(c)
a = −8077.5( + 0.000621)
b = −16155.1( + 0.000621)
Transition c-d: 5” p 5”
-0.00124    -0.00227
q
-6 Top
Flange 5”
-36 -36 ksi -36 ksi 5”

5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5”
5” q
3” 3”
5” (c), Inelastic (d), Fully plastic

-36 Web -36
5” p
3” 3”
-6 ksi
6”
-6
Bottom 
Flange
-0.00227 -0.00124
-36 -36 ksi -36 ksi
5” 6” 5” 5” 6” 5”
p = 5825.24 +13.22
STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Favg =-30.375 ksi, Favg = -36 ksi q = 2912.62 +6.61
avg= -0.00124 avg = -0.00227

Transition c-d: 5” p 5”
-0.00124    -0.00227
q
Ix,eff = 2[p×13/12+p ×1×8.52] 5”
+ 2[0.5×q3/12 + 0.5q(5+q/2)2]
5”
= 2[(5825.24 +13.22)/12
+ (5825.24 +13.22) 8.52] 5” q
+ 2[0.5(2912.62 +6.61)3/12+
0.5(2912.62 +6.61)× (c), Inelastic (d), Fully plastic
{5+(2912.62 +6.61)/2}2]
p
Iy,eff = 2p3/12+2q(1/2)3/12
= (5825.24 + 13.22)3/6
+ (2912.62  + 6.61)/48 6”

-0.00227 -0.00124
p = 5825.24 +13.22
q = 2912.62 +6.61

Column Curves Based on Effective Moment of Inertia

 2E
Euler’s buckling formula for critical stress: Fcr =
(L /r )2
 2Et  2Et ….. (1)
Replacing E with Et we can have: Fcr =  L/r =
(L / r )2 Fcr
 2EI
Euler’s buckling formula for critical load: Pcr =
L2
 2EIeff  2EI Ieff
Replacing I with Ieff we can have: Pcr = 2
 Pcr =
L L2 I
Pcr  2EI Ieff  2E Ieff  2E Ieff
 Fcr = = 2 =  L/r =
A LA I ( L / r )2 I Fcr I
Thus using Ix,eff or Iy,eff in place of Ieff
❑ Now, we have equations for stress F, tangent modulus Et ,
 2E I x ,eff ….. (2) effective moment of inertias Ix,eff and Iy,eff , all as functions
L/r =
Fcr I of strain .
❑ For various values of strain , we calculate F, Et , Ix,eff , Iy,eff
 2E I y ,eff
L/r = ….. (3) etc.
Fcr I ❑ Using eqns (1), (2) or (3) we can find L/r.
❑ Then we can plot the column curves F vs. L/r


Data Table
Strain, Stress, L/r L/r L/r L/r
 F Et A eff I x,eff I y,eff (E t ) (I x,eff ) (I y,eff ) (Euler)
-0.00030 -8.70 29000 40.00 2485 683.00 181 181 181 181
-0.00040 -11.60 29000 40.00 2485 683.00 157 157 157 157
-0.00050 -14.50 29000 40.00 2485 683.00 140 140 140 140
-0.00062 -18.00 29000 40.02 2485 682.83 126 126 126 126
-0.00070 -20.20 26701 36.83 2301 532.14 114 115 105 119
-0.00080 -22.72 23790 32.79 2068 375.53 102 102 83 112
-0.00090 -24.96 20880 28.75 1837 253.12 91 92 65 107
-0.00100 -26.90 17969 24.71 1609 160.71 81 83 50 103
-0.00110 -28.55 15059 20.67 1385 94.07 72 75 37 100
-0.00124 -30.38 10983 14.99 996 36.00 60 61 22 97
-0.00130 -31.01 10340 14.12 935 30.07 57 59 20 96
-0.00140 -32.00 9268 12.66 833 21.70 53 55 17 95
-0.00150 -32.87 8195 11.21 733 15.05 50 51 14 93
-0.00160 -33.63 7123 9.75 634 9.92 46 47 11 92
-0.00170 -34.29 6051 8.29 537 6.12 42 42 9 91
-0.00180 -34.84 4979 6.84 440 3.44 38 38 6 91
-0.00190 -35.29 3906 5.38 344 1.68 33 34 4 90
-0.00200 -35.63 2834 3.92 250 0.66 28 28 3 90
-0.00210 -35.86 1762 2.47 156 0.17 22 22 1 89
-0.00226 -36.00 46 0.14 9 0.00 4 5 0 89
-0.00230 -36.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0

40
35
Et
Column Compressive Stress, ksi
30
25 Ix,eff
20
Iy,eff
15
10
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Slenderness Ratio, L/r

Shear Effect in Column / Latticed Column 34
Lattice Column:
A built-up compression member made by symmetrically placing rolled
sections at some distance and connecting them with short members
called lacing or batten plates.

Lattice Column:

Lattice Column:

When built-up members are

connected together by means of
lacing bars, the objective is to make
all of the components act as a unit. As
a compression member bends, a
shearing component of the axial load
arises.
Shear in columns is caused by:

❑ Lateral load, resulting from wind,
earthquake gravity, or other cause.
❑ Slope, with respect to the line of
thrust, due both to unintentional
initial curvature and added
curvature developed during the
buckling process.
❑ End eccentricity of load.

P
y
P
Mz
Slope  due to shear

Shear stress 𝛽𝑣 𝑉/𝐴 𝛽𝑣 𝑉
𝜃= = =
Shear modulus 𝐺 𝐴𝐺
Where, 𝛽𝑣 = a factor to account for the non uniform shear
Curvature due to flexure stress distribution over the section.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑀𝑧 𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝛽 𝑑𝑉 𝛽𝑣 𝑃 𝑑 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑧 2
= − =− = 𝑣 =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑃𝑦 Total curvature
+ =0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑃𝑦 𝛽𝑣 𝑃 𝑑 2 𝑦
= − +
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝑧 2
Also
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑃 1
Which gives, + 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐸𝐼 1−𝑃𝛽𝑣 /𝐴𝐺

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑃
Euler’s column buckling equation without shear effect: + 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐸𝐼
Euler’s column buckling equation including shear effect:

𝑑2𝑦 𝑃 1
+ 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐸𝐼 1 − 𝑃𝛽𝑣 /𝐴𝐺
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 1
Solving for critical load: 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿 𝛽𝑣 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
1 + 𝐴𝐺 2
𝐿
G and E can be replaced by the tangent modulus values, Gt and Et, and Et/Gt = 2(1+),
and L can be replaced by the effective length KL. Further, combining the shear effect
with KL gives,
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑡
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = = , where 𝛼𝑣 = 1 + 2 1 + 𝜇 𝜋 2 𝛽𝑣 / 𝐾𝐿/𝑟 2
𝐴 (𝛼𝑣 𝐾𝐿/𝑟)2
Thus the shear effect may be accounted for by an adjustment to the effective length.

For W shapes when bending about the weak axis, v averages about 2. Using  = 0.3
for steel, typical values for v are,
KL/r = 50 v = 1.01
= 70 = 1.005
= 100 = 1.003
For slenderness ratios less than about 50, yielding controls, so that the shear effect
on solid H-shaped columns is equivalent to an increase in effective length of less than
1%, which can be safely neglected.
The Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) reports that a conservative estimate
of the influence of 60° or 45° lacing, as generally specified in bridge design practice, can
be made by modifying the effective length factor K to a new factor v K, as follows:
Such effective length modification will rarely affect the design of short columns in
braced systems.
Design of Lattice Columns

Estimating effective length factor, K, for lattice column
Effective length of centrally loaded columns having various idealized end conditions


In typical structures, lattice columns are erected on RC foundations where the
individual legs of the columns are attached to the foundation using baseplates or
they are encased in concrete. In such situations, the base of the lattice column can be
closely approximated as a fixed support condition.
Rigid roof frame
Same as case (d) in slide 41
L
K = 1.0
0.5L
L
0.5L


Hinged roof connection
Similar to case (e) in slide 41
L
K = 2.0
2L


Flexible roof frame
More realistic scenario

K = 1.0 ~ 2.0
L
L
KL Suggested
K = 1.5 ~ 2.0
L
1.0 > >0.5

K=2

Design Steps For Lattice Legs using Angle Sections:
1. Physical length L is known, choose a value for K.

2. Chose KL/r between 50 and 80 [e.g. KL/r =70]
3. Now find radius of gyration, r, since KL/r is known [e.g. r=KL/70]
Actual Idealized
A y
Total area, Ag = 4A
x
Iy  4Ad2
𝑟= 𝐼𝑦 /𝐴𝑔
d = 4𝐴𝑑 2 /4𝐴 d
h Thus, d = r
From d we can determine overall column dimension h

Design Steps For Lattice Legs:
4. Now determine Fcr from column design equations.
5. Find Ag from eqn. Pcr = Fcr Ag

where, Pcr=Pn = Pu/ where Pu is the factored design load.
6. Now area of single angle A = Ag/4.

Choose a suitable angle section from AISC Manual Section Chart

Lacing bars
Design of Lacing Bars:
❑ An arbitrary shear resistance (in
addition to any computable shear) of 2%
of the compressive strength of the
member for lacing bars in latticed
columns.
❑ Solid-webbed sections, such as W shapes,
have less shear deformation than do
latticed columns using lacing bars
and/or batten plates.
❑ Furthermore, shear has an insignificant
effect on reducing column strength for
solid-webbed shapes and may safely be
neglected. The shear effect should not,
however, be neglected for latticed
columns.


Design of Lacing
Lacings provide integrity of the lattice columns. They
hold together the main leg members of the column
and provide overall stability to the column.
Lacings are designed as compression members.
AISC User Note: The inclination of lacing bars to the axis of

the member (angle  ) shall preferably be not less than 60◦
for single lacing and 45◦ for double lacing. When the distance
between the lines of welds or fasteners in the flanges is more
than 15 in. (380 mm), the lacing shall preferably be double or
be made of angles.


Design of Lacing Lacing design force
PL= (Vu /sin)/2
Vu = 0.02Pu
Consider
lacing on
opposite
faces of the
column
For simplicity, use K=1.0 for lacing design.

001 CE6121 Intro

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CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design 1

CE 6121 Advanced Structural Steel Design

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Grade Description % Marks Grade Point

A+ Excellent 90 and above 4.0 Mid term and

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Reference text book

Steel Structures: Design and

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Steel Construction Manual,

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

1. Assignments must be submitted within the specified deadline.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

CE 6121: Advanced Structural Steel Design

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS

Under ordinary conditions those residual stresses resulting from uneven

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR

Two edges of the flat bar shall

DEVELOPMENT RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED FLAT BAR

Hot, Hot, Cool,

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

RESIDUAL STRESS IN ROLLED SECTIONS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

RESIDUAL STRESS IN WELDED SECTIONS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

RESIDUAL STRESS IN STEEL SECTIONS

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Check, ideally at d, df/d = 0

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members +30 ksi

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

+30 3” +0.00103 3” +12 3” +0.000413 3”

+12 ksi +0.000413

RESIDUAL STRESS RESIDUAL STRAIN STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

+12 ksi +0.000413

STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

-36 -36 ksi 6” -0.00186 -36 ksi 6” -0.00289

STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION STRESS DISTRIBUTION STRAIN DISTRIBUTION

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Effect of Residual Stresses in Compression Members

F = 29000 , Et= dF/d = 29000 for 0    -0.000621

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Column Curve Based on Tangent Modulus, Et

❑ Now, we have equations for stress F and tangent modulus Et all as

The stress-strain relation and tangent modulus equations are,

F = 29000 , Et= 29000 for 0    -0.000621

❑ For various values of strain , we calculate F, Et etc.

Dr. K.M. Amanat Dept. of Civil Engg. BUET, 2022

Column Curve Based on Tangent Modulus, Et Data Table