BY : RAHUL PAL

❖CONTENTS :
 The Appendicular Skeleton
 Introduction
 Parts of Appendicular Skeleton
 Structure and Functions of following bones :
 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Upper Limb
 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
 Lower Limb
 Bones of the adult skeleton are divided into two :
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
 ❖ APPENDICULAR SKELETON
❑INTRODUCTION :
 It helps in body movements.
 It provides support and protection of internal
organs like reproductive organs etc.
 It allows you to do things like walk, write, use a
computer, dance, swim, and play a musical
instrument etc.
 Bones stores calcium.
 Appendicular skeleton has total 126 bones.
 It is divided into four parts :
1. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
2. Upper Limb
3. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
4. Lower Limb
 ❖PECTORAL GIRDLE
 The human body has two pectoral (shoulder) girdles.
 It attaches the bones of the upper limbs.
 Each of the two pectoral girdles consists of a clavicle and
a scapula.
 It has two clavicle bones.
 It has two scapula bones.
 It has total four bones.
FUNCTION OF PECTORAL GIRDLE
 The primary function of the pectoral girdle is :
 It provides attachment for the numerous muscles that
move the shoulder.
 It Supports upper limbs.
 ❖UPPER LIMBS
 Each upper limb has 30 bones.
 Two upper limbs has total 60 bones.
 The humerus or arm bone, is the longest and largest
bone of the upper limb.
 These are present in different locations in the hand like :
1. Arm
2. Forearm
3. Wrist
4. Palm
5. Hand
 One Humerus in the arm
 One Ulna in the forearm
 One Radius in the forearm
 Eight Carpals in the wrist
 Five Metacarpals in the palm
 Fourteen Phalanges (bones of the digits) in hand
 Humerus

Radius

Ulna
 The wrist bones are called carpals.
 The bones that form the palm of the hand are
called metacarpals.
 The phalanges are the bones of the fingers.
➢ FUNCTION OF UPPER LIMBS
 It forms Framework of arm.
 It helps in movement.
 ❖ PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE
 The pelvic girdle is a ring of bones attached to the vertebral
column.
 It connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
 Hip bones are also known as coxal or pelvic bones or os coxa.
 The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip bones (Right &
Left).

 Each of the two hip bones of a newborn consists of three bones :

1. Ilium
2. Pubis
3. Ischium
 By age 23, the three separate bones fuse together into one bone.
 ❑ FUNCTIONS OF PELVIC GIRDLE
 It Support the trunk of the body
 It Provides attachment for lower limbs
 It protects different organs of Reproductive System.
 ❖LOWER LIMB
 Each lower limb has 30 bones.
 These bones are present in different locations of lower
limbs like —
1. Thigh
2. Kneecap
3. Leg
4. Ankle
5. Foot
 Two femur in the thigh
 Two Tibia in the leg
 Two fibula in the leg
 Two patella (kneecap)
 Fourteen tarsals in the ankle
 Ten metatarsals (bones of the digits) in foot
 Twenty eight phalanges (bones of the digits) in foot
THIGH KNEE LEG
 ❑BONES OF THE FOOT
 The bones of the foot consist of :
 the tarsal bones of the ankle
 the phalanges that form the toes
 the metatarsals that give the foot its arch
BONES OF FOOT :
❑FUNCTIONS OF LOWER LIMB
 The lower limb serves a vital role in :
1. locomotion,
2. standing
3. supporting our weight