TRUE/FALSE

1 : Most of the enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions involving amino acids recognize the L stereoisomer.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

2 : Glucose and fructose, which have the same chemical formula, are considered stereoisomers.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

3 : The most abundant organic molecules in the world are nucleic acids.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

4 : Chitin is a reinforcing fiber in the external skeleton of arthropods.

A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

5 : Triglycerides are used to coat skin, hair, and feathers of animals to keep them protected, lubricated, and pliable.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

6 : Unsaturated fats are considered healthier than saturated fats in the human diet.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

7 : Amino acids, the monomer units comprising proteins, contain two functional groups, amino and carboxyl.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

8 : The tertiary structure of proteins is the three-dimensional shape comprised of two or more polypeptides.
A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : B

9 : One important way in which RNA differs from DNA is that RNA is missing a key hydroxyl group on its sugar.
A : true
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B : false

Correct Answer : B

10 : The complementary sequence to the DNA template 5'-ATACGCT-3' is 3'-TATGCGA-5'.

A : true
B : false

Correct Answer : A

SHORT RESPONSE
11 : Using what you know about how carbohydrate monomers are linked to form polymers, explain why most
animals can digest starch more easily than cellulose?

Correct Answer : Plant starches are held together by alpha (1?4) linkages, whereas cellulose is
held together by beta (1?4) linkages. These different linkages have very different properties,
with the alpha (1?4) linkages being more reactive than the beta(1?4) linkages, which tend to be
more stable.

12 : What are protocells and why are they considered important to the evolution of life?

Correct Answer : Protocells are the hypothesized precursors of cells that existed billions of
years ago. Protocells would have been organic molecules assembled into aggregates that
became bounded by phospholipid bilayer membranes. They are considered important because
life depends on chemical reactions occurring in a controlled and sequestered environment.

13 : Are saturated or unsaturated fats generally solids at room temperature? Explain why there is a difference in
the fluidity of these two related molecules.

Correct Answer : Saturated fats are generally solids at room temperature. Saturated long-chain
fatty acids are straight, and can pack tightly together. However, unsaturated fats have double
bonds that kink the long carbon chains, creating more disorder and preventing them from
packing together like the saturated fats.

14 : Describe the general structure of amino acids.

Correct Answer : For 19 out of the 20 amino acids, a central carbon atom is attached to an
amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side group. Proline has a ring structure
where the central carbon atom is attached to a carboxyl group and an imino group.

15 : RNA is significantly less stable than DNA. Based on the structural differences between these molecules, what
is a plausible hypothesis as to why this is?

Correct Answer : DNA is comprised of deoxyribose, which lacks the reactive hydroxyl group that
is present in RNA's ribose. Additionally, DNA is double-stranded, which can protect the
nucleotides from endonucleases.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

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16 : Which of these hydrocarbons has a double bond in its structure?
H
A : C3 8
H
B : C2 6
C : CH4
H
D : C2 4
H
E : C2 2
Correct Answer : D

17 : Which functional group forms the highly reactive part of aldehydes and ketones?
A : carbonyl
B : hydroxyl
C : phosphate
D : amino
E : carboxyl

Correct Answer : A

18 : Which functional group is polar and a key component of alcohols?

A : carbonyl
B : hydroxyl
C : phosphate
D : amino
E : carboxyl

Correct Answer : B

19 : Which functional group acts as an organic base?

A : carbonyl
B : hydroxyl
C : phosphate
D : amino
E : carboxyl

Correct Answer : D

20 : Isomers are two or more molecules with ____ chemical formula and ____ molecular structures.
A : a different; different
B : the same; different
C : a different; the same
D : the same; the same
E : a structural; theoretical

Correct Answer : B

21 : Structural isomers differ from each other ____.

A : in the arrangement of their covalent bonds
B : in their molecular formulas
C : by being mirror images that cannot be superimposed on each other
D : by having double covalent bonds instead of single bonds
E : by having different atomic isotopes in their molecules

Correct Answer : A
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22 : When molecules are referred to as D- or L- (for example D-forms of sugars and L-forms of amino acids), the
D- and L- designations refer to the specific ____.
A : functional group
B : structural isomer
C : covalent bond
D : secondary structure
E : stereoisomer

Correct Answer : E

23 : Reactions that use the equivalent of a water molecule to break a molecule into smaller subunits are called
____ reactions.
A : equilibrium
B : hydration
C : hydrolysis
D : redox
E : dehydration synthesis

Correct Answer : C

24 : Reactions that remove the equivalent of a water molecule when subunits are joined to make a larger molecule
are called ____ reactions.
A : equilibrium
B : hydration
C : hydrolysis
D : redox
E : dehydration synthesis

Correct Answer : E

25 : Monosaccharides and disaccharides are types of ____.

A : proteins
B : lipids
C : nucleic acids
D : carbohydrates
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : D

26 : Figure 3.1

The accompanying figure illustrates the synthesis of ____.

A : sucrose
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B : maltose
C : lactose
D : cellulose
E : fructose

Correct Answer : B

27 : Figure 3.2

The disaccharide in the accompanying figure is ____.

A : cellulose
B : galactose
C : maltose
D : sucrose
E : lactose

Correct Answer : D

28 : Figure 3.3

The disaccharide in the accompanying figure is ____.

A : lactose
B : fructose
C : maltose
D : cellulose
E : sucrose

Correct Answer : A

29 : Figure 3.4

The molecule in the accompanying figure is glyceraldehyde, an example of a ____ sugar.

A : triose
B : hexose
C : pentose
D : heptose
E : tetrose
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Correct Answer : A

30 : Figure 3.5

The molecule in the accompanying figure is mannose, an example of a ____ sugar.

A : triose
B : hexose
C : pentose
D : heptose
E : tetrose

Correct Answer : B

31 : Amylose is a polymer made up of glucose monomers joined by ____.

A : b(1-4) linkages
B : b(1-6) linkages
C : a(1-4) linkages
D : a(1-6) linkages
E : both b(1-4) and a(1-6) linkages

Correct Answer : C

32 : The linkage commonly found between subunits in a chain of monosaccharides is called a ____ bond.
A : phosphodiester
B : disulfide
C : glycosidic
D : hydrogen
E : peptide

Correct Answer : C

33 : Probably the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth, which unbranched chain of b-glucose subunits is the
primary structural fiber in plant cell walls?
A : chitin
B : amylopectin
C : cellulose
D : glycogen
E : amylose

Correct Answer : C

34 : Which polysaccharide is a chain of glucose units that are modified by having nitrogen-containing groups, is
the main structural fiber in the external skeletons of arthropods, and also a structural material in the cell walls of
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fungi?
A : chitin
B : amylopectin
C : cellulose
D : glycogen
E : amylose

Correct Answer : A

35 : Suppose that an equal amount of each polysaccharide was placed in a landfill. Which polysaccharide should
last the longest before it is decomposed?
A : chitin
B : amylopectin
C : cellulose
D : glycogen
E : amylose

Correct Answer : C

36 : In many animals, this polysaccharide is found in large quantities in liver and muscle cells. It is highly
branched, with many a(1-4) and a(1-6) linkages.
A : chitin
B : amylopectin
C : cellulose
D : glycogen
E : amylose

Correct Answer : D

37 : A fatty acid has a(n)____ group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.

A : carbonyl group
B : hydroxyl group
C : phosphate group
D : amino group
E : carboxyl group

Correct Answer : E

38 : If three molecules of a fatty acid having the formula C16H22O2 are each joined to a molecule of glycerol
(C3H8O3) by a dehydration synthesis reaction, what will be the formula of the resulting neutral fat molecule?
.
O
H66 6.
A : C48 O8
H
B : C48 72 O6.
H
C : C51 68O8.
H
D : C51 72O9.
H
E : C51 74
Correct Answer : C

39 : Glycerol forms the backbone of ____.

A : triglycerides only
B : polysaccharides and nucleic acids
C : nucleic acids only
D : polypeptides only
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E : triglycerides and phospholipids

Correct Answer : E

40 : Figure 3.6

The molecule in the accompanying figure is a(n) ____.

A : triglyceride
B : amino acid
C : steroid
D : polysaccharide
E : phospholipid

Correct Answer : A

41 : Figure 3.7

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The molecule shown above is a(n) ____.
A : triglyceride
B : amino acid
C : steroid
D : polysaccharide
E : phospholipid

Correct Answer : C

42 : Figure 3.8

The molecule shown above is a(n) ____.

A : triglyceride
B : amino acid
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C : steroid
D : polysaccharide
E : phospholipid

Correct Answer : E

43 : Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are involved in regulating the synthesis of ____.
A : proteins
B : lipids
C : nucleic acids
D : carbohydrates
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : B

44 : We would expect to find fatty acids with ____ carbons in living organisms.
A : eight
B : 13
C : 16
D : 19
E : 26

Correct Answer : C

45 : Waxy coatings, such as those found on skin, hair, and feathers of some animals and the cuticle of some plants,
are commonly used by living organisms for protection against water loss and for lubrication. Such waxes are
considered to be a type of ____.
A : triglyceride
B : steroid
C : neutral lipid
D : phospholipid
E : fatty acid

Correct Answer : C

46 : Figure 3.9

The molecule in the accompanying figure is ____, and has ____.

A : unsaturated; a carbon-carbon double bond
B : saturated; a carbon-carbon double bond
C : unsaturated; no carbon-carbon double bonds
D : saturated; no carbon-carbon double bonds
E : saturated; a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Correct Answer : D

47 : ?The molecule in the accompanying figure is ____, and has ____.

A : unsaturated; a carbon-carbon double bond
B : saturated; a carbon-carbon double bond
C : unsaturated; no carbon-carbon double bonds
D : saturated; no carbon-carbon double bonds
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E : saturated; a carbon-carbon triple bond

Correct Answer : A

48 : Why are trans fats more harmful for consumption than saturated fats?
A : Trans fats increase LDL cholesterol levels more than saturated fats.
B : Trans fats decrease HDL cholesterol levels more than saturated fats.
C : Saturated fats prevent LDL transport more than trans fats.
D : Trans fats are often consumed with other food additives that increase fat absorption in the gut.
E : Saturated fats are more natural, and better digested in the gut.

Correct Answer : B

49 : Which molecule is the main structural component of biological membranes?

A : starch
B : triglyceride
C : protein
D : phospholipid
E : steroid

Correct Answer : D

50 : HDL cholesterol is considered "good" cholesterol. What role does HDL play in preventing coronary heart
disease?
A : HDL cholesterol inhibits LDL cholesterol synthesis
B : HDL cholesterol prevents transport of LDL cholesterol in blood
C : HDL cholesterol activates LDL cholesterol breakdown
D : HDL cholesterol prevents free radical formation in plaques
E : HDL cholesterol removes excess cholesterol from plaques

Correct Answer : E

51 : Testosterone has important regulatory functions in humans and many other animals. Molecules with
regulatory functions like testosterone are called ____.
A : phytosterols
B : enzymes
C : lipoproteins
D : hormones
E : receptors

Correct Answer : D

52 : The sex hormones of many animals are lipid molecules known as ____.
A : fatty acids
B : phospholipids
C : carotenoids
D : steroids
E : lipoproteins

Correct Answer : D

53 : Which class of molecule is the most diverse in terms of structure and roles played in cells?
A : proteins
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B : lipids
C : nucleic acids
D : carbohydrates
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : A

54 : Proteins are polymers of ____.

A : amino acids
B : monosaccharides
C : steroids
D : nucleotides
E : phospholipids

Correct Answer : A

55 : Amino acids are linked together by ____ bonds.

A : phosphodiester
B : disulfide
C : glycosidic
D : hydrogen
E : peptide

Correct Answer : E

56 : Figure 3.11 (Question 41)

The two amino acids in the accompanying figure both have side chains (R groups) that are ____.
A : acidic and polar
B : uncharged and nonpolar
C : basic and polar
D : acidic and nonpolar
E : uncharged and polar

Correct Answer : C

57 : Figure 3.12

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The two amino acids in the accompanying figure both have side chains (R groups) that are ____.
A : acidic and polar
B : uncharged and nonpolar
C : basic and polar
D : acidic and nonpolar
E : uncharged and polar

Correct Answer : E

58 : Figure 3.13

The two amino acids in the accompanying figure both have side chains (R groups) that are ____.
A : acidic and polar
B : uncharged and nonpolar
C : basic and polar
D : acidic and nonpolar
E : uncharged and polar

Correct Answer : B

59 : Figure 3.14

The two amino acids depicted above both have side chains (R groups) that are ____.
A : acidic and polar
B : uncharged and nonpolar
C : basic and polar
D : acidic and nonpolar
E : uncharged and polar

Correct Answer : A

60 : Which amino acid can be involved in special covalent "disulfide bridges" that, when present, help to stabilize
the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins?
A : proline
B : alanine
C : leucine
D : cysteine
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E : methionine

Correct Answer : D

61 : The unique sequence of monomer subunits in a protein is the ____ structure of the protein.
A : primary
B : secondary
C : tertiary
D : quaternary
E : linear

Correct Answer : A

62 : A hydrogen bond between the amino acid side chains (R groups) of two different polypeptide chains in a
multichain protein would be considered part of the ____ structure of the protein.
A : primary
B : secondary
C : tertiary
D : quaternary
E : linear

Correct Answer : D

63 : In proteins, structural segments called ____ provide flexibility that allow parts of the protein to bend, fold, or
move.
A : random coils
B : peptide bonds
C : b sheets
D : a helices
E : b polysaccharides

Correct Answer : A

64 : In an elegant set of experiments, which protein did Anfinsen study in order to understand how the three-
dimensional structure of proteins is determined?
A : ovalbumin
B : chaperonin
C : ribonuclease
D : insulin
E : hemoglobin

Correct Answer : C

65 : In his experiments, Anfinsen treated a protein with a chemical that broke disulfide bonds and then removed
the chemical to see how this would affect the function of the molecule. What did he conclude from these
experiments?
A : The information for determining the three-dimensional shape of ribonuclease lies in its amino acid sequence.
B : The disulfide bonds are essential for quaternary, but not tertiary, protein structure.
C : Protein conformation is maintained when disulfide bonds are disrupted.
D : Altering the three-dimensional shape of the protein is irreversible.
E : Disulfide bonds are unnecessary for proper protein function.

Correct Answer : A
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66 : Figure 3.15

The image in the accompanying figure is an example of a(n) ____.

A : random coil
B : double helix
C : b sheet
D : a helix
E : b polysaccharide

Correct Answer : C

67 : Excessive heat or extremes of pH often cause denaturation of proteins, which means that the proteins ____.
A : have fallen apart into individual monomer subunits
B : are no longer biological molecules
C : have broken into many separate domains
D : are no longer in a functional three-dimensional conformation
E : are highly reactive

Correct Answer : D

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68 : Chaperonins assist with ____.
A : proteins synthesis
B : assembly of DNA strands
C : polysaccharide synthesis
D : protein folding
E : forming the DNA double helix

Correct Answer : D

69 : After a long period of gradual evolution of protein domains, a period of explosive change (the “big bang”) in
protein domain complexity occurred at roughly the same time as the three taxonomic domains were undergoing
rapid diversification. In which taxonomic domain was this diversification most extensive?
A : Eukarya
B : Protista
C : Archaea
D : Animalia
E : Bacteria

Correct Answer : A

70 : Figure 3.16

The molecule in the accompanying figure is the pyrimidine ____, which is typically found in DNA but not RNA.
A : thymine
B : adenine
C : uracil
D : guanine
E : cytosine

Correct Answer : A

71 : Figure 3.17

The molecule in the accompanying figure is the pyrimidine ____, which is typically found in both DNA and RNA.
A : thymine
B : adenine
C : uracil
D : guanine
E : cytosine

Correct Answer : E
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72 : Figure 3.18

The molecule shown above is the purine ____.

A : thymine
B : adenine
C : uracil
D : guanine
E : cytosine

Correct Answer : B

73 : Which molecules are the most important for a cell to protect from damage if the cell is to stay alive and
reproduce?
A : proteins
B : lipids
C : nucleic acids
D : carbohydrates
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : C

74 : Hereditary information in all eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses is stored in ____.

A : proteins
B : lipids
C : nucleic acids
D : carbohydrates
E : amino acids

Correct Answer : C

75 : The sugar in DNA is comprised of ____ carbons.

A : three
B : four
C : five
D : six
E : seven

Correct Answer : C

76 : Two structural differences between a uridine monophosphate and thymidine monophosphate are ____ and
____.
A : the number of hydrogen bonds formed between it and its matching base; the presence of a hydroxyl group on
the ribose
B : the presence of a methyl group on the nitrogen base; the presence of a hydroxyl group on the ribose
C : the number of hydrogen bonds formed between it and its matching base; the presence of a methyl group on the
nitrogen base
D : the number of hydrogen bonds formed between it and its matching base; the location of the ribose attachment
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to the nitrogenous base
E : the presence of a methyl group of the nitrogen base; the location of the ribose attachment to the nitrogenous
base

Correct Answer : B

77 : A large molecule whose subunits consist of a sugar and a nitrogenous base is called a ____.
A : nucleoside
B : nucleotide
C : nucleic acid
D : nucleosome
E : nuclear unit

Correct Answer : A

78 : Nucleotides are joined together to make a nucleic acid strand by ____ bonds.
A : phosphodiester
B : disulfide
C : glycosidic
D : hydrogen
E : peptide

Correct Answer : A

79 : In addition to serving as building blocks of DNA, what other function do nucleotides perform in a cell?
A : regulate cellular activity
B : regulate gene expression
C : chaperone protein folding
D : activate vesicular transport
E : trigger muscle contractions

Correct Answer : A

80 : Which two nucleotides also serve as transporters of chemical energy?

A : ATP and GTP
B : ATP and CTP
C : ATP and TTP
D : CTP and TTP
E : CTP and UTP

Correct Answer : A

81 : The two strands of a DNA double helix are held to each other by ____ bonds between nitrogenous bases.
A : phosphodiester
B : disulfide
C : glycosidic
D : hydrogen
E : peptide

Correct Answer : D

82 : Consider the DNA sequence 5'-GATTACA-3'. If the strand with this sequence forms a double helix with
another DNA strand, the sequence on the other strand should be ____.
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A : 5-TCGGCAC-3
B : 3-GATTACA-5
C : 5- ACATTAG-3
D : 3-GTGCCGA-5
E : 3-CTAATGT-5

Correct Answer : E

83 : Approximately how many base pairs comprise one turn of the double helix in DNA?
A : 2.5
B:5
C : 10
D : 20
E : 50

Correct Answer : C

84 : How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?
A : one
B : two
C : three
D : four
E : six

Correct Answer : B

85 : When DNA is heated, the hydrogen bonds break and allow the two strands of DNA to separate from one
another. Which sequence of DNA would be most resistant to heating, and therefore stay double stranded longer?
A : AATTGGCC
B : ATGCATTC
C : AGGAGCTC
D : TGGCTTAG
E : TACCAATT

Correct Answer : C

MATCHING
86 : Match each of the functional groups below with the molecule that has the functional group highlighted.Figure
3.19
A : phosphate A:
B : carboxyl B:
C : sulfhydryl C:
D : carbonyl D:
E : hydroxyl E:
F : amino F:

Correct Answer :
A:E

B:B

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 C:A

D:C

E:D

F:F

87 : Choose the class of biological molecules that is most closely associated with each of the following items.
Choices may be used more than once.
A : phosphodiester bond A : carbohydrate
B : chemical formula at or close to a multiple of B : lipid
(CH2O)
C : peptide bond C : protein
D : nitrogenous base D : nucleic acid
E : triglyceride
F : glycosidic bond
G : sugar-phosphate backbone
H : a helix
I : cholesterol

Correct Answer :
A:D

B:A

C:C

D:D

E:B

F:A

G:D

H:C

I:B

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