Electromagnetic Wave (2)

Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Edries

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Infinite Parallel Plate Guide
Presented by
Dr. Mohamed Edries

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 Lecture outline
◼ Introduction to waveguides
◼ Types of waveguides
◼ Comparison between TEM and HOM guides
◼ Infinite parallel plate guides

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 Introduction to waveguides
Transmission line

Wired Wireless

Cupper Waveguide Optical fiber

Two wire Twisted pair coaxial

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Introduction to waveguides
◼ At frequency around 1 GHz and above, the
ability of cables to effectively carry energy
decreases quickly.
◼ Above 20 GHz, cables are generally not
usable except for very short distances.

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Introduction to waveguides
◼ Little amount of the initial energy reaching the
load due to the high losses and attenuation in
the cables from skin effect and radiation, even
the line to load matching is perfect.
◼ It is too difficult to transfer large amount of
power, because the voltage that occur at high
power levels will break down the dielectric
barrier between the conductor, so very wide
spacing required.

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Introduction to waveguides
◼ For the previous reasons,
we use waveguides (W.G.)
that not carry current but
carry EM wave.
◼ Waveguides are metal
or dielectric structure used to guide EM
waves.

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Types of waveguides
◼ Dielectric waveguides:
➢ Dielectric rod
➢ Optical fiber

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Types of waveguides
◼ Metal waveguides:
➢ Parallel plate
➢ Rectangular
➢ Square
➢ Circular
➢ Elliptical
➢ Microstrip
➢ Ridged
➢ Fin line
➢ corrigated

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 Comparison between TEM and
HOM guides
Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) Higher Order Mode (HOM)
E, H has component perpendicular to E, H has component in the same direction
direction of propagation of propagation
Don’t has a unique characteristic
Has a unique characteristic component
component (each mode has as impedance)
Wave propagate at a certain cut off
Wave propagate in a wide frequency
frequency according to the dimension of
band
the waveguide
Line loss is small over the propagation Guide loss is low in a limited band and
band varies according to propagation modes
Are analyzed using the equivalent
Are analyzed using maxwell’s equations
circuit
Ex.: waveguide, optical fiber, dielectric
Ex.: two wire, coaxial, free space line
guide 10
Parallel plate guides
◼ Parallel plate guide is a two metal plates
parallel to (x,y) plane.
Y

Direction of propagation

Z 11
Parallel plate guides
◼ Cut off frequency (𝑓𝑐 ): is the frequency
above which wave propagates.
No propagation Propagation

𝑓 < 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑓 > 𝑓𝑐

◼ Cut off wavelength (𝜆𝑐 ): is the wavelength

below which wave propagates.
Propagation No propagation

𝜆 < 𝜆𝑐 𝜆𝑐 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑐

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Parallel plate guides
◼ Perpendicular polarization:
➢ E field is perpendicular to plates. (Ez)
➢ Mode type is TEM, the plates has no effect
➢ Wave parameters such as in free space
Y
Ez b

X
Direction of
propagation
Z

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Parallel plate guides
Y
◼ Parallel polarization: Ey b

➢ E field is parallel to plates. (Ey) X

Direction of
➢ Mode type is HOM Z propagation

➢ Wave propagate as a sum of two TEM modes at

as angle 𝜃 with the walls of the guide.
𝜃

𝜃
Z Top view 14
Parallel plate guides
◼ Parallel polarization:
➢ Cut off wavelength (𝜆𝑐𝑛 ) for mode n (1,2,…):
2𝑏
𝜆𝑐𝑛 =
𝑛
𝜆
➢ For wave propagation: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝜃 < 90°
𝜆𝑐
➢ at 𝜆 = 𝜆𝑐 ; 𝜃 = 90° ; No propagation

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Parallel plate guides
◼ Parallel polarization:
➢ Propagation velocity (𝑣𝑝𝑛 ) for mode n (1,2,…):
𝑣0 𝑣0
𝑣𝑝𝑛 = =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜆
1−
𝜆𝑐𝑛
➢ Guide wavelength (𝜆𝑔𝑛 ) for mode n (1,2,…):
𝜆 𝜆 𝑣𝑝𝑛
𝜆𝑔𝑛 = = =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑓
𝜆
1− 16
𝜆
Parallel plate guides
◼ Parallel polarization:
➢ Guide impedance (𝑧𝑔𝑛 ):
𝑧0 𝑧0
𝑧𝑔𝑛 = =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜆
1−
𝜆𝑐𝑛

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 Parallel plate guides
Perpendicular polarization Parallel polarization

E field is perpendicular to plates. (Ez) E field is parallel to plates. (Ey)

Mode type is TEM, the plates has no
Mode type is HOM
effect
Wave propagate as a sum of two TEM
Wave parameters such as in free space
modes at angle 𝜃 with the walls of the guide

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Thanks a lot for listening, … thanks

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