Differentiate between the terms stable, unstable and neutral equilibriums, of a floating body.

Stable Equilibrium:

A floating body is in stable equilibrium if, when disturbed from its position of equilibrium, it
tends to return to that position.
In a stable equilibrium, the center of gravity (CG) of the body lies below the metacenter (M).

Unstable Equilibrium:
A floating body is in unstable equilibrium if, when disturbed from its position of equilibrium, it
tends to move farther away from that position.
In unstable equilibrium, the center of gravity (CG) is positioned above the metacenter (M).

Neutral Equilibrium:
A floating body is in neutral equilibrium if, when disturbed from its position of equilibrium, it
remains in whatever new position it is placed.
In neutral equilibrium, the center of gravity (CG) coincides with the metacenter (M).

If the centre of gravity is below the centre of buoyancy, any tipping of the body
produces a righting moment and hence the body is stable.
• If the centre of gravity is above the centre of buoyancy, any tipping produces an
overturning moment, hence the body is unstable.

• If the centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy coincide, the body is neutrally
stable, i.e., it has neither a righting nor an overturning tendency
A venturi meter is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It consists of a
converging section, a throat, and a diverging section. The principle behind its operation is based
on Bernoulli's equation, which states that as the fluid velocity increases, the pressure
decreases. In a venturi meter, as the fluid flows through the converging section, its velocity
increases, leading to a decrease in pressure. This pressure difference between the converging
and diverging sections is measured using pressure taps installed at these points. By knowing the
pressure difference, the flow rate of the fluid can be calculated using equations derived from
Bernoulli's principle. Venturi meters are commonly used in various industries, including water
supply systems, petroleum, and chemical processing, to accurately measure the flow of liquids
and gases in pipelines.
define a Pitot tube and describe the principle on which it
operates.

A Pitot tube is a device used to measure the velocity of a fluid, usually air or water, in a pipe or
flow stream. It consists of a slender tube with one end pointed directly into the flow (the
stagnation point) and the other connected to a pressure gauge. The principle behind its
operation is based on Bernoulli's equation and the concept of total pressure. As the fluid flows
through the tube, the stagnation point causes the fluid to come to rest momentarily, converting
its kinetic energy into pressure energy. This pressure, known as the stagnation pressure or total
pressure, is measured by the pressure gauge. By comparing this pressure to the static pressure
of the fluid at the same point (measured by a separate opening on the side of the tube), the
velocity of the fluid can be calculated using Bernoulli's equation. Pitot tubes are commonly used
in aircraft to measure airspeed and in various industrial applications to measure fluid velocity in
pipes or channels.