1.

FORMALISM: This approach looks at how a story is written, including its structure, language, and
literary devices. For example, in the poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost, formalists would
analyze the rhyme scheme and the use of metaphors to understand its meaning.

2. HISTORICAL CRITICISM: This approach studies how the time period and culture when a book was
written influenced its content. For instance, when reading "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen,
historical critics would consider the early 19th-century England setting to understand the characters'
social norms and values.

3.BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM: This approach examines an author's life to understand their work better.
For example, when studying "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger, biographical critics might look at
Salinger's own experiences and beliefs to find connections with the protagonist, Holden Caulfield.

4.PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM: This approach looks at the characters' emotions and motivations in a
story. When reading "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare, psychological critics might analyze Hamlet's inner
thoughts and struggles to understand his actions.

5.READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM: This approach focuses on how readers interpret and connect with a
text. If you were reading "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, reader-response critics would be
interested in your personal feelings and thoughts about the characters and themes.

6.MARXIST CRITICISM: Marxist critics study how a text reflects social and economic inequalities. When
reading "The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, they might analyze the characters' wealth and class
distinctions to explore how the story comments on society.

7.FEMINIST CRITICISM: This approach looks at how gender roles and power dynamics are portrayed in
literature. For example, when reading "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, feminist
critics would analyze how the story represents the narrator's struggle with her gender role.

8.POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM: Postcolonial critics study how literature addresses issues related to
colonization and cultural identity. When reading "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe, they might
analyze how the book explores the effects of European colonization on African societies.

9. DECONSTRUCTIONISM: This approach questions the certainty of meaning in texts. When looking at
"The Sound and the Fury" by William Faulkner, deconstructionists might focus on the fragmented
narrative to show how meaning can be unstable and open to interpretation.

10.STRUCTURALISM AND SEMIOTICS: Structuralists examine the patterns and symbols in a story. For
example, when reading "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien, they would analyze the use of mythical
symbols and the hero's journey structure in the narrative.

11.COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: This approach compares literature from different cultures to find
common themes and connections. If you were comparing "Romeo and Juliet" by Shakespeare with
"Pyramus and Thisbe" from Ovid's "Metamorphoses," you'd be doing comparative literature to explore
the theme of tragic love.

12.CULTURAL STUDIES: Cultural critics examine literature within the context of broader cultural
phenomena. When studying "The Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins, cultural critics would consider how
the book reflects themes of reality TV and surveillance in modern society.
1. FORMALISM: Imagine you're analyzing a recipe. You'd focus on the ingredients, the order of steps, and
the measurements to understand how they all come together to create a dish.

2. HISTORICAL CRITICISM: Think about a photograph from the 1960s. Historical critics would study the
clothing, hairstyles, and the setting to learn about the time period in which the photo was taken.

3.
BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM: Consider a friend's diary. By reading it, you might gain insights into their
personal experiences, thoughts, and emotions, similar to how biographical critics examine an author's
life.

4.PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM: Imagine analyzing someone's behavior in a stressful situation, like a job
interview. You'd try to understand their motivations and emotions to explain their actions, much like
psychological critics do with literary characters.

5. READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM: Think about two people watching the same movie. One person might
find it funny, while the other might find it sad. Reader-response critics would focus on the individual
reactions and interpretations of each viewer.

6. MARXIST CRITICISM: Consider a company where some employees are paid significantly more than
others. Marxist critics would examine how this pay disparity reflects economic inequalities within the
workplace.

7. FEMINIST CRITICISM: Think about a family where traditional gender roles are enforced. Feminist critics
would analyze how these roles affect the family dynamics and individual members' lives.

8. POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM: Imagine a group of people reclaiming their indigenous culture after years
of colonization. Postcolonial critics would study how this process reflects cultural identity and resistance
to colonization.

9. DECONSTRUCTIONISM: Think about a slogan that can have multiple interpretations.

Deconstructionists would explore how changing the emphasis or context of the slogan can alter its
meaning.

10. STRUCTURALISM AND SEMIOTICS: Consider a traffic light. Structuralists might analyze the colors and
symbols to understand how they convey meaning and guide drivers.

11.COMPARATIVE LITERATURE: Imagine comparing a Mexican fiesta to a Chinese New Year celebration.
Comparative literature would explore the similarities and differences in the traditions, symbols, and
cultural significance of these events.

12.CULTURAL STUDIES: Think about the influence of social media on modern relationships. Cultural
critics would examine how platforms like Facebook and Instagram shape how people connect and
communicate in today's society.
1. **Formalismo**: Sa pamamaraang ito, tinitingnan natin ang istruktura ng isang bagay. Halimbawa,
kapag pinag-aaralan natin ang isang bahay, iniisip natin kung ilan ang mga kwarto, kung paano ito
naayos, at kung ano ang mga gamit sa loob nito.

2. **Kasaysayan ng Kritisismo**: Ito'y pag-aaral ng nakaraan at kung paano ito nakakaapekto sa

kasalukuyan. Halimbawa, kapag tinitingnan natin ang mga larawan ng pamilya natin noong nakaraan,
natutunan natin kung paano sila nakasuot at kung anong klaseng buhay meron sila noon.

3. **Kritiko ng Buhay**: Dito, iniintindi natin ang buhay ng isang tao upang mas maunawaan ang
kanilang mga gawaing sinulat o ginawa. Halimbawa, kung gusto natin alamin kung bakit masarap ang
pagkain na niluto ng kaibigan natin, iniisip natin ang mga karanasan at kalagayan niya.

4. **Kritiko ng Sikolohiya**: Sa pamamaraang ito, tinitingnan natin ang emosyon at motibasyon ng mga
tao sa kanilang mga kilos. Halimbawa, kapag tinitingnan natin ang isang tao na umiiyak, iniisip natin kung
bakit siya umiiyak at kung ano ang nararamdaman niya.

5. **Kritiko ng Reaksyon ng Mambabasa**: Dito, ang focus ay sa kung paano tayo nakakaramdam at nag-
iisip tungkol sa mga bagay. Halimbawa, kapag nanood tayo ng palabas sa TV, iniisip natin kung
nakakatuwa ba ito o nakakalungkot.

6. **Marxistong Kritisismo**: Ito'y tungkol sa pag-aaral ng pagkakaiba-iba ng mga tao sa lipunan, lalo na
sa kita o yaman. Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung bakit may mga tao na mas mayaman kaysa sa iba at paano
ito nakakaapekto sa kanilang buhay.

7. **Kritiko ng Feminismo**: Dito, tinitingnan natin kung paano itinuturing ang mga babae at kalalakihan
sa lipunan. Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung paano mabago ang mga gawaing bahay kung pareho ang
ginagampanan ng mga asawa at asawang babae.

8. **Kritiko ng Postkolonyalismo**: Ito'y pag-aaral ng mga epekto ng kolonisasyon sa mga bansa at

kultura. Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung paano nakakaapekto ang kasaysayan ng pag-aari ng ibang bansa sa
isang lugar.

9. **Deconstructionism**: Dito, iniisip natin kung paano nagbabago ang kahulugan ng mga bagay.
Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung paano maaaring mag-iba ang kahulugan ng isang salita depende sa
konteksto o pagkakasabi.

10. **Estrukturalismo at Semiotics**: Dito, iniisip natin kung paano nagpapahayag ng mensahe ang mga
simbolo at istruktura ng isang bagay. Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung paano naghuhulma ang kulay at
disenyo ng isang pabango ng kanyang kahulugan.

11. **Komparatibong Panitikan**: Ito'y tungkol sa paghahambing ng mga tradisyon at kultura ng iba't-
ibang mga lugar. Halimbawa, iniisip natin kung ano ang mga pagkakatulad at pagkakaiba ng mga paraan
ng pamumuhay sa iba't-ibang bansa.

12. **Kultural na Pag-aaral**: Ito'y pag-aaral kung paano nakakaapekto ang mga bagay tulad ng TV at
social media sa ating kultura at paraan ng pamumuhay.