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RECEPTION, RESPONSE
AND CO-ORDINATION IN PLANTS AND
1
ANIMALS.
Definition of terms. 4. Internal stimuli-condition in the
1. Reception- Art of receiving signals of internal environment (surrounding
changes through various organs. of the cells) which produces a
change in the activity of part or the
2. Stimulus (plural-stimuli)- this is a whole organism e.g. accumulation
condition in the environment which of wastes, concentration of gases,
produces a change in the activity of part or presence of internal parasites,
the whole organism. changes in temperature and
3. External stimuli-condition in the glucose concentration.
external environment (surrounding of the 5. Response- change in an activity
whole organism) which produces a change of an organism.
in the activity of part or the whole
organism e.g. temperature, light, pH,
humidity, mineral salt concentration,
population density, absence/ presence of
predators. © Sam obare 25-Mar-21
2
Significance of etiolation
It enables the plants/ seedling to grow
faster to expose leaves to sunlight for
photosynthesis and stems grow taller so
that leaves can search for light.
b) Explain the similarity in the end c) State the likely treatment that
results made in seedlings II and would make seedlings II and III
III. (2mks) respond like seedling I. (2mks)
Both seedlings remain upright/ Fitting an ager block treated with
erect. Seedling II does not have a auxins at the decapitated/ cut
tip that produces auxins while end of seedling II.
in seedling III the tip has been Removing the opaque material
covered by an opaque material covering the tip of seedling III/
preventing light from causing replacing the opaque cap with a
unequal distribution of auxins/ transparent one.
causing equal/ even
distribution of auxins.
© Sam obare
25-Mar-21
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TYPES OF NEURONES The cell body is situated along but off the
axon and outside the central nervous system
1. Sensory/afferent/receptor neurone. (CNS).
2. Motor/efferent/effector neurone. The dendron transmits impulse from the
receptor to the cell body and the axon
3. Relay/intermediate neurone. transmits the impulse from the cell body to
1. SENSORY NEURONE/ RECEPTOR the CNS.
NEURONE/ AFFERENT NEURONE. The receptor dendrites are located in the
sense organ and the terminal dendrites are
It is joined to the sense organs e.g. eyes, skin, located in the CNS. The cell body is closer to
nose, tongues and carries impulses from the the CNS.
receptors/receptor cells/ sense organs to the The sensory neurones which transmit
central nervous system (CNS). impulses from the internal/visceral organs
e.g. lungs and heart are called visceral
It has one dendron which arises from the cell sensory neurones.
body to form axon hence said to be The sensory neurones which transmit
unipolar. impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles,
joints and bones are called somatic sensory
neurones.
© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
39 © Sam obare 25-Mar-21
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3. Relay neurone
/intermediate
neurone/ interneuron.
It transmits the impulse from
the sensory neurone to the
motor neurone.
It lacks the myelin sheath.
It is found within the CNS.
It has two dendrons that arise
from the cell body hence said
to be bipolar.
Motor
Interneuron Neuron
Synapse
Muscle
Motor Sensory
Contracts
Neuron
43
Neuron © Sam obare 25-Mar-21
Differences between a motor and sensory neurone.
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PARTS/COMPONENTS OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
They include:
PARTS OF THE BRAIN. 1. Cerebrum- This is the largest part of the brain
The brain is made up of two halves it is divided into the left and right hemisphere.
called hemispheres i.e. right and It has many folds on its outer layer to increase
left hemispheres.
the surface area for packing of neurones.
The two hemispheres are
interconnected by a group of nerves If the plasmodium parasite enters the brain and
called corpus callosum. affects the cerebrum, it causes cerebral malaria.
The left hemisphere controls the Functions/roles.
activities of the right side of the
body while the right hemisphere i. It controls learning, imagination, thinking,
controls the activities of the left side personality, hearing, vision and taste.
of the body. ii. It controls voluntary body movements/
The innermost part of the brain and controls contraction of skeletal muscles e.g.
spinal cord is called grey matter walking, dancing, movement of lips/ chewing,
and the outer part is called white
matter. movement of the neck/ nodding and
movement sideways.
© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
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brain
Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblangata
Cell body
Synapse
Transmission of the nerve impulse. There are also more negative charges
A nerve impulse is an electrical wave
(anions) within the axoplasm.
arising from changes in ionic As a result the outer side of nerve fibre
concentration across the membrane of the acquires a relative positive charge while the
nerve fibre/axon. inner side acquires a relative negative
The metallic ions involved are sodium ions
charge.
(Na+) and potassium ions (K+). It occurs The nerve fibre is said to be polarized.
in two phases: During resting potential Sodium ions are
(i) Resting phase/potential- It is the actively pumped out while potasium ions
non-conducting phase in the nerve diffuse freely in and out of the axoplasm.
fibre.
Sodium (Na+) ions which are more are
on the outside the nerve fibre/
axoplasm than potassium [K + ) ions
which are more inside the nerve fibre.
Synaptic knob
Pre-synaptic
membrane
Synaptic cleft
Post-synaptic
membrane
1. Reduced appetite and poor feeding 7. Damage to the heart and liver leading to
leading to emaciation. heart attack and liver cirrhosis.
2. Poor absorption of vitamin K and E 8. Interference with temperature
leading to sterility and blindness. regulation leading to excessive heat loss.
3. Lowered nervous co-ordination leading 9. Damage to the brain causing
to loss of posture and balance hence sleeplessness (insomnia), hallucinations,
poor performance in sports and manual madness and loss of memory (amnesia).
activity. 10. Poor foetal development and pregnancy
4. Irritation of lungs and respiratory tracts complications in women.
leading to frequent coughs and 11. Damage to vital body organs leading to
infections. death.
5. It may lead to cancer of lungs, throat and 12. Impaired/ poor judgment leading to
urinary bladder. accidents and infections e.g. HIV/AIDS
6. It may lead to stomach ulcers.
© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
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1. Conjunctiva 9. Lens
2. Sclera/sclerotic layer 10. Ciliary body
3. Cornea 11. Suspensory ligaments
4. Choroid layer 12. Iris
5. Retina 13. Pupil
6. Yellow spot 14. Aqueous humour
7. Blind spot 15. Vitreous humour
8. Optic nerve
© Sam obare 25-Mar-21
Conjunctiva
Nocturnal animals e.g. cat, owl have By looking from the corner of
are capable of seeing at night the eye the light rays from the
because of; object fall on the periphery of
i) High concentration of rods than the retina outside the fovea.
cones in the retina that are The periphery contains only rods
sensitive to low light intensity. which are sensitive to light of low
ii) Retinal convergence of rods to intensity hence enabling one to
enable any little stimulation of see the object clearly.
rods to generate an impulse.
At night the low light intensity is
not able to activate the cones.
b) In dim light.
The circular muscles in the iris
relax while the radial muscles
contract.
As a result the pupil becomes
larger to allow more light into
the eye.
1. Short-sightedness
(myopia)
Rays from distant object
This is a condition in which light
rays from a distant object are
brought to focus in front of the
retina/ are blurred/ not clear
while those from near objects are
focused on the retina/ become
clear.
It is caused by long eyeball or
high refractive power of the eye
lens.
Correction
It is done by use of/ wearing
spectacles with biconcave
lens to diverge the light rays
from the distant objects
hence they are refracted onto
the retina.
2. Long-sightedness
(hypermetropia)
This is a condition in which light
rays from a near object are not
clear/ are not brought to focus
while those from a distant object
are clear/ focused on the retina.
It is caused by short aye ball or
weak lens system.
Correction
It is done by use of/ wearing
spectacles with biconvex lens to
converge light rays from nearby
objects onto the retina hence
near objects are seen clearly.