′

饇 A. Laboratory safety and experimenta｜ Chem!stry

′ˊ
/

:om heat and

ExP10si． e: Ell生 」:。且 1611＿ of:」 :La:」 1一 ii!坐 l1」 上ld ．keeP aw． ay丘

圈
:」

It is a substance sodiurn、 vhich have turned naked nalnes

which may yellow(due to formation of handle、 ′ith extreIne care
．

鉯
E× PL。 S!VE爆 炸性
＿ avoid shock or friction
if
齺璱
or
suPeroxides),amm2.丑 :土 r
dichrorIlate ．Illake sure the contalner ls
6.生 ..l螿 垂
. \/ 2,4′ dinitrophenylhydrazine proI9erly． stor’ r)ered

friction 91旦1 also

start an

oxidizing: ． concentrated sulphuric acid, ． Inake surc the cohtalner ls

It is a substance
內 concentrated nltrlc acld pror,erly． stor,r,ere(i

Δ 念,
． kceP away fro91 heat and
ˊ
which m紗 sta生 旦 ． nltrates,Potasslurn

.
、

.
XlDIZ｜ NG氧 6七 1
te,Potasslurn
,「

naked narlles
甡扛 !LE聖 !生.叩 ‘
。
0r
reaction、 Vhen in
．
‵ ′ 、
d里 坐塑里te, Potasslu.ln ． keeP a、 「ay fronl nletals,
．
一
—

contact
—
with easil、
、
— — — clllorate,PotaSsiuln iodate, conlbustible rnaterials and
． ′一
一● ＿ 1、＿
—
/翃n、\ naⅡ 1Inable cheⅡ licals
oXldlZable Potasslunl nltrite
—
rllaterials.It
— can
\鼲V〞 ︾ ．avoid contact．
w． ith the eyes

create a nre rlsk. and skin;if concentrated

acld is 1nto
the or onto
wash the area with

II豆9而
一市而edical
一— —
—
「
check一 uP
-． !
FlaⅡ linable: ◣ carbon lnonoxide, ! ．in case of solids or liquids,
．
methane,吐 Q＿ 」汕 m碧器、
山
Itis a gas,liquid or ln.ak.e sure the con.talner ls

solid that rnay ． meth鉏 1Ω虹且h巫 12L一 ethe馬 ProPerly． stoI)r,ered

F└ AMMABLE易 燃
easil)r史 tch.nre ethyl ethanoate,carbon ． in case of gases,nlake sure
or disulPhide,ProPanonc, there is no leakage into the
哩ㄓ里坐竺 r

zene laboratory
conditions.
/n、\ bcr】
7ay ionl heat and
<態
醉φ ．yellow 2hosP.horus,sulPhur, ． keeP a功
．
ˋ/ ootasslun1. sodiun1,fine naked nallles
aers oI alulniniun1,
Po’ ’
nlagnesiunl and zinc

Carcinogenic: ． known carcinogens: ． rnust 9rear a laboratory coat,

It is a substance ． !織 as延 stoL● a1互 me safe9 sPectacles and gloves
毫二
which would cause 一 ．susPected carcinogens: ．Perforin the experilnent in
CARC● N。 GEN!C致 癌物
carlcer or be nitrobenzene, nlInc cuPboard
9● S.p愛 」!至 dt。 Cause tEtac.hlo町 lll旦 t＿
hane, ． rnake sure the contaln.er ls
。 。 proPerly st0PPered
cancer ol】 .
trichloro“ lethane
contact.‵ ． avoid breathil1g in their
櫸 vaPours/Particles

． should avoid using

carcillogens at schools

Tab● eA-1 C!aSSification of hazardouS chem｜ ca｜ s.

(arcino9en:c致 癌的 hazardouS nature危 險性質

3 g氧 化性
exp!oSive爆 炸性 ox:d● z㏑

f!ammab!e易 燃的
 Laboratory!landbook

T:oxi.c: ．chlor螞 唑irogen st1坒 hider ．Perforln the experirnent in

ca=bol里 o塱型 .e,血 trogen funle cuPboard
It is a substance,
Ⅳhich if breathed
、
姲 dioxide,sulPhur dioxide ． ill case of sohds or hquids,
TOX｜ c 有 毒
IIlake sure the contalner ls
1n,or S地Iallo弘 IC.d, ．bn0旦11ne,carbon disulPhide,
or 我 將卹
properly． stoPl。 ered
or absorbed 里里上塱 立﹂
/↖

\/
the skin, te生
:achloIol旦
etha且 .g一 ．avoid breathing in their
ˊ\

r1lay involve methanal solution(37%) gases/vaPours/Particles

．
serious health risk Xanides, lead
．ε S.
．wear gloves(r gloves are not
or even death. 哩 型 里 1m.里 里 工 上 used,wash hands
6:gl旦 Pound§ ,Potassiurn thoroughly after handling
chrornate chemicals)

． yellow phosPhorus
．2,4一 dinitroPhenylhydrazine

Harmm1: trichlororllethane, ．avoid breath.ing in their

It is a substance,
vhich if breathed
“ ．
1,1,上 二
12d1旦 ξ
rlch!or旦 .Ethan生 ＿
,bariunl conlPounds
vaPours/Particles

． avoid contact with the cyes

、 HARMFUL有 害
in,or swallowed在 (excePt baHurn sulPhate), and ski.n,f accidental1,r sPilt
or oxalic acid,oxalates,iron(II) into the eyes or onto the
or absorbed
sulPhate skin,wash the a:“ ｜
ected area
l!?lg9f● 9s盹 〞恐 \
\A羋 U/
may!里 glye with a lot ofwater

lirnited hsk. \/ ． the laboratory should be well

ventilated

coat,Safe呼
Corrosive: ●1 ． 睡 dr蠅 el1一 qhlo」 止 ． wear a laborato呼
． 上r哩 坐 e,c甡 里 坐 坐 上
It is a substance
: sPectacles an.d gloves
、
出 《望 :

which would ．
9上 旦旦里上旦旦ils,concentrated ．Perforin the expehnlent in
虫．
C。 RR。 S｜ VE.足 旨自 性 fuIle cuPboard
ethanolc acld,concentrated
d旦 .ir叩 .lling
or Ⅳith care,
:1ss9「 :IP。 1.
aqueous alllrn.onla, ．handle thelm.、
五
col1cE五 iratea「 99iIrogell esPecial1,’ when thcy are hot
/遙 無\
contact.

/
承恩
Peroxlde solution,sodiurn
hypochlorite solution
m里
dium
or bclng heated
． avoid con.tact with the eyes
and skin;when accidentally
．2.gt至 ssl生m,三 四:」
蚊亟g巨 士,pm≡ 塑 m sPltinto the eyes or onto
蚊 6㏑ 塑 E the skin,wash the affected
silver nitrate,
anhydrous aluminium area with running、 πater for
chloride atleast 3 rninutes and go for
rlledical chcck′ uP

Irritant: ｜ ．生且虫 m:些里1王 E坐王．

i坐 i ．avoid contact．
with the eyes

It iS a.四 比 ｜ aqucous a:nlrnonla and skin;w． hen accidentally

φ工必Ⅳ9 RR!TANT刺 激性
｜
．anhydrous iron(III)chloride, spik into the eyes or onto

sub巨 .旦 旦EF anln10nluln.dichrornate, the skln,、 7ash the affected

but can
︿

、
or
龕 (兣

cause reddenlng Potasslunl dichrornate area with.a lot ofwater

/滇

↘/

°
oΠ 面面面而面Iδ bf
㎜

the skin.

corros● Ve腐 蝕性 t。x:c有 毒的 4

harmfu!有 害的 we｜ ｜
venti!ated空 氣流通
irritant刺 激性
」
｜
9
A. Laboratory safety and experinnenta!Chernistry E,0>「 >t>T>月 >
t0 9I

L9nderstand:ng hazard warn:ng!abe!s

Wh.at hazard warlling label(s)should be put on bottles contai.nil1g
(a)0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution (b)2:M sodium hydroxide solution
(c) trichlorolmethane (d) tetracllloroImethalle
(e) concentrated rlitric acid (。 barium.chloide
(g)Potassium Permanganate (h)mercu叩
(9 metha11ol ) berlzene?

S0lution 。

If a substance is associated with dif6erent hazards of s㏑ llar namre,then only the llighest hazard
should be show11.T． he orders ofincreasing hazard are:
(A)‘ Flammable’ <‘ oxldizing’ <‘ exPlosive’
(B)‘ Harm血 l’ <‘ toxic’ <tarcinogellic’
(C)‘ Irritantk‘ corrosive’

For examPle,if a substance is both‘ Ⅱammable’ and‘ exPlosiveㄣ only the‘ exPlosive’ Warmng label
should be shown.If a chemicalis both‘ iritant’ and‘ harmml,,。 nly the‘ harmful’ warmng labelis
shown.
(a) Irhtant (b) Corrosive
(c) Carcinogenic (d)Toxic
(e)oxidizing,corrosi、 /e (。 Harmill
(g)oxid立 ing . (h)Toxic
(。
Flammable,toxic C) Flammable,carcinogenic

A■ 3 Storage ofChem:Ea︳ s
Sonle cllenlicals reqttire sPecial storage rnethods.A few exanlPles are:

(1)To prevent.contact and reaction with ait potassium or sodium is

kept under Paramn oil(Figure A「 2).kllow Phosphorus is kePt
under water(Figure A′ 3).

F:gure A-2(!eft) Sod!um is stored

under paraffin o!!.
:gure A-3(r● 9ht)Ye” ow phosphoruS
「
!S Stored under water.

benzene:苯 simi!a● nature相 似性 !ow phosphoruS黃 磷

5 ye｜

methano!甲 醇 Storage貯 存
paramn o:!石 蠟油 trich!oromethane三 氯甲烷
 ↖

Laboratory l┤ andbook 窢
(2) Flai． nrnable or volatile liquids have to be stored in a cool Place,
′
a、 vay fronl direct sunlight and heat sources. rheir containers
should never be coImpletely nlled.

(3)Cheinicals which readily absorb lnoisture are kePt in well′ sealed

containers,e.g.anhydrous alunliniurn chloride.

(4)Some chemicals will decomPose much more quickly in the

:gure A-4 Concentrated nitric Presence of light. ExanlPles are concentrated nitric acid, silver
「 nitrate solution,hydrogen peroxide solution,chlorine water and
acid iS stored in a brown bott!e.

brorlline water「 Γhey are kePtin brown bottles(Figure A′ 4).

A口 4 Cornmon︳ aboratory apparatus

24 mm
A chemistly laboratoly contains． many dif6erent pieces of aPParatus
18 mm
卜! !1-
→┤ !一 designed for various Purposes.Let us look atthem brieny.
一

｜ ｜
+
I9est tu.bes 「
Ilest tubes are the rnost cornrnon tools in a chernistly
laboratory.′ rhey are Placed in a test tube rack、 Ⅳhen not in use.’ The
150 mm
150 mm
usual size is 150× 18 1nln(Figure A.5a).Large test tubes(e.g.150× 24
． rnil)are also called boiling tubes(Figure A′ 5b).They are used to boil
a larger an1ount ofliquid.

(b)
(a) You can conveniently hold a test tube near its mouth using a test

:gure A-5 下Wo common tube holden See Figure A′ 6.

「
typeS ofteSttubes.
(a)A15。 ×18 mm teSttube.
(A depth of l cm rough!y
rnouth of
teSttube ho!der
correspondS to a Vo!ume test tube
of2 cm3).
(b)A15。 ×24 mm teSttube
(a!so cal!ed bo:“ ng tube).

:gure A-6 :1。 !din9 a testtube for heat｜ ng

「

anhydrouS無 水的 decompose分 解 vo｜ ati｜ e芋 暈:各受勺

.白
6
apparatuS儀 器 test tube holder試 管夾 weH-Sea｜ ed密 封的
b。 !ng tube大 試管
i︳
testtube rack試 管架