Reproduction in

3 Humans

. -.··JMH•M!A:U----..
: • Main organs of male
: reproductive system in
: human beings
; • Main organs of female
: reproductive system in
: human beings
!, Fertilization and
'' development of embryo in
' human beings
I
Fig. 3.1 The male fish swims near
the female and releases sperms
over the eggs released by her for
external fertilization in water.
W
e know that plants rep. roduce to continue their
species. AnimaJs also reproduce for the same
reason. Primitive organisms such as Hydra and
flatworms reproduce asexua1ly involving one parent only. The
most advanced multicellular animaJs including human beings
reproduce sexually involving both parents. In this chapter, you
will learn about reproduction in human beings and the various
stafes of growth and development in them.
~Sexual reproduction involves two organisms: maJe and
female. The male ancl female sex cells or gametes fuse together
(li-c:dtl.c.:t
to form a ~ which develops into a new organism)
Higher animals including human beings have distinct male
and female sexes. The male organisms produce male gametes
called sperms while the female organisms produce the fmale
gametes called ova (singular: ovum). (Ihi fusion of the sperm
and ovum is called fertilization.,..)A zygote is formed as a result
of fertilization.
The fusion of sex cells may occur either outside 9r inside
~ - "'
the body of the female. ~en a sperm fuses with an ovum
~ \ -~
outside the female body, it is called external fenilization. t.~c.. ·. ;.:, .:i-...u .
It is seen in aguatic habitats, for example, in fishes)Fig. 3.1) := ~!-
and frogs 0 n fu~irirhals, birds and reptiles, the fusion takes
place inside the body of the female. This is called internal
fertilization ~)
:Jt
Sexual reproduction in humans ...:Jt
"'
0
Humans reproduce by sexual reproduction. Human males and 0
C:
!l
females have different reproductive organs, which produce 0
z
different sex cells - sperms in males and egg or ovum in i
%
females. Internal fertilization takes place and a zygote is C:
~
z>

•
formed. The zygote develops into a fully grown individual "'
inside the body of the female.

)
 The organs of the ma le reproduct iv syst
uct or vas deferens . e
sperm d di e rcp rod ucc ,ve 1
. 1yst cm C<m ~i~tso Fa E!fll .
J11 males, . ,.
., and acc ,
e, ~o p;i,r oft
.~perm cluct.~, 11rc tl1rn , pcm fY gl~" I , '"
.111c male gametes arc ca lled sperms( 'Sp errn ...': , ( ·jP;g 'l
1

. s ar .I:
. . . org an.~ called th e Prr,r/11 l,
uw ve
111 a pair of spectal rcp rod e te,, ~
·
· g 11 Iar.· tcstrs· )'. 'f'.cstc·s arc Iocated omsrde the ab e,
(s111
Jhe sperrns dnrne11 i~
ure1·hra sac-lik e srnr ctu rc called !Kr otu m. travel th ~
to reach the u hra ·r r()''g/i
th e spe rm du ct or va.~ dcfcren.c. ret
urine passes. A.q he,· he
ure thr a is a tub e thr oug h which
penis
te,te ,
retions from the ·Pern,,
pass thr oug h the sperm duc t, f..-tsec '' acce.~~r
mix tur e of the · iry
gla nds are mixed wit h the m . ~ne 5perm s a
5er(ltal sac sec retions from the accessory
glands is called semen 7h .nd
organ. It is through rh. IS . e'
Fig. 3.2 / The orga ns of the male pen is is the male reproductive ()rga
repr odu ctiv e syst em dep osi ted int o the vag ina of the n
spe rms are dis cha rge d and
is the organ used borh For ~
female body; In males, the penis r
sperms.
discharge of the urine and the
nucleus
• The primary reproductive
: organs tha t pro duc e
ete s
, reproduc:-ive cells or gam
, are called gonads. ,n
males,
- - - -
- - - -
- ~ ; ,_
_- - - . i

head
are the test es and : ~
the gon ads
in temales the gon ads are
tail

Fig. 3.3 / A hum an sperm

'° idd,te - e '(!c.£

called ovaries.

The organs of the female rep

roductive system
1J1e reproductive system in fem
ales (Fig. 3.4) consisrs of a pair
of ~varies, the fallopian tub es
or ovi du cts and rhe uterus.
l glands siruared in the pelvic
A sperm is a single cell with 11Hi ovaries are almond-sized ova
all the usual cell com pon ents
. ,: eggs or ova. The marure egg
or hip region. They produce the
scular rubes called
moves rhrough funnel-shaped m~
fallop,an cube fal lop ian tub es or ovi du cts
cowards rhe urerus.
or ovid uct
TI1e uterus lies in rhe lower ,abd
omen behind
and above rhe urinary bladder. lTh
ovanes
e' urerus is a
an. Ir is in die
hollow, mu scular pear-shaped org
o a baby. The
uterus rhar the zygore develops inr
.,, i.t
z Y·~ ~:..." , • lower pa n of rhe
ure rus is called cervix. The cerv
er ,1..."' · _. ,
e through a
is narrow aIJd opens co rl1e oursiJ
~
:,
r

muscular ruhe calleJ rl1e vagina.

~
z
0
rms. le also serves
. cu '1l1e vagina receives rhe spe
i=
u
:,

rhrough whkh rhe marure b;.1by

0 •
. :. ·< : 1 1- ·• ~~ . rl1e birch c:aIJal
0
tr
..,"- c, .
1,i.><,1 ; ..:. is Jdiven:d.
tr
Fig. 3-4 I The organs of the femiSle .

D repr odu ctive system Fig. 3-S / An ovum

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 Endocrine System
5 in Humans

.. JGJ!-1,t¾ WJ---,\

:
.♦
,: Hor ones and the
l • endrnocrine system
: , rypes of gla. nds - exocrine
::
A ll the org_ans, tissues and
togegier in a co~d~ated
syst_sms responsible for thi
and the endocri!_l~y~ m
cells in your body work
;anner. The Mo reg!.Wlto
s are the ne~ous ~ stem
. You know that p~
ry

and endocrine
as br e~ in g, movements ~-;uch
, Ho rrnonal glands in human
, sensory perception and
controlled by the ;r vo us so on are
beings sys;em. Several other pro
such as gs o~ h and ~e t~ cesses,
, physical changes and ol i;m , are controlled by
. chemicals
emotional changes dunn in your body. These chem
g icals are secreted by ductl
adolescence essglands.
The sy st e~of ductless gla
: , personal hygiene and
. and organs by releasing
nds that regulate the ~ tiv
ity of celis \
: stress management du certain chemical messeng
nng
: adolescence
'I:;
blooclstream ·is-called tlle
...__
t - q .
endocrine
.. -
.. - - ·-
-;t~~---. ,._. .._.·~
ers int~ Jhe
~

Types of glands
Based on how their secre
What are hormones? tions are carried towards
organs, glands are of tw the target
: n,e term hormone mean o types: endocrine gland
s to
glands. s and exocrine
: set in motion. Hormones
are
: chemical messengers sec ❖
reted e term endocrine is deriv
\ by endocrine gland tha t ed from two Greek word
help en-;J;;means within or ins s,
: to control and coordina ide, crin means secretions
te .
: various metabolic activi Endocrine glands are als
ties in o cal~ed ductles.s~aqds_he_
: the body. They are relea <;;.ause
sed they do not have~~ ?,
: directly into the bloodstr
'
eam. '
s~~~etions~~fire~tly into
~,?~~.: rele~~} ~l~ir 11:~Y
: Characteristics of hormon th~~sell~_,81.l1!~!!ssue sp~c~
es s
: ,, Hormones are produ
: small quantities.
ced in h .e.4i!~ ~.l !l ~ ~ E ~-~~ ~:_~~i~bLb~~?~.::1d
lymph to the target orga
: ,, They act very fast, bu
t n. The c~~micals secrete~
: slower than the nerve .endocrine glanctsareca by
ile cth.orm ones. Pituitary
: impulses. gland,
~ iro id gl3.?_d,~ dr: nal
: ,, They act on cells or org gland, g~ ~~ J! lA _go.,;ia
ans .,,some endocrine glands. ds are "'z
\ located away from the 0
ir 0
: sources. Exocrine glands are gla ('\
~
nds with ducts or special z
\ " They are destroyed so
on which release their secre tubes "'
II\
: after their action and tions directly into the du -<
thus These ducts carry the se ct. II\
-I
: not stored in the body cretions to the target orga "':i:
.
: " They coordinate. long-t n. z
erm The chemicals secreted
l processes, such as sexual •.....--·· - - -·--·-- ··-·-.~,-- by ex o cr in e~ ~:, ~~
:.~
J:
C

es. Salivary=·g·1···an···c1s,·....gastrfc7and and sweat glands

:i:
· enzym
\ development and gro
wth. L --,,_•·-"- ., - · z>

•
~ ...... .. II\
are some exocrine gland ~, __
,,.- ---- ---- --~ ----
-:-. ,; er;;;
s.- -- -- --
n:tr - ~
 Ir
f't • '

I ) l t · ., ,... ,!1).., > •I •..

',\
"
' '
, '
f I I f.t , ,,,\' •I\
, f I' f

• ,.. . • J, , inc ,rnd rxo< rinc gbncl.~ :HC give n in 'E1hle

5. 1.
, 1 •
. n- -c-r- hct ween r n<1Cl<
,1,r d,11i·rcm
.._ ! 1~•rrn enrlr,c rlnr ~ncf l' XO< r inl' gl ~nd~
(1iffrren r P( d "

Effll~~glft'HI Exocrine gland

ct,aratffl'f9tlt1
gl;ind.<1 which rrlr:i!le thPir
·r11 r<;f ;H f
ll,r-<:r :irr <;I"<'<;:ilim~ tbnd( '(t, hi< h rdr;i(f
Pc hni1in n ~r<rf t inn.~ rh rn11gh d 11n.q tn the r·
,hr 11 <irt rrr inn< dirri rk inrn all( nr thf ;irgrr
org,rn .
,11irn11fl11 in~ I jc;qJ('

·rh r~e ;ire gl:rnd.q with rl11cr.q_

·rh ry ,<;ecrrre emy me.~.

,
Rc~ron.~ e rim e i.~ f,isr c;ince the ,ecrrr·
f\r<,r••n'lt 11mr ;( <lrmT1 (inu.' the ~ -rcri on - O,i i'
h~, ,r, he c:irnrd 1hrf)11f:h hl(l('ll'( c micd rhr011gh d11cr.c;.

l 1w,· , nr11rn~ lf) r,F tom ~~ th·i•~· n( rhc ·rhcy cnnrrnl c;horr rerm ..icriviry.
; ), 1r;H 1, 11 n ' ~• 1 1nt1

I ~''f;'<'f n:-J:;.n

..
I ) :n11 n1,, 1'1: 111 ::.:-~
rl :rn d p:.n, re ~i
r l;. nd :t.~rn,d fl:111d. ,idrcn,I S,ilivrlry glrlnds . g.1.m ic gland. swear ~,mds

Endocrine or hormonaf glands in humans

~ornc of rl1c import Jnt cndm.: rinc gl.1nds in humans are rhe
puuir.uy gl.111d . chyroid gland , parathyroiJ glanJ, pancreas,
JdfC'tUJ gl.rna. O\'Jric.'S and cc.,rc:.,.

Pituitary gland ! ~ {:, ~ ':. . . . ,- / ),., t

lLc- puu1ury t\ a \1J1Jl1 f't'J •\f1JpcJ gl.rnd lrn..: acc:J at the bas, llJ
«Le- 1,,,.,,. jth l bdow dt t' hypoch..1l.unw1 (chc miJbrain).
I um , iom ( 111~ i,i1~tit..1r y glJ.ml wmrul.-, chc funLtiuning ut'
Jj odicf cmkll.l lHc ~IJud-,. l l1..·11u.-, it i.-, ..tho c.1.llcJ the m.1.•m:r
~l.uJ , f l ~\.h.. ln ~uklllh whkh rnmro l ch~ ov,r;JJ
L41,'W4H lt.'\

Jn d,>J>rncm o, ~l~>\trth ot th~ body, lllU.'H.lc, ,U\J boncsi

Ju ~>mc duhf1 l"H, the piwiur y glJ11d mJ_v rdcJ."lc coo lied(
•>I l,.-;> HH.d1 of the- 1wu11ottct. h~ u11d1..·r--,,.-,.:n:tillll OlJV
lcJJ w

j 1.-,mJrnim l.-1td J',\ 4,fj)JU '(i\~-\ l) , ~f,il;

i~··:.~~(;~Sc(rc:ciuO
1. ~H w"tc 4 Jx•~m gww v,.-, y tJH k.J.di 11g cu J nmdici
tm l'JlJcJ
tit•Hl h UI (hi. 5.2).

Th)'roi d ~ldnd
z
« ·41 ~, •!JywiJ ~l.mJ i~ a h,g'- rndun iuc ~fJ1h.l (Fig 5.J) .
4

"" . 1 t\gtou
0
0 h •~ louuJ iu aht' uH~ -• · • • • •
JUsc m from ot chc winJ pi~
...z .
l . two l·accra J Jobcs, one on euhcr ·J
(Jhu \dJJnJ uad1l'a). lt IIJ~ s1 t
D Fig. P I C.1ganrn,m .
.
of dit uad1c--J. 'lht' l wo JO l><'~. arc co,rnt'ctcJ by a narrow mJS.j
 • I '

. ue called isthmus. TI1e thyroid gland has a · h bl d

f uss nc oo
o l 1hus, it can deliver a large amount f h •
st1PP Y· . . o ormones 111 a
eriod of nme, 1f necessary.
short P
.fuJl'tt·ons The thyroid
. . gland secretes two h01.mones -

y
.,.;ne and calc1torun. These hormones g
thyro./U overn many
.ons in your body.
ftJJ1C0

✓, "'(,.'Thyroxine controls the speed of cellular tnet abo1·ism, Fu.n.c. .

lf"' \.
q¥ especially, the r~te at which oxygen is consumed and energy isthmus l
- thyroid
is produced:}Jt also regulates the body temperature b .
~r d' ·
producing energy.J o me 1s necessary for production of y . trachea ---+--
thyroxin"e.
0
~ i deficiency of iodine in the diet leads to low thyroxine
Fig. 5.3·1Thyroid .gland
Lo.be.t.1..irtg.
hormone in the bJood. !-L11cfer-se_c_retion of thyroxine leads
I:
;6~thyroidism~ makes a person sleepy and sluggish, 0 •1 OV' : ~c.,•,

leading to weight gain_. It 1eads to the swelling of the thyroid . D:..\\"~"<e.~c..\~'c-e I &_r>-.N} A
gland, a condition called goitre) (Fig. 5.4). Q_ver-secre.!!on of
thYroxine is called hyue,rthyroidism. It increases the speed of
cellular respiration, leading to weight loss.
❖ The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin, which helps to
control calcium levels in the blood.

Parathyroid glands
These are four small glands embedded in the posterior surface
of the thyroid gland. They secrete the parathyroid hormone,
also called parathormone, which regulates calcium and
Fig. 5.4 I A woman with goitre
phosphorus metabolism.

Adrenal gland
There are two adrenal glands present in our body, located on 7
top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland has two parts: an outerJ U>t..
adrenal cortex, and an inner adrenal medulla.
❖ Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones that reg~ate the
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, fat and minerals in ,,,
z
0
the body. ,...0
~
❖ Adrenal medulla secretes two major hormones: adrenaline ,,,z
V>
and noradrenaline. Both these hormones work in ) -<
V>
,,,--i
~
coordination. Adrenaline is also known as emergency Fig. 5.5 I Cross-section z
hormone as it prepares body for fight (that-is;--to-f:rce-the- of the adrenal gland :r
C
~
)>

•
danger) or flight (that-is-,-te--run-away-from-it) situation. z
V>

Adrenaline is released when a person is under stress or is

i

i
il
 involved in i111e11.'livc excrci.~e. ft rnakcs theh
ir1<.:rc;1.~c.~ the flow of hlood to the hrain t:irt h
. . anc1 h, ~~tr:
with st re.~.~or emergency srtwttron, dp~ to ~\
Cr,llt ,

,~lei( nf Pancreas
t;ingcrh11 11s

,1drr11.:il
gl,1nd
Pancreas is a glandular organ IrJCated ·
ahdorncn hchind the stomach p '"' rhe
. . ancrea~ .
I
an exoc:rrne as well as endocrine J · ,., hr,rt
gand ·rh ~
is also called a cluaf &fand. · 11.,, ;
a 1

Functions Its g_ocrine componmt er .

· h pro duce the ms,~,· ., rif
· · whic
dnets o f acm,,
~
~ containing cllg;,~t~~-f~ s. tfhe ii.,
endocrine component,. consists of islets of
Langerl1ans, which secrete the insulin h
orrnon
v ( Insulin regulates amount of glucose in th e bloade,i
:, . """·' '
Extra glucose m yorn body is convened into ·
common bod)• of glycogen by insulin and stored in the liver. In
pancreas
bile duct
some people, enough insulin is not released
Fig. 5.6 I Pancreas '
because of which excess glucose accumulates in
the blood and is excreted along with urine. This condition is
(Iii ~t!;J •-----------\ called di~betes mellit~~.) Po1-ou:.o. s wc.o_ <l.u_~ ~\u,.__~ o.i..} '
I
~-OLl...'L ~ Lt.t. ..,u C)( I " [ !-t\ \'\,l\.r(\o)-'-~ ?C-\.,1\.('.)l.Q o..tl.i.c \ . ~ ~ t!
'
: Diabetes is a common
Testes 0-. fON.-'t<! Q \:i c.. Oll_c'c o.ncl .:.J'_a. ~vt:, ~'i..

lThe testes are contiin~~t1;{t1i'titroruili ~r'r11nij?eu~ .,J.

: problem in a ma jor part
•
: of the human population
I I

, t oday. Find out more about 'I

reproductive organ) Lbc.,
I

: ,it__from the Interne t

_ _ ______ ______ ____ _ Functions They secrete the male ~x hormone, testosterone.
Testosterone regulates the development of reproductive organs
and the secondary sexual characteristics at puberty such as
deepening of voice, growth of facial and body hair and so on.

Ovaries
The ovaries are almond-shaped glands located on both sides of
the uterus below the opening of the fallopian rubes.
\-', ,.X,,, , ()'/' \.cr.n•:
Functions They secrete the female sex hormones called
-,
1
": • , - oestrogen and pr~g1 ;ste~. Tues~ ~oqnones regulate µie
,, . : . development of reproductive ;r~~t-;~:~t~:cotd~~ ~~x~:tl
w
2'. @I/J1,Ctffl$ ··-------- -.. . characteristics at puberty such as high-pitched voice and so on.
i<
u
C,
: For more information on j A summary of endocrine glands and the hormones they
c.,
. J •h J • J • • d fi · • • ·
. .
a ong wH t 1e1r ocanon an mctions ts given m
2'. :
w : diabetes, visit secrets,
:. r~gr.,n/icb~-o;. :

G · ---------·-------------------· · '!able 5.2 and Figure 5.7.

 . . .. .
crine Location Main hormone
El'I d0
gland secreted by It Functions

,. pirtJITARY grow th hormone • regulates growth of the body.

the brain
I GLAND controls overall development of the body.
•
!

j GLAND
......... \...................................... \.............................
:;~;;;;~ i throat region i thyroxine
l.. .................. ................. .\..................
.....
. r:;;;:i;;;;;;;; ~f;;ii:i~; ~;;;;;~j;;~: .
, • increases rate of protein synthesis.

\• regulates body temperature by energy production. \

.i
.I
I;;~~i;;; Iabdomen i insulin . T: ;;~:i;;;; ~~~:~;~r bi~~d: . ;::~;; ;~ ; ; I
I J .\ . . \ '. '.'.~~l~''.'.:~~~'.' .i~~o~~~=~s'.i~'.~~!.=~~'.~: )
('~;~ENAL I above kidneys \ adrenaline and j • help a person cope with an emergency situation. I
j GLANDS \ .j noradrenaline \ • help the body to fight stress and pain. 1

r~~;;;;; I;~:;;
l (FEMALES ) l abdomen
\l ~:; ~~;~:
progesterone
I; ~~~;;~; ;;;;~d:;;;;; ;:;;;:d d:;;~;:;:;
j and reproductive behaviour.
I
\

1-;;;i;; i ;;;~;:; i ;:;~;;;;:~; i : ~~~;:;; ;;~:;;:;;;;; ~;~:i; :d ;;;:::;;~;~:~; I

It..................................
(MALES) \ j j and reproductive behaviour. \
:......................................:....................................................:........................................................................................................................
I 1

PITUITARY GLAND: Also called the master gland;

lies at the base of the brain, secretes the growth
hormone and other hormones to control the
functioning of other glands such as thyroid,
adrenal, ovaries and testes.
. ,
_____ '>0
.
,
•·
\
. -l'~ >- ,.

·
I

:
--~---- -/ ', ~

THYROID GLAND: Situated in the throat

PARATHYROID GLANDS: Four small
region; secretes thyroxine, which is
glands attached to the thyroid gland,
necessary .for growth and developm;nt. _
secrete parathormone which regulates ·--- 1

calcium and phosphorus metabolism. ...,

I \
I \ ' • • I

Situated above each :

ADRENAL GLAND:
1
.-ll..-- - -=:-----;- kidney; produces the stress honnone,
PANCREAS: Contains islets of , adrenaline, to cope with emergency.
Langerhans, which ?ecret~c-:::-- 1_ _!.,_-:,_ _---:-_
insulin for controlling glucose m
z
level in blood. 0
0
n
:!!
z
m

OVARIES: Secrete female sex "'-<

hormones oestrogen and
"'-im
TESTES: Secrete male sex 3:
hormone testosterone which progesterone, which regulate the z
-.J egulates the growth of growth of reproductive organs and , ::c
C
reproductive organs and behaviour. -· .• .J 3:
)>
z

•
behaviour. "'
·' '
Fig. 5.7 I Th i·or glands of the endocrine system
e ma
 '1 ., • t •

Arlofe Hen ce ~nd ..:lccomp;mying ch~ng~,

p,,.-,:..., ~.r
~u < •~ r,-r, ..~l,""t f'1nk
· ,
•· ! QP'fl fl/
ifrt>r ,,I ·h·11•,tn(
• 11ir •1;.,· r r' fifr v, ·t,ri-

:i• Jr
it,r
71- ,( J..>rr~
·
""( ~"'"'n l"f'J:'l"f"d11,· ti"t" ri r ,J 1r1 <1 L,.,
.... ri r nn,,.
he., n-ir•· • :Jtr ,,,
"f l•fe n·h""n thl" hn,1\' hnn n1r<1
4--, 0 ,;,

t .c. "t I~ f"'C.'!~t .-.,i1 Vi t'"'r ;t{1 ~•

~.. f'1, ,.,-...,, i p ...,_ <•>t·"
, . c,r ,hi,. nf
! ' r r,~f"° , .,.,r, ll'f'I' )rr);n ir,g ~l"'fll 1/ m ·1r1 ·,.., · I.
.,.H ~,-,, ... 1! • ,., "t 1-:I "1:11 H"i• \ tl <\'°l 11 ;, f , . . 1r1, • ,~ 11: nnwfl "
....!n\-.-t -:,11• f!•thC'·• ... ,
p ,,k~111 r,1I,.,..,~,- i< .-.r.uinlfrf url;a r .
in eir/,; r'1.,n hnv,; • it
, ,t,1rr~

'" , L,, ;,i·' r--f 1() J J , nr"< .m <I i~ ( Pmrlt ·rl"d

~v rht' lg(' pf r ~
H 1r, ,.,_..~ ,n frm~ r<~ In m.~I(~. ir -r.lrt~ n .tn ,g<' of
11 rol~

,., ;.•. r .. f F (Nllf l<rrt:f h f (, rn ' - vr.,r,. ffnwr

ver. rht• pt·ri111/
-.:. , · ' )! "l frnrn ~ru• n fn r('r,n n .
P.,, J,.-1.......-f n( rr.mw ,on fr11m 1.·hildlinnd ro ,Hfttft/100(/ ,.~
• · ,,._:, .11 ~,lol n,cn, c 1l:.u1r1 ·
'.1,lnlrsn·n:· mr.m ml't1 ro vrow ~

··i n.i;t_,Le .J4lriln.rrhC OlrHl flll(','V rill d1( ·•~r of / ,'-i ro

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1 ·<;. • 1 H,, f.... h uri.laf:•1("1 1nrr ~1 ph y,; 1, .,1, p-.ycho/o~;tLil .111d

11:r~ c.al dun grs dudnl! adofe1<enc~

\<, ..;;;:1 11 . .a ft; h t,.. ,,1, 111'1c:.-.:c m t,,:,y,f,c, 1..h.u1gc: Ill body
ll..! nc ,1.J Llu11;1, ,-c au "''h. . c .!fr: ,wt1c ut th.: r1Jhv-.1L.,tl
I I '"•'-'
"-"'

td , ; .,. 1, ~• ·•••r'' li,c-11 11 , •a• ••rn d ..at ..... u, ,lutlll ~ rf11.t ,,h ... ,....
~ ... ~J ....,,.,u, uutt .,r •IIJ ... ,trw,, ,.•, ~h.wg,:, i ,ki: pl,u.c Ill
Ci ••"r'c-- !'I ,.a'. 1,:. •< ! .ikC'f
~-•~ul u,,,Ji.:.,, chi: ci:,1i:.1t
tl _\l. !11
t11h" ~ ~• ,:J t.11.i,., .. ·, J .•,ti,f. 11 u LlJ1
fJ,..,,, U '(<J..J • 1,c ,f,'; 1'. ~ •• ,

11111 i, 114 /l f' ' '·"~ .... ,i.t tt~ 11~.!..: t1A1111
,,._,,.,,:, l~"1tu,,c..:ru11i:. 'th,.'f 1.,UJ.'lC't
l ,.:i l• l1.Jldl1C ' • 1)' le-ell
l tic ~•• ,, ,l{;,.! .t t,J J..-,-..l.,i, t~ll; ALu,
th .: fr.: 'fli:'t lL UC pnJJu1.tll~
., Lil LI\IC'I Ille \/Cjlll !, '"'"''

•11 \ ull,C'i fll.y:.l,. ;1 .,(,;11,f C! II}•• 1111> 1i. l , 11.,..:. >· ct.,(' v , •'"'~ ~£~, f
11n, . . /L1t.111~ rh.: tcu,,.Jc
II yw.Jl IJ<11.l~ "'I.:,~ ll ,iat,c f/1
l,~1111, .. ,1 .. J IA>-IH ,'t',d' 4).,,J flll,~q 1,x w11,- . Abu, ih.: U\14flc 't ,t,.ff
11111, 1)~ Ilic 11,.llvl fic: 11,at
1,l,~:, .i,t· r ,, ,;.o -~ ·>.-.J ._..1 ...L.:, ,L: t, dl1JAt1,.i: 1.,t ih..-1r rc,11c1
.m c ~• 1

u, . U, J..-vd . .,p Ill b~Jl

l,,1111 ,,11 ,1. > ~' . v,J.◄ .!,.i,r ~,.~J 1.f,.,1# h:1l)U1,,~ _.J~
¥uu 1.w.llC Ilic \IC.llli!

,..,,,ic LI \' 1.1-llilj,111c: C1,. 11,c-

~c11iul
JI• t':.c:111
u ,ol, • "' ,J l, JI, , ... > lL.;..- I.> c11l.", ~•.:111,-1" 1.if ,ati:111.J
~•'t·••1 •> W .u , ..... > f,.,. ,J \;t.;..;.r,. . 11i,,;iiA 1.Jt li1q,) l) ,,, t~111.tl.: ...
 . height 11,ere is the sudden .lllcrc . .
asc rn I . I
,iii mm---~---- -.,
f I · lcrg 1t
,,~ re~ rhC elongation o t 1e bones of ti lC I·cg.~and
_se 1ft
·r,
ro I ,,bout by spurt in grow th hor arms. iis I
,r n1011c.Whil·.
I 1
ili i,g,r"
, Group project
.,1,rC1 . II height by the age of 14 to 15 ycar.~, Iloys ct grrls
I
. r I : Each group may select five
,. . /11 . . . , a tmn ,11 I
irr:i'P ' 18 ro 19 years of age. ·1hcrc torc :I children each from classes
. I . l ' rt ,s llnp onar n r
.,1,1 b) o
J1t'lf • lrh)' drct ,avrng ,ll equa re nutrient
s to ensure : Ill, V, and VIII. Note their
hL:t · proper : height and weight.
r) 1 ~ d development.
f\,,1
1h an : On the basis of the data
t lTf in body app earance 111 males ' the ,sl1 011 11l crs ! collected, compare their ,
I· ·
-~,flti
(, bro;1d and r 1e chest beco mes wiJ ll cles also : development and discu ss in ;
-11n r 1 . c. le mus I
I
,
e than 111. girls. I11 fer na Ics, t I,ere .rs , the class .
~" J dc,·elop mor . . .
I
I
I

",,r an
rc region and broadening of t he Iirps. . ---- ---- ---- -- ----- --~
F J 'n'' 0 f the pelv
,1 1l1cn1 ::-
1.,-pas
1
rs also develop and •enla•rge in size • A] so .111 both males
1},c L ' ' •
iemal es, hair start s growmg 111 the armpits and pu b'rc area .
an d . . . ( b
es tacra l hair as read and mustacl1e) grows.
In rn al · Problems related X
r 1.ftnoe in ,roice l11ere is. growth in the voice box or Iarynx. It to adolescence
v,..,.: ,- I Adolescence is an exciting
... more in males than m females. As a result ' mal es deve op
gro"o . hed voice)
phase of growth for a child.
adeep voJCe whereas females develop a high-pitc It is marked by a series of
changes at the physical,
sexual, emotional and social
Emotional changes during adolescence levels . Most adolescents
nce, come
_tjong ,~irh the physical changes during adolesce do not face difficulties in
starts passing from childhood to
die emotional and psychological changes. The brain maturity. However, in certain
participating
dunki ng and reasoning and the adolescents start cases problems in growth
and hormonal balance may
in decision-making.
and mind, lead to discomfort and
In order to adjust to the changes in their body anxiety. Some common
,·insecure health issues seen in this
adolescents often find themselves feeling confused
e about their phase are irregular growth
and self-conscious. They may become over-sensitiv spurts in height, menstrual
ted and
physical appearance. As a result, they may feel irrita irregularities, acne (pimples)
actions with : and obesity. The adolescents
lose their temper easily. During this period, inter i experiencing this may beco
me
influenced
peers also increases. Adolescents may start getting : conscious abou t their physical
ve. : development and critical of
bytheir peers in terms of how they dress, speak or beha : themselves. For example,
: the delayed appearance of
Importance of personal hygiene : a moustache compared to
: his friends or a shrill voice
"'z
C
0
sebaceous
Due co the increased activity of sweat glands and / could make a boy feel low. "~z
e body
glands, there is an increase in sweating. This can caus : However, experts say that "'
"'-<
pimples on / there is wide variation in the "'-1
odour. The skin becomes oily and causes acne and : onset of puberty from person "'s:
nt for every i
rhe face. Thus, proper personal hygiene is importa : to person. Thus, talki~g to :r
: parents and discussions with
C
s:l>
adolescent. : counsellors can prove helpful z

•
body "'
~ Take a bath every day. Wash all the parts of the :, in addressing such issues.
infection.
properly to prevent body odour and bacterial

Fig. 5.8 / Daily meditation and regular
yoga help you to overcome stress.
❖ Sports: Join a sport of your choice. It will help
❖ Hobby: Pursue a hobby, no matter how big or
❖ Rational thinking: Adopt scientific thinking
•
negative thoughts, thereby reducing stress.
❖ Trim the underarm hair and the pubic h .
. ng, walk· air regoIar/
. sueh as Joggi
l >h y.~.rca I exercise
tng and 0 y,
games arc neces sary for the prope r grow th otd0
and d or
of die body. A balanced diet also helps in th e groeve/op llJ
h en,
development of the body during adole scen Wt and
Ce,
Stress management
Many physical and emotional changes occur dUrtng.
adolescence. This can cause young boys and g· I1r s to b
and worried about some situations. The mental tensio . e tense
n
worry cause d by problems is caIIed stress. Some or
. mmm ~
causes of stress m adolescents are peer pressure' not getrin.
. . .
proper attent10n, exammat10ns, pressure to perform We/I in_g
. .
academics, and the physical changes taking place in their
bodies.
, Stress helps to prepare the body to meet a difficult
situation. But repeated and prolonged stress can have harmfuJ
physical and psychological effects. Therefore, it is imponanr
to find ways to reduce stress. There are various
techniques you
can adopt to reduce stress.
❖ Meditation: Meditation is an activity in which you
just sit
and allow the mind to be at rest. Take deep breaths and
make your thoughts positive. Do not think much about
rhe mistakes or weaknesses. Try to overcome them with
positive thinking.
❖ Yoga: Regular yoga will help you to overcome
stress.
So, devote some time to it every day.
❖ Time management: Make a schedule for your
studies,
sports, recreation, friends and family. Set realistic goals and
allot time for fulfilling them. Manage your time effectively.
in keeping
you fir as well as help in making new friends.
small it is.
Make drawings, learn music, do gardening and so on.
and
temperament. Do nor just follow because your friend is
asking you to do it. 1hink rationally. Do not enter into
unnecessary arguments with anybody.
All these techniques will help to keep you away from
 ;, 0 us system and the endocrine s
st
1i.e
,, r,erV nd coor d'ma t·ion of your body. Y em are the two regulatory systems involved in the
: 11 trol a
,0 of ductless glands that regulat h ..
system . t th bl e t e act1v1 •
ty of cells or organs by releasing certain
A I mess enge rs m o e oodstrea
1,ernica m 1s called the endocrine system.
: .
' are the chemical substances s
1Hormones f ecreted by the endocrine glands and released into the
: \; d directly.) ~
100
b. glands are ductless glands h'I
£!1docnne .
. w I e exocrine glands are with ducts.
~ docrine glands help m chemical coordinat· b
,1,e en .
ion y secreting
~ . 1•t ry gland is the master gland It hormones.
,i,e p1tu a · secretes the growth hormone which regulates the
~ II
vera growth of the body.
0 '
,i,yroxine released by th Yroid gla nd controls the speed
of cellular metabolism.
~ thyroid gland secretes parathor h'
,he para mone, w ich regulates calcium and phosphorus meta 1·
: The pancreas releases insulin that regulates amount bo ism.
of glucose in the blood.
: The period of transition from chil dhood to adulthood
is known as adolescence.
' : ouring sexual maturity, hormonal changes take place
in males and females.
: The adolescence is marked with not only the physical
changes but also the emotional and
psychological changes.
~ Stress is a feeling of mental tension or worry caused by
problems in life.

- W·IMJ ----------------------------------- -- ----- ----- ---------- ----------------- ._,

\ ADOLESCENCE the period of transition from childhood to adulthood
'
\ DIABETES MELLITUS a condition when sugar level in blood increases due
: to deficiency
of insulin
'
: DWARFISM 'I
''
a condition resulting in short stature due to low secre
tion of growth .
I

hormone I

'
GIGANTISM a condition resulting in excessive body growth due
.I
I

'
''
to over secretion .' I
I

''
of the growth hormone ''
: HORMONE chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands in
' the blood directly
: HYPERTHYROIDISM excessive secretion of thyroxine hormone
\ .. ___ ___--- --- ----- - - - - --- - ------ --- - - -- - -- - ------
------ ---- - - - ------ ------ --- ------ --- --- - - ---- - -- - --
--------- - ----- ---

{i,¾4M4i
A. Tick the most appropriate answer.
1
• Endocrine glands release /
-¥. hormones.

•
a. enzymes. . c. digestive chemicals. d. gas.
 Circulatory System
6 in Humans
•J,tma.---.:
~ .JSJS
: c -<
' , Internal struc ture of the
heart in detail (incl udin g
: valves , septu m; pace
: n,aker)
, schematic diagram of the
heart
Blood vessels - aorta,
pulmonary t runk, coro nary
artery and vein and vena
cavae
, • Circulation of bloo d as
double circulation
• Blood Groups (A, B, AB
and O): universal dono r
and universal acce ptor
: • Conditions related to the
functioning of the hear t:
pal;>itations, cardiac arrest
and h)1pen:ension
• Introduction of lymp hatic
system as a parallel
circulatory system
Y )tJ have learned in Cb
.
aw II Ievelo ,ed s • ·"·~. 6 th;ic hum;in heings have
r , pec1al1 zed sy,cem to tr.1nsport
. . .
nutr ients , gases and h
system · k n as the . Iormone.~ with in the hody. This
ts now
learned b ., c1rcu atory system . You have c1lso
a out various pares of the Clrcu.
l.unr y o/<item. namely
blood bl
- . ' o~d vessels and he::ir t.)
B~ d 1s a Auid connernve · l!ssu. e. Blood circulates ,md
transports essential sub stan ces sue h as ~ and nutri ents to
the cells all over the body. It .1s composed of plasma and b]QQd.
_cells. Ther
e are th ree types o f bl oo d cells or corpuscles. They
:
blood cells
: are red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes, whit e
j }~~2
. or leucocytes, and blood platelets or thrombocvtes.
i~.,~ ~ are red ia colour bcqmr pf the presence of a,re<l-
coloured iron protein r;ilkil haqno:;lobin) WBC
s are larger
they are
than RBCs and do not contain haemoglobin, so,
colourless. B_!,gg<l platelets are cBlo qrlqs, disc-sb'ip
rd q·lls
body inside
wichouc nuoo Blood are carrit<l throughout the
hollow cube-like scruccures calltd bloo<l vessds.
Blood vessels are of chm: cypts - arttric~. vtin~ an<l
cular vessels
capillaries. Arteries are chick-wallt<l, dastic, mus
boJy p.iru.
chac carry bloo<l away from che heart m dift~rtnt
blood
Veins are chin -walb.i vtssds with valves ch;ic carry
llaries art the
cowards che heart from diH~rcm body p.im. Capi
fine blood vess.d s conntccing arter ies wich veins.
The human heart
Structure of the heart
is a ixar
~Jhe hearc 01( -shap{"d musl'uLir~~g_at~ l'hlo~c
, -..
cJ ._..i1!_!.h.~ l.'.hcst
---
C ~ · ~ f1;an is rou~hly ch~ si·
Lc of ~•r dc111.:h~J fist.
•
m brs:4Jch•
An a<luh l1t~an is abouc Lliu1 m U and ~
le weighs about 3UU g. 'lhc walls of chc heart are nrnk
up
 ,,_ , . nll lS< .s. . -h work tirelessly to
W h IC
of ~ . r..k. keep it w k·
~ 1 (H 6.1 a). 'fh
.
e heart ts enclosed Or ltt
thro 11 (?, ,o tl t the 111 c r,·,'-' '
1

-. .. : .. n a ~
- h i
:The left ~1r1 e of t 1 J;t cree l. -. ca cd pe ri ca rd iu m . w h ich-- is
~ • ''.
filled :·
·:
he he;:irt dnt1h c- Y . 'lh e fluid-pr-<!-!fC
com r ri ~ Inr-rJ th e left 1111 ric le .
p c fll"llf< 1I·ll I fl II u 1• ts the h~~~t from shWtth
. nd t he lef t vent ric
le ha~ . . ~ k
Cks
ot lfl ll n co ~ I\.,~
: 1 • . o nt r;) ct to U.
;u re t,lc,c,d an d t
he rl~ ht ~,c1e jcrkc, -
: 'ah •1 auricle a nd
, havinF- nr- rlE[ht -
ventricle ha5- Im pu
re blo~~ :. -
In te rn al st ru c tu re of th e he ar t
·11 he art 1'"s ro r r chambers - .
u two auncle.., an d tw
,c o
ve nt ri cl e.~. All t I,e
se c hamrlbe)'Jrs.·~·"'•
are ~eparate4 from
·Q . \ o..,\ ea h
to preven t t he mixing 0 f_p.ure an d 1-R1p - ,~ < ~- - ~~-~c other
n,e bl oo d (Fig
. 6 lb
ln ao1 d.,n.on , th ere are great bl oo d vess •
. els, septum and val ).
o( \\~ \,O w\ \' w
~ ves.
\.I.'.-\t1, t,1i
aorta
vena cava aorta
pul mo na ry
artery ~ pulrnonan
artery 1
pu tm on a·-y . left auricle
(LA)
.........__,_ I
pu _monan
veins 1
_ left ventricle rig ht auricle - -
(LV) (RA) ------- left auricle tu,
..____ bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve ·-
-- ....
.._ aortic valve
rig ht ventricle (R
V) - - left ventricle
ng hl ~k ? (LV)
(RV) inf eri or vena cav
a -- -..
- - - - ~ ...,
pulmonary
a. External view
valve
b. Section th ro ug h
th e heart
Fig. 6.1 I The huma sh ow in g its internal
n he ar t structure

Chambers of th e h
ea rt
Auricles - The rece
iving chambers A
chambers of the heart. uricles are the upper
They have thin walls.
: The ventritles have blood from different They receive
I
thicker parts of the body. The
-

: wall~ th an th e au
-
.,

ricles . Th is atria (singular: atrium se are also called

: is because blood
i.$ pumped
).
: out of the heart th Ventricles - The disc
"'z rough
:._ ventricles ot grea harging chambers
C(
ter pressure.
lower chambers of th Ventricles are the
~::t e heart. They have th
pump blood out of th ick walls. They
e heart.
.,.
.,.
► Septum Blood flow
s from the auricles to
►
:r::
j does not flow from on the ventricles. It
( e auricle to another
J
)
one ventricle to anot auricle or from
I her ventricle. This is
i
muscular wall presen because of a thick
t in between them. T
the septum. Septum his wall is called
separates the heart in
right sides. Jh e auric to the left and
les are separated from
each other by
"° \ N, -.' i
 ' ·, ..,' ... .I
. The vent ric c.~ ar -~<'P.frared fr om hfcusp;~ ~ ~d ·········
I
\,

s e p tu m
,,;;cula r
s ,e y, ( Both the
ntricular cpturn .) .
the
c f' "· r -v e v.1lve, allo w
n in te : tr lw ~ p ld rlcles
~ if1 Jier by a au
1 o m
lond fr
heart tIlat rrgul I : flow of b prevent
alves in the ntrlcle , and lood.
,,.
~o 1
erc are v are r 1e hlood : to the ve th b
111
e
r,1~ ic le s and varr.ou~ pa ody. :_ backw"r
d flow o f
,trP. auricles to ve n tr
· rr~ o ( the h
yP which en .~only in one
, 111 tro/1Jv1
cs w o rk like a d o o r, op
p, ' •
1nc-'e ,,a
es:
-rioll• as four valv h
JrfL 1e heart h is p re
.
sent bctw cen t e left aur,cle and / o c.
7? a h re
bicuspid v fi .
blood Row rorn the Ic(it auricle to t ,,"
11ie co ntro ls
tr·
e. It
rcnrrid
t
Jc , ide. .
rhe ]ch venrr b e tw ee n th 'gh t aurrcl d
lve is p re sent e rr . e anI
id ,·a h .
'fh e rr ic u s p I I blood Row rrom t e rrgh t aurrc e
c.
t c on tro ls
e.
f
. hr venrric
n~h rirrhr venrricle. I
..
co c e t- s e nt at th e base o f th e pu monary
' r n f r e is
pre .
ru.Jmonar) o d fro m the r·•gh t ventricle to
fb lo
t
~rren·. Ir all
o ws flow o
ry artery. aorta.
•

o f origin of
clJ •

the pulmona th e p o in t
sent at tricle to the
aorta.
f :\ortic
,·ah-e is pre m le ft v e n
d fro
ow o f bloo
Ir controls B
r ---------..
's n a tu r a l p acemake p a rt o f th e right auric
le
~ .
Heart upper :
ated in the
d
node lls s it u a te
f c ell s sit u d e. The SA
'
~ c lu ster of ce ;
d u st er o r S A n o : A
p e r p a rt
of th e
A ode o s.
inoatrial n ical impulse in th e u p :
e S e le c tr : re ca lled
are c a lle d th genera ti n g is right auric
le a :
artbeats by the SA node
; or
h e n trial n o d e
ate s th e e r. W h e the Sinoa :
coordin acemak st or
:
e h e a rt 's natural p l - either too fa : SA node. s entering
;
c a lle d th b n o rm a lood vessel
Ir is me a ; • The b
e , h e a rt rh ythms beco ving th e
o r lea
h e a rt are
defecti v both. g re a t b lo
od

o r a c o m b ination o f , called th e
roo slow, vessels.

s s e ls in th e heart e h e a rt are called the

Blood v e aving th
ve ss e ls e n tering or le
The blood ese are as fo
llows: y
lo o d v e s s e ls . T h
la rg e v e ins which carr
great b vae are
c a v a e : T h e v e n a e ca rhe heart. T
here
~ Vena the b o d y ro
and
x y g e n a c e d blood from s u p e r io r vena cava
de o heart -
o v e n a c avae in the
are rw
od
inferior ve
na cava.
in s : T h e c oronary blo
arteries a
nd ve eins.
~ U>ronary ro n a ry a rt eries and v
de both co es. They su
pply
vessels inclu ro n a r y a rte ri
o major co . On rlie oc rhe
her
There are tw hea r t m u s c le s
g e n a te d b lood to the d , red blood to
a
ox y . eoxyg e n
ro n a ry ve ms return
han d, co
.
right auricle
 SYSTF MI C AORTA : Carrie
s oxya 11
;iw;iy from the heart to all
q,rrRf (lll vrNA (AVA:
"' .n:,te(f hi
rece h•!'S except lungs body Part\ 01'J1
. =enml t'd t,lc,C'd from the IIJ1fl!'r hClrly
dl'Cl"'· r:-... .

PIJI.MO NARY ARTER IES: suppl d

rLI LM L~Nl\RY VflN5 : 5UJ1J1I I' (l ~\lf!C'n
;!!!'d hlood from the heart to th Y '!oxy~, ~
t,lc,od from tht lungs t o the hr;i11 e lungs ~,.~

CO RON ARY ARTER IES: service the

muscl e cells of the heart cardiac
INIT Rl('I; \'EN A CAVA: receives b lC'od
from
t11€ lc,\11,er bC'dy

Fig. 6.2 I Major blood vessels of human heart

❖ Aorta (systematic aorta): It is the main artery and it aris

from the left ventricle. It carries ~ge nate d blooc ~
- l.f.tom left
yentricle to ~l parts of the body_except the lungs. ~

: The pulmonary artery carries ❖ Pulmonary artery and pulm ona ry vein
: -+mpllre 15ioo a from' the right : Pulmonary anery
ventricle ~o the lungs for carries ~~o2{Ygenated bl?<?d_from the righ_t venrrtck
!q the
purffiCatiorr.·.Pulm onary vein lungs for purificatio!_l:, ~ulmonary ':ein carries Qxyg
carries oxygenat ed blood enate~
from the lungs t o t he left
blood from the lun ~ to the left auricle.
r - -- - --- -- - -
.ttr~-k. :. . ·,. V, -

Circulation of blood
The heart pumps blood constantly. The right auri~
l~ receives
deoxygenated -or ·impure blood (blood rich in carb
on dioxide)
through two major veins, that is, from the anterior
parts of the
body through the superior vena cava and from the
posterior
parts through the i~e t:i~! v~ml~ilYil-
From the right auricle, the blood flows into thu igh

-
t
ventricle and then to the lungs through the pulm
onary
~r~.r.its._ '
~
In the lungs, exchange of gases takes place and the
1
blood ·
~_ts D~ygenateq, 'l11is oxygenated or pure
blood~ ought_~
the Jeft aurk!e by the_ i~n ary vei~ .
From the left auricle, the oxygenated blood flows
into the
Jeft ventricle and from there it is pumped into the
aorta, the
 Vl'ln• Cit
pulmon11ry ::~~ p11lrnnn,1,y
d blood ,': ·~ ~ "r t
oxygen11te 1frt11ry r 1frry
fn"

LA
,1,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,"'1 nff•
., hi
IJlnn,f In th
/f

y
LV

hlnnr1 p:is
ses in to
fiflp<f 1 rr rn tr :ir t,
e~ or,en h. Ventrtdej tn tr lr l"
nn;ir; ;irt ertes
ntra ct, va lv ~e · '
c. V
:inrl p11lm
a. Auricles co valves cl<i the ;inrt;i
. . tfnn)
w of bl Ood msrde the heart ( douhre c/rcu l;i
ng . 6.3 / Flo

e~ (iUrt,ncr ro .~upply
o d y. l1 1e aorta divid_ --
a rrc n ' in the. b . n rh c hi ,~
1 · (F ig . 6.3). W
h e -2!?2-..Q -c~
.:t~~
h
/~ fF<'•(
d ro all .bnd. )· uss u es
tr ien ts are def·1vcrcd t() - r e
e.!:) I nd n u
~I
illanes. oxyg
____
II d b
astes·- are co cctc v
-

1 blood Row
- -

r h c a1 •
e r w Di rectio n c, f

an<!..£.~~~
rhr(l
U
•

n d o
a • - - th -
on diox~de
L

II ~--,~·hile carb or impure

LV
➔
,,- xygenated
LA
,e de o l-ation
; ~ d . It th
u s ge~ s
n g on e ro und of circu i
.J,
c~mpfeti ~-- -
ht a u n d e ,
ts
to bo dy i, .r
ro th e ri g lungs
~ck ') .J,
_ ,- -, 1
4
1Fif · 6. · AA

irc u lation o f blood e body,

RV
Double c
d o f circu lation in th
g o ne roun t oicygt nitt.c.l in
·For c.ompletin through th
e hearr. dtoicygtnJtt
d In
bl oo d !( et
t Ju ng ~ ,in d IS c;,,r
led
es twice blood gt ts lh
the t by lt i.
di e blood pass ilrrltd to he ar
d Is C back 10
tion. tl5SUfS an vtrnt
c a lle d d o u b le circula e s: hear t by lh t ,upt rlor o1nd pulmonary
Tnis is rwo proce ss vu
l ~ b ~ Lt; " j
rn rt ca
lnftrlor vt
c ir c u la tio n in volves -
ry ve•in•s _ .. ._
Double mic p•uJ. m •
o n •a

cir cu latio n and sysrc vena cava 111

pulmonary · · , ci
c- ~ · 'j
I F !c.,-.d
circulation.
-#' '(>

n of
-,
-~

e circulario
,
LA
ti o n T h Jung.s
ulm o n a ry circula (f ro m rh e
P nd lungs
d b c rw e tn the hearr :r rhe lungs ro
LV
bfoo gs a n d fr om
e co the lun ry d rc u la c io
n.
righr vencrid p u lm o n a
alled
mt lefr auricle) is c c ir culation o f
blood pu Jmonc1 ry
iln t! ry
T h e
ukrion m gol!.!i
Sysr.emic cicc o ch e r b o dy organs (fro d110 ,1vg,ma1
11J blu11J
h
hearr and 1S th ro ug
to 1h11 IL1n1
uough rhe
ll5
d bl1J1Jd IJU
berween the b o d y p a n s rl O.lyg(ttWhl
,m 1h ru1. J~ pu lrn tJn&lf'/ ilrtll
nttS

ide ro th e " ' bl JiJy p

•
to
rhe ltfr venrr d r c :u farion. ) UW¥JfW wing
yste m ic ~rJ,n sho
is ca lle d & in a j S i.:hc!lllatii: I.JiJ
aorr.a) ke place Fi~ . 6.4 the b o Jy
o t blool.J in
th e se circularions ra g a circu lJtion
-
, 1,•A '.--n. l (l '\
Born consrirurin
I

ner, ro ge rh er J . J\ . :,.
rhrrhmic man
l
11 9 ~ --r · ' l( ''
}-_ u
cardiac cycle.
. l'c,, - -
R 7
'. I J' ~
'
1 h.1J 1
iV'l- - +
I
~
 He art bea t and cardiac cycle
~ ~ -- All the hc;irt nH1 sc.:lcs do not contrac
~ ,~- --- -~ -
t at the san, .
. h .. 'lh c ~urickc; ~ontrn ct 11rst, forcing the_
· YOlf f eo 11 beats about blood intoc t~~e.
A (,.ac t1'0 11 of a .c;ccond later, the ventricles contr
: (100 times every day.
· ,,oo.
: on an average, 5 L 0 f blood . ~ lltr·
11) one.j into the pulmonary arte ries and- the aort to Ptt~h . . __ tclt
aq
: . mred bv \•our heart
: 15 ru J • a. '·
: every minute. •11,cn the auricles rel ax and blood Aow
s int~
pu Imo nary veins and vcnae cavae. By this tirne therri from t
, t ev
I
,~J 1 ~ ~ ) I,ave also emptied and the whole heart is relaxed 'l1 _entric1~t~t
. tn1 . , ,
referred to as a heartbeat.
,
,._, ~L) s Is
The sequence of events which take plac
1 e duri
complete heartbeat 1s. known as cardia
~ '- \l ) . ng one
...
-
(_ (,) epeated contraction and relaxation . c cycle. It i I
nvo ves
r of the heart rn I
A contraction is termed as sys tol e ~e s
and a relaxation . ·
as diastole. One complete heartb
eat or cardiac cy lIs tern,ed
of one systole and one dia . c e consis
stole. It lasts for about O ts
Each heartbeat is heard as two sou .8 seconds
nds. The cont . ·
auricles makes one weak sound. It .
1s followed by ract1on 0f

~ ~
sound caused by the contraction of
ventricles. The doct stranger
a
or Uses
stethoscope to listen to this two
-part heartbeat (luh-dub) (Fi~a
6.5). A normal heart on an average
beats 72 times per minute.
Pulse

.~ .?
Fig. 6-5 I Doctors listen to the
When the left ventricle contracts, blo
under high pressure. The walls of the
od moves into the arteries
arteries get stretched by
heartbeat with a stethoscope. this pressure. As the ventricles relax,
the pressure comes down.
The stretching and relaxing of arteries
with each heartbeat
is felt as a throbbing called pulse. Yo
ur pulse is the rate at
which your heart beats. It is easy to
feel the pulse at the side
of the neck or at the wrist near the
base of the thumb. In a
healthy adult, it is about 70-75 tim
es per minute.
Blood pressure
The heart must exert pressure to pus
h blood through the blood
vessels. The force of blood exerted
against the arterial walls by
the heart is called blood pressure.
It varies from one part of
the body to another and has two lim
its (upper and lower).
The average pressure produced in
the ventricles when they
contract and pump blood into the
aorta and pulmonary artery
is called systolic pressure (upper lim
it). It is equal to tbe f
pressure exerted by a column of 120 mm
Hg (milfun~;
mercury). The average pressure pro
duced whe~ the ventrl es
 d with bloo
~!le (low 1· d. )from the allfld.
e .
rtrr
r sLl,c
er 1m1t . It is ab
0 ut 80 s is ca\\ c<l
nr''~ red with a sphygmom dia
r ,e~sll .l I-lg n •'tolic
Jl\n,
ii n, ano n,ct c ,. . n\oo<l
nnal
11,e 110 i. va ue of blood prcssurcr. (hg. 6.Ci)l Pressure
•
·Jcrcd ro oe 120/80 mm H 11, an a<l \ .
• s1 . tr. d 1.
Ln 11 :tnd 1s anectc oy the a g. It var·1 lt t 1s
cr~on gc, sex an<lcs\ fron, person to
rbJ'lorJllal functioning of hear '••hh or the person.
A rin1es due to some defects . \ t
~l,n,c 111 t lC Str '
·. I heart or bloo d vessels th
nl r ,e ' e \lea rt show Uctura\ con,
poncnts
. -rioning. Some of these are as u . d s ahnorrna\
n1nl tl er: Fig. 6.6 I Bio d
with ·
o pressure is measured
a sphyg momanometer .
palpitation
.I irarions 111akes a person feel as if h'
par . b
. skipping a eat, or fluttering Th IS heart is b .
t;ist, • . . • e person
eating too
cart palpitanons m the chest thro at, or neck.may
h a\lY caused by anx . , p \ notic
. .e
asu . iety or som e c a pitatton is
oronary
"jhis ay also caused due to the effect f heart d'
01 o some medtseas
icinees,.
cardiac arrest
Sornetimes, the heart sud
. denly stops contractin. g. Tu·ls happens ~ ----- ----.
because of the narrowing of the blood vessels .
· Tu·1s occurs : Sometimes due to some
·•

especially in the coronary arteries due to the

dep osm· ·on o f : defects in the structural
cholesterol and calcium on ~heir inner walls. \ components of the heart
As a result, : or blood vessels, the hear t
there is no or less supply of blood to the hear : shows abnormal functioning. .
t and the heart
\ Palpitation, cardiac arrest and :
stops beating. : hypertension are some of :
H)rpertension - hig h blo od pressure ', these .
-- ---- - --- ---- ... --- - - -- - _________ . :
Sometimes, there is constriction of arterioles.
This creates
difficulty in the flow of blood. It is called
high blood pressure
or hypertension. Hypertension increases the
risk of heart
disease, kidney disease, diabetes and blindne
ss. Nowadays, an
increasing number of people have higher than
normal values
of blood pressure.
ffl!llt• ' fJR,j@'4?j e : A--------------------------- - ------- ---- -\
7
Fill in the blanks,
\ : \ ~- walls and are called __AWA...•~ ~\::,,.>
o. \
The upper chambers of th e heart have .....
~
1.
. · . parts of the body.
df the heart to various :
2. ._....P. 0J ~. . . . carries bloo \
rom d rts towards the heart.
df m :
. . _. .,N.~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . carry bloo ro different bo y pa
d gs Is called . ~ul('(\O~o.:cj drcu\ation. \
3 n the heart an Iun :
4. Circ ulation of blood betwee :
, __ mm Hg.
s. The normal blood pressure in an a~~~~-'~-
:: _-----· · ·· · · · · · · · · ···· ···· · · ··· · · · · · · · :
····· .. ·.
----- ----- ----- ----- -
------- ------
-------

---
.- I
~
I Blo od gr ou ps an d blood transf
. .
Sometimes, due to som e lnJUry or rnaJ
·o
.
lls10..,.
'1
1
illness, there can be a heavy loss of blo r surg
. od fi ery or c
blo od loss ts ma de up by tran sfer ring rorn h erta.i
blood c t e bod_ "
person. 111e process by w h tc . hb
loo d is tr crrorn a hea.l}'.t lli·11
Perso n to ano the r is called blo od tra ansrerred c t11y
nsf u . rroll\
However, blo od can not be transfused s1on Otie
----- ----- ---- --- ---- - ---- . h.
Anti gens are larg e prot ein the blo od type of the don or and the Wtt 0Ut
recip•
mol ecul es pres ent on the on the presence of pro tein s called ant tent. Delllatching
surf ace of cells, bact eria and ige n d Pend.in1>
the hum an blo od is classified into fou s an an "b o
I som e non-living sub stan ces
such as toxi ns and chem icals . Rh (-).
r gro ti odies
ups and Rh(+) ~d
Ant igen s stim ulat e the bod y
to prod uce anti bod ies, whi ch
ABO blood groups
are chem ical sub stan ces
prod uce d by the bod y in An tige ns are pro tein s pre sen t on the
surface of RBCs .
antJ.bo dies are pre sen t m
resp ons e to anti gen s. Each
. the p 1asm
anti bod y bind s to a spec ific .
a. There are tw While
anttgens - A and B and two types of 0
: anti gen like a key doe s to
antibodies A types of
d 1<1 i,
: a lock. - an B
antigens, the hum ·(Baseq
on the pre sen ce or absence of specific
~--- ---- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -
is classified into fou r groups, nam ely
A, B, AB and o.) an bl00q
❖ Blo od gro up A has ant ige n A
and ant ibo dy B.
❖ Blo od gro up B has ant ige n
B and ant ibo dy A.
❖ Blo od gro up AB has bot h ant
ige ns but no antibodies.
' , ----- ---- - --- ---- ---- ---- ---- -- - ❖ Blo od gro up O has nei the r
ant ige n A nor B but both
: Ant igen A and anti bod y A
: are inco mpa tible and cause ant ibo die s A and B (Ta ble 6.1 ).
self -clu mpi ng. Sim ilarl y, The ant ige ns and ant ibo die s wo rk aga
anti gen B and anti bod y B inst each other. When
blo od con tain ing the opp osi te ant ige
are inco mpa tible . How eve r, n is transfused into the
anti gen A is com pati ble with bod y of a per son , the ant ibo die s of
the recipient will attack
, anti bod y B and anti gen B is the don ate d blo od and cau se clu mp
\ com pati ble with anti bod y A. ing . This may cause blood
infe ctio n and eve n dea th. The refo re,
blo od transfusion is done
ver y car efu lly by ma tch ing the blo
od gro ups of the donor and
the rec ipie nt.
Table 6 1 Com pos ition and tran sfus
ion com pati bilit y of diff ere nt bloo
d grou ps

Blood gro up Antigen on RBC Ant ibod y in

Can don ate blood to · blood from
Can receive
plasma ,

•
 on
2 sho ws the blo od tra nsf usi com pat ibi liti es of
,1 ble 6 · @ Weblink
f: blood gro up s.
o· d h · .
1s ca 11 e t e um ve rsa
ld For mo re detail abo ut
• LIS d rou p
,:1 r10 o11or since it can
. blo od groups and
,, lnloO g
,v a pe rso n wi th an y blo od gro up . Bl ood gro up AB is transfusion, visit
al . . .
j jveJl co e11 t sm ce it can recei ve bl oocl from a rsg r.in /icb 8-1.
111,cg h univers rec 1p1
1i' ci1l1~·d c e. h an y blo od gro up .
1
Jl Wit
pcrso
factor (Rh-f ac to r)
i,esus -fa cto r is fou nd on th
e sur
c
1ace
~ r1,er ant ige n cal led the Rh Ab
10 red in rhe sus mo nk ey ou t
Af Rl3 Cs. It was first dis co ve s.
1

cto r; the y are sai d to be

;5 per cent pe op le ha ve the Rh -fa e it.
~5 pe r ce nt do no t hav
Rh-positive (R h+ ). Th e res t
h- ).
said co be Rh -n eg ati ve (R
11,ey are use d int o an Rh - person,
the
\);/hen Rh+ blo od is tra nsf
tor Ho we ver' no
~~
. 1•ent for ms an tib
od ies ag ain st the Rh + fac .
first tra nsf usi on as Rh ant ibo
die s (111:J@BAS- ---- ---- --,.
complication oc cu rs aft er the blo od Co llec t inf orm ati on ab
ou t :
sec on d tra nsf usi on of Rh+
are short-lived. In cas e of a the the blo od gro up s of fou
r of :
ipi en t's an tib od ies will att ack d '
after a sho rt pe rio d, the rec you r fam ily me mb ers an
pro ble ms . any tw o ne igh bo urs . Ma
ke
rransfused blo od an d cau se no rs
on , the blo od gro up s of do a tab le sim ilar to Ta ble
Thus, before blo od tra nsf usi tch ed to od
ir Rh -fa cto r hav e to be ma 6.2 an d no te the ir blo I

and recipients as we ll as the od

I

: tra nsf usi on com pat ibi liti

es. :
prevent clu mp ing of RB Cs .
An Rh - pe rso n can do na te blo I

'-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
\

t no t receive
ro an Rh+ pe rso n of co
mp ati ble blo od gro up , bu
(T ab le 6.2 ).
blood from an Rh + pe rso n
od based on blo od
pat ibil ity of hum an blo
Table 6.2 Tra nsf usi on com
groups and Rh fac tor
:
Type I Can giv e blo od to
I Can get blood fro m

A+ A- 0+ 0- I
A+ AB +

•
 The lymphatic system
ln ~dd itinn to the circub tor
y sys r<'m, your hody also has
~ h-mplu tic- ~~'~trm th:H tr:1mp
orts lymph throughout the
.
\I , t'. ,) \
hodv. , . I-mp
.
'
1 i~ ~ f 11ic l f h;1t co . .tnrCect • fi
nt;1 in~ 1on - ghting h·
hlrw,<f all .~~When hloml re;1 ches . .
the c1p1llanes, some ofWthelte
w~ tft ~n<l di ~(olvrd
~olutcs are filt ered out from
the plasfl'la
into ti~~ue ~p-'< c~ co form a ti.
~_•i\1e Auid called lymph . 5
0 f 1hi( lymph.rn ter ~ tin y cha.n nel
001 e
s called lymph vessel , .
t\:i~ic~lly. lympl, h;1.~all the
ele ments of blood except RB Cs
,1ntl hlood pLu dcts) 'Therefore,
it is sli ghtly yellowish in
colour ,1nd co ntains a specia
l type of white blood cells call
1~·m rh oc)1t'~. which help ed
in fig hting infection s.
·11ic 1ymph ,ai c sys tem co nsists
of lymph vessels and lyrn ph
n0<1~ (Fig. 6.7). The lymph
vessels resemble veins due to
thin wJ lls and presence of val their
ves. Th e lymph nodes are sma
glnhul.u masses of lymphati c tiss ll
ue.
Functions of lymph
lh e main fu nctions of lymph
are transportation, defence and
drainage. f 'i ~"' ~
~ ransportation Th e ly~ph helps in transport
ing nutrients
an d hormones co the body cel
ls. It also removes waste
ma terial s fro m the body cells
to the tissues and finally pours
them int o rhe vein~ Lymph no
des produce lymphocytes.
Lymph carries lymphocytes and
antibodies from the lymph
m.xics co the blood. The lym
ph also absorbs and transporu
(f:m y acids and glycerol) fro bes
m the small intestine to the blo
od.
Deftnce fs lymph canrcs lymphocytes and
dn£roy~ the harmful mi croorgani
antibodies, it
sms and foreign particles in
d1c lymph nodes) Lymph picks
up the bacteria entering the
hod)' and brings chem to che lym
ph nodes, where they are
dc~m,ytd . Lymph nodes also hd
p in loc.uizing the infection
a.nd pn:-vcmi ng ic from sprcallin
g co ocher tissues. Can you
cm rd att dlis wilh du~swdling
of tonsils in case of a throat
: Ton sil~ art- the two lym ph iiifcuiou?
: nodes lo(ated on eith er
side
I
Dnunage ( lhe lymph <lrains exr
3
: ot the back oi the thro at . ess tissue fluid from the
: They help in preventing t he i1m:rcdlular sp a~ back inco the
:, bod y fro m iniections. bloo<l) Tissue ftuid la a 8uid
. --- .... . - -.... -- . .. - .. -- . --
that surrounds the cdls of mo
........... .,.,,' st tissues, arriving duougb blood
capilLuies .
 Now y_ou kn ow
s co n .
tor )' sy ste m in hu ma n be ing s1sts of blo od bl 00 d ves sel s h
circu 1a ' ' ea rt an d lymphatic
rne
1 terfl· .
be rs _ up pe r le
sys an he art ha s fo ur ch am ft an d rig ht auricles a nd low er left an d right
ne hLlrTl
t r ·c1es, . .
entri rig ht au ric le
v . the he art flo ws fro m: ➔ rig ht ven tric le ➔ Iun gs ➔ left auricle ➔ lef t ventricle
100d ,n .
,, ~ different bo dy pa rts .
cir cu lat ion thr ou gh ou t the bo dy1 th bl oo d circulates tw ice thr ou gh
rnpleting on e rodundd of e
for co rt, This is ca lle ou ble cir cu lat ion .
t hea
the an d ve ntr icl es m a kes a sou nd called h ea rtb eat . It is fel t as a
ntr act ion of th e au ric les
,he co th e wr ist ' an d is kn ow n as pu lse .
t bbing of an art ery ne ar
thro • h
re ex ert ed on the art e na 1 wa 11 s by the pu mp ing 0 f th e ea rt.
d pre ssu re is th e pr es su Hg.
~ s100
~ ,he ave rag e ad ult blo
od pr es su re is 12 o/8 o mm
mp on t s of h ea rt or blood ves sel s, the he art
es, du e to so me de fec ts in the str uc tur al co en
ometim f t· .
t S rnn g.
shows ab no rm a I un c 1o fou r gro up s: A, B,
nc e of spe cif ic an tig en s, blo od is classified into
t sased on the pr es
en ce or ab se
AB and 0. ke s the blo od
tig en ma ke s blo od Rh -positive; its ab sen ce ma
t Presence of the Rh
-fa cto r an '
Rh-negative. ll as the ir Rh -fa cto r
e blo od gro up s of do no rs an d rec ipi ent s as we
t Before blo od tra ns
fus ion , th
RBCs.
ed to pre v_en t clu mp ing of
have to be ma tch ws in lymph ve sse ls an d
ns ist s of a yel low ish fluid called lymph tha t flo
t The lymphatic sy ste
m co
led lymph no de s.
small glo bu lar ma sse s of lym ph ati c tis su e cal
-,:
1#•) k•rt ------------------------------------------ --------- --- ---
~ 34 ate d blo od fro m the lef t
ve ntr icl e to
'
i
~ th e ma in art ery tha t car
rie s ox yg en i
AORTA pt the lungs
the bo dy ex ce
all pa rts of m dif fer en t pa rts \
r ch am be rs of the he art tha t receive blo od fro
th e up pe :
AURICLES
of the bo dy \
aur icl e an d the lef t ven tric le
va lve be tw ee n the lef t ng :
BIC US PID VA LV E nin g ws cs (ly mp ho cy tes ) which he lp in fig hti :
• h fl UI"d con tai '
LYMPH yellow1s
inf ect ion s an d dis eas es
ve ntr icl e
the rig ht auricle an d the rig ht
va lve be tw ee n ve ntr icl e to the
TR ICU SP ID VA LV E d blo od fro m the rig ht
h at car rie s de ox yg en ate
PU LM ON AR Y AR TE RY an art ery t
lun gs for pu rif ica tio n he art tha t pu mp blo od
ou t of the he art
of the
b S
the low er ch am er
VE NT RIC LES ---- ------ ----- -- -
--
------- --- -- ------ -------- --- --