1

1 When rubber is distilled, a chemical called isoprene is formed.

The structure of isoprene is shown below.

H H C H H

C C C C

H H H

Isoprene does not conduct electricity.

Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Describe the structure of a sodium atom.

In your answer refer to,

- the type and number of each subatomic particle present,

- the charges on each type of subatomic particle,
- the position of each type of subatomic particle in the atom.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [5]

[Total: 5]

3 The structures of diamond and graphite are shown below.

 2

diamond graphite

(a) Explain how the structure of diamond relates to its use in cutting hard materials.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain how the structure of graphite relates to its use as a lubricant.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

4 Radioactive isotopes can be used as a source of energy.

An isotope of radium, Ra, has 226 nucleons in its nucleus.

How many neutrons does this isotope contain?

Use your Periodic Table.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 Radioactive isotopes can be used as a source of energy.

Give one use of radioactive isotopes in medicine.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 3

6 The structures of six gases are shown below.

A B C D E F

H H

C C Cl Cl N N O O Ar O C O

H H

Gas F is a compound.

Define the term compound.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

7 The structures of six substances are shown below.

A B C

Ag Ag Ag Ag Fe Fe Fe Ni Na+ I– Na+ I–
Ag Ag Ag Fe Ni Fe Fe
I– Na+ I– Na+
Ag Ag Ag Ag Ni Fe Fe Fe
Na+ I– Na+ I–

D E F

F F N
F N Xe
O O Xe
F F O O
N Xe
F F F O O Xe Xe

(a) Substance A is an element.

What is meant by the term element ?

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 4

(b) Substance D oxidises water to oxygen.

Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

2F2 + 2H2O → ..............HF + ................. [2]

[Total: 3]

8 is radioactive. It changes into an atom of a different element which has one more proton.

Identify this element.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one copper(II) ion ?

number of protons ..........................

number of neutrons .........................

number of electrons ......................... [2]

[Total: 2]

10 State two uses of radioactive isotopes.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

11 Two different atoms of sodium are and .

Explain why these two atoms are isotopes.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 5

12 represents an atom of scandium.

How many nucleons and how many charged particles are there in one atom of scandium?

number of nucleons .........................

number of charged particles .........................

[2]

[Total: 2]

13 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.

State three properties which silicon(IV) oxide and diamond have in common.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Explain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of diamond and
silicon(IV) oxide.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

15 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.

Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
 6

[Total: 3]

16 (a) Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrogen.

[1]

(b) What type of bonding is present in a hydrogen molecule?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

17 The figure below shows the arrangement of the particles in sodium bromide at room temperature.

Na+ Br – Na+ Br –
P
Br – Na+ Br – Na+

Na+ Br – Na+ Br –

(a) Give the name of the type of particles, P, present in sodium bromide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) What is the state of sodium bromide at room temperature?

Use the information in the figure to explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]
 7

18 The structures of five substances are shown below.

A B C

Na+ NO3– Na+ NO3–

N N N
H H NO3– Na+ NO3– Na+
H
Na+ NO3– Na+ NO3–

NO3– Na+ NO3– Na+

D E

I– K+ I– Cl – Na+ Cl –

K+ I– K+ Na+ Cl – Na+

I– K+ I– Cl – Na+ Cl –

Complete the following sentences about compounds A and E using words from the list below.

atoms gas giant ions liquid molecular polymer solid

Compound A is a .......................... at room temperature. It does not conduct electricity

because it has a simple .......................... structure. Compound E does not conduct

electricity when it is .......................... because its .......................... cannot move. [4]

[Total: 4]
 8

19 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature / °C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which element is carbon in the form of graphite?

Give a reason for your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

20 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature / °C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which element is chlorine?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 9

21 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B, C and D.

state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature / °C conductivity

A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor

C gas green –101 does not conduct

D solid yellow 119 does not conduct

Which two elements are giant covalent structures?

Give a reason for your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

22 Chlorine reacts with indium, In, to form a chloride with the formula shown below.

Cl Cl Cl

In In

Cl Cl Cl

How many protons does indium have in its nucleus?

Use the Periodic Table to help you.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

23 Many flowers produce volatile oils. These oils are responsible for the sweet scent (perfume) of
many flowers.

What does the term volatile mean?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

24 A radioactive isotope of carbon called carbon-14 can be used to date old pieces of cloth.

What is meant by the term isotope?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
 10

[Total: 1]

25 A radioactive isotope of carbon called carbon-14 can be used to date old pieces of cloth.

Carbon-14 contains 8 neutrons and 6 protons.

The symbol for carbon-14 can be written .

Write the symbol for carbon-12 in a similar way.

[1]

[Total: 1]

26 The table below shows the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in some isotopes of
helium, argon and neon.

Complete the table.

number of number of number of

element
electrons protons neutrons

2 2
.................

18 20
.................

10 10 11
.................

[3]

[Total: 3]

27 Bromine has two naturally-occurring isotopes.

What is the meaning of the term isotope?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 11

28 The table shows some properties of the Group 0 elements helium, neon, argon and krypton.

density of the
electron liquefied gas melting point boiling point
element
arrangement 3 / °C / °C
in g / cm

helium 2 0.15 272 269

neon 1.20 248 245

argon 2,8,8 1.40 189 186

krypton 2,8,18,8 2.15 157 152

Deduce the electron arrangement of neon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

29 Complete the following sentence about compounds using words from the list below.

atoms combined mixtures

molecules separated unreactive

A compound is a substance containing two or more different .................................. which are

chemically .................................. .
[2]

[Total: 2]

30 Iron from the Blast Furnace is impure. It contains about 5% of impurities, mainly carbon, sulfur,
silicon and phosphorus, which have to be removed when this iron is converted into steel.

Mild steel is the most common form of steel. Mild steel contains a maximum of 0.3% of carbon.

High carbon steel contains 2% of carbon. It is less malleable and much harder than mild steel.

(a) Give a use of mild steel.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest a use of high carbon steel.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 12

(c) Explain why metals are malleable.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(d) Suggest an explanation why high carbon steel is less malleable and harder than mild steel.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

31 Chlorine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table

State the meaning of the term element.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

32 The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C D E

State which electronic structure, A, B,C, D or E, represents an atoms which contains only two shells
of electrons.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 13

33 There is a small percentage of noble gases in the air.

The noble gases are unreactive.

Explain why the noble gases are unreactive in terms of their electronic structure.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

34 Complete the table to show the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in the uranium atom
and rubidium ion shown.

number of electrons number of neutrons number of protons

235
92U 92

87 +
37Rb 50

[3]

[Total: 3]

35 Astatine is a radioactive element. One isotope of astatine has a nucleon number of 209.

(a) Define nucleon number.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State one medical use of radioactive isotopes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

36 The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C D E

Answer the following questions about these electronic structures.

Each electronic structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.
 14

State which electronic structure, A, B, C, D, or E, represents:

(a) an atom in Group III of the Periodic Table

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) an atom of a noble gas

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) an atom that forms a stable ion with a single positive charge

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) an atom that contains only two shells of electrons

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) an atom with a proton number of 16.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

37 The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.

A B C D E

Answer the following questions about these electronic structures.

Each electronic structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State which electronic structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:

(a) an atom of an element in Group VI of the Periodic Table

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) an atom of a reactive metal

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) an atom with a proton number of 17

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 15

(d) an atom that forms a stable ion with a charge of 2−

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) an atom of oxygen.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

38 Caesium is a radioactive element with a proton number of 55.

(a) Define proton number.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

39 One of these statements about isotopes is incorrect.

Tick the box with the incorrect statement.

The isotope is a source of energy.

Some radioactive isotopes can be used to treat cancer.

All isotopes are radioactive.

Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons.

[1]

[Total: 1]

40 Astatine is a radioactive element.

An isotope of astatine, , decays to form an isotope of bismuth, .

Describe what happens to the number of nucleons during this decay.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 2

2 Which apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with copper?

A B key

+ – + – = copper sheet

= iron nail

aqueous copper(II) sulfate

C D

+ – + –

aqueous iron(II) sulfate

[1]

[Total: 1]

3 Electricity is passed separately through concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated aqueous

sodium chloride and dilute sulfuric acid.

In which rows are the electrolysis products correctly named?

cathode product anode product

concentrated
1 hydrogen chlorine
hydrochloric acid
concentrated
2 sodium chlorine
aqueous sodium chloride
3 dilute sulfuric acid hydrogen oxygen

A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only

[1]
 3

[Total: 1]

4 When substance X is electrolysed, the amount of gases P and Q formed is shown.

P Q

substance X

– +

What is substance X?

A concentrated aqueous sodium chloride

B concentrated hydrochloric acid
C dilute sulfuric acid
D molten lead(II) bromide
[1]

[Total: 1]
 4

5 The diagram shows an electrical cable.

plastic coating

metal core

Which statement about the substances used is correct?

A The coating is plastic because it conducts electricity well.

B The core is copper because it conducts electricity well.
C The core is copper because it is cheap and strong.
D The core is iron because it is cheap and strong.
[1]

[Total: 1]
 5

6 When concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolysed, gases P and Q are formed.

P Q

concentrated
hydrochloric acid
platinum
electrodes

– +

What are P and Q?

P Q

A chlorine hydrogen
B chlorine oxygen
C hydrogen chlorine
D hydrogen oxygen

[1]

[Total: 1]
 6

7 The diagram shows, in cross-section, the arrangement of aluminium and steel wires in an electric
power cable.

key
= aluminium
= steel

Which metal wire is the better conductor and which metal wire has the greater mechanical
strength?

greater
better conductor
mechanical strength

A aluminium aluminium
B aluminium steel
C steel aluminium
D steel steel

[1]

[Total: 1]

8 Molten nickel(II) chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Predict the products of this electrolysis at:

the positive electrode (anode) ..................................................................................................

the negative electrode (cathode). ............................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 2]

9 Nickel is refined by electrolysis.

 7

(a) Complete the boxes to label the diagram below to show:

- the negative electrode (cathode),

- the positive electrode (anode),
- the electrolyte.

+ –

[2]

(b) At which electrode is the pure nickel formed?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

10 Molten nickel(II) chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Give two reasons why graphite is used for electrodes.

1. ..............................................................................................................................................

2. .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 8

11 Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.

The diagram below shows the apparatus used to electrolyse concentrated hydrochloric acid.

X Y

+ –

Label the diagram to show

- the anode,

- the cathode,

- the electrolyte. [2]

[Total: 2]

12 Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.

The diagram below shows the apparatus used to electrolyse concentrated hydrochloric acid.

X Y

+ –

Give the names of the gases collected at

X, ..............................................................................................................................................

Y. .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
 9

[Total: 2]

13 The table below gives some properties of some metals that are used to make electrical cables and
wires.

electrical melting point price

metal strength
conductivity / °C $ / kg

aluminium comparatively weak good 660 1.5

copper strong very good 1093 29

steel strong fairly good 1535 2.1

silver fairly strong very good 962 635

Suggest why aluminium with a steel core is used for overhead power cables.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

14 The table below gives some properties of some metals that are used to make electrical cables and
wires.

electrical melting point price

metal strength
conductivity / °C $ / kg

aluminium comparatively weak good 660 1.5

copper strong very good 1093 29

steel strong fairly good 1535 2.1

silver fairly strong very good 962 635

Copper is used in electrical wiring in the home rather than silver.

Suggest why.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 10

15 Complete the diagram below for the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride.
Label the electrodes and the power source.

molten
zinc chloride

[3]

[Total: 3]

16 Molten zinc chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Graphite conducts electricity. Give one other reason why graphite electrodes are used.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Molten zinc chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

State the names of the product formed at:

the anode .................................................................................................................................

the cathode. ............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 11

18 The table shows some properties of aluminium, copper, iron and sodium.

electrical density in melting

metal 3 strength colour
conductivity g / cm point / °C

aluminium very good 2.70 660 fairly strong silver

copper very good 8.92 1083 very strong pink-brown

iron good 7.86 1535 very strong silver

sodium good 0.97 98 weak silver

Use the information in the table to suggest why overhead electricity cables are made from aluminium
with a steel core.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

19 The table shows some properties of aluminium, copper, iron and sodium.

electrical density in melting

metal 3 strength colour
conductivity g / cm point / °C

aluminium very good 2.70 660 fairly strong silver

copper very good 8.92 1083 very strong pink-brown

iron good 7.86 1535 very strong silver

sodium good 0.97 98 weak silver

Use the information in the table to suggest one reason why sodium is not used for electricity cables.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

20 Molten zinc chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Give the name of the products formed at

the anode, ................................................................................................................................

the cathode. ............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 12

21 The diagram shows the apparatus used for the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide.

+ –

S U

Which letter, R, S, T or U, in the diagram above represents the cathode?

........................... [1]

[Total: 1]

22 The diagram shows the apparatus used for the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide.

+ –

S U

What does the term electrolysis mean?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

23 Complete the word equation for the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide.

sodium bromide → ...................................... + ...................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

24 Lithium is extracted by the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

 13

(a) Name a non-metal used to make the electrodes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give one property, other than the conduction of electricity, that makes this substance suitable
for use as an electrode.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

25 Lithium is extracted by electrolysis of molten lithium chloride.

State the products of the electrolysis of molten lithium chloride at:

the negative electrode (cathode) ............................................................................................

the positive electrode (anode). ............................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

26 Lithium chloride conducts electricity when molten and when in aqueous solution.

Give two other physical properties of lithium chloride that show it is an ionic compound.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

27 Dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

State the products of this electrolysis at:

the negative electrode ............................................................................................................

the positive electrode. ............................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 2]

28 Name a metal that can be used as an inert electrode instead of carbon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

29 Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

State the products of this electrolysis at:

the negative electrode ............................................................................................................

the positive electrode. ............................................................................................................ [2]

 14

[Total: 2]

30 Describe the separation and motion of the molecules in oxygen gas.

separation ...............................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

motion .....................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

31 Molten potassium chloride undergoes electrolysis

State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

32 A student carries out an electrolysis experiment using the apparatus shown.

wire

+ – carbon electrodes

dilute aqueous
sodium chloride

The student uses dilute aqueous sodium chloride.

State the name given to any solution which undergoes electrolysis.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 15

33 Aqueous sodium fluoride undergoes electrolysis.

State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

34 Sodium is manufactured by electrolysis.

Explain why sodium is manufactured by electrolysis and not by reduction with carbon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

35 Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis.

What is meant by the term electrolysis?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

36 Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of sodium chloride.

3
After electrolysis, 1000 cm of solution contains 750 g of sodium hydroxide.
3
What mass of sodium hydroxide is present in 200 cm of this solution?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 16

37 Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride can be done using the apparatus shown.

electrolyte
electrodes

+ –

power supply

The positive electrode is called the anode.

State the name of the negative electrode.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

38 Electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride can be done using the apparatus shown.

electrolyte
electrodes

+ –

power supply

Give the name of a suitable element to use as the electrodes in this electrolysis.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

39 Give the name of the process that is used to produce lead from molten lead(II) bromide.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
 17

[Total: 1]

40 Some properties of aluminium and silver are shown in the table below.

density electrical melting point

cost 3
in g / cm conductivity / °C

aluminium high 2.7 good 660

silver very high 10.5 very good 962

Use the information in the table to suggest why aluminium rather than silver is used in overhead
power cables.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]