1

1 Substances can change state.

(a) Boiling and evaporation are two ways in which a liquid changes into a gas.

Describe two differences between boiling and evaporation.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Name the change of state when:

a gas becomes a liquid .....................................................................................................

a solid becomes a gas. ..................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

2 A substance boils at temperature X and melts at temperature Y.

Complete the graph to show the change in temperature over time as the substance cools from
temperature A to temperature B.

temperature

time
[2]

[Total: 2]

3 Zinc is extracted from zinc blende.

When zinc is extracted, it is formed as a gas.

The gaseous zinc is then converted into molten zinc.

State the name of this physical change.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
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[Total: 1]

4 Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.

The movement of these particles is shown by the arrows in the diagram.

State the name given to the random motion of particles.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

5 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

Identify the element which has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.

When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.

The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

gas jar

gas

start later

(a) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than
chlorine gas.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread
out.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

7 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

[Total: 3]
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8 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

H C O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of carboxylic
acid Y.

H C O H

.
[3]

[Total: 3]

9 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na

[3]

[Total: 3]
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10 Potassium is a Group I element.

Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

name ........................................................................................................................................

description ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

11 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

[2]

[Total: 2]

12 This question is about nitrogen.

Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.

Some properties of nitrogen are shown:

• melting point of −210 °C

• boiling point of −196 °C
• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• insoluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

13 Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as copper.

You may include a diagram as part of your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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14 Hydrazine, N2H4, is a compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine.

Show outer electrons only.

H H

N N

H H

[2]

[Total: 2]

15 Some properties of sodium chloride are shown:

• melting point of 801 °C

• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• conductor of electricity when molten
• soluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding in sodium chloride.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

16 Explain why magnesium ions have a charge of 2+.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Steel is an alloy of iron.

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(a) Choose two substances from the list that are used in the conversion of iron from the blast
furnace into steel.

calcium oxide

carbon dioxide

hydrogen

nitrogen

oxygen

silicon(IV) oxide

sulfur dioxide

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) State the meaning of the term alloy.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

18 The structures of seven compounds or elements, A, B, C, D, E, F and G, are shown.

A B C D
H H H H H H
O C O P
H C C C H H C C C H H H
H
H H H H

E F G
H O

H C O H S
O O
H

State which structure, A, B, C, D, E, F or G, represents a substance that is used for cutting tools.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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19 (a) Choose from the list the radioactive isotope used as a source of energy.

Draw a circle around your answer.

27 23 16 235
Al Na O U

[1]

(b) State one other industrial use of radioactive isotopes.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

20 Information about atoms and ions, A, B and C, is shown in the table.

Complete the table.

atom number number of number of

symbol
or ion of electrons neutrons protons

42 2+
A 18 20 20Ca

35
B 18 17Cl

C 18 16 16

[6]

[Total: 6]

21 Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

empirical formula = ........................... [2]

[Total: 2]

22 A carboxylic acid Y has the structure shown.

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H C O H

(a) Name carboxylic acid Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write the molecular formula of carboxylic acid Y.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

23 Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide are used to make aqueous potassium sulfate.

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

dilute sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

3
Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely reacts with
3 3
25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous potassium sulfate.

Use the following steps.

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3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(b) Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(c) Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

(d) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium hydroxide
and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment, the product is
aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

Use your answer to (c) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

[Total: 4]
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24 Give the formula of the compound formed when sulfuric acid reacts with ammonia, NH3.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

25 When potassium is added to water, it reacts vigorously and a coloured flame is seen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

3
(a) Calculate the volume, in cm , of hydrogen gas formed when 2.34 g of potassium is added to
excess water at room temperature and pressure.

Use the following steps.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium added.

= .......................................................mol [1]

(ii) Determine the number of moles of hydrogen gas formed.

= .......................................................mol [1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas formed.

3
volume = ..........................................cm [1]

[Total: 3]
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26 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
sulfuric acid.

Magnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of molecules
of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and has
2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.

Determine the value of x .

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.

Mr = .................................. [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.

moles of MgSO4 formed = ........................... [1]

(c) Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.

x = .................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

27 Calcium nitrate crystals are hydrated and have the formula Ca(NO3)2•xH2O where x is a whole
number of molecules of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

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Ca(NO3)2•xH2O(s) → Ca(NO3)2(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of Ca(NO3)2•xH2O and forms 2.46 g of Ca(NO3)2 and 0.0600 moles
of H2O.

Determine the value of x. Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of Ca(NO3)2.

Mr = ................................................ [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed.

moles of Ca(NO3)2 formed = ........................ [1]

(c) Determine the value of x in Ca(NO3)2•xH2O.

x = .................................................. [1]

[Total: 3]

28 Iron reacts with oxygen to form an oxide of iron with the formula Fe3O4.

Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.

.......Fe + .......O2 → Fe3O4

[2]

[Total: 2]

29 The table compares the percentage by mass of the elements in the whole Earth and in the Earth’s
crust.
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percentage by mass percentage by mass

element
in the whole Earth in the Earth’s crust

aluminium 1.20 8.20

calcium 1.10 3.60

iron 34.60 5.00

magnesium 12.70 2.00

oxygen 29.50 46.60

silicon 15.20 29.50

sodium 0.60 2.80

titanium 0.10 0.55

other elements 0.75

total 100.00 100.00

Answer these questions using only the information in the table.

(a) Deduce the percentage by mass of the other elements in the whole Earth.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State which element is present in the whole Earth in the greatest percentage by mass.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Give two major differences in the composition of the whole Earth and the Earth‘s crust.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]
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30 Calcium carbonate decomposes when heated.

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

3
When 0.50 g of calcium carbonate decomposes, 120 cm of carbon dioxide gas is produced.

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced when 0.10 g of calcium carbonate is used.

3
volume of carbon dioxide gas = .............................cm [1]

[Total: 1]

31 The formula for crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4•5H2O.

Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is made by reacting copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.

The overall equation is shown.

CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4•5H2O

The crystals are made using the following steps:

3 3
step 1 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker. Powdered copper(II)
oxide is added until the copper(II) oxide is in excess. Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is formed.

step 2 The excess copper(II) oxide is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.

step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

Calculate the maximum mass of copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4•5H2O, that can form using the
following steps.
3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm H2SO4.

...................................mol [1]
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(b) Deduce the number of moles of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.

...................................mol [1]

(c) The Mr of CuSO4•5H2O is 250.

Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.

.......................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

32 Ester Y has the following composition by mass:

C, 58.82%; H, 9.80%; O, 31.37%.

Calculate the empirical formula of ester Y.

empirical formula = ........................... [3]

[Total: 3]

33 Ester Z has the empirical formula C2H4O and a relative molecular mass of 88.

Determine the molecular formula of ester Z.

molecular formula = ...................................... [1]

[Total: 1]
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34 A student determines the concentration of a solution of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, by titration with
aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 using the following steps.

3 3
• Calculate the number of moles in 25.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm NaOH.

................................... mol

• Determine the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with the NaOH.

................................... mol

• Calculate the concentration of H2SO4.

3
.......................... mol / dm [3]

[Total: 3]

35 Ammonia is made in the laboratory by heating ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide.

Balance the chemical equation for the reaction.

............ NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → ............ NH3 + CaCl2 + ............ H2O [1]

[Total: 1]
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36 Ester Z has the empirical formula C3H6O and a relative molecular mass of 116.

Calculate the molecular formula of ester Z.

molecular formula = .......................... [1]

[Total: 1]

37 Fluorine reacts with sulfur to form a compound which has 25.2% sulfur by mass and a relative
molecular mass of 254.

Determine the molecular formula of this compound.

molecular formula = ......................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

38 Complete the word equation for the reaction of sodium hydroxide with ammonium chloride.

sodium ammonium .........................

+ → ......................... + + water
hydroxide chloride .........................

[2]

[Total: 2]