NSEO “KAZAKH-RUSSIAN MEDICAL

UNIVERSITY”

IWST №10
Periodontal disease

Prepared by: Sakinat Erkebulan

Course: 1Speciality: Dentistry
Group: 102-A
Submitted to: Indira Alybaykyzy

Almaty 2024
Overview. Periodontal (gum) disease is an infection of the tissues that hold
your teeth in place. It's typically caused by poor brushing and flossing habits
that allow plaque—a sticky film of bacteria—to build up on the teeth and
harden. It starts with swollen, red, and bleeding gums.Periodontitis (per-e-o-
don-TIE-tis), also called gum disease, is a serious gum infection that damages
the soft tissue around teeth. Without treatment, periodontitis can destroy the
bone that supports your teeth. This can cause teeth to loosen or lead to tooth
loss.
Periodontitis is common but can usually be prevented. It's often the result of
not taking care of your mouth and teeth. To help prevent periodontitis or
improve your chance of successful treatment, brush at least twice a day, floss
daily and get regular dental checkups.
Symptoms
Healthy gums are firm and fit snugly around teeth. The color of healthy gums
can vary. They may range from light pink in some people to dark pink and
brown in others.
Symptoms of periodontitis can include:
Swollen or puffy gums.
Bright red, dark red or dark purple gums.
Gums that feel tender when touched.
Gums that bleed easily.
A toothbrush that looks pink after brushing your teeth.
Spitting out blood when brushing or flossing your teeth.
Bad breath that won't go away.
Pus between your teeth and gums.
Loose teeth or loss of teeth.
Painful chewing.
New spaces that develop between your teeth that look like black
triangles.
Gums that pull away from your teeth, making your teeth look longer than
usual, called receding gums.
A change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
When to see a dentist
Follow your dentist's recommended schedule for regular checkups. If you
notice any symptoms of periodontitis, make an appointment with your dentist
as soon as possible. The sooner you get care, the better your chances of
reversing damage from periodontitis.
Causes
In most cases, the development of periodontitis starts with plaque. Plaque is a sticky film mainly made up of bacteria. If
not treated, here's how plaque can advance over time to periodontitis:
Plaque forms on your teeth when starches and sugars in food interact with bacteria commonly found in your mouth.
Brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day removes plaque, but plaque quickly comes back.
Plaque can harden under your gumline into tartar if it stays on your teeth. Tartar is more difficult to remove. You can't
get rid of it by brushing and flossing — you need a professional dental cleaning to remove it. Because plaque and
tartar are filled with bacteria, the longer they stay on your teeth, the more damage they can do.
Plaque can cause gingivitis, the mildest form of gum disease. Gingivitis is irritation and swelling of the gum tissue
around the base of your teeth. Gingiva is another word for gum tissue. Gingivitis can be reversed with professional
treatment and good home oral care, but only if treated early before you have bone loss.
Ongoing gum irritation and swelling, called inflammation, can cause periodontitis. Eventually this causes deep pockets
to form between your gums and teeth. These pockets fill with plaque, tartar and bacteria and become deeper over
time. If not treated, these deep infections cause a loss of tissue and bone. Eventually you may lose one or more teeth.
Also, ongoing inflammation can put a strain on your immune system, causing other health problems.
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk of periodontitis include:
Gingivitis.
Poor oral health care habits.
Smoking or chewing tobacco.
Hormonal changes, such as those related to pregnancy or menopause.
Recreational drug use, such as smoking marijuana or vaping.
Obesity.
Poor nutrition, including a low vitamin C level.
Genetics.
Certain medicines that cause dry mouth or gum changes.
Conditions that lower immunity, such as leukemia, HIV/AIDS and cancer treatment.
Certain diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Complications
Periodontitis can cause tooth loss. The bacteria that cause periodontitis can enter your bloodstream through gum tissue,
possibly affecting other parts of your body. For example, periodontitis is linked with respiratory disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, coronary artery disease, preterm birth and low birth weight, and problems controlling blood sugar in diabetes.
Prevention
The best way to prevent periodontitis is to get into the habit of taking good care of your mouth and teeth. Start this
routine at a young age and keep it throughout life.
Good oral care. This means brushing your teeth for two minutes at least twice a day — in the morning and before
going to bed — and flossing at least once a day. Flossing before you brush allows you to clean away the loosened
food bits and bacteria. Good oral care keeps your teeth and gums clean and removes the bacteria that cause
periodontal disease.
Regular dental visits. See your dentist regularly for cleanings, usually every 6 to 12 months. If you have risk factors
that increase your chance of developing periodontitis — such as having dry mouth, taking certain medicines or
smoking — you may need professional cleaning more often.
Prevention and treatment
Gingivitis can be controlled and treated with good oral hygiene and regular professional cleaning. More severe forms of
periodontal disease can also be treated successfully but may require more extensive treatment. Such treatment might
include deep cleaning of the tooth root surfaces below the gums, medications prescribed to take by mouth or placed
directly under the gums, and sometimes corrective surgery.
To help prevent or control periodontal diseases, it is important to:
1. Brush and floss every day to remove the bacteria that cause gum disease.
2. See a dentist at least once a year for checkups, or more frequently if you have any of the warning signs or risk factors
mentioned above.
If you can’t afford dental care, you may be able to find help through the following sources:
The Health Resources and Services Administrationexternal icon supports a network of “safety net” clinics for people
who qualify for reduced-cost care, and many have a dental clinic (toll free: 1-888-275-4772).
Most dental schoolsexternal icon have a clinic staffed by the professors and students, where care is provided based
on your ability to pay.
Your state dental organizationexternal icon may be able to refer you to dentists in your area who provide care at a
reduced rate.
What is the CDC doing about periodontal disease?
The CDC is currently working with key partner organizations such as the
American Academy of Periodontology and the American Dental
Association to improve and sustain surveillance of periodontal disease in
the adult U.S. population. The efforts of the CDC include (1) developing
measures for use in surveillance of periodontal disease at the state and
local levels, (2) improving the validity of prevalence estimates derived
from the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by
improving the accuracy of the clinical examination protocols used in this
national survey, and (3) developing simple measures for screening for
periodontal disease in clinical settings.
For additional background related to CDC activities, please click on the
links listed:
Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Dye BA, Genco R. Advances in Surveillance of
Periodontitis: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Periodontal
Disease Surveillance Project. J Periodontol 11 February 2012: 1–9. View
full textexternal icon.
Eke PI, Page PC, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco RJ. Update of the Case
Definitions for Population-Based Surveillance of Periodontitis. J
Periodontol 16 March 2012:1–9. View full textexternal icon.
Eke PI, Thornton-Evans G, Wei L, Borgnakke WS, Dye BA. Accuracy of
NHANES Periodontal Examination Protocols. J Dent Res 2010;89(11):
1208–1213. View abstractexternal icon.
Podcasts About Periodontal Disease and Diabetes
Listen to Summary: Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Podcast. Provides
valuable information on the impact of periodontal disease and its link to
diabetes (Length 1:36). View transcript.
Listen to Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Podcast. Informative interview
of two dental professionals about periodontal disease, diabetes
complications, and the influence of poor oral health on blood glucose
control (Length 5:33). View transcript.
Additional Resources
Periodontal (Gum) Diseases: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. [PDF–
1.26 M]external icon. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial
Research consumer brochure. Bethesda, MD. Reprinted January 2006.
Reference
1Eke PI, Dye B, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco R. Prevalence of
Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res.
Published online 30 August 2012:1–7.
 REFERENCES USED:

1.https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-
disease#:~:text=8%20%2D%20Related%20Publications-,Overview,%2C%20red%
2C%20and%20bleeding%20gums.
2.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/symptoms-
causes/syc-20354473
3.https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/conditions/periodontal-disease.html