Swipe Right, It’s a Match: A Study on the Attachment Styles, Romantic Relationships,

and Usage of Dating Applications among Far Eastern University Students

Alix, Kim Justin

Cajandab, Stive
Mora, Mary Martha Louise
Raspado, Christianne Emmanuelle
Velasquez, Fritz Anne
Section 4

Abstract

The role of online dating applications expands from its entertainment and
socialization function to a wide variety of beneficial functions as a result of
the multitude of cognitive and social benefits it brings. This research
attempted to ascertain the relationship between the usage of online platforms,
particularly Dating Application, and the Attachment Style endorsed by
among the four college students gathered through the purposive convenience
sampling method. This study utilized Descriptive-Comparative research
design which involves questionnaires and interviews. The data used for the
analysis were collected with the use of a well-structured questionnaire
administered to respondents from Far Eastern University and the analysis
was done with the help of Adult Attachment Scale and Dyadic Adjustment
Scale. The data on the participants’ usage of online dating apps and
exhibition of attachment style were gathered through the use of Google
Forms and the Microsoft Teams on conducting the interview. The results of
the study discovered gender differences in the students' usage of online
dating apps, although both male and female respondents were not very
immersed in using online dating, however, their motivations for using them
vary significantly. On the other hand, the results show no gender difference
in terms of determining relationship quality. The outcome of the thematic
analysis has been arranged per statement of the problem. This present study
was able to describe the overall relationship of the attachment styles to the
quality of romantic relationship and usage of dating applications. The
conducted study contributed to the limited body of literature and provided
findings to understand the possible influences of attachment styles on
relationship quality and dating applications usage.
 Introduction
Through the years, the area of close interrelations or bond formations have always
been a growing theme for most of the researchers that take interest in establishing factors that
could influence it. Several studies and theories (Lewis, 2020) suggest that humans have an
innate need for intimacy and interpersonal relationships that persist across their lifespan.
Modernization plays a crucial path in our society. The rise of technology and the
expansion of multiple online platforms, particularly dating applications have enabled more
convenient methods of interaction and connection just within the four corners of our homes.
In relation to this, the ongoing pandemic and continuing quarantine protocols forced most of
the young adults to stay at home and prohibited them from conducting gatherings and
meetings with other people personally without any acceptable or authorized reason
(IATF-DOH, 2020). This led the users to spend their spare time scrolling through various
social media platforms, websites, and even dating applications such as Tinder, Bumble and
etc on their phones and other devices.

Relationships
One of the most profound feelings known to human beings is passion. There are many
kinds of love, but in a romantic relationship with a compatible partner, many people strive to
convey it (or partners). Romantic relationships are one of the most significant aspects of life
for these people and are a source of deep fulfillment. Although there seems to be an inherent
need for human interaction, the capacity to establish safe, caring relationships is mastered.
Some evidence indicates that in infancy, in the earliest encounters of a child with a caregiver
who consistently meets the needs of the baby for food, care, comfort, security, stimulation,
and social interaction, the capacity to establish a healthy relationship begins to form. Such
relationships are not destiny, but they are theorized to establish profoundly rooted
relationship patterns with others. However, the end of a relationship is often a source of
considerable psychological distress ("Relationships", n.d.).
In many distinct ways, love can come. The love between a mother and her child is
there. The love between two siblings. The love between a dog and his fellow human beings.
There are many parallels between these different forms of love, but they have phenomenal
variations. Love may be a sexual thing, but it's certainly contextual. Depending on the
context, the Greeks had six distinct terms for love, while we just use the same term 'love' to
describe several things. I do enjoy pizza. I adore my mother. I adore my dog. Eros means
passion and commitment. Ludus means game playing. Storge means love and friendship.
Pragma means pragmatic love. Mania means Emotional Intensity. Agape means selfless
caring (Phil Venditti, n.d.).
For a moment, think about your own intimate relationships. Who are you drawn to?
Chances are that they are people with whom you share mutual interests and meet in your
daily activities, such as going to school, working, or participating in hobbies or sports. In
other words, when it comes to whom we choose as romantic partners, self-identity,
resemblance, and proximity are three important forces. As they suit our self-identity, we
always choose others that we feel acceptable for us; heterosexuals pair up with other
heterosexuals, bisexual women with other lesbian women, etc. As individuals are more likely
to team up with those with similar backgrounds, social status, religious preference, and ethnic
or racial identity are also great influences. Logically speaking, meeting people outside of our
immediate geographic region is difficult (though not impossible with the proliferation of
social media and online dating services). In other words, if we do not have at least a little
chance to meet and communicate with someone, how do we know if they are a person we
would like to pursue a relationship with? Without sharing a sense of proximity, we will not
meet or sustain a long-term relationship. We definitely don't say that we just have intimate
relationships with copies of ourselves from carbon. There have been some drastic
improvements over the past few decades when it comes to interracial marriage numbers and
attitudes. Seeing a wide range of individuals who make up married couples is more and more
common (Phil Venditti, n.d.).

Attachment Styles
Secure attachment occurs when there are available, receptive, attentive, and
welcoming parents or other caregivers. Parents let their children go out and about in
relationships of stable attachment but are there for them when they come back for protection
and comfort. These parents pick their children up, play with them and, when appropriate,
reassure them. So, the child discovers that they should show negative feelings and they will
be supported by others. Children who develop stable attachment learn how to believe and
have strong self-esteem. That sounds just like bliss! As adults, these kids are in contact with
their emotions, are competent, and have good relationships in general (Lewis, 2020).
Anxious-insecure attachment on the other hand, occurs when parents respond
sporadically to the needs of their infant. Sometimes, treatment and security are there and
sometimes not. The child cannot rely on their parents to be there when needed in an
anxious-insecure attachment. The child does not acquire any feelings of comfort from the
attachment figure because of this. And because if the child feels threatened, they can't depend
on their parents to be there, they won't easily step away from the parent to explore. Hoping
that their exaggerated distress would cause the parent to respond, the child becomes more
demanding and even clingy. The lack of predictability in anxious-insecure attachment
suggests that the child ultimately becomes needy, angry, and distrustful (Lewis, 2020).
Often, a parent has difficulty understanding and sensitively listening to the needs of
their infant. The parent minimizes their feelings instead of soothing the child, ignores their
requests, and does not help with challenging tasks. It correlates to the avoidant-insecure
attachment. Moreover, it can be assumed that the child will assist the parent with their own
needs. The child discovers that avoiding getting the parent into the picture is safest. After all,
a parent does not respond in a helpful way. In avoidant-insecure attachment, the child
discovers that shutting down their emotions and being self-reliant is their best bet. Ainsworth
found that when they are upset and want to minimize expressing negative feelings, children
with an avoidant-insecure attachment would not turn to the parent (Lewis, 2020).

Online Dating/Dating Applications

As generation constantly changes it also alters the way people form a romantic
relationship over the past years of developing a new technology. Anyone can install dating
apps (or dating apps) to their phone and find possible romantic partners in the palm of their
hand. In reality, 50 million people used only one famous dating app, Tinder; they spend an
average of 90 minutes per day on it and may check it up to 11 times per day (Newall, 2016).
Since as long as humans have recognized the need to establish romantic relationships,
they have also recognized that finding the right partner can be difficult, and that pursuing
assistance can be beneficial at times. With the existence of a broad network and the ubiquity
of internet connections, dating applications and websites have risen to provide services to
users who are seeking a romantic relationship. Connecting with potential partners, interacting
with them, and likely meeting with them would require emotional and/or physical intimacy,
and people's personal preferences with affection vary greatly. (K.Chin, Edelstein R, and
vernon P. 2018)
The individuals of this modern generation have the most exceptional reference set
about dealing with modern love and relationships, there are various ways on how this
generation pursue their love interest. The rise of the Mobile gadgets’ application store for
entertainment and communication, particularly the Online dating websites, gives the
opportunity to individuals to create a larger variety of having potential partners than social
interaction to meet someone on the street, public place or to restaurants like the traditional
way of finding a potential partner. This dating tool application makes it easier for individuals
that are looking for someone that arises the individual’s interest and desire for a specific
person to be their ideal partner that they are searching for. The researcher states the advantage
of using online dating applications that helps people to experience and explore their
potentials and skills on communication, allowing the individuals different patterns of meeting
new people, like having hookups that would not depend on the romantic and intimacy
relationship but it creates a new set of friendship for some individuals. Each Online dating
application has their own set of patterns on how they will connect individuals, it may be on
the distance, or international setting, depending on the interest of the person indicated on their
profiles (Ferdman, 2019).
Online dating has progressively transformed, and continues to provide people with
more opportunities to seek companionship (Bryden 2020). As a society continuously
evolving into a digital world, people always rely on social media with their everyday lives
and use it to find a connection between people around the social media world. Dating
applications offer short term gratification and it can reinforce the appearance of a
dysfunctional coping style of a person to deal with unpleasant emotions like sadness and
frustration.
According (pantic 2014) Because of the rapid growth and ubiquity of the service as a
result of smartphone applications, online dating has the potential to change the traditional
dating scene. Because of the social changes in regards to dating it is necessary to assess the
types of changes produced by the inclusion of online dating in our everyday lives and how
attachment styles contribute to building trust in your potential partner.
Lefebvre (2017) noted that users of online dating apps use different strategies on
finding their potential partner, such as the shotgun approach, in which users will give likes
into a larger number of profiles to increase the chances of matching potential users. Giving
likes to all profiles you came along on the dating applications are more chances of winning or
seeing a potential partner.
On the other hand of the beneficial inputs of online dating applications, there are also
branches of misconception among these individuals who are skeptical with the benefits of the
rise of the online application. There are various theories of researchers that state an idea on
what circumstances that users may face on the usage of applications, such as Tinder and
Bumble. In some cases, theories claim having too many options would eventually become
harder on decision making because of the choices you may have and may turn out on not
settling down on anyone (Ferdman, 2019).
Other theories suggest that new technology causes fear and traumatic experience if
not use wisely especially on online application like on dating, the idea of the new technology
and of online application is for convenient and innovation for the human lifestyle, it does not
undervalue the society social values and norms of communication and relationship, it
provides alternative resource for humans. Same Scenarios of fear could be expressed on the
mobile application and dating websites, whereas the apprehension is making individuals
become superficial and insincere, it’s not the technology's problem on how a person would
interact or handle the situation. Decision makings is somewhat the choice of the user and that
does not involve the technology or the online website the person is using for entertainment,
communication and for searching potential partner, the fear involves on the usage of this
website is incline with the person’s perception and experience, but dating on the traditional
and modern way does not have differences on how the person would interact (Ferdman,
2019).

Statement of the Problem

The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of the three attachment styles:
secure, avoidant, and anxious on the quality of romantic relationships through dating
applications. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is/are the gender/sex difference/s in determining the quality of romantic
relationships?
2. What is/are the gender/sex difference/s in determining usage of dating applications?
3. From the three attachment styles: secure, avoidant, and anxious, how do they
significantly influence the quality of a romantic relationship?

Theoretical Framework
This study is guided by John Bowlby’s Attachment Style theory in 1958. For Bowlby
(1952), a human has an innate need to form attachment with one main attachment figure, he
defined attachment as an occurring adaptation used by a child to enhance their chance for
survival especially during the uncontrolled situations such as the occurrence of stress or fear.
His theory establishes that an infant being unable to care for themselves tends to form a
strong bond to their caregivers, particularly to their mothers, whom they view as a protective
figure in order to fulfill their safety and survival needs (Wohld, 2017). Moreover, this
attachment theory can also be used as a model to determine how a child will interact with
their peers during the later formation of relationships (Fraley, 2010).

In relation to this, Bowlby’s theory of attachment was further developed and

expanded in adult romantic relationships by Hazan and Shaver (1987). They suggest that
attachment styles in adulthood were formed between an individual and his romantic partner
instead of his primary caregiver. Adult attachment theory can provide a framework to
understand the differences on the influence of the degree at which a person is attached to his
significant other. Goodboy and Bolkan (2017) stated that the attachment security and
relationship satisfaction is often interdependent, they concluded that among the three adult
attachment styles: secured, avoidant, and anxious, people with secured attachment show a
higher level of comfort, intimacy, and autonomy on the way they view themselves and their
partners throughout their relationships. Furthermore, a study conducted by Van den Broek
(2017), suggests that the type of attachment that an individual has can influence his
motivations in using dating applications. People with avoidant attachment tend to keep
themselves distanced from other people therefore they use dating apps to seek other motives
rather than relationships, whereas people with anxious attachment are more likely willing to
commit in a romantic relationship therefore they will maximize the use of dating apps for
partner selection.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: The research paradigm illustrating the comparison of three attachment​styles to the
quality of romantic relationships and the comparison of gender to the quality of romantic
relationships and usage of dating applications.
The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of attachment style and quality of
romantic relationships as well as the use of dating applications in a modern method of
selecting a partner. In the figure above, attachment style is presented as an independent
variable whereas the quality of romantic relationship is the dependent one. The independent
variable encompasses the three main types of attachment based from the adult attachment
theory, namely: secure, avoidant, and anxious while the dependent variable presents the
quality of the romantic relationships. Expounding the relationship between the two is the
central goal of this study. With that, the foundation of the research will have its focus on
existing concepts in psychology in relation to the area of complex human interrelations.

Furthermore, the study also aims to identify if there is a presence of gender

differences in terms of the participants’ perceptions regarding their relationship with their
romantic partners as well as their usage of dating applications.

Scope and Limitation

The main concern of this study is to determine the significant difference in the
quality of romantic relationships and the usage of dating applications in relation with the
attachment styles among the students. The data collection would be conducted to a total of
20 students from the Far Eastern University-Manila. The data gathering procedures will only
be conducted using a purposive convenience sampling method to balance the number of
populations for each gender, generating equal male participants and females. The study will
gather data from all year levels from any courses with an exemption of those who are taking
up Psychology. In addition, the study will be done through the utilization of questionnaires
to students however, these survey forms will be given through online platforms such as
google forms due to the limiting capacity to have a face to face interaction because of the
ongoing pandemic. The gathering of the data and analysis of the results would take about 4
to 5 weeks to complete.
 Methodology

Research Design
Descriptive-Comparative research design will be utilized in the study. The researchers
will compare the quality of romantic relationships to the three attachment patterns: secured,
avoidant, and anxious patterns. After determining if there is a significant difference among
the variables, the researchers will further discuss whether there is/are gender difference/s that
influence/s the quality of relationships and usage dating applications.

Participants
The participants of this study will be college students of Far Eastern University in
Manila that have/had experiences in using one or multiple dating applications. The
researchers will be selecting 4 students using a purposive convenience sampling method.

Measures
Adult Attachment Scale (Hazan and Shaver, 1990)

A. Scoring: The Adult Attachment Scale consists of three subscales (Close, Avoidance,
Anxiety) with six items each that are scored on a 5-point likert-type. To measure the
responses, ratings for each subscale will be averaged.

This scale measures adult attachment styles named “Secure”, “Anxious” and
“Avoidant”, defined as:

• Secure = high scores on Close and Depend subscales, low score on Anxiety subscale

• Anxious = high score on Anxiety subscale, moderate scores on Close and Depend
subscales

• Avoidant = low scores on Close, Depend, and Anxiety subscales

B. Answering: The scale consists of 18 items scored on a 5-point likert-type scale.

Respondents will be asked to rate each item using either strongly agree, agree, neutral,
disagree, strongly disagree.
C. Reliability and Validity: Collins and Read (1990) reported Cronbach's alpha
coefficients of .69 for Close, .75 for Depend, and .72 for Anxiety. Test-retest
 correlations for a 2-month period were .68 for Close, .71 for Depend, and .52 for
Anxiety.

Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Graham, Liu, & Jeziorski, 2006)

A. Scoring: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale consists of four subscales such as Dyadic
Consensus with 13 items, Dyadic Satisfaction with 10 items, Dyadic Cohesion with 5
items and Affective Expression with 4 items are scored on a 6-point likert-type. To
measure the responses, ratings for each subscale will be averaged.

• Dyadic Consensus = score to which the participant agrees on matters of importance

of relationship

• Dyadic Satisfaction = the score to which the individual is satisfied with their
relationship

• Dyadic Cohesion = the score of closeness on shared activities experienced

• Affective Expression = the score of demonstrating the affection and sexual

relationship

B. Answering: The 32 items are scored on a 6-point Likert scale and respondents will be
asked to rate each item using either always agree, almost always agree, occasionally
disagree, frequently disagree, almost always disagree and always disagree.

C. Reliability and Validity: Graham, Liu, and Jeziorski (2006) the scales show a total
score ranging from .58 to .96 and mean score of .915. On the confidence interval with
a mean of 95% and score ranging from .906 to .922. The reliability of confidence
intervals estimated on the four subscales are within the acceptable range.

Data Collection Procedure

Google Form was the main tool used to gather participants’ responses. Informed
consent for participation was encoded in Google Forms and was the first thing that interested
participants saw when they clicked on the link. Data for the descriptive statistics (i.e. gender,
age, and program) were obtained through the form as well. The questionnaires that were
utilized for this study, basing our questions on the Adult Attachment Survey Questionnaire
(Hazan and Shaver, 1990) and Dyadic Adjustment Survey Questionnaire (Graham, Liu, &
Jeziorski, 2006) were also encoded in Google Forms. The link for the form was posted in
different FEU Facebook groups and interested participants can simply answer the
questionnaire. The participants were free to withdraw from participating in the study at any
given point. After compiling data, we will directly contact the person to conduct a video call
on Facebook-Messenger for an interview. Finally, to ensure confidentiality of data submitted
by the participants, the researchers and their adviser were the only ones who had access to the
data obtained considering that it is only their email addresses that were permitted to have
access to the data.

Data Analysis

The results of this research are expected to reveal the relationship between usage of
Online Dating App, and the Adult Attachment Styles of college students through the data
gathered on the survey questionnaires. With the prevalence of usage of Online Dating Apps
in the Philippines (Labor, 2020), the expected results may shed light on the time students allot
for using online dating applications and in handling attachment for their mutual feelings to
the person they engage with in an intimate conversation. The findings may illustrate the
influence of the attachment styles of students on the usage of online dating applications.

Moreover, the study may discover the number of men and women inclined to using
online dating applications. This provides a significant contribution to the body of literature in
attachment style and online dating apps as past research (Hazan and Shaver, 1990 & Graham,
Liu, & Jeziorski, 2006) concluded inconsistencies in the results due to focusing more on
female users. Thus, this research expects to discover the differences between male and female
students in their usage of online dating applications and their attachment styles.

Ethical Considerations

To ensure that the data gathering procedures are ethical, the researchers took the
following into careful consideration: (1) Informed Consent. Prior to answering the surveys
through google forms, the researchers will disseminate an informed consent to the
participants. This would help the participants become aware of the purpose of the experiment.
The participant could also backout of the experiment anytime he/she wants to do so. (2)
Protection from Harm. No harm will be inflicted upon the participants of the study. (3) Data
Privacy and Confidentiality. Rest assured that the information obtained herein or after the
experiment will remain strictly confidential and for academic purposes only. The identities of
each participant will remain anonymous. (4) Record Keeping and Fees. No fees will be
collected from the participants. The data that will be collected will be kept carefully and
forms will be ensured to be deleted after it has been analyzed.

Results
The outcome of the thematic analysis has been arranged per statement of the problem.
For SOP 1, there were 7 themes that represent the differences in gender in terms of
determining the quality of relationship. For the SOP 2, it also emphasized gender differences
but in terms of the usage of dating applications, it is composed of 5 themes. Furthermore, 3
themes were generated under SOP 3 to categorize the influence of the three attachment styles
on the quality of romantic relationships. This present study was able to come up with 15
themes in total to describe the overall relationship of the attachment styles to the quality of
romantic relationship and the differences of male and female in terms of dating applications
usage.

SOP 1: What is/are the gender/sex difference/s in determining the quality of romantic
relationships?

Theme 1: Communication
When asked about their idea of a good relationship, most of the participants consider
a relationship to be good if there is clear and good communication between them and their
romantic partners. They indicated that a give and take relationship as well as a consistent
exchange of thoughts can significantly contribute to the quality of a relationship that they aim
to have.
1.1 two way communication
I think a good relationship starts with a good communication between the two
individuals, communication and trust.
(Participant 1, line 5, 21 years old, female)

mayroong exchange of thought yung nagkakaintindihan

para sakin lahat maayos yung usapan as in lahat kapag may gusto kang
iparating lahat communication lang.
(Participant 3, lines 9, 14, 21 years old, male)
1.2 regular updates
 but yung ano lang, nagget in-touch kayo regularly kasi kailangan active yung
ano niyo, yung communication kasi yun yung pinaka importante sa isang
relationship parin, yun.
(Participant 4, line 17, 21 years old, female)
1.3 open-minded
you have to have an open mind.
(Participant 2, line 197, 21 years old, male)

for me, yun yung marunong makipag usap ng maayos yung hindi ka iiwan sa
ere na kunyari biglang may pinag away parang open siya to discuss,
(Participant 3, line 198, 21 years old, male)
1.4 sensitive
to settle things out yun parang marunong din makipag communicate at the
same time sensitive parang alam niya na yung kung may mali kung merong
problem.
(Participant 3, line 199, 21 years old, male)

Theme 2: Understanding
Understanding each other also plays a role in building their concept of relationship.
As a result of their past experiences with romantic relationships, participants consider
understanding as one of the essential aspects of having a good relationship. Furthermore, they
expressed that problems can be resolved easily if both of the parties are understanding with
one another.
2.1 on the same page
at the same time nagkakaintidihan pag may problems nasosolusyonan
(Participant 3, line 12, 21 years old, male)
2.2 compromise
hindi magiging toxic na parang lagi nalang nalang meron konting bagay pag
aaway niyo lahat, konting bagay paninimulan niyo ng away na dapat hindi
naman na.
parang isang bagay na hindi naman na dapat pinapalaki so dapat, i mean my
definition of a good relationship dapat both of you know to understand each
other.
(Participant 1, lines 3, 4, 21 years old, female)
 I believe it is really 50-50, I believe that no other individual should take more
than the other.
It doesn’t have to be a theme value for them, for some of them they might take
much but for the other person it’s equal for them.
(Participant 2, lines 6, 7, 21 years old, male)

Hindi yung kailangan pa iaddress, tapos ano pa ba uhmm hindi maarte yun
okay na ko dun. Basta hindi maarte yung sobrang easy going na tao,
(Participant 3, line 200, 21 years old, male)
2.3 reciprocity
usually in a relationship I try my best to be.. give them what I take,
(Participant 2, line 167, 21 years old, male)

Theme 3: Supportive
For the majority of the participants, a supportive environment is a key factor in
determining relationship quality. When asked how they view themselves as a romantic
partner and their ideal partner, they answered that giving words that could lift each other up
are what makes them feel valued and comfortable within themselves and their relationship.
3.1 motivational
parang hindi naman kasi hindi naman ako masyadong ma action na tao pero
through words parang nagugustuhan ko yung isang tao na binibigyan ako lagi
ng “motivation” na sinasabihan ako na kaya mo yan,
parang mas naaappreciate ko yung isang tao kapag alam ko na sinasabihan
ako na kaya mo yan.
alam mo yun gusto mo lang marinig sa isang tao na may mag sasabi sayo na
kaya mo yung isang bagay.
(Participant 1, lines 162. 163, 164, 21 years old, female)
3.2 affirmative words
Ayun puro ano lang words of affirmation yun puro ganon lang.
pero ako okay nako sa words of affirmation niyo.
(Participant 3, lines 177, 180, 21 years old, male)
Theme 4: Personality affects relationships
Personality is a huge factor when it comes to being in a romantic relationship. Some
of the participants mentioned that it helped them become better in communicating with the
people they meet online. Having the same personality with the other person as well as other
positive qualities and traits of their partner contributes to the quality of their relationship.
4.1 shows the real self
Parang yung personality ko kasi isa yon sa tumutulong sakin para mas
maging better na partner ganon.
parang hindi naman porket kaharap kita eh magiiba na agad yung ugali ko
ganon.
(Participant 3, lines 172, 176, 21 years old, male)
4.2 similar personalities
kasi ganon ako si syempre gusto ko din yung mag cclick sakin kasi tulad sa
personality ko din.
(Participant 3, line 201, 21 years old, male)
4.3 easygoing
Parang pinaparamdam ko sa partner ko maging comportable kalang sakin
ganon,
(Participant 3, line 175, 21 years old, male)
4.4 undemanding
I don’t usually ask for much stuff,
I only ask for time and communication.
(Participant 2, lines 168, 169, 21 years old, male)

Eh maano ako parang cheap date type of person ako e, kahit saan tayo
kumain ganon at the same time hindi ako maarte.
Wala naman akong high standards pagdating sa partner ganon
(Participant 3, lines 202, 204, 21 years old, male)
4.5 respectful
pero nung katagalan parang, diba, aanhin mo yung looks kung diba, parang
hindi ka naman niya nirerespect or or anything else diba?
uhm respectful. Mas yun na yung nag mmatter sakin.
(Participant 4, lines 207, 210, 21 years old, female)
4.6 good values
 so kailangan these traits or values are present.
(Participant 4, line 208, 21 years old, female)
4.7 responsible
Like yung pagiging responsible,
(Participant 4, line 209, 21 years old, female)

Theme 5: Uncertainty
Although most of the participants responded with a positive feedback about
themselves as a romantic partner, some of the participants have indicated that they are not yet
decided on how they would describe themselves as a romantic partner.
5.1 no definitive image
ahhhhh? romantic partner. Ah actually hindi ko din masabi eh,
So feeling ko as a roma.. as a partner in that kind of relationship parang ahh I
sti.. I think I'm sti.. I’m not there just yet, ayun but soon. Hopefully *laughs*
yun.
(Participant 4, line 181, 187, 21 years old, female)

Theme 6: Prioritizing oneself

Looking after oneself is also an important factor, and self-love should be prioritized
first before deciding to go into a relationship. In coordination with the previous theme, some
participants mentioned that working on the self is important to lessen the mistakes that could
be made and to become fully prepared into entering in a serious long term relationships.
6.1 self-love
pero uhm siguro mag bebase nalang ako sa mga sabi sakin ng mga friends
and even my mom and dad na uhm before you leap into a relationship
kailangan tignan mo muna sarili mo kasi parang feeling ko hindi ka pa ready
to leap into a relationship if sarili mo muna is hindi mo parang i-attend to.
(Participant 4, line 182, 21 years old, female)
6.2 work in progress
so, I think I still have a lot to work on.
anyway, ano feeling ko naman parang ang dami ko pang dapat pagdaanan
before get into a serious one or a serious relationship.
but, ano parang ano lang siguro kailangan ko lang icontrol *laughs* ganyan,
kasi aa-ayoko din naman yung magkamali ako, ganyan.
 (Participant 4, lines 183, 184, 186 21 years old, female)

Theme 7: Goal-oriented
When asked about how they want their partner to be, participants stated that it is
necessary that they look beyond the physical appearance and having a goal in the future is
needed. In looking for a romantic partner, one should consider their plans for the future and
share similar views regarding life.
7.1 plans for future
ano, ngayon kasi so 2021 kailangan yung magiging partner mo goal oriented,
pero plano sa buhay.
iba na kasi yung surroundings natin ngayon eh so pumili ka ng isang tao na
alam mong parehas kayong may pangarap sa buhay.
(Participant 1, line 188, 193, 21 years old, female)

SOP 2: What is/are the gender/sex difference/s in determining usage of dating

applications?

Theme 1: Boredom
One of the primary motivations of the participants why they use dating applications is
to ease or lessen the boredom they are experiencing during the quarantine. Using these dating
applications is their way of passing the time as well as a source of entertainment.
1.1 a mean to pass time
Actually, to be honest tinry ko lang naman yung dating app kasi sobrang
bored, bored talaga ko nong time nayun simula nung nag quarantine.
(Participant 1, lines 19, 20, 21 years old, female)

Pero isa sa personal factor ko is yung “sige nga mag dadating app ako kasi
parang ang boring na eh lalo na nandito tayo sa pandemic na ‘to naka
quarantine yung mga lugar so bawal lumabas.
at the same time na yun parang pampawala ng boredom ganon
Sakin parang pampapalipas oras lang.
ano siya siguro natataon siya kapag matutulog na ‘ko o kaya yon yung
nagiging pampaantok
eh parang okay swipe left swipe right kalang bago ka matulog.
 Ayun siguro ano pag nakahiga na tska lang ako gumagamit
(Participant 3, line 55, 57, 60, 79, 80, 81, 21 years old, male)

Uhhhm una boredom kasi uhm *laughs* Dun din nag simula yun. Yun.
ano kasi sa bahay ano eh ako lang yung parang medyo millennial person dito
and others are mga elderly na so parang wala akong kausap
(Participant 4, line 63, 64, 21 years old, female)

Theme 2: Connecting
It does not automatically mean using a dating application is a serious relationship.
Some participants want to connect with a stranger without the romantic relationship getting
involved. It could become a bridge of interaction with a person, especially if they are
interacting with one another. It can also be a path to socialization that will eventually result in
being friends.
2.1 not serious relationship
Pero im not looking for a relationship in a dating app.
(Participant 1, line 21, 21 years old, female)

Dating apps are a way to getting to short-term to midterm,

it is hard to get a long-term relationship in these online dating apps.
I didn’t want to commit into a long-term relationship again.
I just wanted to go back but not in a serious way, just solve things here and
there.
(Participant 2, lines 22, 23, 51, 52, 21 years old, male)

una kase parang biruan lang talaga ng mga friends.

Tapos at the same time, parang ako kase okay hindi naman porket ng dating
app its relationship agad yung hanap..
(Participant 3, line 54, 59, 21 years old, male)
2.2 a bridge for interaction
so with the use of dating app parang you’re finding new connections
Ayun ganon lang parang naghahanap kalang ng bagong connections sa ibang
tao.
 kasi kada gumagamit ako ng dating app parang hindi ka naman kasi titigil
gumamit ng dating app kung hindi kana or wala kang nakuha or na build na
relationship sa ibang tao so ayun.
(Participant 3, lines 29, 32, 111; 21 years old, male)

So they usually use these apps para to interact kasi in reality maraming mga
tao na hindi kaya yung, yung iconfront yung tao
Siguro more of interaction siya for me or parang way lang of communicating
with the person.
(Participant 4, lines 37, 156, 21 years old, female)
2.3 path for socialization
so parang it’s another way for them na para to overcome o get to know other
people
eh so eto yung way ko para to get to know others tapos ano pa ba?
Uhm siguro nakiki ano din ako nakiki trending kasi *laughs*
kung kasi if you click edi you click if not edi okay lang naman kung as friends
diba?
Actually pwede ring maging study buddy if you want to go into that path.
(Participant 4, line 38, 65, 66, 120, 121; 21 years old, female)

hindi naman porket dating app eh to date na agad.

Parang looking for a new connections ganon yun.
kasi nga you get to know yung ibat ibang klase ng tao, yung ibat ibang klase
ng attitude, yung ibat ibang klase ng ano parang nakasanayan nila.
(Participant 3, line 30, 34, 114 ; 21 years old, male)
2.4 friendships
Pwedeng friends, pwedeng acquaintances or connections ganon.
(Participant 3, line 31 ; 21 years old, male)

and ako kasi uhm yung dating apps hindi lang siya for parang dating but also
for friendships ganun. Yun.
Actually, I met uhm some friends from there na until now, friend ko pa rin after
many months and even years
so parang ah in that way parang naka develop ako ng friendship with them
 (Participant 4, line 39, 118, 119; 21 years old, female)

Theme 3: Temporary usage

3.1 not active
Uhm kaka delete ko lang lahat ng mga apps ko last week,
pero ngayon dinowload ko ulit kasi wala parang naging dependent nako na
gusto lagi na ‘ko may nakakausap na ibang tao.
Yung nag stay lang sakin ngayon na app is tinder.
(Participant 1, line 70, 71, 72; 21 years old, female)

Whenever I matched with someone

and we’ve really talk for a long time,
I usually go to another social app like messenger or Instagram
(Participant 2, line 73, 74, 76; 21 years old, male)

Uhm lately hindi na masyado.

(Participant 4, line 90; 21 years old, female)
3.2 leisure time
and if things don’t go well, I just install the app again.
I don’t really like multitasking when it comes to talking to people in social
apps or dating app.
(Participant 2, lines 77, 78 ; 21 years old, male)

Although, paminsan minsan gumagamit parin ako to ano communicate with

others,
ganyan kasi medjo busy na rin
but uhm if I have the time siguro pwede ren *laughs* yun lang naman.
(Participant 4, line 91, 91, 93; 21 years old, female)
3.3 limited usage
pero pag ganito yung umaga hindi, hindi ako gumagamit ng dating app
pag gabi lang talaga
Siguro once a day lang ganon,
siguro max na yung 1 hour ganon
parang 1 hour kase matutulog kana din naman.
 Hindi naman siya yung porket gumagamit ako ng dating app is parang most of
the day kalahati ng araw ko puro nalang dating app,
ako hindi parang ginagawa ko siya at the end of the day
before I end my day siguro gagamit ako ng dating app for atleast 30 minutes
to 1 hour ganon.
(Participant 3, line 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89; 21 years old, male)

Theme 4: Fear
4.1 false persona
pero at the same time scary padin kasi cat fish diba
oo ayun nakakatakot padin
kasi malay mo yung ibang tao uhm they are trying to steal you information.
Poser in short. Yun yung nakakatakot dun
(Participant 1, lines 95, 96, 97, 98; 21 years old, female)

4.2 suspicious motives

like kunwari yayayain ka somewhere tapos akala mo yun yung motive sayo but
other than that may iba pa pala siyang agenda sayo.
Like diba, alam niyo naman na yung nababalita sa news, mga ganun.
So yun yung hindi maganda and
and I don’t want to lose anything kapag ano nag venture ako into that. Yun
lang .
(Participant 4, line 124, 125, 126,132; 21 years old, female)

Theme 5: Curiosity
5.1 Exploration
wala parang ako personally parang sobrang interesting
Parang ang interesting lang niya
Interesting yung pag gamit ng dating app
and at the same time ang ano niya somehow mystery siya
(Participant 3, line 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115; 21 years old, male)

parang oh sige try ko nga out of curiosity edi tinry ko din.

Dun din nag simula yun. Yun.
 Yun but uhm siguro dumating na rin ako sa point na nag explore a bit, ganyan.
(Participant 4, line 68, 69, 129; 21 years old, female)

SOP 3: Among the three attachment styles: secure, avoidant, and anxious, what
significantly influences the quality of a romantic relationship?

Theme 1: Recognizing limitations

1.1 respects boundaries
Hindi ako yung bunso pero nararamdaman ko yung sobrang higpit nila sakin
na I’m not allowed to have a boyfriend until I graduated college, tapos parang
kailangan ko muna mag tapos.
(Participant 1, line 213, 21 years old, female)
1.2 strict upbringing
Dito kasi samin yung pagkakahigpit or limit sa isang bagay controlled naman,
i mean kinokontrol naman like “ o bawal mo ‘tong gawin kasi bawal yan, or
ingat ka pwede mong gawin but limit it.
(Participant 1, line 240, 21 years old, female)

Theme 2: Hesitations
2.1 considers parents’ authority
pero syempre ako parin naman mayroon parin akong hesitation nangyayari
sakin na what if malaman to ng parents ko,
baka isipin nila mamaya nasayang yung pag protekta nila sakin kung gagawin
ko yung isang na pagsisihan ko, parang ganon.
(Participant 1, lines 216, 217, 21 years old, female)

parang ganun so kahit gustong gusto ko parang I’m still not parang saying
yes or at times na you know,
parang umo-oo nalang or agreeing kahit gustong gusto ko na kasi iniisip ko
pa rin yung parang opinions nila, yung mga in.. ina-advice nila din sakin,
ganyan. Ganun.
(Participant 4, lines 259, 260, 21 years old, female)

Theme 3: Secured attachment

3.1 good relationship with parents
first of all, my relationship with my parents naman is okay..
(Participant 2, line 219, 21 years old, male)

so dun sa mga experiences yung parang kunyari sa relationship namin ni

mama ganon parang strong yung bond namin sa bahay pati kamag anak ko,
(Participant 3, line 225, 21 years old, male)

ano lang din siguro uhm because lumake din ako na with just my mom and
dad and attached ako and ano din they are also kind of conservative and
strict.
(Participant 4, line 257, 21 years old, female)
3.2 good communication
mas makaka affect talaga sayo yun kung pano yung way mo ng
communication sa ibang tao lalo na kung secured kang tao.
Parang yun palang mas mapapadali na yung pakikipag communicate mo
parang yun yung nabigyan ka ng magandang pagpapalaki ng magulang mo
sayo ganon.
So ikaw alam mo din na yung tama at mali pagdating sa pakikipag
communicate.
(Participant 3, lines 229, 230, 231, 21 years old, male)
3.3 building friendships
sobra, hindi kasi katulad nga ng sinabi ko parang yung pagiging secured ng
parents sakin nadadala ko kahit sa friendship.
(Participant 1, line 238, 21 years old, female)
3.4 caring
sobra akong mag treasure ng isang, lalo na kapatid ko. I mean kaya ko
makipag away para sayo kahit ano pa yan.
(Participant 1, line 239, 21 years old, female)

Discussion
This section discusses the results gathered by the researchers from the experiences
and perceptions of young adults, specifically college students, through the utilization of an
online interview and questionnaires namely: Adult Attachment Scale and Dyadic Adjustment
Scale. The study was conducted primarily because the researchers wanted to determine how
attachment styles influence the quality of romantic relationships. They also investigated
whether there is/are significant difference/s in gender when compared to the quality of
romantic relationship and usage of dating applications. Results from this study may be of
great contribution to the existing literature concerning complex interpersonal relationships of
an individual through the utilization of various modern technological advances including
social applications like dating apps.

1. Gender differences in determining the quality of a relationship

The first problem of this study is to determine whether there is/are gender difference/s
when it comes to describing relationship quality. The results have shown that there were no
significant differences between males and females in terms of how they view a good
relationship. Both male and female participants have shown similar perceptions regarding the
quality of relationship they want to have. Moreover, the results of male and female responses
on the dyadic adjustment scale have shown that all of them expressed a quite satisfied
perception on their past and present relationships. Although male participants usually
describe themselves in a more positive manner than female participants. They see themselves
as someone that is easy to get along with and does not require high demands. On the other
hand, female participants lean more towards slightly negative feedback about themselves.
Some even responded as someone who is not yet decided about herself and thinks that she
needs more experience and love for herself before getting involved in a relationship. In lined
with this, the researchers have come up with the following themes:
1.1 Communication
For the majority of the participants, communication is an essential key in having a
good relationship. According to the participants, relationship problems could be easily
resolved if both partners were willing to have a good conversation and exchange of thoughts.
Moreover, toxic relationships could be easily prevented since disagreements whether big or
small will be communicated with one another in order to come up with a solution. In
addition, Ubando (2016) stated that problems in a relationship arise because of
miscommunications as well as lack of communication. She added that partners could achieve
healthy relationships if they both are willing to have the same level of communication.
1.2 Understanding
Another factor of a good relationship is understanding. Both the male and female
participants answered that they feel more secure in a relationship when their partner is
someone who is understanding and always willing to compromise and reciprocate their
efforts to make the relationship work. From their past and present experiences with romantic
relationships, they suggest that understanding one another is an essential part of a good
relationship because it will help their relationship to bloom and they could have easily
avoided getting their small problems into bigger ones that could lead to a more serious impact
on their relationship. According to a one study, both men and women could benefit from a
relationship wherein both are understanding and willing to discuss things openly (Ubando,
2016). Moreover, they could easily build themselves individually when they both know how
to understand each other’s boundaries to keep a healthy relationship.
1.3 Supportive
Participants have indicated that giving and receiving supportive remarks to and from
their partners were helpful in developing a good relationship. And based on the results, it
showed that regardless of the gender, all of the participants responded that words of
affirmations and motivational remarks were their essential asset and that they want their
partners to be the same. Moreover, Cramer (2006) said that having a supportive partner can
help in dealing with conflicts that could significantly reduce the occurrences of toxic fights
between two individuals engaged in a romantic relationship. Furthemore, supportive remarks
can be seen as a positive result of having good communication among couples.
1.4 Personality affects relationships
Majority of the participants regardless of their gender have answered that similarities
in personality greatly affects the quality of relationships. They have indicated that differences
in personality could give rise to conflicts and misunderstandings between them and their
partners. The results of this study have shown that positive qualities and traits are what the
participants value the most and look for in their ideal partner. According to Glynn (2019) trait
similarity creates a good foundation and a basis to understand the relationship satisfaction
among couples. Additionally, similarity in personalities can help the couples to interpret and
understand each other’s thoughts and behavior better allowing them to respond to each
other’s needs accurately.
1.5 Uncertainty
Although the majority of the participants already have an answer on how they were
when they are in a relationship, some still answered that they are not yet sure of how they
should act in a relationship. Results have shown that some of the male and female
participants were undecided on the qualities they can contribute for a relationship to work and
even how they view their partners to be.
1.6 Prioritizing oneself
In line with the previous theme, participants have suggested ways in which they
usually cope with problems involving uncertainty. When asked about how they see
themselves as romantic partners and what are the qualities they are looking for in a partner,
some of the participants responded that before entering into a relationship, a person should
first complete the qualities that they are working on themselves. Self love is the majority
answer from the participants, according to them it promotes individuality and helps foster a
positive mindset instead of toxic qualities.
1.7 Goal-oriented
Along with the progression of the technology and societal standards, participants were
eager to answer that in looking for a partner, one should look beyond what the physical
appearance presents. Majority of the participants regardless of their gender, were looking for
someone that has plans for the future and shares similar views in life.

2. Gender difference in determining usage of dating applications

According to the results, there are significant differences in both males and females in
terms of using dating applications including the amount of time they spend browsing and
finding matches. Overall, the themes generated from the results of the interview have shown
that female participants are more likely to engage in using dating apps than male participants.
In addition, both male and female participants' responses to the question “how often they use
dating applications” were mostly as a result of boredom and to find someone they can
connect with online. They stated that they only use dating applications as a pastime or
whenever they have free time. From their response, the researchers generated themes that
emphasize the general factors contributing to the usage and amount of time spent by each
participant.

2.1 Boredom
According to the experiences of the participants when it comes to the usage of dating
apps, most of them answered that dating applications are the easiest and most convenient
means to entertain themselves and lessen their boredom especially during the quarantine
because of the COVID pandemic. Studies have shown that usage of dating apps can also be a
result of finding a way to use their free time and to ease their boredom for both men and
women. However, in terms of boredom, men rate higher with 75% that they only use dating
apps because they are bored and they are finding ways to lessen it (Nickalls, 2017).
Moreover, Nickalls (2017), suggested that dating applications are a good way to entertain
oneself while meeting new people and the statistics has also shown that 50% of dating app
users are using it out of boredom and mostly are not really interested in finding serious
relationships which increases the chances of having little to no concern on how the quality of
relationship they form through dating apps will be affected.
2.2 Connecting
One of the major reasons behind the usage of dating apps is the idea of building new
connections at your own convenience. Both male and female participants stated that they use
dating apps because they want to have someone to talk to but not necessarily someone that
they will engage with serious relationships. However, females have answered new
connections more than male while male participants indicated boredom as their primary
motivator. On a study conducted by Abramova et. al (2016), they suggest that men use dating
apps for casual and short-term relationships while women engage in it to find meaningful
relationships.
Most of the answers from them suggest that dating apps are a good way to connect
with other people without the hassle of going out and meeting them personally especially
with this pandemic that we are going through right now. According to Caroll (2018), most
people are attracted to using dating apps because they are getting the feeling of connection
when they meet someone online and it lessens their feeling of isolation.
2.3 Temporary usage
The results have shown that both males and females indicated that they have an on-off
usage of dating applications and it only depends on the situation especially when they just
want to have a casual conversation with other people without the intention of committing into
a long term and serious relationship.
2.4 Fear
Despite the popularity of dating applications, participants still raised some concerns
regarding the use of it. According to their experiences, dating applications can be a great way
to connect with other people and find someone they can talk to. However, concerns from
them include false persona and catfishing.
2.5 Curiosity
Another factor that contributes to the usage of dating applications among young
adults, specifically college students, is their curiosity. According to the participants’
experiences they have tried dating apps because they are curious about what will happen if
they have matches or the possibilities of connecting with anyone. They stated that this
somehow gives them satisfaction whenever their curiosity is fulfilled and interesting matches
happened.

3. Influence of attachments styles on the quality of a romantic relationship

The third problem of the study is to determine which attachment style significantly
affects the quality of a romantic relationship and how they affect the way a person deals with
his or her relationship with another person. The results of this study have shown that having a
secure attachment style is usually a great determinant of good relationships. Participants have
indicated that having a secure attachment with their parents while growing up definitely
helped them to have better relationships in the present. It also improved their communication
skills with other people and they were able to express themselves more. On the other hand,
having a strong bond with their parents and developing a certain type of attachment in
adulthood can also impact the way they handle problems within their relationships.
Participants who experienced having parents who were always present and controlling of
them stated that they feel like they are giving the same attitude towards their partner or even
their friends. Some even suggest that before making a decision that concerns their life and
their partners or friends, they still consider how their parents would react or comment on it.
3.1 Recognizing limitations
Participants have indicated that having a secure attachment can also mean recognizing
their boundaries and setting limitations to whatever they are doing especially in using dating
applications and entering romantic relationships.
3.2 Hesitations
According to the results, participants with secure attachment tend to be more hesitant
to communicate with strangers they meet online. This is because they feel the need to be
more mindful about their actions and how they could affect their relationships with other
people.
3.3 Secure attachment
Majority of the participants answered that having secure attachment growing up can
be transferred in adulthood and can affect their communication skills. Experiences of the
participants indicate that secure attachment results in them having confident communication
skills and better interaction with their online connections.
 Thematic Diagram

Conclusion
Our current study illustrates a relationship between individual differences in dating
app usage and attachment styles. The current study findings also arise to address what the
idea of a good relationship is, and how attachment styles affect the quality of relationships
built in online dating apps. The use of dating apps have drastically increased over the past
year, and it has become a mainstream way for people to find connections, friends, and also
romantic partners. Identifying personal attributes that influence the use of dating apps is a
good start towards understanding how our personality, relationships, and online actions
correlate with each other. Even so, dating apps could be affecting how we look for romantic
partners promptly, dictate our desires, and influence our behavioral choices in seeking
companions.

Recommendations
These recommendations are made to further enhance the current study, and should
explore the association between attachment styles and dating apps on building romantic
relationships, friendship, and companionship:
● Gather more participants
We have 4 participants in this study which is too small for the population for a
research study. It is better to use and gather more participants in this kind of study
because it measures the differences of people in terms of attachment styles and how it
influences people on making connections and building relationships with others.
● The transcription and coding to undergo a thorough cycle.
Because of limited time to transcribe and filter our data to undergo through
different cycles, and we suggest that the coding process should undergo different
stages to filter more the themes to become more comprehensive.
● Conduct a more in-depth research measurement/instrument
Furthermore, the researchers suggest investigating more about the research
instruments that could possibly be used in this study, to maximize the strength and
accuracy of the results in this study.
● Cross-cultural application
Because This study is applicable to every person in the world, more research
on the topic would be useful not only here but also in other countries. Expanding the
understanding based on this research study could bring awareness and social change
to other countries, and could be changed to give more support and opportunities for
attachment to children.

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