Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

MOTION, FORCE
AND FRICTION

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Motion, Force and Friction

I N TH IS C A P S U L E
MOTION............................................................................................................................................................ 4

RELATIVE MOTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 4

DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT .................................................................................................................................... 4

SPEED................................................................................................................................................................. 4

TYPES OF SPEED ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

VELOCITY .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

ACCELERATION............................................................................................................................................... 5

EQUATION OF MOTION ............................................................................................................................... 7

1. WHEN OBJECT IS MOVING IN STRAIGHT LINE ............................................................................................... 7

2. WHEN OBJECT IS COMING VERTICALLY DOWNWARD ................................................................................. 8

3. WHEN OBJECT IS COMING VERTICALLY UPWARD ........................................................................................ 8

4. AVERAGE ACCELERATION IS+ OR – DEPENDING ON DIRECTION. ............................................................. 8

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION .................................................................................................................. 9

TERMINOLOGIES OF UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION .......................................................................... 9

TIME PERIOD (T)............................................................................................................................................................ 9

FREQUENCY (F) .............................................................................................................................................................. 9

CENTRIPETAL FORCE .................................................................................................................................................. 10

ANGULAR SPEED ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

FORCE .............................................................................................................................................................. 10

BALANCED FORCES .................................................................................................................................................... 11

FRICTIONAL FORCE .................................................................................................................................................... 11

SECOND LAW OF MOTION ......................................................................................................................................... 11

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ........................................................................................................................... 12

FIRST LAW OF MOTION .............................................................................................................................................. 12

FRICTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

FORCE OF FRICTION: ................................................................................................................................................... 13

FACTORS AFFECTING FRICTION: ................................................................................................................................ 13

TYPES OF FRICTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14

1. SLIDING FRICTION .......................................................................................................................................... 14

2. ROLLING FRICTION ......................................................................................................................................... 14

FRICTION: A NECESSARY EVIL: ................................................................................................................. 15

INCREASE OF FRICTION: .............................................................................................................................................. 15

REDUCTION OF FRICTION: .......................................................................................................................................... 15

3. FLUID FRICTION .............................................................................................................................................. 16

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Motion
• Motion occurs when an object changes its position with time.

• When a body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, it is

moving with uniform motion.
• When a body covers unequal distance in equal interval of time. it is
moving with non-uniform motion.
• Both Distance and Time are important in describing motion.

• Sometimes you know motion has occurred even if you didn’t see it happen.

Relative Motion
• When two objects are moving in a plane (either in same direction or opposite)
each have relative motion with respect to second.
• For example a person sitting in a train and watching a tree, in this case tree is
stable but is assumed to be moving but with respect to the train.

Distance vs. Displacement

Distance
• How far has the object moved.
• It has only magnitude without direction.
• It is a vector quantity.

Displacement
• How far and in what direction an object has moved from its start position.
i.e. the direct distance between initial and final points.
• It is a scalar quantity.

Speed
• Speed = the distance an object travels in a given amount of time
𝑑𝑑
• Speed = Distance/ Time or 𝑠𝑠 =
𝑡𝑡
• SI unit of speed is m/s

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Types of Speed
• Constant speed: speed doesn’t change

• Changing speed: Riding a bike for 5 km. Take off and increase speed, slow down up hill,
speed up downhill, stop for stop sign. The trip took you 15 min (.25 h)
• Average speed = Total Distance/ Total Time Taken

Instantaneous speed: speed at any given time.

Velocity
• Velocity: includes speed and direction.

• For example, you would have heard this: “The Storm is moving at 20km/hr.”
• Suppose two trains are going with the same speed in opposite direction
so they are having different velocities.

• Race car going around an oval track might have constant speed,
but different velocities at each point.

Acceleration
• Any change in velocity over a period of time is called acceleration.
• The sign (+ or -) of indicates its direction. + sign shows the acceleration and – sign shows
de-acceleration.
• Uniform (constant) acceleration equation
𝑣𝑣
• 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡

• Images of car are equally spaced.

• The car is moving with constant positive velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the
same size).
• The acceleration equals to zero

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

• Images of car become farther apart as time increases

• Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

• Acceleration is uniform (Arrows below the car maintain the same length)

• Velocity is increasing (Arrows above the car are getting longer)

• This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity

• The instant speed at points of equal elevations is the same.

• The velocities are different because they are in opposite free fall & air resistance.

Galileo Galilei Italian physicist and astronomer Formulated laws of motion for objects in
free fall
A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone.
It does not depend upon the initial motion of the object

• Dropped – released from rest

• Thrown downward

• Thrown upward

• The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed downward, regardless of the initial
motion
• The magnitude of free fall acceleration (gravitational acceleration) is g = 9.80 m/s2

• g decreases with increasing altitude

• g varies with latitude, height and depth from earth surface.
• 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface

• The italicized g will be used for the acceleration due to gravity

• Not to be confused with g for grams

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

• With negligible air resistance, falling objects can be considered

freely falling. objects of different shapes accelerate differently (stone vs feather)

• Speed both upward and downward

• The path is symmetrical.

• Acceleration is constant.

• The magnitude of the velocities is the same at equal heights.

• Images become closer together as time increases

• Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions when ball goes upward.
• Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same length)

• Velocity is decreasing in upward motion (red arrows are getting shorter)

• Positive velocity and negative acceleration

• Velocity becomes zero at maximum height.

• Time duration flight in going upward and coming back is always same.

Equation of Motion
1. When object is moving in straight line

v = v0 + at
x = x0 + v0t + ½ at2
v2 = v02 + 2a (∆x)

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

• Average acceleration describes how fast the velocity is changing with respect time.

• where:

• = average acceleration

• ∆v = change in velocity
• ∆x = displacement

• ∆t = elapsed time

2. When object is coming vertically downward

3. When object is coming vertically upward

• The SI unit of velocity is the m/s.

4. Average acceleration is+ or – depending on direction.

• Instantaneous Acceleration

• Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of ∆v/∆t as ∆t approaches zero

• Instantaneous acceleration is zero where slope is constant

• Instantaneous acceleration is positive where curve is concave up

• Instantaneous acceleration is negative where curve is concave down

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Uniform Circular Motion

• In this kind of motion, the object moves on circle with fix speed,
but the direction changed by the time so the velocity of the change,
so it’s called acceleration motion acceleration is called centrifugal acceleration.
• It is directed toward the center.

Terminologies of Uniform Circular Motion

Time Period (T)

• Time period (T) is the time taken by the ball to complete one revolution.
• It is denoted by ‘T’.

• If ‘r’ is the radius of the circle of motion, then in time ‘T’

our ball covers a distance = 2πr.

• Let us assume the ball takes 3 seconds to complete one revolution.

• So, T= 3 secs.

Frequency (f)
• The number of revolutions our ball completes in one second is
the frequency of revolution.
1
• We denote frequency by f and 𝑓𝑓 = .
𝑇𝑇
• The unit of frequency is Hertz (Hz).
• One Hz means one revolution per second. Here the frequency will be 1/3 Hz.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Centripetal Force
• We saw earlier that a body moving in a circle changes
its direction continuously.

• Therefore, we said that circular motion is an accelerated motion.

• From Newton’s laws, we know that a body can accelerate only
when acted upon by some force.
• In case of circular motion, this force is the centripetal force.

• If ‘m’ is the mass of the body, then the centripetal force on it

is given by F = mv2/r; where ‘r’ is the radius of the circular orbit.

Angular Speed
• We can also get an idea of how fast an object is moving in a circle if
we know how fast the line joining the object to the center of the circle
is rotating.
• We measure this by measuring the rate at which the angle subtended
at the center changes.

• This quantity is ω and ω = Change in angle per unit time.

• Hence, ω is the Angular Speed.
• The SI unit is radian /s or rad/s.
• For a single rotation, the change in angle is 2π and the time taken is ‘T’,
therefore we can write: ω = 2π/T = 2πν
• It is usually measured in r.p.m or rotations per minute.

• ω = 1 r.p.m, if a body completes one rotation per minute.

• Also, we can convert r.p.m to radians per second as

i r.p.m. = 2π/60s = π/30 rad/s

Force
• It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the body
on which it acts.

• The S.I. unit of force is Newton.

• A force can do three things on a body.

It can change the speed of a body.
It can change the direction of motion of a body.
It can change the shape of a body.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Balanced Forces
• Forces are said to be balanced forces if they nullify one another
and their resultant force is zero.

Frictional Force
• The force that always opposes the motion of objects is called
force of friction.

Second law of motion:

The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied
unbalanced force in the direction of the force. Mathematically,

Momentum

The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and
has the same direction as that of the velocity. Its S.I. unit is kg m/s.

Newton

A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 on an

object of mass 1 kg. IN. = 1 kg m/s2 (F = ma)
Third law of motion:
To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different
bodies.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Conservation of Momentum
• If the external force on a system is zero, the momentum of the system
remains constant i.e., in an isolated system, the total momentum remains conserved.

• Suppose A and B are two balls, they have mass mA and initial velocities
uA and uB as shown in above figure before collision.
• The two bodies collide, and force is exerted by each body.
• There is change in their velocities due to collision.

Unbalanced forces
• When two opposite forces acting on a body, move a body in the
direction of the greater force or forces which brings motion in a body
are called as unbalanced forces.

First Law of Motion

An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted
upon by an external unbalanced force.

Inertia
The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform
motion is called inertia.

• The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia.

• Its S.I. unit is kg.

• A body with greater mass has greater inertia.

• (mAuA + mAuB) is the total momentum of the two balls A and B before collision
and (mAvA + mBvB) is their total momentum after the collision.
• The sum of momenta of the two objects before collision is equal to the sum of
momentum after the collision, provided there is no external unbalanced force
acting on them.
• This is known as the law of conservation of momentum.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Friction

Force of Friction:
1. Friction is the force which resists the relative motion of surfaces.

2. All types of surface like solid, liquid and air offer the force of friction.

3. Friction force always applies in the opposite direction of movement.

4. Friction is applied when two surfaces in contact move relative to each other.

Examples:
1. A moving wheel on the ground stops after covering a certain distance because
surface of ground offers opposite direction friction to the surface of wheel in mo-
tion.

2. After applying breaks to a moving bike, the surface of brakes offers friction
to the surface of moving wheel and the bicycle stops because of force of friction.
3. Gently push a book on a table. It stops after moving for some distance because
of friction between the surfaces of book and table.

Factors affecting Friction:

• Friction is caused by the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact.

• Even those surfaces which appear very smooth but microscopic view show
those irregularities.
When these surfaces come into contact, the irregularities of surfaces
get interlocked.
We have to apply force to remove the interlocking, a surface produces friction
when it slides or rolls over another surface.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Surface irregularities

• Friction force will increase with increase in weight. As weight increases,

irregularities between surfaces get interlocked tightly because of pressure,
and the surface offers more resistance of friction.
Example:
It is easier to dragging a mat when nobody is sitting on it than a person is
sitting on it because of friction increases with increase in weight.
• Rougher surface offers more force of friction.

Types of Friction
1. Sliding Friction

• This friction comes in to action when a surface slides over another surface
and resist its motion is called sliding friction.
• Example: Sliding of book or a box over ground.

2. Rolling Friction

• This friction comes into action when a surface rolls over another
surface and resist its motion is called rolling friction.
• Rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.
• Due to this roll anything over the ground is easier than to slide.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

Friction: A Necessary Evil:

Friction is a necessary evil because it has both harmful and beneficial effects.
Examples:
• We can walk easily because ground offers friction. In the less friction walking situation be-
comes almost impossible. Therefore, friction is necessary even a simple task like walking.

• It is difficult task to move on a wet muddy track, or wet marble floor. This is because
these surfaces offer very small friction to the surface of feet of a person.

• Soles of shoes have grooves on them. Grooved soles give more friction to the ground
which gives better grip when we walk. Shoes with worn out soles can be slippery.
• The tyres of vehicles have treads for better grip over road. It provides friction to the sur-
face of road. When treads are worn out, the tyres need to be replaced with new one.

• Friction can also produce heat. Vigorously rub your palms together for a few minutes.

• Writing with pen is possible because paper provides friction to the tip of pen.
• When a machine is operated, heat generated causes much wastage of energy.

Increase of friction:

1. Friction is desirable in some situations

2. Friction is necessary for us, therefore friction is increased to accomplish

certain tasks.
Examples:
a) Treaded tyres of vehicle increase friction. Vehicle with treaded tyres
provide more friction which in return gives better grip of the road.
4. Soles of shoes are treaded to increase friction between the sole and the ground.
5. Javelin thrower rubs some powder on his palm to get better grip on the javelin.
6. Kabaddi players rub their hands with soil for a better grip of their opponents.

Reduction of friction:

a) In Some situations, friction is undesirable. We

need to reduce it.
b) With help of lubricant we can reduce the fric-
tion. Lubricants make a thin layer over surface
and facilitate smooth movement.
c) In the engines of vehicles, use of lubricants increases the efficiency as parts are not
rubbed directly each other because of thin layer of lubricant.
d) In many machines, graphite powder, oil, grease are used as lubricant for reducing friction.

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 Top 2100+ General Science MCQs

e) Few drops of oil are poured on the hinges of a door for reducing friction, the door moves
smoothly.

f) While playing carom, sprinkle fine powder over it to reduce friction.

3. Fluid Friction

• Gases and liquids are generally known as fluid. Similar to solid, fluids also
provide friction. The friction of fluid increases with the speed of object moving
through it and speed of fluid.

• Objects which are made to move in fluid are made streamlined shape
to reduce friction offered by fluid. The shape of aero plane, ship, boat, birds and fish are
made streamlined shape. A shape which is pointed on both ends and wide at the middle
is called streamlined shape which facilitates easier movement through fluids.

• The frictional force offered by fluids is called drag.

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