MEANING TRANSITION SIGNAL SUBORDINATING PREPOSITION COORDINATING

SENTENCE. /; TS, SENTENCE. CONJUCTION PREP + NOUN PHRASE, CONJUNCTION

SENTENCE. /; SUBJECT, TS, SC CLAUSE, SENTENCE. SENTENCE. SENTENCE, CC
VERB (OBJECT). SENTENCE SC CLAUSE. SENTENCE PREP + NOUN SENTENCE
PHRASE.
REASON/ THUS/ THEREFORE/ AS A BECAUSE/AS/SINCE/NOW DUE TO/BECAUSE OF/ FOR** (formal) CAUSE SB TO DO STH
CAUSE RESULT/ HENCE/ FOR THIS THAT OWING TO/ ON ACCOUNT LEAD SB TO DO STH
REASON/ ACCORDINGLY Because she is tired, she is OF/ AS A RESULT OF/ CAUSE
She is tired. Thus, she is planning to go to bed early. = THANKS TO* (+) NOUN LEAD TO NOUN
RESULT IN
planning to go to bed early. She is planning to go to bed
BRING ABOUT
early because she is tired. GIVE RISE TO
CONCESSION/ NEVERTHELESS/ ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH/ DESPITE/ IN SPITE OF /
UNEXPECTED NONETHELESS /HOWEVER/ THOUGH***/EVEN IF NOTWITHSTANDING (very YET
RESULT STILL/ EVEN SO My neighbor is really cool. He formal) BUT
She left the house early; even talks too much, though***.
so, she missed the bus.
EXEMPLIFICATION FOR EXAMPLE/ FOR _______ SUCH AS /LIKE _______
INSTANCE/ TO ILLUSTRATE Flower such as orchids and
primroses are becoming
rare.
ADDITION IN ADDITION/FURTHERMORE/ _______ BESIDES/ AS WELL AS / IN AND BOTH…AND
MOREOVER/ WHAT’S MORE/ ADDITION TO NOR (-) NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO
ADDITIONALLY(formal) SO (+) NEITHER…NOR
/ALSO / BESIDES
CONTRAST/ ON THE OTHER HAND WHEREAS/WHILE UNLIKE/DIFFERENT BUT
OPPOSITION HOWEVER/IN CONTRAST/ BY FROM/IN CONTRAST TO/IN
DIFFERENCE CONTRAST CONTRAST WITH

CONTRADICTION ON THE CONTRARY _______ _______ _______

Earthworms do not damage
the soil. On the contrary, they
improve it.
EMPHASIS IN FACT * _______ _______ _______
 CLARIFICATION IN OTHER WORDS/I.E./ THAT _______ _______ _______
IS

SIMILARITY SIMILARLY/ _______ SIMILAR TO/ LIKE _______

CORRESPONDIGLY/ LIKEWISE/
IN THE SAME WAY
RESULT/ _______ _______ _______ SO
EFFECT

PURPOSE _______ SO THAT _______ _______

IN ORDER THAT
Jamie had an afternoon nap
so that he wouldn’t fall
asleep at the concert later.

The Internet is very popular in Australia. In fact, Australia has the highest proportion of the Internet users per head of population of any
country in the world.

 NOTE THAT “IN FACT” IS ALSO USED TO EMPHASIZE A STATEMENT THAT IS THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT HAS JUST BEEN MENTIONED.

*We are not doomed to forget everything when we are old. In fact, we can even improve our memories.

**John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company’s board of trustees.
His father was on the company’s board of trustees, so John thought he had a good chance to get the job.

Besides=as well as=in addition to a summer house in Bodrum, they have a penthouse in Istanbul.

She works all day in the store. Besides, she takes classes in the evenings.
Norway doesn’t produce petrol, nor does Switzerland. (-)= Norway doesn’t produce petrol, and Switzerland doesn’t produce it, either.
I don’t like chocolate, nor does my sister.
Alice is late, but thankfully so is her manager. (+)