Special Design Provisions For Wind and Seismic With Commentary - American Wood Council (AWC) 2021

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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS

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J U LY 2 2 , 2 0 2 0 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL COUNCIL
ii SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC iii
AMERICAN
WOOD
COUNCIL
SDPWS
®
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS

FOR WIND AND SEISMIC ®
with Commentary
2021 EDITION
APPROVED
J U LY 2 2 , 2 0 2 0

iv SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC
Special Design Provisions

For Wind & Seismic
with Commentary
2021 EDITION
Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic with Commentary 2021 Edition
First Web Release: November 2020
First Printing: December 2021
ISBN: 978-1-940383-14-9
Copyright © 2020 by American Wood Council

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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Designer Flowchart..................................1 4. Lateral Force-Resisting Systems.........15
1.1 Flowchart 4.1 General
4.2 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms
2. General Design Requirements...............3 4.3 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls
2.1 General 4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed to
2.2 Terminology Resist Combined Shear and Uplift from
2.3 Notation Wind
4.5 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
3. Members and Connections.....................9 Diaphragms
3.1 Framing 4.6 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Shear
3.2 Sheathing Walls
3.3 Connections
3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems Appendix A..................................................53
Appendix B....................................................55
References....................................................61
Commentary....................................................63
LIST OF TABLES
3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member Factors.....10 4.2C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for
3.2.1A Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms
for Wood Structural Panel Wall Sheathing (Unblocked Wood Structural Panel
Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind Loads.........11 Diaphragms) ..........................................27
3.2.1B Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) 4.2D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for
for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms
Wind Loads.............................................12 (Lumber Diaphragms) ...........................28
3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) 4.3.3 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios......31
for Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane 4.3.5.3 Unblocked Shear Wall Adjustment Factor,
Wind Loads.............................................13 C(ub).........................................................32
4.2.2. Maximum Diaphragm Aspect Ratios (Flat 4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co...34
or Sloped Diaphragms) ..........................18 4.3A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for
4.2.3 Diaphragm Deflection Equations...........19 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls
4.2A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for (Wood-based Panels) .............................40
Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms 4.3B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for
(Blocked Wood Structural Panel Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls
Diaphragms).............................................25 (Wood Structural Panels Applied over 1/2"
4.2B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for or 5/8"Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum
Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms Sheathing Board)....................................41
(Blocked Wood Structural Panel 4.3C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for
Diaphragms Utilizing Multiple Rows of Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls
Fasteners-High Load Diaphragms).......26 (Gypsum and Portland Cement
Plaster)....................................................42
vi SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
4.3D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood
Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding
(Lumber Shear Walls).............................43 When Used for Wind Uplift Only over
4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or
Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding Greater.....................................................49
When Used for Both Shear Walls and A1 Standard, Common, Box, and Sinker
Wind Uplift Simultaneously over Framing Nails........................................................54
with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or A2 Standard Cut Washers............................54
Greater....................................................48
4.4.1.6 Maximum Anchor Bolt Spacing
(inches) for Combined Shear and Wind
Uplift......................................................48
LIST OF FIGURES
4A Examples of Open Front Structures............20 4F Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width Ratio
4B Adjoining Panel Edge Locations.............22 for Perforated Shear Walls..........................31
4C High Load Diaphragm...................................24 4G Panel Attachment..........................................45
4D Typical Individual Full-Height Wall Segments 4H Panel Splice Occurring over Horizontal
Height-to-Width Ratio...................................29 Framing Member..........................................46
4E Typical Shear Wall Height-to-Width Ratio for 4I Panel Splice Occurring across Studs............46
Shear Walls Designed for Force TransferAround 4J Sheathing Splice Plate (Alternate Detail).....47
Openings (FTAO).......................................30
LIST OF COMMENTARY TABLES

C3.2A1 Plywood Sheathing Dry Design C4.2.3A Shear Stiffness, Gvtv (lb/in. of
Bending Capacities........................68 depth), for Wood Structural
C3.2A2 Plywood Sheathing Dry Design Panels............................................82
Shear Capacities in a Plane ........69 C4.2.3B Shear Stiffness, Gvtv (lb/in. of
C3.2B1 OSB Sheathing Dry Design Bending depth), for Other Sheathing
Capacities......................................69 Materials.......................................82
C3.2B2 OSB Sheathing Dry Design Shear C4.2.3C Relationships Between Span Rating
Capacities in the Plane...............69 and Nominal Thickness.................83
C3.2C Cellulosic Fiberboard Sheathing C4.2.3D Fastener Slip, en (in.).....................83
Design Bending Capacities...........70 C4.2.3E Data Summary for Blocked and
C3.2D OSB Single Floor Sheathing Dry Unblocked Wood Structural Panel
Design Bending and Shear Diaphragms ..................................83
Capacities.....................................70 C4.2.3F Data Summary for Horizontal
C3.2E Plywood Single Floor Sheathing Lumber and Diagonal Lumber
Dry Design Bending and Shear Sheathed Diaphragms................... 84
Capacities......................................71

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY vii
C4.3.4A Data Summary for Structural C-B.1 Example GAeff(in-plane) for in-plane
Fiberboard, Gypsum Wallboard, shear...........................................133
Gypsum Sheathing, and Lumber C-B.2 Typical Connection Details.........134
Sheathed Shear Walls................100
C4.3.5.1 Dimension of Galvanized Casing
Nails in Accordance with ASTM
F1667 ..........................................104
LIST OF COMMENTARY FIGURES

C3.4 Examples of Roof Uplift C4.3.2.2 FTAO Shear Wall Collector..........96
Connectors ....................................72 C4.3.4 Comparison of 4-Term and 3-Term
C4.1.5A Illustration of Subdiaphragm and Deflection Equations ....................98
Continuous Tie Concept (for west C4.3.4A Bottom Plate Compression
wall only).....................................75 Deformation...........................102
C4.1.5B Example Details of Appropriate and C4.3.4B Rigid Body Overturning Component
Inappropriate Concrete and of Shear Wall Deflection ...........103
Masonry Wall Anchorage to Wood
Diaphragms................................76 C4.3.5 Detail for Adjoining Panel Edges
where Structural Panels are Applied
C4.1.5C Example Details of Appropriate to Both Faces of the Wall ...........106
and Inappropriate Continuity Tie
Details...........................................76 C4.3.5A Shear Wall Line ......................... 107
C4.1.8 Trends in Collapse Probability based C4.3.5B Illustration of Equal Deflection
on Adjacent Story Strength Calculation Method ....................107
Ratio..............................................79 C4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Force
C4.2.3A Diaphragm Dimensions and Shear Couple due to Shear Wall
and Moment Diagram....................85 Overturning Moment..................111
C4.2.3B Diaphragm Chord, Double Top Plate C4.3.6A Distance for Plate Washer Edge
with Two Joints in Upper Plate....85 to Sheathed Edge .......................113
C4.2.6A Simple Cantilevered Sheathed C4.3.6B Section and Elevation View of Plate
Wood-Frame Diaphragm Washer in Foundation Sill Plate
Structure........................................90 (Raised Floor) Application .........113
C4.2.6B Components of Diaphragm C4.4.1.5 Raised-Heel Roof Truss .............117
Deflection Contributing to Seismic C4.4.1A Anchor Bolt Placement
Story Drift at Edges......................90 Requirements For Wood Structural
C4.2.8A Staggering of Nails at Panel Edges Panels Designed to Resist Combined
of Blocked Diaphragms.................93 Shear and Wind Uplift.................118
C4.2.8B Examples of Minimum Nominal C4.4.1B Panel Splice Over Common
Width of Nailed Face of Framing or Horizotal Framing Member........119
Blocking at Adjoining Panel Edge
Locations where Nails are
Closely Spaced..............................94
viii SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
C4.4.1C Detail for Continuous Panel C-B.4 Shear Wall Deflection Components
Between Levels (Load Path for due to Panel Bending and Shear,
Shear Transfer Into and Out of the Sliding due to Fastener Slip,
Diaphragm Not Shown)...............119 Rotation due to Fastener Slip at
C-B.1 Typical Shear Wall for a) Single Vertical Edge Connections, and
Panel Configuration, and Rigid Body Rotation....................131
(b) Multi-panel Configuration.....126 C-B.5 Illustration of a1, a3, and a5 for a
C-B.2 Rotation of Individual Panels in a 5-layer panel...............................132
CLT Shear Wall..........................127
C-B.3 Combined Shear and Gravity
Loading and Geometry for CLT
Shear Wall Composed of Multiple
CLT Panels...................................128

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 1
DESIGNER 1
FLOWCHART
1.1 Flowchart 2

2 DESIGNER FLOWCHART
1.1 Flowchart
GENERAL
DESIGNER 1
2
DESIGN
FLOWCHART
REQUIREMENTS
2.1
1.1 General
Flowchart 42
2.2 Terminology 4
2.3 Notation 6-7

4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2.1 General
2.1.1 Scope with the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for
Wood Construction (ANSI/AWC NDS) and provisions
The provisions of this document cover materials, de- of this document.
sign and construction of wood members, fasteners, and 2.1.2.2 Strength Design: Load and resistance factor
assemblies to resist wind and seismic forces. design (LRFD) of wood structures shall be in accordance
with the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood
2.1.2 Design Methods Construction (ANSI/AWC NDS) and provisions of this
document.
Engineered design of wood structures to resist wind
and seismic forces shall be by one of the methods de- 2.1.3 Sizes
scribed in 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.2. For buildings in Seismic
Design Category A, seismic design of the lateral force- Wood product sizes are stated in terms of standard
resisting systems need only comply with the General nominal, standard net, or special sizes. For wood struc-
Structural Integrity provisions of ASCE 7. tural panels produced in accordance with PS 1 or PS 2,
use of the term “nominal panel thickness” in this stan-
Exception: Wood structures shall be permitted dard refers to the “Performance Category” value for these
to be constructed in accordance with prescriptive products.
provisions permitted by the authority having juris-
diction. 2.1.4 Use of Standard
2.1.2.1 Allowable Stress Design: Allowable stress 2.1.4.1 Table Footnotes: In this standard, table foot-
design (ASD) of wood structures shall be in accordance notes shall be considered part of the table.
2.2 Terminology
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN. A method of pro- COMPOSITE PANELS. A wood structural panel com-
portioning structural members and their connections such prised of wood veneer and reconstituted wood-based ma-
that stresses do not exceed specified allowable stresses terial bonded together with a waterproof adhesive.
when the structure is subjected to appropriate load com- CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER SHEAR WALL. A
binations (also called working stress design). shear wall employing cross laminated timber panels and
APPROVED. Acceptable to the authority having juris- meeting the requirements of Appendix B.
diction. CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER SHEAR WALL
ASD REDUCTION FACTOR. A factor to reduce nomi- WITH SHEAR RESISTANCE PROVIDED BY
nal strength to an allowable stress design level. HIGH ASPECT RATIO PANELS ONLY. A cross lam-
BOUNDARY ELEMENT. Diaphragm and shear wall inated timber shear wall employing CLT panels of high
boundary members to which sheathing transfers forces. aspect ratio in accordance with requirements of B.3.7.
Boundary elements include chords and collectors at dia- DIAPHRAGM. A roof, floor, or other membrane brac-
phragm and shear wall perimeters, interior openings, dis- ing system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical
continuities, and re-entrant corners. resisting elements. When the term “diaphragm” is used,
CHORD. A boundary element perpendicular to the ap- it includes horizontal bracing systems.
plied load that resists axial stresses due to the moment DIAPHRAGM, BLOCKED. A diaphragm in which all
induced by the design load. adjacent panel edges are fastened to either common fram-
COLLECTOR. A diaphragm or shear wall boundary el- ing members or common blocking.
ement parallel to the applied load that collects and trans- DIAPHRAGM BOUNDARY. A location where shear is
fers diaphragm shear forces to the vertical force-resisting transferred into or out of the diaphragm sheathing. Trans-
elements or distributes forces within the diaphragm or fer is either to a boundary element or to another force-
shear wall. resisting element.

DIAPHRAGM, UNBLOCKED. A diaphragm that has with synthetic resin or other suitable bonding system by
fasteners at boundaries and supporting members only. a process in which the interparticle bond is created by the
Blocking between supporting structural members at pan- bonding system under heat and pressure.
el edges is not included. PERFORATED SHEAR WALL. A shear wall with
FIBERBOARD. A fibrous, homogeneous panel made openings in the wall that has not been specifically de-
from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) and signed and detailed for force transfer around wall open-
having a density of less than 31 pounds per cubic foot but ings, and meets the requirements of 4.3.2.3.
more than 10 pounds per cubic foot. PERFORATED SHEAR WALL SEGMENT. A sec- 2
FORCE-TRANSFER AROUND OPENINGS (FTAO) tion of a perforated shear wall with full height sheathing
SHEAR WALL. A shear wall with openings in the wall that meets the requirements for maximum aspect ratio
that have been specifically designed and detailed for limits in 4.3.3.
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

force transfer around the openings. PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION. A method of con-
GYPSUM BOARD. Generic name for a family of sheet struction by which roof and floor framing bear on load
products consisting of a noncombustible core primarily bearing walls that are not continuous through the story
of gypsum with paper surfacing. In this standard, gypsum levels or floor framing.
board includes gypsum wallboard, gypsum base for ve- PLYWOOD. A wood structural panel comprised of plies
neer plaster, water-resistant gypsum backing board, and of wood veneer arranged in cross-aligned layers. The
gypsum sheathing board. plies are bonded with an adhesive that cures on applica-
HARDBOARD. A fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel tion of heat and pressure.
made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat RESISTANCE FACTOR. A factor that accounts for de-
and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 31 viations of the actual strength from the nominal strength
pounds per cubic foot. and the manner and consequences of failure.
LATERAL STIFFNESS. The inverse of the defor- SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY. A classification as-
mation of shear walls under an applied unit load, or the signed to a structure based on its Seismic Use Group (see
force required to deform a shear wall a unit distance. building code) and the severity of the design earthquake
LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM (LFRS). ground motion at the site.
That part of the structural system that has been consid- SEISMIC FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM (SFRS).
ered in the design to provide the required resistance to That part of the structural system that has been consid-
the lateral forces. ered in the design to provide the required resistance to
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN the seismic forces.
(LRFD). A method of proportioning structural members SHEAR WALL. A wall designed to resist lateral forces
and their connections using load and resistance factors parallel to the plane of a wall.
such that no applicable limit state is reached when the SHEAR WALL, BLOCKED. A sheathed wood-frame
structure is subjected to appropriate load combinations. shear wall in which all adjacent panel edges are fastened
NOMINAL STRENGTH. Strength of a member, cross to either common framing members or common block-
section, or connection before application of any strength ing.
reduction factors. SHEAR WALL, UNBLOCKED. A sheathed wood-
OPEN FRONT STRUCTURE. A structure in which frame shear wall that has fasteners at boundaries and ver-
any diaphragm edge cantilevers beyond vertical elements tical framing members only. Blocking between vertical
of the lateral force-resisting system. framing members at adjacent panel edges is not included.
ORIENTED STRAND BOARD. A mat-formed wood SHEAR WALL LINE. A series of shear walls in a line
structural panel product composed of thin rectangular at a given story level.
wood strands or wafers arranged in oriented layers and SHEAR WALL SHEATHING SYSTEM. A pre-
bonded with waterproof adhesive. scribed combination of sheathing type and fastener type
PARTICLEBOARD. A generic term for a panel primar- for attachment to wood framing (See also Section 4.3.7).
ily composed of cellulosic materials (usually wood), gen- SUBDIAPHRAGM. A portion of a diaphragm used to
erally in the form of discrete pieces or particles, as distin- transfer wall anchorage forces to diaphragm cross ties.
guished from fibers. The cellulosic material is combined

6 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
TIE-DOWN (HOLD-DOWN). A device used to resist WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL. A panel manufac-
uplift of the chords of shear walls. tured from veneers; or wood strands or wafers; or a com-
WALL PIER. A section of wall adjacent to an opening bination of veneer and wood strands or wafers; bonded
and equal in height to the opening, which is designed to together with waterproof synthetic resins or other suit-
able bonding systems. Examples of wood structural pan-
resist lateral forces in the plane of the FTAO shear wall
els are plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), or com-
according to the force-transfer method (4.3.2.2).
posite panels.
2.3 Notation

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

8 SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY
This page is intentionally left blank.

SPECIAL DESIGN
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 9
MEMBERS AND 3
CONNECTIONS
3.1 Framing 10
3.2 Sheathing 10
3.3 Connections 13
3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems 14
Table 3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Repetitive Member Factors..............................10
Table 3.2.1A Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

Wood Structural Panel Wall Sheathing
Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind Loads.................................11
Table 3.2.1B Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

Wall Sheathing Resiting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads........................................................................12
Table 3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads..................................................................................13

10 MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS
3.1 Framing
3.1.1 Wall Framing
In addition to gravity loads, wall framing shall be de-

signed to resist forces induced by the wind and seismic
design loads. The framing shall be designed using the
methods referenced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design
(ASD) and 2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD).
3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness

Design Value Increase: The reference bending design
value, Fb, for sawn lumber wood studs resisting out-of- 3.1.2 Floor Framing
plane wind loads shall be permitted to be multiplied by
the repetitive member factors in Table 3.1.1.1, in lieu of In addition to gravity loads, floor framing shall be
the NDS repetitive member factor, Cr=1.15. The bending designed to resist forces induced by wind and seismic
stiffness, EI, for sawn lumber studs shall be permitted to design loads. The framing shall be designed using the
be multiplied by the repetitive member factors in Table methods referenced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design
3.1.1.1 for the purposes of calculating out-of-plane de- (ASD) and 2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD).
flection under wind load. The repetitive member factors
in Table 3.1.1.1 apply when studs are designed for bend- 3.1.3 Roof Framing
ing strength and stiffness, spaced no more than 24"on
center, covered on the inside with a minimum of 1/2"gyp- In addition to gravity loads, roof framing shall be
sum wallboard, attached in accordance with minimum designed to resist forces induced by wind and seismic
building code requirements and sheathed on the exterior design loads. The framing shall be designed using the
with a minimum of 3/8" (nominal) wood structural panel methods referenced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress design
sheathing with all adjoining panel edges occurring over (ASD) and 2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD).
and fastened to studs or blocking using a minimum of
8d common nails spaced a maximum of 6" on center at
panel edges and 12" on center at intermediate framing
members.
3.2 Sheathing
3.2.1 Wall Sheathing No increases shall be permitted. Sheathing used in

shear wall assemblies to resist in-plane lateral forces
Exterior wall sheathing and its fasteners shall be shall be designed in accordance with 4.3. Wood structural
capable of resisting wind loads and transferring those panel sheathing or siding used in wall assemblies to resist
loads to the wall framing. Maximum spans and nominal uplift from wind, or combined shear and uplift from wind
uniform load capacities for wall sheathing materials are shall be designed in accordance with 4.4.
given in Tables 3.2.1A and 3.2.1B. The ASD allowable
uniform load capacities to be used for wind design shall
be determined by dividing the nominal uniform load ca-
pacities in Tables 3.2.1A and 3.2.1B by an ASD reduction
factor of 1.6. The LRFD factored uniform load capacities
to be used for wind design shall be determined by mul-
tiplying the nominal uniform load capacities in Tables
3.2.1A and 3.2.1B by a resistance factor, ϕb, of 0.85.

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY 11
Table 3.2.1A Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for Wood Structural Panel Wall Sheathing
Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind Loads 1,2,3
MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

1. Nominal capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with Section 3.2.1 to determine ASD uniform load capacity and LRFD uniform resis-
tances.
2. Wood structural panels shall conform to the requirements in DOC PS 1 or PS 2.
3. Tabulated capacities are for maximum bending loads from wind. Loads are limited by bending or shear stress assuming a 2-span continuous
condition.
4. Strength axis is defined as the axis parallel to the face and back orientation of the flakes or the grain (veneer), which is generally the long
panel direction, unless otherwise marked.
5. Plywood load capacities are based on the minimum number of plies permitted for each panel grade in DOC PS 1.

Table 3.2.1B Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads 1,2,3
tances.
2. Particleboard sheathing shall conform to ANSI A208.1. Hardboard panel and siding shall conform to the requirements of ANSI/CPA A135.6.
Cellulosic fiberboard sheathing shall conform to ASTM C 208.
condition.
4. All edges shall be supported.
3.2.2 Floor Sheathing 3.2.2. The ASD allowable uniform load capacities to be
used for wind design shall be determined by dividing the
Floor sheathing shall be capable of resisting and nominal uniform load capacities in Table 3.2.2 by an ASD
transferring gravity loads to the floor framing. Sheathing reduction factor of 1.6. The LRFD factored uniform load
used in diaphragm assemblies to resist lateral forces shall capacities to be used for wind design shall be determined
be designed in accordance with 4.2. by multiplying the nominal uniform load capacities in
Table 3.2.2 by a resistance factor, ϕb, of 0.85. Sheathing
3.2.3 Roof Sheathing used in diaphragm assemblies to resist lateral forces shall
be designed in accordance with 4.2.
Roof sheathing and its fasteners shall be capable of
resisting and transferring wind and gravity loads to the
roof framing. Maximum spans and nominal uniform load
capacities for roof sheathing materials are given in Table

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC WITH COMMENTARY 13
Table 3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for Roof Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads 1,2,3
MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

tances.
2. Wood structural panels shall conform to the requirements in DOC PS 1 or PS 2.
condition.
4. Strength axis is defined as the axis parallel to the face and back orientation of the flakes or the grain (veneer), which is generally the long
panel direction, unless otherwise marked.
5. Plywood load capacities are based on the minimum number of plies permitted for each panel grade in DOC PS 1.
6. Blocking required at panel ends.
3.3 Connections
Connections resisting forces induced by wind and
seismic design loads shall be designed in accordance with
the methods referenced in 2.1.2.1 for allowable stress de-
sign (ASD) and 2.1.2.2 for strength design (LRFD).

3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems
3.4.1. General
The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi-

neered wood systems, members, and connections resist-
ing wind uplift shall be in accordance with the reference
documents in 2.1.2 and the provisions of 3.4.2. A con-
tinuous load path, or paths, with adequate strength and
stiffness shall be provided to transfer all forces from the
point of application to the final point of resistance.
3.4.2 Design Requirements
Uplift force resisting systems shall comply with the

following:
1. Metal connectors, continuous tie rods, or other

similar connection devices used in the wind up-
lift load path shall be of adequate strength and
stiffness to transfer forces induced by design
loads to supporting elements.
2. The strength and stiffness of wood members
and connections used in combination with metal
connectors, continuous tie rods, or other similar
connection devices shall be determined in accor-
dance with 2.1.2.
3. Where wind uplift load path connections are not
aligned from point of load application to point
of resistance, additional forces and deflections
resulting from such eccentricities shall be ac-
counted for in the design of supporting load path
elements.
Exception: Walls sheathed with wood structural panel

sheathing or siding that are designed to resist uplift from
wind, or combined shear and uplift from wind shall be in
accordance with 4.4.

LATERAL 4
FORCE-
RESISTING
SYSTEMS
4.1 General 16
4.2 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms 18
4.3 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls 29
4.4 Wood Structural Panels Used in Walls Designed to
Resist Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind 44
4.5 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Diaphragms 50
4.6 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Shear Walls 51
Table 4.2.2 Maximum Diaphragm Aspect Ratios .................................................... 18
Table 4.2.3 Diaphragm Deflection Equations.........................................................19

Tables 4.2A-D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame
Diaphragms..........................................................................................25-28
Table 4.3.3 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios.................................................31
Table 4.3.5.3 Unblocked Shear Wall Adjustment Factor, C(ub)...................................32
Table 4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co..........................................34
Tables 4.3A-D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear
Walls.....................................................................................................40-43
Table 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or

Siding When Used for Both Shear Walls and Wind Uplift
Simultaneously..........................................................................................48
Table 4.4.1.6 Maximum Anchor Bolt Spacing (inches) for Combined Shear and
Uplift..........................................................................................................48
Table 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or

Siding When Used for Wind Uplift Only...............................................49

16 LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design Requirements structural elements shall be considered in design such that
the deformation of each element and connection com-
The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi- prising the lateral force-resisting system is compatible
neered wood systems, members, and connections in lat- with the deformations of the other lateral force-resisting
eral force-resisting systems shall be in accordance with elements and connections and with the overall system.
the reference documents in 2.1.2 and provisions in this
chapter. A continuous load path, or paths, with adequate 4.1.4 Shear Capacities
strength and stiffness shall be provided to transfer all
forces from the point of application to the final point of 4.1.4.1 For seismic design of diaphragms and shear
resistance. Structures resisting wind and seismic loads walls, the ASD allowable shear capacity shall be deter-
shall meet all applicable drift, deflection, and deforma- mined by dividing the nominal shear capacity in 4.1.2 by
tion requirements of this standard and the applicable the ASD reduction factor of 2.8 and the LRFD factored
building code or, in the absence of an applicable build- shear resistance shall be determined by multiplying the
ing code, ASCE 7. Shear capacity shall be determined in nominal shear capacity by a resistance factor, ϕD, of 0.50.
accordance with 4.1.4.1 for seismic design and in accor- No further increases shall be permitted.
dance with 4.1.4.2 for wind design. 4.1.4.2 For wind design of diaphragms and shear
walls, the ASD allowable shear capacity shall be deter-
4.1.2 Wood Lateral Force Resisting Systems mined by dividing the nominal shear capacity in 4.1.2 by
the ASD reduction factor of 2.0 and the LRFD factored
4.1.2.1 Sheathed Wood-frame Diaphragms and Shear shear resistance shall be determined by multiplying the
Walls: Design of sheathed wood-frame diaphragms and nominal shear capacity by a resistance factor, ϕD, of 0.80.
shear walls shall be in accordance with 4.2 and 4.3, re- No further increases shall be permitted.
spectively. Wood structural panels designed to resist
combined shear and uplift shall be in accordance with 4.1.5 Wood Members and Systems Resisting
4.4. The tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are based Seismic Forces Contributed by Concrete and
on the sheathing and fasteners stated in each table at- Masonry Walls
tached to Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine framing,
with adjustments for other framing species. For sheath- Wood-frame shear walls, wood-frame diaphragms,
ing or fasteners not specifically stated in the tables, or for trusses, and other wood members and systems shall not
framing other than sawn lumber or structural glued-lam- be used to resist seismic forces contributed by concrete
inated timber, refer to the manufacturer’s approved in- or masonry walls in structures over one story in height.
structions or approved evaluation report. Shear capacity
of sheathed wood-frame diaphragms and sheathed wood- Exceptions:
frame shear walls shall be permitted to be calculated us- 1. Wood floor and roof members shall be permitted
ing approved alternate procedures that are in accordance to be used in diaphragms and horizontal trusses
with principles of engineering mechanics using values of to resist horizontal seismic forces contributed by
fastener strength and sheathing shear capacity. masonry or concrete walls provided such forc-
4.1.2.2 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Diaphragms es do not result in torsional force distribution
and Shear Walls: Design of CLT diaphragms and shear through the diaphragm or truss.
walls shall be in accordance with 4.5 and 4.6, respective-
2. Vertical wood structural panel sheathed shear
ly. CLT diaphragms and CLT shear walls shall be permit-
walls shall be permitted to be used to provide
ted to be designed using approved alternate procedures
resistance to seismic forces contributed by con-
that are in accordance with principles of engineering me-
crete or masonry walls in two-story structures,
chanics.
provided the following requirements are met:
4.1.3 Deformation Requirements a. Story-to-story wall heights shall not exceed

12 ̍.
Deformation of connections within and between b. Diaphragms shall not be considered to trans-

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 17
mit lateral forces by torsional force distribu- 4.1.7 Horizontal Distribution of Shear
tion or cantilever past the outermost support-
ing shear wall. The distribution of shear to vertical resisting ele-
c. Combined deflections of diaphragms and ments shall be based on an analysis where the diaphragm
shear walls shall not permit design story is idealized as flexible, idealized as rigid, or modeled as
drift of supported concrete or masonry walls semi-rigid.
to exceed the allowable story drift in accor- 4.1.7.1 Flexible Diaphragm. When a diaphragm is
dance with Section 12.12.1 of ASCE 7. idealized as flexible in accordance with ASCE 7, the dia- 4
phragm shear forces shall be distributed to the vertical
d. Wood structural panel diaphragms shall be
elements of the lateral force-resisting system (LFRS) of
blocked diaphragms.
the story below based on tributary area.
LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

e. Wood structural panel shear walls shall be 4.1.7.2 Rigid Diaphragm. When a diaphragm is ideal-
blocked shear walls and, for the lower story, ized as rigid, the diaphragm shear forces shall be distrib-
the sheathing shall have a minimum nominal uted based on the relative lateral stiffnesses of the vertical
panel thickness of 15/32". elements of the LFRS of the story below. A diaphragm
f. There shall be no out-of-plane horizontal shall be permitted to be idealized as rigid when the cal-
offsets between the first and second stories culated maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm
of wood structural panel shear walls. itself under lateral load is less than or equal to two times
the average deflection of adjoining vertical elements of
4.1.5.1 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Structural the associated LFRS of the story below. A cantilevered
Walls to Diaphragms: In Seismic Design Categories C, diaphragm shall be permitted to be idealized as rigid
D, E, or F, diaphragms shall be provided with continu- when the calculated maximum in-plane deflection of the
ous ties or struts between diaphragm chords to distrib- diaphragm itself under lateral load is less than or equal to
ute concrete or masonry structural wall anchorage forces two times the deflection of adjoining vertical elements of
in accordance with Section 12.11.2 of ASCE 7 into the the associated LFRS of the story below used to determine
diaphragms. Subdiaphragms shall be permitted to be the cantilever length, L' (See Figure 4A). The calculated
used to transmit the anchorage forces to the main con- deflections required by this section, for diaphragm and
tinuous cross-ties. The maximum length-to-width ratio adjoining vertical elements of the associated LFRS, shall
of the structural subdiaphragm shall be 2.5:1. Connec- be determined using an equivalent tributary lateral load.
tions and anchorages capable of resisting the prescribed 4.1.7.3 Semi-Rigid Diaphragm. When a diaphragm
forces shall be provided between the diaphragm and the is not idealized as rigid or flexible, the diaphragm shear
attached components. forces shall be distributed to the vertical resisting ele-
ments using a semi-rigid diaphragm analysis based on
4.1.5.1.1 Anchorage shall not be accomplished by the relative stiffnesses of the diaphragm and the vertical
use of nails subject to withdrawal or toe-nails nor shall resisting elements accounting for both shear and flexural
wood ledgers or framing be used in cross-grain bending deformations. In lieu of using a semi-rigid diaphragm
or cross-grain tension. analysis for distribution of story shear forces, it shall be
permitted to use an enveloped analysis whereby distribu-
4.1.5.1.2 The diaphragm sheathing shall not be con- tion of horizontal diaphragm shear to each vertical resist-
sidered effective as providing the ties or struts required ing element is the larger of the shear forces resulting from
by this section. analyses where the diaphragm is idealized as flexible and
the diaphragm is idealized as rigid.
4.1.6 Wood Members and Systems
Resisting Seismic Forces from Other 4.1.8 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force-
Concrete or Masonry Construction Resisting System (SFRS) Strength
Wood members and systems shall be permitted to be For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
used where designed to resist seismic forces from con- D, E, or F, the lateral design strength of the vertical ele-
crete, or masonry components other than walls, including ments of the SFRS for the story under evaluation, Vr(i),
but not limited to: chimneys, fireplaces, concrete or ma- shall not be less than the lateral design strength of the
sonry veneers, and concrete floors. vertical elements of the SFRS for the story above, Vr(i+1).
EXCEPTION: Vr(i) shall be permitted to be less than strated that the moments, shears, and deflections, consid-
Vr(i+1), where the ratio of the shear force induced by the ering eccentricities resulting from other configurations,
design load for the story under evaluation, V(i), divided can be tolerated without exceeding the framing capacity
by Vr(i) is less than Vr(i) / Vr(i+1): and drift limits.
4.1.10 Toe-Nailed Connections
In seismic design categories D, E, and F, the capac-

4.1.9 Boundary Elements ity of toe-nailed connections shall not be used when cal-
culating lateral load resistance to transfer seismic lateral
forces greter than 150 pounds per lineal foot for ASD and
Shear wall and diaphragm boundary elements shall
205 pounds per lineal foot for LRFD from diaphragms to
be provided to transfer the design tension and compres-
shear walls, collectors, or other elements, or from shear
sion forces. Diaphragm and shear wall sheathing shall not
walls to other elements.
be used to splice boundary elements. Diaphragm chords
and collectors shall be placed in, or in contact with, the
plane of the diaphragm framing unless it can be demon-
4.2 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms

4.2.1 Application Requirements
Sheathed wood-frame diaphragms shall be permit-

ted to be used to resist lateral forces provided the de-
flection in the plane of the diaphragm, as determined by
calculations, tests, or analogies drawn therefrom, does
not exceed the maximum permissible deflection limit of
attached load distributing or resisting elements. Permis-
sible deflection shall be that deflection that will permit
the diaphragm and any attached elements to maintain
their structural integrity and continue to support their pre-
scribed loads as determined by the applicable building
code or standard. Framing members, blocking, and con- 4.2.3 Deflection
nections shall extend into the diaphragm a sufficient dis-
tance to develop the force transferred into the diaphragm. Calculations of diaphragm deflection shall account
for bending and shear deflections, fastener deformation,
4.2.2 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios chord splice slip, and other contributing sources of de-
flection.
Size and shape of diaphragms shall be limited The diaphragm deflection, δdia, shall be permitted to
to the aspect ratios in Table 4.2.2. be calculated by use of the equations in Table 4.2.3.

Table 4.2.3 Diaphragm Deflection Equations Deflection of wood structural panel diaphragms shall
be permitted to be calculated using approved alternate
procedures that follow a rational analysis where apparent
shear stiffness accounts for panel shear deformation and
non-linear nail slip in the sheathing-to-framing connec-
tion.
4.2.4 Shear Capacities 4

4.2.4.1 ASD allowable shear capacity or LRFD
factored shear resistance for sheathed wood-frame dia-

phragms shall be determined in accordance with 4.1.4.
4.2.4.2 Nominal unit shear capacities are provided in
Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D.
4.2.5 Torsional Requirements
4.2.5.1 Torsional Irregularity: Structures with

sheathed wood-frame diaphragms modeled as semi-rigid
or idealized as rigid shall be considered as torsionally
irregular under seismic load when the maximum story
drift, computed from seismic design forces including ac-
cidental torsion, at one end of the structure is more than
1.2 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends
of the structure. Where a torsional irregularity exists in
structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B, C, D,
E or F, sheathed wood-frame diaphragms shall meet all of
the following requirements:
1. The diaphragm shall conform to 4.2.8.1, 4.2.8.2,
or 4.2.8.3.
2. The L/W ratio shall not be greater than 1.5:1
when sheathed in conformance with 4.2.8.1 or
not greater than 1:1 when sheathed in confor-
mance with 4.2.8.2 or 4.2.8.3.
3. The maximum story drift at each edge of the
structure shall not exceed the ASCE 7 allowable
story drift when subject to seismic design forces
including torsion and accidental torsion.
4.2.6 Open Front Structures (Cantilevered

Diaphragms)
4.2.6.1 For resistance to seismic loads, sheathed

wood-frame diaphragms in open front structures shall
comply with all of the following requirements:
1. The diaphragm shall conform to 4.2.8.1, 4.2.8.2,
or 4.2.8.3.
2. The L′/W′ ratio (as shown in Figure 4A (a
through d)) shall not be greater than 1.5:1 when

sheathed in conformance with 4.2.8.1 or not

greater than 1:1 when sheathed in conformance
with 4.2.8.2 or 4.2.8.3. For open front structures
that are also torsionally irregular as defined in
4.2.5.1, the L′/W′ ratio shall not exceed 0.67:1
for structures over one story in height, and 1:1
for structures one story in height.
3. For loading parallel to the open side, dia-
phragms shall be modeled as semi-rigid or ide-
alized as rigid, and the maximum story drift
at each edge of the structure shall not exceed
the ASCE 7 allowable story drift when subject
to seismic design forces including torsion and
accidental torsion and shall include shear and
bending deformations of the diaphragm.
4. The cantilevered diaphragm length, L′, (normal
to the open side) shall not exceed 35 feet.
Exception: Sheathed wood-frame diaphragms in open

front structures in which the diaphragm edge cantilevers
no more than six feet beyond the nearest line of verti-
cal elements of the lateral force-resisting system need not
comply with Section 4.2.6.1.
4.2.7 Construction Requirements
4.2.6.2 For open front structures one story in height,
where L′ is not more than 25′ and L′/W′ is less than or
4.2.7.1 Framing Requirements: Diaphragm bound-
equal to 1:1, the cantilevered diaphragm defined by L′ x
ary elements shall be provided to transmit the design
W′ (as shown in Figure 4A) shall be permitted to be ide-
tension, compression, and shear forces. Diaphragm
alized as rigid for purposes of distribution of shear forces
sheathing shall not be used to splice boundary elements.
through torsion.
Diaphragm chords and collectors shall be placed in, or in
contact with, the plane of the diaphragm framing unless
Figure 4A Examples of Open Front Structures
it can be demonstrated that the moments, shears, and de-
flections, considering eccentricities resulting from other
configurations, can be tolerated without exceeding the
framing capacity and drift limits.
4.2.7.2 Sheathing: Diaphragms shall be sheathed
with approved materials. Details on sheathing types and
thicknesses for commonly used floor, roof, and ceiling
diaphragm assemblies are provided in 4.2.8 and Tables
4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D.
4.2.7.3 Fasteners: Sheathing shall be attached to
framing members using nails or other approved fasteners
alone, or in combination with adhesives. Nails shall be
driven with the head of the nail flush with the surface of
the sheathing. Other approved fasteners shall be driven as
required for proper installation of that fastener.

4.2.8 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragm 3. The width of the nailed face of framing members
Assemblies and blocking shall be 2" nominal or greater. Ad-
ditionally, the width of the nailed face of fram-
4.2.8.1 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms: Dia- ing members and blocking shall be 3" nominal or
phragms sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing greater and nails shall be staggered at the follow-
shall be permitted to be used to resist seismic and wind ing adjoining panel edge locations:
forces. Wood structural panel sheathing used for dia-
a. Where a nail spacing of 2-1/2" on center or
phragms that are part of the lateral force-resisting sys-
less is specified in Table 4.2A.
4
tem shall be applied directly to the framing members and
blocking. b. Where 10d common nails with a nail spac-
Exception: Wood structural panel sheathing in a dia- ing of 3" on center are specified in Table

phragm is permitted to be fastened over solid lumber 4.2A.
planking or laminated decking provided the follow- Exception: Where 10d common nails with a
ing requirements are met: spacing of 3" on center are specified in Table
4.2A at adjoining panel edges that are not
1. Panel edges shall not coincide with joints in the
continuous (see Figure 4B), the width of the
lumber planking or laminated decking
nailed face of framing members and block-
2. Adjacent panel edges parallel to the planks or ing shall be permitted to be 2" nominal pro-
decking shall be fastened to a common member. vided that the nominal unit shear capacities
3. The planking or decking shall be of sufficient from Table 4.2A are limited to values tabu-
thickness to satisfy minimum nail bearing length lated for the 2" minimum nominal width of
in framing members and blocking as required in nailed face, regardless of whether 3" nomi-
Table 4.2A. nal or greater width framing members or
blocking are used at diaphragm boundaries
4. Diaphragm aspect ratio (L/W) shall not exceed
and continuous adjoining panel edges.
that for a blocked wood structural panel dia-
phragm (4:1). 4. At diaphragm boundaries where a nail spacing
of 2-1/2" on center or less is specified, nails shall
5. Diaphragm forces shall be transferred from wood
be staggered.
structural panel sheathing to diaphragm bound-
ary elements through planking or decking or by 5. Wood structural panels shall conform to the re-
other methods. quirements for their type in DOC PS1or PS2.
4.2.8.1.1 Blocked Diaphragms: Where diaphragms

are designed as blocked, all adjoining panel edges shall
occur over and be fastened to common framing members
or common blocking. The size and spacing of nails at
wood-frame diaphragm boundaries and panel edges shall
be as prescribed in Table 4.2A. The diaphragm shall be
constructed as follows:
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8' except at
boundaries and changes in framing.
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the edges
of panels. Maximum nail spacing at panel edges
shall be 6" on center. Nails along intermediate
framing members and blocking for panels shall
be the same size as installed at the panel edges.
Maximum nail spacing shall be 6" on center when
support spacing of 48" on center is specified and
12" on center for closer support spacings.

Figure 4B Adjoining Panel Edge Locations
4.2.8.1.2 High Load Blocked Diaphragms: All ad- which the nail penetrates shall be 3" nominal or
joining panel edges shall occur over and be fastened to greater.
common framing members or common blocking. The size 5. The width of the nailed face of framing mem-
and spacing of nails at wood-frame diaphragm boundar- bers and blocking at boundaries and adjoining
ies and panel edges shall be as prescribed in Table 4.2B panel edges shall be 3" nominal or greater. The
and Figure 4C. The diaphragms shall be constructed as width of the nailed face not located at boundaries
follows: or adjoining panel edges shall be 2" nominal or
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8' except at greater.
boundaries and changes in framing. 6. Wood structural panels shall conform to the re-
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from panel quirements for their type in DOC PS1 or PS2.
edges but not less than distances shown in Figure
4C. Maximum nail spacing at panel edges shall 4.2.8.1.3 Unblocked Diaphragms: Where diaphragms
be 6" on center. Nails along intermediate fram- are designed as unblocked, the diaphragms shall be con-
ing members for panels shall be the same size as structed as specified in 4.2.8.1.1, except that blocking be-
installed at the panel edges. Maximum nail spac- tween supporting structural members at panel edges shall
ing shall be 6" on center when support spacing of not be required. The size and spacing of nails at wood-
greater than 32" on center is specified. Maximum frame diaphragm boundaries and panel edges shall be as
nail spacing shall be 12" on center for specified prescribed in Table 4.2C. Panels shall not be less than 4'
support spacing of 32" on center or less. x 8' except at boundaries and changes in framing where
3. In diaphragm boundary members, lines of nails minimum panel dimension shall be 24" unless all edges
shall be equally spaced and fasteners within each of the undersized panels are supported by and fastened to
line shall be staggered where spacing is 3" on framing members or blocking.
center or less.
4.2.8.2 Diaphragms Diagonally-Sheathed with Sin-
4. The depth of framing members and blocking into
gle-Layer of Lumber: Single-layer diagonally-sheathed

lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to re- each other on the same face of the supporting members.
sist seismic and wind forces. Single-layer diagonally- Each chord shall be considered as a beam with uniform
sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be constructed of load per foot equal to 50% of the unit shear due to dia-
minimum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards or 2" thick phragm action. The load shall be assumed as acting nor-
nominal lumber laid at an angle of approximately 45° to mal to the chord in the plane of the diaphragm in either
the supports. End joints in adjacent boards shall be sepa- direction. Nailing of double-layer diagonally-sheathed
rated by at least one joist space and there shall be at least lumber diaphragms shall be in accordance with Table
two boards between joints on the same support. Nailing 4.2D. 4
of diagonally-sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be in 4.2.8.4 Diaphragms Horizontally-Sheathed with Sin-
accordance with Table 4.2D. Single-layer diagonally- gle-Layer of Lumber: Single-layer horizontally-sheathed
sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to consist lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to re-

of 2" nominal lumber (1-½" thick) where the supports sist seismic and wind forces. Single-layer horizontally-
are not less than 3" nominal (2-½" thick) in width or 4" sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be constructed of min-
nominal (3-½" deep) in depth. imum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards or minimum 2"
4.2.8.3 Diaphragms Diagonally-Sheathed with Dou- thick nominal lumber laid perpendicular to the supports.
ble-Layer of Lumber: Double-layer diagonally- sheathed End joints in adjacent boards shall be separated by at
lumber diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to re- least one joist space and there shall be at least two boards
sist seismic and wind forces. Double-layer diagonally- between joints on the same support. Nailing of single-
sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be constructed of two layer horizontally-sheathed lumber diaphragms shall be
layers of diagonal sheathing boards laid perpendicular to in accordance with Table 4.2D.

Figure 4C High Load Diaphragm
Note: Space adjoining panel edges 1/8" apart. Minimum spacing between lines of fasteners is 3/8".

Table 4.2A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms

1. Nominal unit shear capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.1.4 to determine ASD allowable unit shear capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. For general construction
requirements see 4.2.7. For specific requirements, see 4.2.8.1 for wood structural panel diaphragms. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit
shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjust-
ment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values for diaphragms
constructed with either OSB or 3-ply plywood panels. When 4-ply, or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted to be increased by 1.2.
4. Where moisture content of the framing is greater than 19% at time of fabrication, Ga values shall be multiplied by 0.5.
5. Tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are applicable for carbon steel smooth shank nails of the specified type and size.
6. Diaphragm resistance depends on the direction of continuous adjoining panel edges with respect to the loading direction and direction of framing members, and is independent of the
panel orientation.

Table 4.2B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit
shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3.A). The Specific Gravity Adjust-
panel orientation.

Table 4.2C Nominal Unit Shear Values for Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms

2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit
shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity Adjust-
panel orientation.

Table 4.2D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms
requirements see 4.2.7. For specific requirements, see 4.2.8.2 for diaphragms diagonally sheathed with a single-layer of lumber, see 4.2.8.3 for diaphragms diagonally sheathed with a
double-layer of lumber, and see 4.2.8.4 for diaphragms horizontally sheathed with a single-layer of lumber. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.

4.3 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls

4.3.1 Application Requirements 3. A full-height wall segment shall be located at
each end of a FTAO shear wall.
Sheathed wood-frame shear walls shall be permitted 4. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of the
to resist lateral forces provided the deflection of the shear wall on each side of the offset shall be considered
wall, as determined by calculations, tests, or analogies as separate FTAO shear walls.
drawn therefrom, does not exceed the maximum permis- 4
5. Collectors for transfer of shear forces between
sible deflection limit. Permissible deflection shall be that
the diaphragms and the shear wall shall not be
deflection that permits the shear wall and any attached
less than the full length of the FTAO shear wall.
elements to maintain their structural integrity and contin-

ue to support their prescribed loads as determined by the
applicable building code or standard. Framing members, Figure 4D Typical Individual Full-Height
blocking, and connections shall extend into the shear Wall Segments Height-to-
wall a sufficient distance to develop the force transferred
into the shear wall. Width Ratio
4.3.2 Shear Wall Types
Shear walls shall be designed as one of the three

types described in this section.
4.3.2.1 Individual Full-Height Wall Segments:
Where individual full-height wall segments are designed
as shear walls without openings, the aspect ratio limita-
tions of 4.3.3 shall apply to each full-height wall segment
as illustrated in Figure 4D. The following limitations
shall apply:
1. Openings shall be permitted to occur beyond the
ends of a shear wall. The length of such openings
shall not be included in the length of the shear
walls.
2. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of the
wall on each side of the offset shall be considered
as separate shear walls.
3. Collectors for transfer of shear forces between
the diaphragms and the individual full-height
wall segments shall be provided.
4.3.2.2 Force-Transfer Around Openings (FTAO)

Shear Walls: For FTAO shear walls, the aspect ratio limi-
tations of 4.3.3.3 shall apply to each wall pier as illus-
trated in Figure 4E. Design for force transfer around the
openings shall be based on a rational analysis. The fol-
lowing limitations shall apply:
1. Framing members, blocking, and connections
around openings shall be designed for force
transfer around the openings.
2. The length of each wall pier shall not be less than
2'.
5. Where out-of-plane offsets occur, portions of the

Figure 4E Typical Shear Wall Height-to-
wall on each side of the offset shall be considered
Width Ratio for Shear Walls as separate perforated shear walls.
Designed for Force Transfer 6. Collectors for transfer of shear forces between
Around Openings (FTAO) the diaphragms and the shear wall shall not be
less than the full length of the perforated shear
wall.
7. A perforated shear wall shall have uniform top-
of-wall and bottom-of-wall elevations. Perfo-
rated shear walls not having uniform elevations
shall be designed by other methods.
8. Perforated shear wall height, h, shall not exceed
20'.
9. All sheathed areas of the perforated shear wall
shall be constructed with sheathing and sheath-
ing attachment associated with the tabulated
nominal unit shear capacity in 4.3.5.6 for the se-
lected shear wall configuration.
Exception: Sheathed areas constructed with

sheathing and sheathing attachment associated
with a tabulated nominal unit shear capacity less
than required in 4.3.2.3(9) are permitted, provid-
ed they are included in the total area of openings,
A o.
4.3.2.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Where shear walls

with openings are not designed for force transfer around
the openings, they shall be designed as perforated
shear walls (Figure 4F). Perforated shear walls shall be
sheathed on one or both sides with wood structural panel
sheathing. The combined nominal unit shear capacity
of perforated shear walls sheathed with wood structural
panel sheathing on one side and gypsum wallboard on
the opposite side shall be permitted to be determined in
accordance with Section 4.3.5.4.2. The following limita-
tions shall apply:
1. Framing members, blocking, and connections
around openings are not designed for force-
transfer around the openings.
2. A perforated shear wall segment shall be located
at each end of a perforated shear wall.
3. The aspect ratio limitations of Section 4.3.3.4
shall apply.
4. The nominal unit shear capacity for single-sided
and double-sided walls shall not exceed 2,435
plf.

4.3.3.4 Aspect Ratio of Perforated Shear Wall Seg-

Figure 4F Typical Shear Wall Height-to-
ments: The aspect ratio limitations of Table 4.3.3 shall
Width Ratio for Perforated apply to perforated shear wall segments within a perfo-
Shear Walls rated shear wall as illustrated in Figure 4F. Portions of
walls with aspect ratios exceeding 3.5:1 shall not be con-
sidered in the sum of shear wall segments, Σbi. In the
design of perforated shear walls, the length of each per-
forated shear wall segment with an aspect ratio greater 4
than 2:1 shall be multiplied by 2bi/h for the purposes of
determining bi and Σbi. The provisions of Section 4.3.3.2
and the exceptions to Section 4.3.5.5.1 shall not apply to

perforated shear wall segments.
Table 4.3.3 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect

Ratios
1. Walls having aspect ratios exceeding 1.5:1 shall be blocked shear walls.
4.3.3 Shear Wall Aspect Ratios and Capacity 2. For wind design of blocked wood structural panel shear walls or structural
Adjustments fiberboard shear walls, with gypsum wallboard on the opposite side, maxi-
mum h/b for gypsum wallboard shall be permitted to be 3.5:1.
4.3.3.1 The size and shape of shear walls shall be

limited to the aspect ratios in Table 4.3.3. 4.3.4 Deflection
4.3.3.2 For wood structural panel shear walls with
aspect ratios (h/b) greater than 2:1, the nominal shear Calculations of shear wall deflection shall account
capacity shall be multiplied by the Aspect Ratio Factor for bending and shear deflections, fastener deformation,
(WSP) = 1.25-0.125 h/b. For structural fiberboard shear anchorage slip, and other contributing sources of deflec-
walls with aspect ratios (h/b) greater than 1:1, the nomi- tion.
nal shear capacity shall be multiplied by the Aspect Ratio 4.3.4.1 Deflection of Individual Full-Height Shear
Factor (fiberboard) = 1.09-0.09 h/b. Walls: The shear wall deflection, δsw, shall be permitted
4.3.3.3 Aspect Ratio of FTAO Shear Walls: The as- to be calculated by use of the following equation:
pect ratio limitations of Table 4.3.3 shall apply to the
overall shear wall including openings and to each wall
pier at the sides of openings. The height of a wall pier
with an opening on one side shall be defined as the clear
height of the pier at the side of the opening. The height of
a wall pier with an opening on each side shall be defined
as the larger of the clear heights of the pier at the sides of
the openings. The length of a wall pier shall be defined
as the sheathed length of the pier. Wall piers with aspect
ratios exceeding 3.5:1 shall not be considered as portions
of FTAO shear walls.

4.3.5 Shear Capacities
4.3.5.1 ASD allowable shear capacity or LRFD fac-

tored shear resistance for sheathed wood-frame shear
walls shall be determined in accordance with 4.1.4.
4.3.5.2 Nominal Unit Shear Capacities: Nominal unit
shear capacities are provided in Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C,
and 4.3D.
4.3.5.3 Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear
Walls: Wood structural panel shear walls shall be permit-
ted to be unblocked provided nails are installed into fram-
ing in accordance with Table 4.3.5.3 and the strength is
calculated in accordance with Equation 4.3-2. Unblocked
shear wall height shall not exceed 16 feet.
The nominal unit shear capacity of an unblocked
wood structural panel shear wall, νn(ub), shall be calculated
using the following equation:
Deflection of wood structural panel shear walls shall

be permitted to be calculated using approved alternate
procedures that follow a rational analysis where apparent
shear stiffness accounts for panel shear deformation and
non-linear nail slip in the sheathing to framing connec-
tion.
4.3.4.2 Deflection of Perforated Shear Walls: The de- Table 4.3.5.3 Unblocked Shear Wall
flection of a perforated shear wall shall be calculated in
accordance with 4.3.4, where v in equation 4.3-1 is equal Adjustment Factor, C(ub)
to νmax obtained in equation 4.3-9 and b is taken as Σbi.
4.3.4.3 Deflection of Unblocked Wood Structural
Panel Shear Walls: The deflection of an unblocked wood
structural panel shear wall shall be permitted to be cal-
culated in accordance with 4.3.4 using a Ga for 24" stud
spacing and nails spaced at 6" on center at panel edges
and 12" on center at intermediate framing members. The
unit shear force induced by the design load, ν, in pounds
per foot used in Equation 4.3-1 shall be divided by C(ub),
from Table 4.3.5.3. 4.3.5.4 Shear Stiffness and Shear Capacity for Shear
4.3.4.4 Deflection of Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls Sheathed on Opposing Sides of Common Framing:
Walls: For a structural fiberboard shear wall with an as- Where shear walls are designed with similar shear wall
pect ratio (h/b) greater than 1.0, the deflection obtained sheathing systems from 4.3.7 on both sides of common
from equation 4.3-1 shall be multiplied by (h/b)1/2. framing, provisions of 4.3.5.4.1 apply. Where shear walls
are designed with different shear wall sheathing systems

from 4.3.7 on opposing sides of common framing, provi- be either two times the apparent shear stiffness of the
sions of 4.3.5.4.2 apply. Where the shear wall sheathing shear wall sheathing system with the smaller nominal
system on one side of the shear wall is a blocked shear unit shear capacity or the apparent shear stiffness of the
wall and the shear wall sheathing system on the other shear wall sheathing system with the larger nominal unit
side of the shear wall is an unblocked shear wall, provi- shear capacity.
sions of 4.3.5.4.2 apply.
4.3.5.4.1 Shear Walls with Similar Shear Wall Exception: For wind design, the combined nominal
Sheathing Systems on Opposing Sides of Common unit shear capacity, νn(c), of shear walls sheathed with a 4
Framing: The combined apparent shear wall shear stiff- combination of wood structural panels, hardboard panel
ness, Ga(c) and the combined nominal unit shear capacity, siding, or structural fiberboard on one side and gypsum
νn(c), shall be determined using the following equations: wallboard on the opposite side shall equal the sum of the

sheathing capacities of each side.
4.3.5.5 Shear Walls in a Line: The provisions of this

section are limited to shear distribution to individual
shear walls in a shear wall line where the individual shear
walls have the same sheathing materials.
4.3.5.5.1 Shear distribution to individual shear walls
in a shear wall line shall provide the same calculated de-
flection, δsw, in each shear wall.
Exceptions:
1. Shear distribution to wood structural panel individ-
ual full-height shear walls in a shear wall line, in-
cluding shear walls sheathed on opposing sides of
common framing and assigned shear capacities in
accordance with 4.3.5.4.1, shall be permitted to be
taken as proportional to the design shear capacities
of the individual full-height shear walls provided
that the nominal shear capacities of all full-height
shear walls with aspect ratios (h/b) greater than 2:1
are multiplied by 2b/h . Where multiplied by 2b/h,
the nominal shear capacities need not be further re-
duced by the adjustment in 4.3.3.2.
2. Shear distribution to structural fiberboard individ-
ual full-height shear walls in a shear wall line, in-
cluding shear walls sheathed on opposing sides of
common framing and assigned shear capacities in
accordance with 4.3.5.4.1, shall be permitted to be
taken as proportional to the design shear capacities
of the individual full-height shear walls provided
that the nominal shear capacities of all full-height
shear walls with aspect ratios (h/b) greater than 1:1
4.3.5.4.2 Shear Walls with Dissimilar Shear Wall
are multiplied by 0.1+ 0.9b/h . Where multiplied
Sheathing Systems on Opposing Sides of Common
by 0.1+ 0.9b/h, the nominal shear capacities need
Framing: The combined nominal unit shear capacity, νn(c),
not be further reduced by the adjustment in 4.3.3.2.
shall be taken as either two times the smaller nominal
unit shear capacity or as the larger nominal unit shear
capacity, whichever is greater. The combined apparent
shear wall shear stiffness, Ga(c), shall be associated with
the nominal unit shear capacity used in design and shall

4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity of Perforated Shear Walls: The

nominal shear capacity, Vn, of a perforated shear wall
shall be calculated using the following equation:
Table 4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co1
1. Definitions of Afhs, Ao, and Awall are provided in Eqn. 4.3-6.

4.3.6 Construction Requirements
4.3.6.1 Framing Requirements: All framing members

and blocking used for shear wall construction shall be
2" nominal or greater. Where shear walls are designed
as blocked, all adjoining panel edges shall occur over
and be fastened to common framing members or com-
mon blocking. Shear wall boundary elements, such as 4
end posts, shall be provided to transmit the design ten-
sion and compression forces. Shear wall sheathing shall
not be used to splice boundary elements. End posts (studs

or columns) shall be framed to provide full end bearing.
4.3.6.1.1 Common Framing Member: Where a com-
mon framing member is required at adjoining panel edg-
es, two framing members that are at least 2" in nominal
thickness shall be permitted provided they are fastened
together with fasteners designed in accordance with the
NDS to transfer the shear force induced by the design
load between members. When fasteners connecting the 4.3.6.2 Sheathing: Shear walls shall be sheathed with
two framing members are spaced less than 4" in center, approved materials attached directly to the framing mem-
they shall be staggered. bers, and blocking where required, except as permitted
4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Chords: Tension in 4.3.7.2. Details on sheathing types and thicknesses for
force, T, and a compression force, C, resulting from shear commonly used sheathed wood-frame shear wall systems
wall overturning forces at each story level shall be calcu- are provided in 4.3.7 and Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and
lated in accordance with the following: 4.3D.
4.3.6.3 Fasteners: Sheathing shall be attached to
framing members using nails or other approved fasten-
ers. Nails shall be driven with the head of the nail flush
with the surface of the sheathing. Other approved fas-
teners shall be driven as required for proper installation
of that fastener. See Appendix A for common, box, and
sinker nail dimensions.
4.3.6.3.1 Adhesives: Adhesive attachment of shear
wall sheathing shall not be used alone, or in combination
with mechanical fasteners.
Exception: Approved adhesive attachment systems shall

be permitted to resist wind forces, and to resist seismic
forces in Seismic Design Category A (see 2.1.2) and
in Seismic Design Categories B and C where R = 1.5,
4.3.6.1.3 Tension and Compression Chords of Per- Cd=1.5 and Ω0 = 2.5, unless other values are approved.
forated Shear Walls: Each end of each perforated shear
wall shall be designed for a tension force, T, and a com- 4.3.6.4 Shear Wall Anchorage and Load Path: De-
pression force, C. Each end of each perforated shear wall sign of shear wall anchorage and load path shall conform
segment shall be designed for a compression force, C, in to the requirements of this section, or shall be calculated
each segment. For perforated shear walls, the values for using principles of engineering mechanics.
T and C resulting from shear wall overturning at each 4.3.6.4.1 Anchorage for In-plane Shear: Connections
story level shall be calculated in accordance with the fol- shall be provided to transfer the unit shear force induced
lowing: by the design load, ν, into and out of each shear wall.
4.3.6.4.1.1 In-plane Shear Anchorage for Perforated

Shear Walls: The maximum unit shear force induced by 4.3.7 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Wall
the design load, νmax, transmitted into the top of a perfo- Systems
rated shear wall, out of the base of the perforated shear
wall at full height sheathing, and into collectors connect- Sheathed wood-frame shear wall systems are de-
ing shear wall segments, shall be calculated in accor- scribed and detailed in the following provisions. Per-
dance with the following: mitted uses and limitations apply only to the specific
sheathed wood-frame shear wall system.
• Wood Structural Panel shear walls in 4.3.7.1 and
4.3.7.2
• Particleboard shear walls in 4.3.7.3
4.3.6.4.2 Uplift Anchorage at Shear Wall Ends: • Structural Fiberboard shear walls in 4.3.7.4
Where the dead load stabilizing moment is not sufficient • Gypsum Board shear walls in 4.3.7.5
to prevent uplift due to overturning moments on the wall • Plaster shear walls in 4.3.7.6
(from 4.3.6.1.2 or 4.3.6.1.3), an anchoring device shall be • Single-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lumber shear
provided at the end of each shear wall. walls in 4.3.7.7
4.3.6.4.2.1 Uplift Anchorage for Perforated Shear • Double-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lumber
Walls: In addition to the requirements of 4.3.6.4.2, per- shear walls in 4.3.7.8
forated shear wall bottom plates at full height sheathing • Horizontally-Sheathed Lumber shear walls in
shall be anchored for a uniform uplift force, t, equal to the 4.3.7.9
maximum unit shear force induced by the design load, • Vertical Board Siding shear walls in 4.3.7.10
νmax, determined in 4.3.6.4.1.1, or calculated by rational
analysis.
4.3.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls: Wood-
4.3.6.4.3 Anchor Bolts: Foundation anchor bolts
frame shear walls sheathed with wood structural panel
shall have a steel plate washer under each nut not less
sheathing shall be permitted to be used to resist wind and
than 0.229"x3"x3" in size. The hole in the plate washer
seismic forces. The size and spacing of nails at shear wall
shall be permitted to be diagonally slotted with a width of
boundaries and panel edges shall be as provided in Table
up to 3/16" larger than the bolt diameter and a slot length
4.3A. The shear wall shall be constructed as follows:
not to exceed 1-3/4", provided a standard cut washer (see
Appendix A) is placed between the plate washer and the 1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at
nut. The plate washer shall extend to within 1/2" of the boundaries and changes in framing. All edges
edge of the bottom plate on the side(s) with sheathing or of all panels shall be supported by and fastened
other material with nominal unit shear capacity greater to framing members or blocking.
than 400 plf . Exception: Horizontal blocking shall be permit-
ted to be omitted, provided that the shear wall is
Exception: Standard cut washers shall be permitted designed in accordance with all of the following:
to be used where anchor bolts are designed to resist a. The deflection of the unblocked wood struc-
shear only and the following requirements are met: tural panel shear wall shall be permitted to be
a. The shear wall shall be designed in accordance calculated in accordance with Section 4.3.4.2.
with provisions of 4.3.2.1 with required uplift b. The strength of the unblocked wood structural
anchorage at shear wall ends sized to resist over- panel shear wall shall be determined in accor-
turning neglecting dead load stabilizing moment. dance with Section 4.3.5.3, and
b. Shear wall aspect ratio, h:b, shall not exceed 2:1.
c. Specified nail spacing at supported edges
c. The nominal unit shear capacity of the shear wall
shall be 6" o.c.
shall not exceed 1370 plf.
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the pan-
4.3.6.4.4 Load Path: A load path to the foundation el edges. Maximum nail spacing at panel edges
shall be provided for uplift, shear, and compression forc- shall be 6" on center.
es. Elements resisting shear wall forces contributed by 3. Nails along intermediate framing members shall
multiple stories shall be designed for the sum of forces be the same size as nails specified for panel edge
contributed by each story. nailing. At intermediate framing members, the

maximum nail spacing along intermediate fram- 4.3.7.3 Particleboard Shear Walls: Wood-frame shear
ing members shall be 6" on center. walls sheathed with particleboard sheathing shall be per-
Exception: Where panels are thicker than 7/16" mitted to be used to resist wind forces, and to resist seis-
(nominal) or studs are spaced less than 24" on mic forces in Seismic Design Categories A (see 2.1.2), B,
center, the maximum nail spacing shall be 12" and C. The size and spacing of nails at shear wall bound-
on center. aries and panel edges shall be as provided in Table 4.3A.
4. The width of the nailed face of framing members The shear wall shall be constructed as follows:
and blocking shall be 2" nominal or greater. 1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at 4
5. Where any of the following conditions occur, the boundaries and changes in framing. All edges of
width of the nailed face of a common framing all panels shall be supported by and fastened to
framing members or blocking.

member or blocking at adjoining panel edges
shall be 3" nominal or greater and nailing shall 2. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the pan-
be staggered at all panel edges: el edges. Maximum nail spacing at panel edges
a. Nail spacing of 2" on center at adjoining shall be 6" on center.
panel edges is specified, or 3. Nails along intermediate framing members shall
b. 10d common nails with nail spacing at 3" on be the same size as nails specified for panel edge
center or less at adjoining panel edges are nailing. At intermediate framing members, the
specified, or maximum nail spacing shall be 6" on center.
c. The nominal unit shear capacity on either
Exception: Where panels are thicker than 3/8"
side of the shear wall exceeds 980 plf in
(nominal) or studs are spaced less than 24" on
Seismic Design Category D, E, or F.
center, the maximum nail spacing shall be 12"
on center.
In lieu of a single common framing member, two
framing members that are at least 2" in nominal
4. The width of the nailed face of framing members
thickness shall be permitted where designed in
and blocking shall be 2" nominal or greater.
accordance with 4.3.6.1.1.
5. Where any of the following conditions occur, the
6. Maximum stud spacing shall be 24" on center.
width of the nailed face of a common framing
7. Wood structural panels shall conform to the re- member or blocking at adjoining panel edges
quirements for its type in DOC PS 1 or PS 2. shall be 3" nominal or greater and nailing shall
be staggered at all panel edges:
4.3.7.1.1 Seismic Equivalency of Alternative
a. Nail spacing of 2" on center at adjoining
Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Wall Systems: Where
panel edges is specified, or
seismic equivalency is sought for sheathed wood-frame
shear wall systems that use alternative materials or al- b. 10d common nails with nail spacing at 3" on
ternative fasteners to those specified for wood structural center or less at adjoining panel edges are
panel shear walls in 4.3.7.1, seismic equivalency shall be specified. In lieu of a single common fram-
evaluated per ASTM D7989. Use of alternative sheathed ing member, two framing members that are
wood-frame shear wall systems shall be in accordance at least 2" in nominal thickness shall be per-
with the applicable building code or subject to approval mitted where designed in accordance with
by the authority having jurisdiction. 4.3.6.1.1.
4.3.7.2 Shear Walls using Wood Structural Panels 6. Maximum stud spacing shall be 24" on center.
over Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board: 7. Particleboard shall conform to ANSI A208.1.
Wood-frame shear walls sheathed with wood structur-
al panel sheathing over gypsum wallboard or gypsum 4.3.7.4 Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls: Wood-
sheathing board shall be permitted to be used to resist frame shear walls sheathed with fiberboard sheathing
seismic and wind forces. The size and spacing of nails shall be permitted to be used to resist wind forces, and to
at shear wall boundaries and panel edges shall be as pro- resist seismic forces in Seismic Design Categories A (see
vided in Table 4.3B. The shear wall shall be constructed 2.1.2), B, and C. The size and spacing of nails at shear
in accordance with Section 4.3.7.1. wall boundaries and panel edges shall be as provided in

Table 4.3A. The shear wall shall be constructed as fol- or perpendicular to studs. Two-foot-wide pieces of gyp-
lows: sum sheathing board shall be applied perpendicular to the
1. Panels shall not be less than 4' x 8', except at studs. Gypsum sheathing board shall conform to ASTM
boundaries and changes in framing. All edges of C 1396 and shall be installed in accordance with ASTM
all panels shall be supported by and fastened to C 1280.
framing members or blocking. 4.3.7.6 Plaster Shear Walls: Wood-frame shear walls
sheathed with gypsum lath and plaster or Portland cement
2. Nails shall be located at least 3/4" from edges
plaster shall be permitted to be used to resist wind forces,
of panels at top and bottom plates and at least
and to resist seismic forces in Seismic Design Categories
3/8" from all other edges of panels. Maximum
A (see 2.1.2), B, C, and D. The size and spacing of fasten-
nail spacing at panel edges shall be 4" on center.
ers shall be as provided in Table 4.3C. The width of the
3. Nails along intermediate framing members and nailed face of framing members and blocking shall be 2"
blocking shall be the same size as installed at the nominal or greater.
panel edges. Maximum nail spacing shall be 6" 4.3.7.6.1 Gypsum Lath and Plaster: Gypsum lath
on center. shall be applied perpendicular to the studs. Gypsum lath
4. The width of the nailed face of framing members shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be installed
and blocking shall be 2" nominal or greater at in accordance with ASTM C 841. Gypsum plaster shall
adjoining panel edges. conform to the requirements of ASTM C 28.
4.3.7.6.2 Expanded Metal or Woven Wire Lath and
5. Maximum stud spacing shall be 16" on center.
Portland Cement: Expanded metal or woven wire lath
6. Fiberboard sheathing shall conform to ASTM C and portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 847,
208. ASTM C 1032, and ASTM C 150 and shall be installed in
accordance with ASTM C 926 and ASTM C 1063. Metal
4.3.7.5 Gypsum Board Shear Walls: Wood-frame lath and lath attachments shall be of corrosion-resistant
shear walls sheathed with gypsum wallboard, gypsum material.
base for veneer plaster, water-resistant gypsum backing 4.3.7.7 Single-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lumber
board, or gypsum sheathing board shall be permitted to Shear Walls: Single-layer diagonally-sheathed lumber
be used to resist wind forces, and to resist seismic forces shear walls shall be permitted to be used to resist wind
in Seismic Design Categories A (see 2.1.2), B, C, and D. forces, and to resist seismic forces in Seismic Design
End joints of adjacent courses of gypsum wallboard or Categories A (see 2.1.2), B, C, and D. Single-layer diago-
gypsum sheathing board, installed with long dimension nally sheathed lumber shear walls shall be constructed of
perpendicular to framing, shall be staggered. The size minimum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards laid at an
and spacing of fasteners at shear wall boundaries, panel angle of approximately 45° to the supports. End joints
edges, and intermediate supports shall be as provided in in adjacent boards shall be separated by at least one stud
Table 4.3C. Nails shall be located at least 3/8" from the space and there shall be at least two boards between joints
edges and ends of panels. The width of the nailed face of on the same support. Nailing of diagonally sheathed lum-
framing members and blocking shall be 2" nominal or ber shear walls shall be in accordance with Table 4.3D.
greater. 4.3.7.8 Double-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lumber
4.3.7.5.1 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Base for Ve- Shear Walls: Double-layer diagonally-sheathed lumber
neer Plaster, Water-Resistant Gypsum Backing Board: shear walls shall be permitted to be used to resist wind
Gypsum wallboard, gypsum base for veneer plaster, or forces, and to resist seismic forces in Seismic Design
water-resistant gypsum backing board shall be applied Categories A (see 2.1.2), B, C, and D. Double-layer di-
parallel or perpendicular to studs. Gypsum wallboard agonally sheathed lumber shear walls shall be construct-
shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be installed in ed of two layers of 1" thick nominal diagonal sheath-
accordance with ASTM C 840. Gypsum base for veneer ing boards laid perpendicular to each other on the same
plaster shall conform to ASTM C 1396 and shall be in- face of the supporting members. Nailing of diagonally
stalled in accordance with ASTM C 844. Water-resistant sheathed lumber shear walls shall be in accordance with
gypsum backing board shall conform to ASTM C 1396 Table 4.3D.
and shall be installed in accordance with ASTM C 840. 4.3.7.9 Single-Layer Horizontally-Sheathed Lumber
4.3.7.5.2 Gypsum Sheathing Board: Four-foot-wide piec- Shear Walls: Single-layer horizontally-sheathed lumber
es of gypsum sheathing board shall be applied parallel shear walls shall be permitted to be used to resist wind

forces, and to resist seismic forces in Seismic Design Design Categories A (see 2.1.2), B, and C. Vertical board
Categories A (see 2.1.2), B, and C. Single-layer horizon- siding shear walls shall be constructed of minimum 1"
tally-sheathed lumber shear walls shall be constructed of thick nominal sheathing boards applied directly to studs
minimum 1" thick nominal sheathing boards applied per- and blocking. Nailing of vertical board siding shear walls
pendicular to the supports. End joints in adjacent boards shall be in accordance with Table 4.3D.
shall be separated by at least one stud space and there
shall be at least two boards between joints on the same
support. Nailing of single-layer horizontally- sheathed 4
lumber shear walls shall be in accordance with Table
4.3D.
4.3.7.10 Vertical Board Siding Shear Walls: Vertical

board siding shear walls shall be permitted to be used to
resist wind forces, and to resist seismic forces in Seismic

Table 4.3A Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls 1,3,6
requirements see 4.3.6. For specific requirements, see 4.3.7.1 for wood structural panel shear walls, 4.3.7.3 for particleboard shear walls, and 4.3.7.4 for fiberboard shear walls. See
Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.
2. Nominal unit shear capacities are permitted to be increased to values shown for 15/32 inch (nominal) sheathing with same nailing provided (a) studs are spaced a maximum of 16 inches
on center, or (b) panels are applied with long dimension across studs.
3. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal
unit shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific Gravity
Adjustment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
4. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values for shear walls
6. Where panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall and nail spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, panel joints shall be offset to fall on different framing members. Alter-
natively, the width of the nailed face of framing members shall be 3" nominal or greater at adjoining panel edges and nails at all panel edges shall be staggered.
7. Galvanized nails shall be hot-dipped or mechanically deposited.
8. Galvanized box nails shall be permitted to be substituted for the specified common nails as shown in the table below.
10. Where tension force induced by shear wall overturning is resisted by a hold-down attached to the inside face of the end post, nominal unit shear capacity for shear walls using 10d
common nails shall be multiplied by 0.92.

Table 4.3B Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls 1,2,5,6

requirements see 4.3.6. For specific requirements, see 4.3.7.2 for wood structural panel shear walls over gypsum board. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.
2. For species and grades of framing other than Douglas-Fir-Larch or Southern Pine, reduced nominal unit shear capacities shall be determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal
unit shear capacity by the Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)], where G = Specific Gravity of the framing lumber from the NDS (Table 12.3.3A). The Specific
Gravity Ad-justment Factor shall not be greater than 1.
3. Apparent shear stiffness values, Ga, are based on nail slip in framing with moisture content less than or equal to 19% at time of fabrication and panel stiffness values for shear
walls constructed with either OSB or 3-ply plywood panels. When 4-ply, or 5-ply plywood panels or composite panels are used, Ga values shall be permitted to be increased by 1.2.
5. Where panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall and nail spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, panel joints shall be offset to fall on different framing members.
Alternatively, the width of the nailed face of framing members shall be 3" nominal or greater at adjoining panel edges and nails at all panel edges shall be staggered.
6. Galvanized nails shall be hot-dipped or mechanically deposited.
7. Galvanized box nails shall be permitted to be substituted for the specified common nails as shown in the table below.

Table 4.3C Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls 1
requirements see 4.3.6. For specific requirements see 4.3.7.5 and 4.3.7.6.
2. Type S or W drywall screws shall conform to requirements of ASTM C 1002.
3. Where two numbers are given for maximum fastener spacing, the first number denotes fastener spacing at the edges and the second number denotes fastener spacing in the field.

Table 4.3D Nominal Unit Shear Capacities for Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls 1

requirements see 4.3.6. For specific requirements, see 4.3.7.7 through 4.3.7.10. See Appendix A for common and box nail dimensions.

4.4 Wood Structural Panels Used in Walls Designed to Resist

Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind
4.4.1 Application bined uplift and shear forces developed in the
wall. Anchors shall be spaced at in accordance
Walls sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing with Table 4.4.1.6.
or siding shall be permitted to be designed for simulta- a. Where anchor bolts are used, a minimum
neously resisting shear and uplift from wind forces. The 0.229" x 3" x 3" steel plate washer shall be
ASD allowable unit uplift capacity shall be determined used at each anchor bolt location. The edge
by dividing the tabulated nominal uplift capacity in Table of the plate washer shall extend to within
4.4.1 by the ASD reduction factor of 2.0. The LRFD fac- 1/2" of the edge of the bottom plate on the
tored unit uplift resistance shall be determined by mul- sheathed side.
tiplying the tabulated nominal uplift capacity in Table
b. Where other anchoring devices are used to
4.4.1 by a resistance factor, ϕz, of 0.65. Uplift anchorage
anchor the wall to the foundation, they shall
at shear wall ends shall be designed in accordance with
be installed on the same side of the wall as
4.3.6.4.2.
the sheathing unless other approved methods
4.4.1.1 Nails: Nails in any single row shall not be
are used.
spaced closer than 3" on center.
4.4.1.2 Panels: Panels shall have a minimum nominal 3. An anchor bolt shall be provided at each end of
panel thickness of 7/16" and shall be installed with the each plate. Anchor bolts at the end of the plate
strength axis parallel or perpendicular to the studs. shall be at least 7 times the anchor bolt diameter
4.4.1.3 Horizontal Panel Edges: All horizontal ad- from the end, but not more than ½ the tabulated
joining panel edges shall occur over and be fastened to anchor bolt spacing in accordance with Table
common framing members or common blocking and 4.4.1.6 or 12", whichever is less.
shall meet all other requirements of Section 4.3.
4.4.1.4 Openings: Where windows and doors inter- Exception: Where a hold-down anchor is used
rupt wood structural panel sheathing or siding, framing at the end of the plate, the end distance shall be
anchors or connectors shall be provided to resist and permitted to be measured from the anchor bolt to
transfer the appropriate uplift loads around the opening the center of the hold-down anchor.
and into the foundation.
4.4.1.5 Sheathing Extending to Top Plate: The fol- 4.4.1.7 Sheathing Splices:
lowing requirements shall apply: 1. In multi-story applications where the upper story
1. The top edge of the wood structural panel shall and lower story sheathing adjoin over a com-
be attached to the upper top plate. Nail row, end mon horizontal framing member, the nail spac-
spacing, and edge spacing shall be as shown in ing shall not be less than 3" o.c. for a single row
Figure 4G. nor 6" o.c. for a double row in Table 4.4.1 (see
Figure 4H).
2. Roof or upper level uplift connectors shall be on
the same side of the wall as the sheathing unless 2. In single or multi-story applications where hori-
other methods are used to prevent twisting of the zontal adjoining panel edges occur over and are
top plate due to eccentric loading. fastened to blocking between studs, nailing of
the sheathing to the studs above and below the
4.4.1.6 Sheathing Extending to Bottom Plate or Sill adjoining panel edge shall be designed to trans-
Plate: The following requirements shall apply: fer the uplift across the adjoining panel edge (see
Figure 4I). The uplift capacity shall not exceed
1. The bottom edge of the wood structural panel
the capacity in Table 4.4.1. Blocking shall be
shall extend to and be attached to the bottom
designed in accordance with Section 4.4.1.3 for
plate or sill plate as shown in Figure 4G.
shear transfer.
2. Anchorage of bottom plates or sill plates to the
foundation shall be designed to resist the com- Exception: Horizontal blocking and sheathing ten-

sion splices placed between studs and backing the 4.4.2 Wood Structural Panels Used in Walls
horizontal adjoining panel edge shall be permitted to Designed to Resist Only Uplift from Wind
be used to resist both uplift and shear at sheathing
splices over studs provided the following conditions Walls sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing
are met (see Figure 4J): or siding shall be permitted to be designed for simultane-
a. Sheathing tension splices shall be made from ously resisting shear and uplift from wind Where walls
the same thickness and grade as the shear sheathed with wood structural panel sheathing or siding
wall sheathing. are designed to resist only uplift from wind forces, they 4
b. Edges of sheathing shall be nailed to sheath- shall be in accordance with Section 4.4.1, except that
ing tension splices using the same nail size panels with a minimum nominal panel thickness of 3/8"
shall be permitted when installed with the strength axis

and spacing as the sheathing or siding nails
at the bottom plate. parallel to the studs. The ASD allowable unit uplift shall
be determined by dividing the tabulated nominal uplift
capacity in Table 4.4.2 by the ASD reduction factor of
2.0. The LRFD factored uplift resistance shall be
determined by multiplying the tabulated nominal unit
uplift capacity in Table 4.4.2 by a resistance factor, ϕZ,
of 0.65.
Figure 4G Panel Attachment

Figure 4H Panel Splice Occurring over Horizontal Framing Member
Figure 4I Panel Splice Occurring across Studs

Figure 4J Sheathing Splice Plate (Alternate Detail)

Table 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding When
Used for Both Shear Walls and Wind Uplift Simultaneously over Framing with a
Specific Gravity of 0.42 or Greater 1
1. Nominal unit uplift capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.4.1 to determine ASD allowable unit uplift capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. Anchors shall be installed
in accordance with this section. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
2. Where framing has a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater, uplift capacities in table 4.4.1 shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.08.
3. Where nail size is 6d common or 8d common, the tabulated uplift capacities are applicable to 7/16" OSB panels or 15/32" plywood with species of plies having a specific gravity of
0.49 or greater. Where nail size is 10d common, the tabulated uplift capacities are applicable to 15/32" OSB or 15/32" plywood with a species of plies having a specific gravity of 0.49
or greater. For plywood with other species, multiply the tabulated uplift capacities by 0.90.
4. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2" and a single row of nails shall be placed ¾" from the panel edge.
5. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2". Rows of nails shall be ½" apart with a minimum edge distance of ½". Each row
shall have nails at the specified spacing.
Table 4.4.1.6 Maximum Anchor Bolt Spacing (inches) for Combined Shear and Wind Uplift1,2
G = Specific Gravity of framing members

- Not Permitted
1. The minimum nominal panel thickness of wall sheathing shall be in accordance with Section 4.4.1.2.
2. Tabulated anchor bolt spacings are for minimum ½" diameter “full-body diameter” bolts (see NDS Appendix Table L1).
3. This anchor bolt spacing is provided for interpolation purposes.
4. Tabulated nominal unit shear and uplift capacities are applicable for carbon steel smooth shank nails of the specified type and size.

Table 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or Siding When
Used for Wind Uplift Only over Framing with a Specific Gravity of 0.42 or Greater 1

1. Nominal unit uplift capacities shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.4.2 to determine ASD allowable unit uplift capacity and LRFD factored unit resistance. Anchors shall be installed
in accordance with this section. See Appendix A for common nail dimensions.
2. Where framing has a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater, uplift capacities in table 4.4.2 shall be permitted to be multiplied by 1.08.
3. The tabulated uplift capacities are applicable to 3/8" OSB panels or 3/8" plywood with species of plies having a specific gravity of 0.49 or greater. For plywood with other species,
multiply the tabulated uplift capacities by 0.90.
4. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2" and a single row of nails shall be placed ¾" from the panel edge.
5. Wood structural panels shall overlap the top member of the double top plate and bottom plate by 1-1/2". Rows of nails shall be ½" apart with a minimum edge distance of ½". Each
row shall have nails at the specified spacing.
6. Tabulated nominal unit capacities are applicable for carbon steel smooth shank nails of the specified type and size.

4.5 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Diaphragms

4.5.1 Application Requirements tener yielding in accordance with NDS 12.3.1.
2. Connections used to transfer diaphragm shear
CLT diaphragms shall be permitted to be used to re- forces shall not be used to resist diaphragm ten-
sist lateral forces provided the deflection in the plane of sion forces.
the diaphragm, as determined by calculations, tests, or
3. Wood elements, steel parts, and wood or steel
analogies drawn therefrom, does not exceed the maxi-
chord splice connections shall be designed for
mum permissible deflection limit of attached load distrib-
2.0 times the diaphragm forces associated with
uting or resisting elements. Permissible deflection shall
the shear forces induced from the design loads.
be that deflection that will permit the diaphragm and any
attached elements to maintain their structural integrity
Exceptions:
and continue to support their prescribed loads as deter-
mined by the applicable building code or standard. 1. Wood elements and wood splice connections
shall be permitted to be designed for 1.5
4.5.2 Deflection times the diaphragm forces associated with
the shear forces induced by the wind design
CLT diaphragm deflection shall be determined using loads.
principles of engineering mechanics. 2. Where dowel-type fasteners are used in
chord splice connections and the connection
4.5.3 Unit Shear Capacity is controlled by Mode IIIs or Mode IV fasten-
er yielding in accordance with NDS 12.3.1,
CLT diaphragms shall be designed in accordance fasteners in the connection shall be permit-
with principles of engineering mechanics using design ted to be designed for 1.5 and 1.0 times the
values for wood members and connections in accordance diaphragm forces associated with the shear
with NDS provisions. forces induced by the prescribed seismic and
wind design loads, respectively.
The nominal unit shear capacity, vn, of CLT dia-
phragms shall be based on the nominal shear capacity Diaphragm chord elements and chord splice con-
for dowel-type fastener connections used to transfer dia- nections using materials other than wood or steel
phragm shear forces, as calculated per 4.5.4, Item 1. ASD shall be designed using provisions in NDS 1.4.
allowable shear capacity or LRFD factored shear resis-
tance for the CLT diaphragm and diaphragm shear con-
nections shall be determined in accordance with 4.1.1.
4.5.4 Additional CLT Diaphragm Design

Requirements
CLT diaphragms shall meet the following additional

requirements:
1. The nominal shear capacity for dowel-type fas-

tener connections used to transfer diaphragm
shear forces between CLT panels and between
CLT panels and diaphragm boundary elements
(chords and collectors) shall be taken as 4.5Z*,
where Z* is Z multiplied by all applicable NDS
adjustment factors except CD, KF, ϕ, and λ; and Z
shall be controlled by Mode IIIs or Mode IV fas-

4.6 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Shear Walls

4.6.1 Application
CLT shear walls shall be permitted to resist lateral

forces provided the deflection of the shear wall, as deter-
mined by calculations, tests, or analogies drawn there-
from, does not exceed the maximum permissible deflec- 4
tion limit. Permissible deflection shall be that deflection
that will permit the shear wall and any attached elements
to maintain their structural integrity and continue to sup-

port their prescribed loads as determined by the appli-
cable building code or standard.
4.6.2 Deflection
CLT shear wall deflection shall be determined using

principles of engineering mechanics.
4.6.3 Shear Capacities
4.6.3.1 ASD allowable shear capacity or LRFD fac-

tored shear resistance for CLT shear wall systems shall be
determined in accordance with 4.1.1.
4.6.3.2 Nominal Unit Shear Capacities: Nominal unit
shear capacities for CLT shear wall systems used to resist
wind or seismic forces shall be in accordance with the
requirements in Appendix B, where design and construc-
tion is in accordance with Appendix B.
Exception: Approved CLT shear wall systems, other

than those in accordance with Appendix B, shall be per-
mitted to resist wind forces, and to resist seismic forces
in Seismic Design Category A (see 2.1.2) and in Seismic
Design Category B where R=1.5, Cd=1.5 and Ωo=2.5,
and with structural height limit of 65', unless other values
are approved.


APPENDIX A A
Table A1 Standard Common, Box, and Sinker Nails...........54

Table A2 Standard Cut Washers............................................54

54 APPENDIX A
Table A1 Standard Common, Box, and Sinker Nails1
Table A2 Standard Cut Washers

APPENDIX B B
(Mandatory) Requirements for CLT Shear Walls.........................56

56 APPENDIX B
(Mandatory) Requirements for CLT Shear Walls

B.1 Scope shall be in accordance with B.3.3. Hold-
down systems in accordance with B.3.4 are
These provisions shall be used for the design and not required.
construction of structural cross-laminated timber (CLT) 4. CLT walls that are not part of the designated
members and connections that are part of the lateral SFRS shall be designed so that the action or fail-
force-resisting system. Capacity design principles are ure of those elements will not impair the vertical
employed to ensure development of the expected shear load and seismic force-resisting capability of the
capacity of the prescribed nailed connectors of the CLT designated SFRS.
shear wall. The provisions provided herein shall be ap-
a. The design shall provide for the effect of the
plied in combination with the requirements of this Stan-
CLT walls that are not part of the designated
dard, NDS including Appendix E, ASCE 7, and the ap-
SFRS on the structural system at deforma-
plicable building code.
tions corresponding to the design story drift,
the distribution of forces to the structural
B.2 Application Requirements system, and the corresponding load path to
the final point of resistance; this shall be
The design and construction of the CLT lateral
achieved by design for the most critical de-
force-resisting system (LFRS) shall comply with all of
mands to vertical gravity load supporting
the following:
elements, vertical SFRS elements, and dia-
1. The method of construction shall be platform phragms, and their load paths, determined in
construction in accordance with the following: accordance with both of the following:
a. CLT floor panels bear on and are supported i. Force and deformation demands deter-
by CLT shear walls that are part of the des- mined including in the analysis CLT
ignated LFRS. Additional gravity support shear walls of the designated SFRS, but
is permitted to be provided by other grav- neglecting in-plane shear strength and
ity framing system elements including but stiffness of CLT walls that are not part of
not limited to CLT walls that are not part of the designated SFRS, and
the designated LFRS, beams, columns, and
ii. Force and deformation demands deter-
light-frame walls.
mined including in the analysis both
b. CLT floor panels are designed as the floor CLT shear walls of the designated SFRS,
diaphragm to distribute lateral loads to the and CLT walls that are not part of the
CLT shear walls. designated SFRS.
2. CLT walls shall be classified as either (1) part of b. In addition, the effects of CLT walls classi-
the designated LFRS (i.e. CLT shear wall) or (2) fied as not part of the designated SFRS shall
not part of the designated LFRS. be considered where determining whether a
3. CLT walls that are not part of the designated structure has one or more of the irregularities
LFRS shall meet the following requirements: defined in ASCE 7 12.3.2 based on the two
analysis cases in accordance with item 4a.
a. CLT panels forming either a single-panel or
multi-panel wall shall have an aspect ratio, c. Where the fundamental period of the struc-
h/bs, that is not less than the aspect ratio used ture is calculated in accordance with ASCE
for CLT shear wall panels in accordance with 7 using the structural properties and defor-
B.3.1 or B.3.7. mational characteristics, it shall include the
effects of stiffness of CLT walls classified as
b. Shear connections at the top and bottom of
not part of the designated SFRS.
CLT wall panels shall be in accordance with
B.3.2. Where shear connections are provided d. For the purpose of Items 4a, 4b and 4c, CLT
at adjoining vertical panel edges to form a wall panels that are classified as not part of
multi-panel CLT wall, such connections the designated SFRS shall be modeled as-

suming they develop in-plane shear strength of the CLT panel is determined by an approved
and stiffness associated with CLT shear walls rational analysis.
of the same construction.
5. Shear distribution to individual CLT shear walls B.3.2 Top and Bottom of Wall Angle
in a wall line shall provide the same calculated Connector
deflection in each shear wall (i.e. distribution of Shear connections at the top and bottom of CLT
loads based on relative stiffness). shear walls shall be composed of prescribed steel
6. The dead load considered in the overturning
angle connectors, nails, and bolts in accordance with B
the following requirements:
design of each individual CLT panel within the
CLT shear wall shall be limited to the dead load 1. Angle connectors shall be fabricated from 0.105
supported by or directly above the individual in. thickness, ASTM A653 Grade 33 steel sheet
APPENDIX B
CLT panel. with the geometry as illustrated in Figure B.3.2.
7. CLT shear walls shall be full-height within each 2. Vertical legs of angle connectors shall be fas-
story. CLT shear walls are not permitted to be tened to wall panel using (8) 16d carbon steel
designed as Force-Transfer Around Openings box nails (3.5 in. length x 0.135 in. shank diam-
(FTAO) shear walls or as Perforated Shear Walls. eter x 0.344 in. head diameter) with bright fin-
ish in accordance with ASTM F1667 including
8. The nominal unit shear capacity assigned to CLT
Supplementary Requirements of ASTM F1667
shear walls shall not include contributions from
S1 Nail Bending Yield Strength.
connections other than those shear connections
prescribed in B.3.2 and B.3.3. 3. Horizontal legs of angle connectors shall be fas-
tened to supporting elements (e.g. CLT floor or
9. ASCE 7 seismic criteria specific to light-frame
roof panels, concrete foundation elements, or
construction shall not apply to the design of CLT
roof framing elements other than CLT) with (2)
shear walls and CLT diaphragms.
5/8in. diameter x 4-1/2 in. long (minimum) bolts
to provide minimum 4-1/2in. bearing length with
B.3 CLT Shear Wall Requirements
washer per ASME B18.21.1, or (2) 5/8 in. full-
body diameter lag screws with 2-3/4 in. thread
B.3.1 CLT Panels
penetration (minimum) excluding tapered tip and
CLT panels used in CLT shear walls shall be de-
3-1/8 in. unthreaded shank length (minimum) to
signed in accordance with the NDS and the following
provide minimum 5-7/8 in. bearing length and
requirements:
with washer per ASME B18.21.1. Bolts and lag
1. CLT in-service moisture content shall be less screws shall be ASTM A307 Grade A or higher.
than 16% and specific gravity, G, shall be 0.35 The anchorage, foundation, and other supporting
or greater. elements shall be capable of resisting a concur-
2. CLT panels forming either a single-panel or rent tension force and shear force transmitted
multi-panel shear wall shall have aspect ratio, h/ through horizontal leg fasteners, with force in
bs, not greater than 4 nor less than 2. All CLT each direction equal to the connector nominal
panels forming a multi-panel shear wall shall shear capacity. The design of the 5/8 in. diameter
have the same panel height, h, and individual anchor to concrete foundation or other concrete
panel length, bs. elements shall be in accordance with ACI 318
and the prescribed loading above shall be con-
3. CLT panels shall be a minimum of 3.5 in. in
sidered to meet the ductile yield mechanism re-
thickness. Where angle connectors or vertical
quirement of ACI 318.
edge connectors are installed in both faces of the
CLT panel and are directly opposed, CLT panels 4. Angle connectors at the bottom and top of wall
shall be a minimum of 6.875 in. in thickness so panels shall extend to within 12 in. of each end of
that nails from opposing faces do not overlap. each panel of a single or multi-panel shear wall.
4. Holes, notches and other modifications to CLT 5. Each wall panel shall have at least two angle con-
panels shall not be permitted unless the effects nectors at the top and bottom. The same number
of removal of material on load carrying capacity of angle connectors shall be provided at the top
and bottom of each wall panel.
58 APPENDIX B
Figure B.3.2 Top and Bottom of Wall Angle Connector B.3.4 Hold-down System
Each end of each shear wall shall be provided with a
hold-down system. Hold-down systems shall comply
with the following:
1. Hold-down systems shall consist of continu-
ous tie-rod systems or conventional hold-down
devices that use threaded anchor rods and nail,
screw or bolt attachment to the CLT panel.
2. Where continuous tie-rod systems are used, rods
at each level shall be designed for cumulative
overturning tensile forces and bearing plates
shall be provided at the floor level above each
B.3.3 Adjoining Panel Edge Connector
story Tie-rod elongation or conventional hold-
In CLT multi-panel shear walls, shear connections
down device deformation for each story shall not
at adjoining vertical panel edges of CLT wall panels
exceed 0.185 in. when applying strength design
shall be composed of prescribed steel plate connec-
load combinations of ASCE 7.
tors and nails in accordance with the following re-
quirements: 3. The hold-down system including anchorage to
the foundation shall be designed to resist not
1. Plate connector shall be fabricated from 0.105 in.
less than 2.0 times the forces associated with
thickness, ASTM A653 Grade 33 steel sheet with
the design shear capacity of the CLT shear wall
the geometry as illustrated in Figure B.3.3.
determined in accordance with 4.1.4.1 for seis-
2. Plate connectors shall be fastened to each wall mic and 1.5 times the forces associated with the
panel using (8) 16d carbon steel box nails (3.5 design shear capacity of the CLT shear wall in
in. length x 0.135 in. shank diameter x 0.344 in. accordance with 4.1.4.2 for wind. Connections
head diameter) with bright finish in accordance between the hold-down device and CLT panel
with ASTM F1667 including Supplementary shall comply with net section tension rupture,
Requirements of ASTM F1667 S1 Nail Bending row tear-out, group tear-out in accordance with
Yield Strength. NDS Appendix E. The anchorage to foundation
3. The number of plate connectors required at ad- shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318.
joining vertical edges of CLT panels shall equal
the number of angle connectors along the bot- B.3.5 Compression Zone
tom edge of the wall panel times the CLT panel The length of the compression zone for overturn-
aspect ratio, h/bs, rounded up to the next whole ing compression forces induced by the design loads
number. shall be determined to satisfy static equilibrium as-
suming a uniform distribution of bearing stress in the
Figure B.3.3 Adjoining Panel Edge Connector compression zone. For multi-panel shear walls, the
compression zone shall be contained within the out-
ermost wall panel. CLT wall panel resistance to in-
duced axial compression forces shall be determined
using cross section dimensions associated with the
compression zone.
B.3.6 Other Load Path Connections to CLT

Wall Panels
Connections to CLT wall panels in addition to those
connections prescribed in B.3.2 and B.3.3 shall be
provided in accordance with 4.1.1 to provide a con-
tinuous load path. Load path connections to CLT wall
panels shall be with dowel-type fasteners designed to
develop Mode IIIs or Mode IV yielding, and com-

ply with net section tension rupture, row tear-out,

group tear-out in accordance with NDS Appendix E.
Screws (e.g. wood screws and lag screws) shall not
be used in supplemental top and bottom of wall con-
nections to supporting elements. Angle connectors
prescribed in B.3.2 shall not be considered in design
to resist out-of-plane forces.
B
B.3.7 CLT Shear Walls with Shear Resistance
Provided by High Aspect Ratio Panels Only
CLT shear walls with shear resistance provided by
APPENDIX B
high aspect ratio panels only shall meet all require-
ments applicable for CLT shear walls and the follow- B.5 Nominal Unit Shear Capacity
ing:
a. All CLT wall panels used as part of the des- Nominal unit shear capacity, vs, shall be in accordance
ignated lateral force-resisting system shall with Equation B-2. Where both faces of a panel are pro-
have aspect ratio, h/bs, equal to 4, and vided with angle connectors in accordance with B.3.2,
b. All CLT wall panels that are not part of the the nominal unit shear capacity shall be permitted to be
designated lateral force-resisting system taken as the sum of the nominal unit shear capacities of
shall have aspect ratio, h/bs, not less than 4. each face.
B.4 Deflection
CLT shear wall deflection, δSW, shall be calculated by

use of the following equation:
B.6 ASD and LRFD Design Unit Shear

Capacities
The LRFD factored unit shear resistance and the

ASD allowable unit shear capacity shall be determined in
accordance with 4.1.1.

60 APPENDIX B

REFERENCES R

62 REFERENCES
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and Other Structures, American Society of Civil
Interior and Exterior Portland Cement-Based
Engineers, Reston, VA, 2016.
Plaster, ASTM International, West Conshohock-
7. ASTM C28/C28M-10 (2015), Standard Speci- en, PA, 2019.
fication for Gypsum Plasters, ASTM Interna-
18. ASTM C1280-18, Standard Specification for
tional, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
Application of Exterior Gypsum Panel Products
8. ASTM C150M-18, Standard Specification for for Use as Sheathing, ASTM International, West
Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
19. ASTM F1667-18a, Standard Specification for
9. ASTM C208-12 (2017) e2, Standard Specifi- Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples,
cation for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
2017.
20. PS 1-19 Structural Plywood, United States
10. ASTM C840-18b, Standard Specification for Department of Commerce, National Institute of
Application and Finishing of Gypsum Board, Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD,
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
2018.
21. PS 2-18 Performance Standard for Wood
11. ASTM C841-03 (2018), Standard Specification Structural Panels, United States Department of
for Installation of Interior Lathing and Furring, Commerce, National Institute of Standards and
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2018.
2018.
22. ASTM D7989-18, Standard Practice for Dem-
12. ASTM C844-15, Standard Specification for onstrating Equivalent In-Plane Lateral Seis-
Application of Gypsum Base to Receive Gyp- mic Performance to Wood-Frame Shear Walls
sum Veneer Plaster, ASTM International, West Sheathed with Wood Structural Panels, ASTM
Conshohocken, PA, 2015. International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.

SDPWS
COMMENTARY
C2 General Design Requirements 65

C3 Members and Connections 67
C4 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems 73
Commentary to Appendix B 125
C
Commentary References 139

64 SDPWS COMMENTARY
FOREWORD
The Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic In developing the provisions of the SDPWS, data and
(SDPWS) standard was first issued in 2001. It contains experience with structures in-service has been carefully
provisions for materials, design, and construction of evaluated by the AWC Wood Design Standards Commit-
wood members, fasteners, and assemblies to resist wind tee for the purpose of providing a standard of practice. It
and seismic forces. The 2021 edition is the fifth edition is intended that this standard be used in conjunction with
of this standard. competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and
The Commentary to the SDPWS is provided herein adequate supervision of construction. Therefore, AWC
and includes background information for most sections does not assume any responsibility for errors or omis-
as well as sample calculations for many of the design sions in the SDPWS and SDPWS Commentary, nor for
value tables. engineering designs and plans prepared from it.
The Commentary follows the same subject matter Inquiries, comments, and suggestions from the read-
organization as the SDPWS. Discussion of a particular ers of this document are invited.
provision in the SDPWS is identified in the Commentary
by the same section or subsection. When available, refer- American Wood Council
ences to more detailed information on specific subjects
are included.

C2 GENERAL DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
C2.1 General
C2.1.1 Scope C2.1.3 Sizes
Allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resis- Sizes of wood products vary by both product type
tance factor design (LRFD) provisions are applicable for and end use conditions. Actual wood product dimensions
the design of wood members and systems to resist wind are typically a function of moisture content at the time
and seismic loads. For other than short-term wind and that measurements are taken. For this reason, dimen-
seismic loads (10-minute basis), adjustment of design ca- sions are reported in terms of reference environmental
pacities for load duration or time effect shall be in accor- conditions. Products such as lumber, timbers, and wood
dance with the National Design Specification® (NDS®) structural panels have been historically reported in terms
for Wood Construction (6). Design for wind-borne debris of “nominal” dimension nomenclature. These product
is beyond the scope of this standard. Requirements for names are associated with minimum dimensions at ref-
the design for wind-borne debris may be found in appli- erence environmental conditions or a reference moisture
cable building codes. content specification for the manufacturing process as
described in the product standards. For example, the min-
C2.1.2 Design Methods imum dressed dry dimensions of a “2x4” are 1.5 inches
x 3.5 inches for the moisture content specification that
C
Engineered design of wood structures to resist wind permits the lumber to be marked as “S Dry”.
and seismic forces is intended to be in accordance with Similarly, wood structural panels are described in
COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

the applicable building code or, in the absence of an terms of “Performance Category” descriptors which are
applicable building code, ASCE 7 – Minimum Design related to the panel thickness range at reference environ-
Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other mental conditions described as “nominal panel thick-
Structures (5). Both ASD and LRFD (also referred to ness” in this standard. Use of the term “nominal panel
as strength design) formats are addressed by reference thickness” is consistent with terminology used in previ-
to the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood ous versions of this standard and the U.S. model building
Construction (6) for design of wood members and con- codes. Common Performance Categories and Span Rat-
nections. The design of elements throughout a structure ings are provided in Table C4.2.2C.
will generally utilize either the ASD or LRFD format;
however, specific requirements to use a single design for- C2.1.4 Use of Standard
mat for all elements within a structure are not included.
The suitability of mixing formats within a structure is Where footnotes are used in SDPWS tables, those
the responsibility of the designer in compliance with re- footnotes are a mandatory part of the tables.
quirements of the authority having jurisdiction. ASCE 7
limits mixing of design formats to cases where there are
changes in materials.
For more information on ASCE 7 General Structural
Integrity, see ASCE 7 Commentary for requirements and
information on structural integrity. The requirement for
general structural integrity does not negate the require-
ment for design of the lateral force-resisting system to re-
sist wind.

66 COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
C2.2 Terminology
Nominal Strength: Nominal strength (or nominal ca- uct standards for sheathing and panel products used in
pacity) is used to provide a common reference point from shear walls and diaphragms.
which to derive ASD or LRFD reference design values. Resistance Factor: For LRFD, resistance factors are
For wood structural panel shear walls and diaphragms, assigned to various wood properties with only one factor
tabulated nominal unit shear capacities, νn, (nominal for each stress mode (i.e., bending, shear, compression,
strength) were derived using ASD tabulated seismic de- tension, and stability). Theoretically, the magnitude of a
sign values from industry design documents and model resistance factor is considered, in part, to reflect relative
building codes (2, 18, 19, 20) times a factor of 2.8. The variability of material properties. However, for wood de-
factor of 2.8, based on minimum performance require- sign in accordance with NDS, actual differences in prod-
ments for lateral performance in a monotonic load test uct variability are already embedded in the reference de-
(8), has commonly been considered the target minimum sign values. This is due to the fact that typical reference
safety factor associated with ASD unit shear capacity for design values are based on a statistical estimate of a near-
wood structural panel sheathed wood-frame shear walls minimum value (5th percentile).
and diaphragms in seismic applications. For fiberboard The following resistance factors are used in SDPWS:
and lumber-sheathed shear walls and lumber-sheathed a) shear wall and diaphragm in-plane shear for wind, ϕD
diaphragms, similar assumptions were used. For shear = 0.80, and seismic ϕD = 0.50, b) sheathing out-of-plane
walls utilizing gypsum board, gypsum lath and plaster, bending ϕb = 0.85, and c) connections, ϕz=0.65. LRFD re-
and Portland cement plaster, ASD unit shear capacity val- sistance factors have been determined by an ASTM con-
ues from model building codes (2) were multiplied by 2.0 sensus standard committee (16). Examination of ϕD=0.80
to develop nominal unit shear capacity values. for wind and ϕD = 0.50 for seismic is addressed in ASTM
While varying approaches are used across the variety D5457 (16) where calibration based on consideration of
of products (e.g., wood structural panels, lumber sheath- ASD and LRFD load factors for wind and seismic is used
ing, structural fiberboard) and applications (e.g., shear to reduce differences between ASD and LRFD designs
walls, diaphragms, wall sheathing, and roof sheathing) for in-plane shear.
covered by SDPWS, the most common basis of nominal
strength is the factoring up of historic ASD design val-
ues such that when nominal strength is divided by the
specified ASD reduction factor, the identical design value
to that specified in prior codes will result. An exception
is shear walls utilizing gypsum board, gypsum lath and
plaster, or Portland cement plaster where ASD seismic
design values are approximately 30% smaller in 2021
SDPWS than specified in prior versions due to consistent
application of the ASD reduction factor of 2.8 for shear
wall systems covered by the standard. Nominal strength
values and methods of adjusting values for use as part of
engineered design using either ASD or LRFD (e.g., ASD
reduction factors or LRFD resistance factors) are based
upon the premise that the structural products fully com-
ply with the applicable product standards referenced in
this Standard. For example, wood structural panels used
in shear wall and diaphragm applications or as wall and
roof sheathing must conform to the requirements found in
DOC PS 1 (58) or PS 2 (8), as applicable. These product
standards include minimum performance requirements,
applicable test methods, and quality assurance for which
design methods in this Standard are considered suitable.
Examples of such baseline criteria include requirements
for strength, stiffness, and fastener performance in prod-

C3 MEMBERS AND
CONNECTIONS
C3.1 Framing
C3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness For wall stiffness, Polensek modeled 7 sets of 10
Design Value Increase: Wall studs sheathed on both sides walls and compared the results. Polensek estimated
are stronger and stiffer in flexure (i.e., wind loads applied bending stiffness Cr factors of 1.64 and 1.35 based on
perpendicular to the wall plane) than those in similar, un- the maximum and average ratios of deflection, respec-
sheathed wall assemblies. The enhanced performance of tively, of the sheathed walls versus the same walls with
these wood stud wall assemblies is recognized in wood bare studs. The Table 3.1.1.1 model estimated a bending
design with the wall stud repetitive member factor, Cr, for stiffness Cr factor of 1.56 as a result of composite ac-
bending strength and stiffness, which accounts for effects tion and load-sharing. Wind loads on walls are created by
of partial composite action and load-sharing (1). This is variable peak pressures randomly occurring on the wall
in contrast to the repetitive member factor, Cr, in the NDS surfaces. ASCE 7 wind load provisions are based on es-
(6) which applies to a much broader range of repetitive timates of these variable peak pressures as quasi-static
member assembly applications and is limited to bending uniform loads that vary based on the size and shape of
stress increases of no more than 15%. the tributary area over which the “effective wind area”
Wall stud repetitive member factors in SDPWS Table is averaged. Use of ASCE 7 uniform wind loads to es-
3.1.1.1 are applicable for out-of-plane wind loads and in- timate the distribution of peak pressures underestimates
crease the calculated strength and stiffness of pinned-end, the modeled effects of load-sharing. In recognition of this C
bare studs when used in sheathed wood-frame wall as- effect, the bending stiffness Cr factor of 1.56 from the
semblies constructed in accordance with 3.1.1.1. The fac- Table 3.1.1.1 model, which matched the bending strength
COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

tors in Table 3.1.1.1 were derived by modeling the effects Cr factor, was deemed appropriate.
of partial composite action and load-sharing. The model For design purposes, a slightly more conservative
used to develop the repetitive member, Cr, factors in SD- value of 1.5 was chosen to represent a modified 2x4 stud
PWS Table 3.1.1.1 was initially compared against bend- wall system sheathed with 3/8 in. wood structural panels
ing strength and stiffness estimated from a finite element and attached with 8d common nails rather than 6d box
wall model developed by Polensek (9). The baseline wall nails as follows:
that was simulated by Polensek and used for verification
of the Table 3.1.1.1 model was configured as follows:
Polensek estimated a bending strength Cr factor of

1.56 for the simulated wall configuration. The Table
3.1.1.1 model also estimated a Cr factor of 1.56.

68 COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS
For other stud depths, the wall stud repetitive mem- Slight differences between calculated Cr values and
ber factor is taken as a function of the relative stiffness those appearing in SDPWS Table 3.1.1.1 are due to
(EI) of the stud material. A repetitive member factor of rounding.
1.15 was assumed for a 2x12 stud in a wall system and
Equation C3.1.1-1 was used to interpolate repetitive
member factors for 2x6, 2x8, and 2x10 studs:
C3.2 Sheathing
Nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Tables provide out-of-plane bending capacities (FbS) and shear
3.2.1A, 3.2.1B and 3.2.2 assume a two-span continu- capacities (Fs(I b/Q)), respectively, for plywood based on
ous condition for the sheathing across supports (e.g., bending and shear design values, and section properties
studs, purlins, or other spaced supporting element for the from the Panel Design Specification (60). Bolded entries
sheathing). Out-of-plane sheathing capacities are often in Tables C3.2A1, C3.2A2, and C3.2E are associated
tabulated in other documents on the basis of a three-span with the minimum number of plies permitted for each
continuous condition. Although the three-span continu- panel grade in DOC PS 1 and are the basis of the tabu-
ous condition results in higher capacity, the more con- lated nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Tables
servative two-span continuous condition was selected 3.2.1A, 3.2.1B, and 3.2.2.
because this condition frequently exists at building end In SDPWS Table 3.2.2, dashes (i.e., “-”) identify
zones where the largest wind forces occur. configurations of sheathing type, span rating, support
Nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Tables spacing and panel strength axis relative to supports that
3.2.1A, 3.2.1B and 3.2.2 are based on strength calcula- are not in accordance with industry recommendations for
tions using established design strength properties for the roof sheathing applications. For example, nominal uni-
sheathing (i.e., minimum of bending or shear capacity) form load capacities are not provided (e.g., shown as a
and do not incorporate consideration of stiffness or de- dash) for OSB or plywood with 3/8 in. minimum nomi-
flection-based limits. Plywood load capacities are based nal thickness, 24/0 span rating, and strength axis applied
on the minimum number of plies permitted for each panel parallel to supports because it is not a recommended con-
grade in DOC PS 1, as noted in Footnote 5 in SDPWS figuration for roof sheathing applications per the Panel
Tables 3.2.1A and 3.2.2. Tables C3.2A1 and C3.2A2 Design Specification (60).
Table C3.2A1 Plywood Sheathing Dry Design Bending Capacities
1. The bending capacity used in development of nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Table 3.2.1A and Table 3.2.2 are shown in bold.
NA – Not applicable

Table C3.2A2 Plywood Sheathing Dry Design Shear Capacities in a Plane
1. The shear capacity used in development of nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Table 3.2.1A and Table 3.2.2 are shown in bold.
Tables C3.2B1 and C3.2B2 provide out-of-plane Table C3.2B2 OSB Sheathing Dry Design
bending and shear capacities, respectively for oriented Shear Capacities In The
strand board sheathing (OSB) based on bending design Plane
values, shear design values and section properties from
the Panel Design Specification (60).
C
Table C3.2B1 OSB Sheathing Dry Design
Bending Capacities

Table C3.2C provides out-of-plane bending ca-

pacities for cellulosic fiberboard sheathing based on
minimum modulus of rupture criteria in ASTM C 208.
Nominal uniform load capacities for cellulosic fiberboard
sheathing in SDPWS Table 3.2.1B can be derived using
the same procedure as described in Example C3.2.1.

Table C3.2C Cellulosic Fiberboard sheathing based on bending design values, shear design
Sheathing Design values and section properties from the Panel Design
Bending Capacities Specification (60).
Table C3.2D provides out-of-plane bending and shear

capacities, respectively, for OSB Single Floor sheathing
based on bending design values, shear design values and
section properties from the Panel Design Specification
(60).
Table C3.2D OSB Single Floor

Sheathing Dry Design
Bending and Shear
Capacities
While they are not subjected to all the same durability

requirements as wood structural panel sheathing products
as part of their qualification, there are situations where
designers elect to use Single Floor span-rated sheathing
for roof applications. For this reason, Table 3.2.2 includes
load capacities for Single Floor sheathing products in-
stalled in roof applications with the panel strength axis
perpendicular to supports. Capacities for applications
with the panel strength axis parallel to supports are not
included because the tongue and groove edge joints and
often “scant” face dimension necessitated by them are of-
ten not compatible with typical framing spacings.
Table C3.2E provides out-of-plane bending and
shear capacities, respectively, for Plywood Single Floor

Table C3.2E Plywood Single Floor Sheathing Dry Design

Bending and Shear Capacities
1. The bending and shear capacity used in development of nominal uniform load capacities in
SDPWS Table 3.2.2 are shown in bold.
Example C3.2.1 illustrates how values in SDPWS C3.2A2. Although the following example is for SDPWS
Table 3.2.1A were generated using plywood out-of-plane Table 3.2.1A, the same procedure can be used to generate
bending and shear values given in Tables C3.2A1 and values shown in SDPWS Table 3.2.1B.
C
EXAMPLE C3.2.1 Determine the Nominal Uniform Load Capacity for Plywood Sheathing in SDPWS
Table 3.2.1A

Determine the nominal uniform load capacity in
SDPWS Table 3.2.1A Nominal Uniform Load Capaci-
ties (psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane
Wind Loads for the following conditions:

C3.2.1 Wall Sheathing
Where wood structural panel wall sheathing is used

to provide the load path for wind uplift loads, the walls
must be designed in accordance with 4.4. All other uplift
force resisting systems must comply with 3.4.2.
C3.3 Connections
SDPWS 3.3 refers the user to the NDS (6) when de- may be limited by connection capacity (withdrawal ca-
signing connections to resist wind or seismic forces. In pacity of the connection) rather than out-of-plane bend-
many cases, resistance to out-of-plane forces due to wind ing or shear capacity of the panel.
C3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems

SDPWS 3.4 applies to all uplift force resisting sys- or eliminated wherever possible (see Figure C3.4). In
tems. Where wood structural panels are used to provide locations where this is not possible, the effect of eccen-
load path for wind uplift loads, the provisions of 4.4 ap- tricities in the uplift load path must be considered. Such
ply in lieu of 3.4.2. All other uplift force resisting sys- effects may include but are not limited to: moments in-
tems, including systems that utilize metal connectors and duced into elements of the uplift force resisting system;
continuous rod tie-downs consisting of threaded rods or torsion within, and rotation of, the top plate and other
cables, must comply with SDPWS 3.4.2. The design of elements within the system; cross-grain bending and ten-
such systems must be in accordance with accepted en- sion perpendicular-to-the-grain of wood members within
gineering practice and, for systems utilizing proprietary the system.
components, the manufacturer’s literature and code eval- Eccentricities resulting in cross-grain bending or
uation report, where applicable. The design must account tension perpendicular-to-the-grain stresses within wood
for stresses induced into framing members and all other members should be avoided. Other factors that must be
components and hardware within the system, as well as considered include deflection compatibility of the uplift
resulting deflections thereof. force resisting system with the wall(s) in which it is used
When detailing uplift force resisting systems, ec- and dimensional changes in the wood elements due to
centricities in the uplift load path should be minimized moisture content fluctuations.
Figure C3.4 Examples of Roof Uplift Connectors
Appropriate uplift load path with uplift connector Inappropriate uplift load path prone to top plate
aligned with the wood structural panel sheathing provid- rotation due to eccentric placement of uplift connector
ing wind uplift resistance. relative to the wood structural panel sheathing providing
wind uplift resistance.

C4 LATERAL FORCE-
RESISTING SYSTEMS
C4.1 General
C4.1.1 Design Requirements in open front structures (C4.2.6) where forces are distrib-
uted by diaphragm rotation.
General design requirements for lateral force-resist-
ing systems are described in this section and are appli- C4.1.4 Shear Capacities
cable to engineered structures and are in addition to those
in ASCE 7 and the applicable building code. Nominal unit shear capacities (see C2.2 Terminol-
ogy) for diaphragms and shear walls require adjustment
C4.1.2 Wood Lateral Force Resisting for ASD design and LRFD design.
Systems
C4.1.2.1 Sheathed Wood-frame Diaphragms and

Shear Walls: Reference framing materials for sheathed
wood-frame diaphragms and shear walls are sawn lum-
ber or structural glued-laminated timber. Options are
provided for the use of other framing materials (such as C
structural composite lumber), sheathing, or fasteners (for
sheathed wood-frame diaphragms and shear walls) per
either manufacturer’s instructions or evaluation reports,
COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

where approved (see 2.2 Terminology). Similarly, ap-
proved alternate procedures for designing wood-frame
diaphragms and shear walls are permitted provided these
procedures are in accordance with principles of engineer-
ing mechanics.
C4.1.2.2 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Dia-
phragms and Shear Walls: Provisions for CLT dia-
phragms and shear walls are provided in 4.5 and 4.6.
Approved alternate design procedures for designing CLT
diaphragms and shear walls are permitted provided these
procedures are in accordance with principles of engineer-
ing mechanics.
C4.1.3 Deformation Requirements
Consideration of deformations (such as deformation

of the overall structure, elements, connections, and sys-
tems within the structure) that can occur is necessary to
maintain load path and ensure proper detailing. Special
requirements are provided for wood members resisting
forces from concrete and masonry (see C4.1.5) due to po-
tentially large differences in stiffness and deflection lim-
its for wood and concrete systems. Special requirements
are also provided for sheathed wood-frame diaphragms

74 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS
For the same nominal unit shear capacity,νn, the specified The term “horizontal trusses” refers to trusses that
ASD reduction factors (i.e., 2.0 for wind and 2.8 for seis- are oriented such that their top and bottom chords and
mic) result in design unit shear capacity for wind that is web members are in a horizontal or near horizontal plane.
1.4 times the design unit shear capacity for seismic. The A horizontal truss transmits lateral loads to shear walls
resulting ASD design unit shear capacities for wind and in a manner similar to a floor or roof diaphragm. In this
seismic for wood structural panel shear walls match those context, a horizontal truss is a bracing system capable
from prior versions of SDPWS. of resisting horizontal seismic forces contributed by con-
crete or masonry walls.
C4.1.5 Exception 2: Where wood structural panel
sheathed shear walls are used to provide resistance to
seismic forces contributed by concrete or masonry walls,
design story drift (including combined deformations of
both diaphragm and shear walls) is limited by deflection
limits for concrete and masonry construction (5) (e.g., ei-
ther 0.7% or 1.0% of the story height for masonry shear
wall structures per ASCE 7). Strength level forces and
appropriate deflection amplification factors, Cd, in ac-
cordance with ASCE 7 should be used when calculating
design story drift, ∆. The intent of the design story drift
limit is to limit failure of the masonry or concrete por-
tions of the structure due to excessive deflection.
C4.1.5.1 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Struc-
tural Walls to Diaphragms: For seismic design, the use of
C4.1.5 Wood Members and Systems subdiaphragms as an analytical tool for transfer of wall
Resisting Seismic Forces Contributed by anchorage forces was first introduced into the building
Concrete and Masonry Walls code in the 1976 Uniform Building Code (UBC) (50)
along with special detailing requirements to address
The use of wood diaphragms with concrete or ma- observations of earthquake damage to buildings having
sonry walls is common practice. Story height and other plywood diaphragms and walls of structural concrete or
limitations for wood members and wood systems resist- masonry (46, 47, 48, and 49). The changes were intro-
ing seismic forces from concrete or masonry walls are duced to prohibit designs that induced cross grain bend-
given to address deformation compatibility and are large- ing in wood members and relied on plywood sheathing
ly based on field observations following major seismic in lieu of tension ties. The requirement for continuous
events. The phrase “other wood members and systems” ties, the subdiaphragm concept, and special detailing re-
in SDPWS 4.1.5 is intended to apply to all other wood quirements in SDPWS are consistent with those found
members and systems including CLT shear walls and dia- in ASCE 7 and prior editions of the building code where
phragms. they originally appeared.
C4.1.5 Exception 1: Wood diaphragms (e.g., sheathed Continuous ties spanning the full width of the dia-
wood-frame diaphragms and CLT diaphragms) and hori- phragm are required to be provided at wall anchorage
zontal trusses are specifically permitted to resist horizon- points to the diaphragm so that the entire diaphragm
tal seismic forces from concrete or masonry walls. For width is engaged in resisting wall anchorage forces. Be-
construction over one story in height, wood diaphragms cause wall anchors are often spaced as close as 4 feet on
and horizontal trusses are permitted to resist horizontal center, and because it is inefficient to provide continuous
seismic forces from concrete or masonry walls provided ties across the full diaphragm width at this close spacing,
that the design of the diaphragm does not rely on tor- the subdiaphragm concept has been developed. This ana-
sional force distribution through the diaphragm. Primary lytical tool enables a designer to detail connections along
considerations for this limitation are the flexibility of the the continuous tie load paths within the diaphragm, with-
wood diaphragm relative to concrete or masonry walls out resorting to complex analysis which would be needed
and the limited ability of concrete or masonry walls to given the high level of redundancy within a sheathed
tolerate out-of-plane wall displacements without failure. wood-framed diaphragm. The subdiaphragm is a smaller
diaphragm within the main diaphragm (Figure C4.1.5A)

designed to ensure that the local wall anchorage forces as high as 4, which is the limiting aspect ratio for blocked
can be safely transferred through the connections and wood structural panel diaphragms, the aspect ratio limit
members to the main diaphragm. of 2.5:1 is the maximum permitted and considered more
Wall anchor forces are developed into the subdia- suitable for a broad range of applications.
phragm, and continuous ties across the diaphragm are C4.1.5.1.1 While direct loading of wood framing in
provided at each end of each subdiaphragm rather than cross grain bending or cross grain tension is not associ-
at each wall anchor. Figure C4.1.5A illustrates subdia- ated with an allowable design stress and should therefore
phragms that anchor the west wall for seismic loading in be avoided as part of a designed load path, transfer of
the east-west direction. Similar subdiaphragms would be anchorage forces through wood framing subject to cross
provided along the north and south walls for loading in grain bending and cross grain tension are specifically
the north-south direction and along the east wall. prohibited. Details commonly employed for transfer of
Use of subdiaphragms for purposes of distributing anchorage forces into the diaphragm use mechanical
concrete or masonry structural wall anchorage forces attachment between the wall anchor and wood fram-
may entail multiple subdiaphragms with subdiaphragm ing oriented perpendicular to the wall (Figure C4.1.5B)
pan taken as the distance between continuous cross-ties of avoiding direct loading of wood framing in cross grain
the main diaphragm, or use of a subdiaphragm that spans bending. Figure C4.1.5B illustrates a typical wall anchor
the full distance between side walls. In either case, sub- attached to a subdiaphragm roof purlin. Sheathing edge
diaphragms must meet all requirements for diaphragms nailing into the purlin is provided as part of the load path
and additionally are limited to a maximum aspect ratio of between sheets of panel sheathing, but the sheathing is
2.5:1 consistent with the ASCE 7 limitation and intended not considered part of the connection between the purlin
to limit bending deformation and address deformation and the ledger. Detailing of cross ties for tension relies
compatibility with the rest of the diaphragm. The 2.5:1 on mechanical attachment of framing members (Figure
aspect ratio limit first appeared in the 1997 UBC. Al- C4.1.5C) avoiding direct loading of wood framing in
though some designs have successfully used aspect ratios cross-grain tension. C
Figure C4.1.5A Illustration of Subdiaphragm and Continuous Tie Concept (for west wall only)

Note: For east west loading, subdiaphragm span is 40 ft between continuous ties and width
is 40 ft The ratio of L/W = 40 ft/40 ft = 1.00 is less than 2.5:1 aspect ratio limit of 4.1.5.1.

Figure C4.1.5B Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Concrete and Masonry
Wall Anchorage to Wood Diaphragms
Figure C4.1.5C Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Continuity Tie Details
C4.1.5.1.2 Reliance on diaphragm sheathing to pro- tion. It is intended to clarify that, where such elements
vide continuity between framing members is specifically are present in combination with a wood system, the wood
prohibited (Figure C4.1.5C). The intended design ap- system must be designed to account for seismic forces
proach is to preserve sheathing and sheathing nailing for generated by the additional mass of such elements.
in-plane shear loading and to reduce potential for con- Design of wood members to support the additional
centration of deformation at sheathing joints between mass of concrete and masonry elements must be in ac-
chords. The limitation is also intended to prohibit the de- cordance with the NDS and required deflection limits
sign of wood sheathing to provide tension continuity for as specified in concrete or masonry standards or model
wall anchorage forces. building codes (20). Masonry is defined as a built-up
construction or combination of building units or materi-
C4.1.6 Wood Members and Systems als of clay, shale, concrete, glass, gypsum, stone, or other
Resisting Seismic Forces from Other approved units bonded together with or without mortar or
Concrete and Masonry Walls grout or other accepted methods of joining.
Seismic forces from other concrete or masonry con- C4.1.7 Horizontal Distribution of Shear
struction (i.e., other than walls) are permitted and must
be accounted for in design. SDPWS 4.1.6 is not intended Seismic design requirements of ASCE 7 (5) require
to restrict the use of concrete floors – including wood classification of diaphragms as semi-rigid, idealized as
floors with concrete toppings as well as reinforced con- flexible, or idealized as rigid, and these terms are used in
crete slabs – or similar such elements in floor construc- SDPWS 4.1.7.1, 4.1.7.2, and 4.1.7.3 to align with ASCE

7 terminology. The significance of “idealized” is to rec- and open front structures as depicted in SDPWS Figure
ognize that wood diaphragms always have some rigidity 4A(d) analyzed as two separate cantilever diaphragms
and are neither truly flexible nor truly rigid but can be with diaphragm deflection based on the cantilever dia-
idealized as such where certain conditions are met. An phragm deflection equation.
idealization is employed to simplify structural analysis Wood structural panel sheathed wood-frame dia-
for distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear loads. phragms used with wood structural panel sheathed
For diaphragms idealized as flexible, loads are dis- wood-frame shear walls will often meet the calculation
tributed to vertical elements (e.g., shear walls) of the requirement of the “idealized as rigid” condition; how-
lateral force-resisting system (LFRS) of the story below ever, in most cases design professionals opt to use the
according to tributary area, whereas for diaphragms ide- “idealized as flexible” condition in sheathed wood-frame
alized as rigid, loads are distributed according to the rela- diaphragms when the prescriptive conditions of ASCE 7
tive stiffnesses of the vertical elements of the LFRS of are satisfied. Where this occurs, the design professional
the story below. For diaphragms modeled as semi-rigid, has the design option to use an idealized as flexible con-
the distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear loads to dition, to use an idealized as rigid condition, or to model
shear wall lines employs a more complex analysis. the diaphragm as semi-rigid. When the sheathed wood-
The use of semi-rigid diaphragm modeling for pur- frame shear walls are of approximately equivalent stiff-
poses of distribution of horizontal force is always per- nesses and are approximately evenly distributed in plan,
missible under ASCE 7. It is the method considered to the choice of modeling assumption will be inconsequen-
most rationally account for actual distribution of horizon- tial, however when this is not the case the design pro-
tal diaphragm shear loads to vertical resisting elements; fessional should exercise care in this choice. Where the
however, a semi-rigid diaphragm analysis requires signif- ASCE 7 prescriptive condition allowing the idealized as
icant calculation effort for all but the simplest box struc- flexible assumption is used for light frame construction
tures. An acceptable alternative to semi-rigid diaphragm with or without non-structural toppings of limited stiff-
analysis is the envelope analysis where distribution of ness, it is required that the allowable story drift be satis- C
horizontal diaphragm shear to each vertical resisting fied for each line of vertical resisting elements.
element is the larger of the shear forces resulting from

analyses where the diaphragm is idealized as flexible and C4.1.8 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Force-
the diaphragm is idealized as rigid. While two separate Resisting System (SFRS) Strength
analyses must be performed, one for the diaphragm ide-
alized as flexible and one for the diaphragm idealized as C4.1.8 Seismic design coefficients provided in ASCE
rigid, the envelope analysis avoids calculation effort as- 7 [5] for seismic-force-resisting systems (SFRS) com-
sociated with distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear posed of wood structural panel sheathed wood-frame
loads based on relative stiffness of the diaphragm and shear walls have been rationalized using non-linear in-
vertical resisting elements. cremental dynamic analysis as described in FEMA P695
The idealized as rigid diaphragm condition is permit- [68]. The models assumed structures with a tapered
ted only where computed maximum in-plane deflection strength profile that approximated practical designs for
of the diaphragm itself under lateral load is less than or lateral loads determined using the equivalent lateral force
equal to two times the average deflection of adjoining (ELF) procedure of ASCE 7 [5]. Subsequent studies
vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system using the P695 methodology for wood structural panel
of the associated story under equivalent tributary lat- sheathed wood-frame shear wall structures have demon-
eral load. This requirement is considered an appropriate strated that a tapered strength profile from small at the
corollary to the calculation-based “idealized as flexible” top story to large at the bottom story is generally ben-
diaphragm condition of ASCE 7. The evaluation of de- eficial to seismic performance (69, 70, 71). Discontinui-
flections for permissible use of idealized as rigid will ties in this strength profile, particularly where the lower
often utilize simplifying analysis assumptions generally story is weaker than the story above (aka “weak story”),
consistent with the structural model to facilitate compari- can adversely affect seismic performance [71]. The upper
son of diaphragm in-plane deflection and deflection of curve in Figure C4.1.8 (adapted from [71]) illustrates the
adjoining elements. For example, a two-span diaphragm adverse effect of a weak story on collapse probability for
is commonly analyzed as two separate single-span dia- a building with the bottom floor optimized with regard to
phragms with diaphragm deflection based on the single lateral strength. Points to the left of 1.0 on the horizontal
span simply supported diaphragm deflection equation, axis represent the range of performance associated with

so called “regular” structural profiles, which do not have To satisfy the basic design requirement, the strength
a weak story. Points on the curve to the right of 1.0 on of all the SFRS for all stories must meet or exceed the
the horizontal axis represent the performance of weak design demand for that story (Equation C4.1-1).
story profiles with the severity of the weak story increas-
ing while moving to the right. A significant increase in
collapse probability is observed for weak-story structures In addition, any story that is weaker than the story
within the range permitted by ASCE 7. above must also satisfy SDPWS Inequality 4.1-1, which
To reduce the potential for a degraded seismic re- can be rearranged as follows to determine the required
sponse due to the presence of a weaker lower story, 4.1.8 strength of a weak story:
prohibits the SFRS for a lower story in wood buildings
from being weaker than the SFRS of the story above in
seismic design categories D, E, and F, unless the lateral
design strength of the lower story SFRS exceeds Vr(i+1)/ The story lateral strength used in ASCE 7 weak story
Vr(i) times the calculated lateral design load. This criterion irregularity requirements is associated with only that part
is recognized to be more stringent than ASCE 7’s provi- of the structure that has been considered in the design
sions for weak-story irregularities, which allow a lower to provide the required resistance to seismic forces (i.e.,
story SFRS to be as much as 35% weaker than the upper the (SFRS)). Resistance from other elements, such as
story SFRS in seismic design category D and as much as finish materials, nonstructural partitions, and structural
20% weaker than the upper story SFRS in seismic design elements that are not designated as part of the SFRS, is
categories E and F without requiring strengthening of the neglected. While these non-SFRS elements may add ini-
weaker lower story to exceed the design demand. tial stiffness and some degree of strength to the overall
The beneficial effect of strengthening the weaker building system, the beneficial effects are often not well
lower story is illustrated in Figure C4.1.8 where the effect defined, may not significantly contribute to the overall
of increasing SRFS strength in the bottom story to exceed strength at large displacements associated with a seismic
the design demand was investigated using the FEMA failure limit state (81), and are conservatively ignored in
P695 methodology [70]. From Figure C4.1.8, it can be the structural design for seismic force resistance.
seen that the contours associated with Vr(1)=1.25 V(1) and Other building elements that are not part of the desig-
Vr(1)=1.53 V(1) have reduced collapse probability over nated SFRS system may adversely affect seismic perfor-
the range of 2nd story to 1st story strength ratios stud- mance by strengthening upper levels disproportionately
ied when compared to Vr(1)=1.0 V(1). A curve represent- to lower levels, creating an unintended weak-story effect.
ing the effects of the strengthening required by 4.1.8 has For example, buildings with open plans on the first level
been overlaid on the contours from [70]. The increase in (e.g., parking or lobby space) and residential units at up-
strength of the weak story based on the requirement of per levels with more closely spaced walls that are not part
4.1.8 more than offsets the adverse effects of even ex- of the SFRS may produce greater actual strength in the
treme weak stories when compared to the performance upper level. Analytical studies (see Figure C4.1.8, (71))
of the “regular” structural profiles on the contour for suggest that relatively minor levels of strengthening of
Vr(1)=1.0 V(1) (i.e., for 2nd story to 1st story strength ratios a weak story to exceed design demand can effectively
below 1.0). Recognizing that the Vr(1)=1.0 V(1) contour offset large discontinuities in strength profile where the
for 2nd story to 1st story strength ratios below 1.0 rep- upper story is significantly stronger than the lower story.
resents the baseline performance of SFRS composed of
wood structural panel sheathed wood-frame shear walls
(68, 69, 71), it is observed that the required strengthening
of 4.1.8 leads to equal or better predicted collapse perfor-
mance than associated with numerical analysis from [68]
that provides underlying support for the system’s seismic
design coefficients.

Figure C4.1.8 Trends in Collapse Probability based on Adjacent Story Strength Ratio

C4.1.9 Boundary Elements C4.1.10 Toe-Nailed Connections
Boundary elements must be sized to transfer design Limits on use of toe-nailed connections in seismic
tension and compression forces. Good construction prac- design categories D, E, and F for transfer of seismic
tice and efficient design and detailing for boundary ele- forces is consistent with building code requirements (2).
ments utilize framing members in the plane or tangent to Test data (12) suggests that the toe-nailed connection
the plane of the diaphragm or shear wall. limit on a band joist to wall plate connection may be too
restrictive; however, an appropriate alternative limit re-
quires further study. Where blocking is used to transfer
high seismic forces, toe-nailed connections can split the
blocking or provide a weakened plane for splitting.
C4.2 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms

C4.2.1 Application Requirements C4.2.2 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios
General requirements for sheathed wood-frame dia- Maximum aspect ratios for floor and roof diaphragms
phragms include consideration of diaphragm strength (SDPWS Table 4.2.2) using wood structural panel or di-
and deflection. agonal board sheathing are based on building code re-
quirements (See SDPWS 4.2.5.1 for aspect ratio limits
for cases where a torsional irregularity exists, for open
front buildings, and cantilevered diaphragms).

C4.2.3 Deflection
The total mid-span deflection of a blocked, uniform-

ly nailed (e.g., same panel edge nailing) wood structural
panel diaphragm can be calculated by summing the ef-
fects of four sources of deflection as shown in Equation
C4.2.3-1- bending deflection from bending chord defor-
mation excluding slip (1st term), shear deflection from
panel shear deformation (2nd term), shear deflection
from panel nail slip (3rd term), and bending deflection
due to chord splice slip (4th term):
Constants appearing in Equations 4.2-1 through 4.2-

3 are based on a derivation that considers diaphragm
beam configuration and loading and the prescribed input
values which include units of both feet and inches (see
Example C4.2.3-4). Differences between equations ac-
count for differences in diaphragm beam configuration
and loading.
Distribution of shear forces among shear panels in a

diaphragm is a function of the layup and nailing pattern
of panels to framing. For this reason, shear deflection in
a wood diaphragm is related to panel shear, panel layout,
nailing pattern, and nail load-slip relationship. In SDP-
WS Equation 4.2-1, panel shear and nail slip have been
combined as represented in the 2nd term to account for
shear deformations. Equation C4.2.3-3 equates apparent
shear stiffness, Ga, to nail slip and panel shear stiffness
terms used in the four-term equation:
SDPWS Equation 4.2-1 is a simplification of Equa-

tion C4.2.3-1, using three terms for calculation of the to-
tal mid-span diaphragm deflection:
The calibration point for apparent shear stiffness, Ga,

is at 1.4 times the ASD unit shear capacity for seismic
(i.e., the LRFD unit shear capacity for seismic). This
calibration point aligns with ASCE 7 requirements to
evaluate seismic drift using strength level seismic forces
and also matches the ASD unit shear capacity for wind.
Calculated deflections, using either the 4-term (Equation
C4.2.3-1) or 3-term equation (SDPWS Table 4.2.3 Equa-

tion 4.2-1), are identical at the calibration point (see Fig- Comparison with Diaphragm Test Data
ure C4.3.4B). From Figure C4.3.4B, it is also shown that Tests results for blocked and unblocked diaphragms
for loads up to the calibration point, calculated deflec- (4) are compared to calculated deflections from SDPWS
tions are larger for the 3-term equation. Equation 4.2-1 (C4.2.3-2) in Table C4.2.3E for dia-
For unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms, phragms constructed as follows:
tabulated values of Ga are based on limited test data for
blocked and unblocked diaphragms (3, 4, and 11). For Sheathing material = Sheathing Grade, 3/8in. nomi-
diaphragms of Case 1, reduced shear stiffness equal to nal panel thickness
0.6Ga was used to derive tabulated Ga values. For un- Nail size = 8d common (2½ in. length, 0.131 in.
blocked diaphragms of Case 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, reduced shank diameter)
shear stiffness equal to 0.4Ga was used to derive tabulated Diaphragm length, L = 24 ft
Ga values. Examples C4.2.3-1 and C4.2.3-2 show deri- Diaphragm width, W = 24 ft
vations of Ga in SDPWS Tables 4.2A and 4.2B, respec- Panel edge nail spacing = 6 in.
tively. Boundary nail spacing = 6 in. o.c. at boundary
A factor of 0.5 is provided in the diaphragm table parallel to load (4 in. o.c. at boundary
footnotes to adjust tabulated Ga values (based on fabri- perpendicular to load for walls A and B)
cated dry condition) to approximate Ga where “green”
framing is used. This factor is based on analysis of ap- Calculated deflections at 1.4 x νs(ASD) closely
parent shear stiffness for wood structural panel shear wall match test data for blocked and unblocked
and diaphragm construction where: diaphragms.
In Table C4.2.3F, calculated deflections using SD-
1) framing moisture content is greater than 19% at PWS Equation 4.2-1 are compared to deflections from
time of fabrication (green), and two tests of 20 ft x 60 ft (W = 20 ft, L = 60 ft) diaphragms
2) framing moisture content is less than or equal to (26) at 1.4 times the allowable seismic design value for a C
19% in-service (dry). horizontally sheathed diaphragm and for a single diago-
nally sheathed lumber diaphragm. Calculated deflections

The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across include estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and
shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximate- chord slip. For both diaphragms, calculated shear defor-
ly 0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly mation accounted for nearly 85% of the total calculated
greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram- mid-span deflection. Tested deflection for Diaphragm 4 is
ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflec- slightly greater than estimated by calculation and may be
tion equations. Although based on nail slip relationships attributed to limited effectiveness of the diaphragm chord
applicable to wood structural panel diaphragms, this construction which utilized blocking to transfer forces to
reduction can also be extended to lumber sheathed dia- the double 2x6 top plate chord. For Diaphragm 2, chord
phragm construction. construction utilized 2-2x10 band joists.

Table C4.2.3A Shear Stiffness, Gvtv (lb/in. of depth), for Wood Structural Panels
1. Sheathing grades used for calculating Ga values for diaphragm and shear wall tables.
2. Gvtv values for 3/8 in. panels with span rating of 24/0 used to estimate Ga values for 5/16 in. panels.
3. 5-ply applies to plywood with five or more layers. For 5-ply plywood with three layers, use Gvtv values for 4-ply panels.
4. See Table C4.2.3C for relationship between span rating and nominal panel thickness.
Table C4.2.3B Shear Stiffness, Gvtv (lb/in. of depth), for Other Sheathing Materials

Table C4.2.3C Relationships Between Span Rating and Nominal Thickness
P = Predominant nominal thickness for each span rating.

A = Alternative nominal thickness that may be available for each span rating. Check with suppliers regarding availability.
Table C4.2.3D Fastener Slip, en (in.)

1. Slip values are based on plywood and OSB fastened to lumber with a specific gravity of 0.50 or greater. The slip shall be increased by 20 percent when plywood
or OSB is not Structural I. Nail slip for common nails have been extended to galvanized box or galvanized casing nails of equivalent penny weight for purposes
of calculating Ga.
2. The fastener slip relationships for wood structural panels in this table are approximate and based on limited evaluation of sheathing-to-framing connections
with smooth shank common nails (3, 19). For purposes of calculating a design deflection for a diaphragm or shear wall, reasonable accuracy in calculated de-
flection from nail slip is considered to be achieved for the specified smooth shank nail across a range of design variations including side member thickness and
panel type (plywood, OSB, or particleboard), nail bearing length in the framing member, framing member specific gravity, and moisture content of framing and
sheathing.
Table C4.2.3E Data Summary for Blocked and Unblocked Wood Structural
Panel Diaphragms
1. Values of Ga for the blocked diaphragm case were taken from SDPWS Table 4.2A and multiplied by 1.2 (see footnote 3) because sheathing material was as-
sumed to be comparable to 4/5-ply construction.

Table C4.2.3F Data Summary for Horizontal Lumber and Diagonal Lumber
Sheathed Diaphragms
1. Calculated deflection equal to 0.81 in. includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.036 in. + 0.7 in. + 0.07 in. = 0.81 in.).
Calculated deflection equal to 1.23 in. includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.13 in. + 1.05 in. + 0.05 in. = 1.23 in.).
EXAMPLE C4.2.3-1 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2A
EXAMPLE C4.2.3-2 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2B

EXAMPLE C4.2.3-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection
Figure C4.2.3A Diaphragm Dimensions and

Shear and Moment Diagram

Figure C4.2.3B Diaphragm Chord, Double
Top Plate with Two Joints
in Upper Plate
(continued)

EXAMPLE C4.2.3-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)
(continued)

EXAMPLE C4.2.3-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)
EXAMPLE C4.2.3-4 Derivation of Constants for Equation 4.2-1 Mid-span Deflection of a Single
Span Simply Supported Diaphragm with Uniformly Distributed Load

C4.2.4 Shear Capacities frame diaphragm rigidity, including limits on diaphragm

materials, diaphragm aspect ratio, and drift. The test for
C4.2.4.1 See C4.1.4 for calculation of ASD unit torsional irregularity is from ASCE 7 and is applicable
shear capacity and LRFD factored unit shear resistance. for sheathed wood-frame diaphragms idealized as rigid
C4.2.4.2 Nominal unit shear capacities provided in or modeled as semi-rigid. For sheathed wood-frame dia-
SDPWS Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, Table 4.2C are based on ad- phragms idealized as flexible, where distribution is by
justment of allowable design values from building codes tributary area, requirements of this section are not appli-
and industry reference documents (See C2.2) and are cable because such structures are not considered to be
predicated on using products that comply with the prod- torsionally irregular under ASCE 7.
uct standards referenced in this Standard.
The use of “minimum nominal panel thickness” in C4.2.6 Open Front Structures (Cantilevered
Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, and 4.2C column headings is to ac- Diaphragms)
commodate use of the tabulated nominal unit shear ca-
pacities for structural panels of greater thickness provid- C4.2.6.1 Open Front Structures (Cantilevered Dia-
ed that nails with the prescribed dimensions are used and phragms): While 4.2.6.1 introduces requirements spe-
that bearing length of the nail into framing exceeds the cific to sheathed wood-frame diaphragms in open front
prescribed minimum bearing length. This allowance rec- structures, these are in addition to and not a replacement
ognizes that greater structural panel thickness will also of general seismic design criteria of ASCE 7. A defining
develop the strength of the prescribed nailing upon which characteristic of an open front structure is the presence of
the nominal capacities are based. Nails are identified by a cantilevered diaphragm for transfer of forces to vertical
name and dimensions (e.g., 8d common is 2.5 in. long elements of the lateral force-resisting system (LFRS). A
by 0.131 in. diameter with a 0.281 in. diameter head) to structure with shear walls on three sides only (open front)
reflect fasteners upon which tabulated nominal unit shear is one simple form of an open front structure. Open front
capacities are based. Nails of different type or dimen- structures rely on diaphragm rigidity for transfer of forc-
sions are considered alternatives to the specified nails. es through diaphragm rotation and are considered to be
For nails of matching diameter, but shorter in length more vulnerable to torsional response than other box type
than those specified in SDPWS, limited diaphragm test structure configurations due to reliance on the diaphragm
results (19) indicate load factors (i.e., ratio of ultimate for torsional force distribution to elements that are not
shear load to ASD seismic design shear load) in excess of optimally located at diaphragm edges. As a result, open
3.0 where the SDPWS minimum required bearing lengths front structure provisions require limitations on seismic
are maintained. In (19) test results are provided for both drift and building configuration similar to provisions for
10d duplex-head nails (2-3/4in. length x 0.148 in. shank torsionally irregular structures that are not open front for
diameter) and 8d duplex-head nails (2-1/4 in. length x the purpose of reducing the likelihood of an unacceptable
0.131 in. shank diameter), used to facilitate disassembly torsional response of such structures.
of the tested diaphragms, as well as plywood attached to For loading parallel to the open side, the requirement
framing with pneumatically driven 10d “short” nails (2- to check drift at building edges applies regardless of the
1/4 in. length x 0.148 in. shank diameter). For alternative analysis method used (e.g., diaphragm idealized as rigid,
designs where lengths shorter than specified are used, the semi-rigid analysis, or envelope analysis) and regardless
effects of shorter nails should be carefully considered to of whether the test for torsional irregularity indicates
ensure that sufficient capacity at the failure limit state is presence of a torsional irregularity. The required use of
achieved given that failure may be governed by modes either idealized as rigid analysis or semi-rigid analysis
such as fastener withdrawal, framing splitting, or other for loading parallel to the open front is due to the reliance
conditions not directly incorporated into a typical lateral on diaphragm rigidity for transfer of torsional forces. Re-
nail design calculation. quired use of these analysis methods is also intended to
ensure that torsional irregularity and associated require-
C4.2.5 Torsional Requirements ments for torsion in ASCE 7 are invoked as applicable for
this structure type.
C4.2.5.1 Torsional Irregularity: Excessive torsional There are no specific requirements for diaphragm ri-
response of a structure can be a potential cause of failure. gidity assumptions for loading perpendicular to the open
For structures identified as torsionally irregular, special front. For example, it is not required for diaphragms to
requirements must be met to improve sheathed wood- be modeled as semi-rigid or idealized as rigid for load-

ing perpendicular to the open front. Open front building contributing to seismic drift at edges consist of transla-
plans often have regular placement of walls aligned per- tion, rotation, and diaphragm shear including flexural de-
pendicular to the open front that is conducive to the ideal- formations as depicted in Figure C4.2.5B. An important
ized as flexible analysis for loading perpendicular to the aspect of the example is that flexural and shear deforma-
open side. tions of the diaphragm are to be included in the required
Example C4.2.6.1-1 illustrates components of de- check of drift at diaphragm edges. This deformation of
flection contributing to seismic drift at edges for a simple the diaphragm is to be included whether the diaphragm is
cantilevered sheathed wood-frame diaphragm structure idealized as rigid or modeled as semi-rigid.
and Example C4.2.6.1-2 illustrates a condensed numeric The exception in SDPWS 4.2.6.1 excludes relatively
example. The cantilevered diaphragm structure depicted small diaphragm cantilevers from open front criteria.
in Figure C4.2.6A consists of a cantilevered diaphragm Small diaphragm cantilevers, with Lʹ of six feet or less,
of length Lʹ, transverse resisting shear walls of length are often present and the complexity and limitations as-
Lʹ, and longitudinal shear wall of length Wʹ. The seismic sociated with open front criteria was not judged to be
force is uniformly distributed over cantilever diaphragm warranted. While such small diaphragm cantilevers are
length, Lʹ. Center of rigidity, CR, is located at the mid- exempt from open front requirements of 4.2.6.1, general
point of the longitudinal shear wall and center of mass, seismic design criteria of ASCE 7 remain applicable as
CM, is located at the geometric center of diaphragm di- well as provisions of 4.2.5.1 for cases where a torsional
mensions LʹxWʹ. Components of diaphragm deflection irregularity is present.

EXAMPLE C4.2.6.1-1 Illustrate Components of Deflection Contributing to Seismic Story Drift at

Edges for a Simple Cantilevered Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragm Structure
Figure C4.2.6A Simple Cantilevered Sheathed

Wood-Frame Diaphragm Structure
Figure C4.2.6B Components of Diaphragm Deflection Contributing to Seismic Story Drift at Edges
Discussion: Components of diaphragm deflection assumed distributed shear loading and includes in-
contributing to story drift consist of translation, rotation, plane shear and flexural deflection of the diaphragm.
and diaphragm shear and flexural deformations as de-
picted in Figure C4.2.6B. Consistent with ASCE 7 requirements, when check-
• The translation component of deflection is from de- ing design story drift at edges against ASCE 7 story drift
flection of the longitudinal shear wall, W', under the limits, it is necessary to multiply deflection determined
applied shear loading using strength level forces by the applicable deflection
• The rotation component of deflection is from deflec- amplification factor. For wood structural panel sheathed
tion of transverse shear walls, L', under torsional wood-frame shear walls in a bearing wall system, the
moment caused by eccentric loading. applicable ASCE 7 deflection amplification factor, Cd,
• The diaphragm shear and flexure component of is equal to 4.
deflection is from the diaphragm itself under the

EXAMPLE C4.2.6.1-2 Numeric Example for Deflections Contributing to Seismic Story Drift at Edges
for a Simple Cantilevered Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragm Structure
Calculate the seismic story drift at the edge of the

simple cantilever diaphragm configuration depicted in
Figure C4.2.6A with Lʹ = 32 ft, Wʹ=136 ft. The basic di-
aphragm configuration is associated with the cantilever
portion of the 2nd floor diaphragm of a 4-story building.
Shear wall deflection in first story wood structural pan-
el shear walls associated with translation and rotation
components of deflection at the diaphragm edge (see
Figure C4.2.6A) is given. The diaphragm meets require-
ments to be idealized as rigid in SDPWS 4.1.7 and for
diaphragms in open front structures in SDPWS 4.2.6.
The blocked diaphragm consists of 19/32 in. plywood
sheathing nailed with 10d common nails and has appar-
ent shear stiffness, Ga = 17 kips/in.
Diaphragm deflection is calculated in accor-
dance with the following:

For this example, the ASCE 7 system overstrength
factor for wood structural panel sheathed wood-frame
shear wall system is used to approximate the amplified
deflection of the diaphragm for induced forces which
may be more than associated with the diaphragm design
loads. For 10 ft story height, and 2.5% drift limit, maxi-
mum permissible drift is 3.0 inches. For this example,
2.96 inches < 3.0 inches, which satisfies the seismic drift
limit at edge per SDPWS 4.2.6.
C4.2.6.2 Simplification of open front criteria was
judged appropriate for relatively small one-story struc-
tures where Lʹ is not more than 25 feet and Lʹ/Wʹ is less
than or equal to 1:1. In such structures, the diaphragm is
permitted to be idealized as rigid for distribution of hori-
zontal shear forces regardless of whether the diaphragm
meets the calculation-based definition of idealized as
rigid in SDPWS 4.1.7. Other requirements for cantilever
diaphragms remain applicable including provisions of
4.2.5.1 for cases where a torsional irregularity is present
as well as general seismic design criteria of ASCE 7.
Total deflection at the diaphragm edge, which in-
cludes translation and rotation components (see Figure
C4.2.6B for illustration) at strength level loading:

C4.2.7 Construction Requirements own tabulated values of Ga.

C4.2.7.3 Fasteners: Adhesive attachment in dia-
C4.2.7.1 Framing Requirements: The transfer of phragms can only be used in combination with fasteners.
forces into and out of diaphragms is required for a con- Details on type, size, and spacing of mechanical fasten-
tinuous load path. Boundary elements must be sized and ers used for typical floor, roof, and ceiling diaphragm as-
connected to the diaphragm to ensure force transfer. This semblies are provided in SDPWS 4.2.8 Sheathed Wood-
section provides basic framing requirements for bound- Frame Diaphragm Assemblies and in Tables 4.2A, 4.2B,
ary elements in diaphragms. Good construction practice 4.2C, and 4.2D.
and efficient design and detailing for boundary elements
utilize framing members in the plane of the diaphragm C4.2.8 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragm As-
or tangent to the plane of the diaphragm (See C4.1.9). semblies
Where splices occur in boundary elements, transfer of
force between boundary elements should be through the C4.2.8.1 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms: Where
addition of framing members or metal connectors. The wood structural panel sheathing is applied to sawn lum-
use of diaphragm sheathing to splice boundary elements ber planking or laminated decking – such as in a retrofit or
is not permitted. new construction where wood structural panel diaphragm
C4.2.7.2 Sheathing: Sheathing types for diaphragms capacities are desired – additional fastening, aspect ratio
included in SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are cat- limits, and other requirements are prescribed to develop
egorized in terms of the following wood structural panel diaphragm capacity and transfer forces to boundary ele-
grades (i.e., structural use panel grades) as defined in PS1 ments.
and PS2: Structural I, Sheathing, and Single-Floor. All C4.2.8.1.1 Blocked Diaphragms: Standard construc-
of these panels use exterior adhesives and are rated for tion of wood structural panel diaphragms requires use of
either Exposure 1 or Exterior use. Sheathing panels rat- full size sheets, not less than 4 ft x 8 ft except at changes
ed for subfloor, roof, and wall use are usually unsanded in framing where smaller pieces may be needed. Panel
Structural I sheathing panels are used where the greatest edges must be supported by and fastened to framing
available shear and cross-panel strength properties are members or blocking. For panel widths less than 24 in.
required. Single-Floor sheathing panels are rated for use capacities for bending and axial tension should be reduced
as a combination of subfloor and underlayment, usually in accordance with applicable panel size adjustment fac-
with tongue and groove edges, and have sanded or touch tors (panel width adjustment factors are described in the
sanded faces. Commentary to the National Design Specification for
SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are applicable to Wood Construction (6)). Apparent shear stiffness values
both oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood. While provided in SDPWS Table 4.2A are based on standard
strength properties between equivalent grades and thick- assumptions for panel shear stiffness for oriented strand
nesses of OSB and plywood are the same, shear stiffness board (OSB), plywood, and nail load slip (see C4.2.2).
of OSB is greater than that of plywood of equivalent In accordance with SDPWS Table 4.2A, nail spacing re-
grade and thickness. quirements for a given unit shear capacity vary by the
Tabulated plywood Ga values are based on 3-ply ply- direction of continuous panel joints with respect to a) the
wood. Separate values of Ga for 4-ply and 5-ply plywood, loading direction and b) direction of framing members.
panels were calculated and ratios of these values to Ga The six possible cases are depicted in SDPWS Table
based on 3-ply were shown to be in the order of 1.09 to 4.2A and are grouped as Cases 1 and 3, Cases 2 and 4,
1.22 for shear walls and 1.04 to 1.16 for diaphragms. A and Cases 5 and 6 to show that diaphragm resistance is
single Ga multiplier of 1.2 that is intended to be applied independent of panel orientation.
to the tabulated 3-ply plywood Ga value was chosen for C4.2.8.1.1(3) For closely spaced nails, staggered nail
4-ply, 5-ply, and composite panels in table footnotes. This placement at each panel edge is intended to minimize
option was considered preferable to tabulating Ga values splitting in the framing member (see Figure C4.2.8A).
for 3-ply, 4-ply, 5-ply, and composite panels separately. The staggering of fasteners also increases distance from
The term “composite panel”, as used in footnote 3 in SD- the nail to the edge of the sheathing which has been
PWS Tables 4.2A and 4.2B, refers to a panel containing observed to improve strength in shear testing of nailed
a combination of veneer and other wood-based material structural panels as opposed to placing all sheathing fas-
that meets performance criteria for its type in DOC PS1 teners at the minimum panel edge distance. The amount
or PS2 and is not intended to describe OSB, which has its of stagger is not prescribed because even a slight stagger,

such as 1/8 in. meets the intent of the requirement. tion to SDPWS 4.2.8.1.1(3)b allows the minimum width
The minimum width of nailed face of framing and of nailed face to be 2 in. nominal at non-continuous ad-
blocking is 2 in. nominal. For certain closely spaced joining panel edges provided that the nominal unit shear
nailing configurations at adjoining panel edges, the min- capacity for the diaphragm is limited to the tabulated
imum width of nailed face of framing and blocking is values in Table 4.2A for the case where minimum 2 in.
increased to 3 in. nominal (see Figure C4.2.8A). In SD- nominal width of nailed face at adjoining panel edges and
PWS 4.2.8.1.1(3)a, the minimum width of nailed face is boundaries is specified. For Cases 5 and 6, that have con-
3in. nominal at continuous adjoining panel edges where tinuous adjoining panel edges perpendicular and parallel
Table 4.2A prescribes nail spacing of 2-1/2 in. on cen- to framing, minimum 3 in. nominal width of nailed face
ter or less (i.e., 2-1/2 in. and 2 in. nail spacing columns is required for all framing and blocking when nail spac-
of Table 4.2A). In SDPWS 4.2.8.1.1(3)b, the minimum ings are equal to or less than those prescribed in SDPWS
width of nailed face is 3 in. nominal at adjoining panel 4.2.8.1(3a) and SDPWS 4.2.8.1(3b) (see SDPWS Figure
edges where Table 4.2A prescribes 10d common nails 4B).
and a nail spacing of 3in. on center or less. The excep-
Figure C4.2.8A Staggering of Nails at Panel Edges of Blocked Diaphragms

Figure C4.2.8B Examples of Minimum Nominal Width of Nailed Face of Framing or

Blocking at Adjoining Panel Edge Locations where Nails are Closely
Spaced (SDPWS 4.2.8.1.1(3a) and 4.2.8.1.1(3b))
C4.2.8.1.2 High Load Blocked Diaphragms: Wood between adjoining panel edges to allow for dimensional
structural panel blocked diaphragms with multiple rows change of the panel. In general, 4 ft x 8 ft panels will
of 10d common nails are also referred to as “high load increase slightly in dimension due to increased moisture
diaphragms”. Tests of nailed plywood-lumber joints (32) content in-use. relative to moisture content immediately
closely match recommended nailing patterns and verify following manufacture. In some cases, due to exposure
calculations of unit shear associated with multiple rows conditions following manufacture, the expected increase
of 10d common nails in Table 4.2B. The high load dia- in panel dimensions is smaller than anticipated by the
phragm table specifies use of framing with a minimum 1/8in. minimum gap and therefore the gap at time of in-
3in. or 4in. nominal width for the nailed face and a mini- stallation may be less than 1/8 in. minimum. Dimensional
mum 3in. nominal depth at adjoining panel edges and change and recommendations for installation can vary by
boundaries to provide adequate edge distance and pen- product and manufacturer, therefore recommendations of
etration depth for multiple rows of 10d common nails at the manufacturer for the specific product should be fol-
these locations (see SDPWS Figure 4B). These require- lowed.
ments are important to limit splitting associated with C4.2.8.1.3 Unblocked Diaphragms: Standard con-
the specified nailing required for high load blocked dia- struction of unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms
phragms. Fastener spacing per line is listed in Table 4.2B requires use of full-size sheets, not less than 4 ft x 8 ft ex-
as well as number of lines of fasteners. Nails should not cept at changes in framing where smaller sections may be
be located closer than 3/8in. from panel edges. Where the needed. Unblocked panel widths are limited to 24 in. or
nominal width of nailed face and nail schedule permits wider. Where smaller widths are used, panel edges must
greater panel edge distance, a 1/2in. minimum distance be supported by and fastened to framing members or
from adjoining panel edges is specified. Apparent shear blocking. The 24 in. width limit coincides with the mini-
stiffness values are tabulated for each combination of mum width where panel strength capacities for bending
nailing and sheathing thickness consistent with the for- and axial tension are applicable (6). For widths less than
mat of tabulating apparent shear stiffness, Ga, for typical 24 in. capacities for bending and axial tension should be
blocked and unblocked diaphragms. reduced in accordance with applicable panel size factors,
SDPWS Figure 4B depicts a 1/8 in. minimum gap Cs, in the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood

Construction (6). Apparent shear stiffness values provid- on assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip
ed in SDPWS Table 4.2C are based on standard assump- (see C4.2.3).
tions for panel shear stiffness for oriented strand board C4.2.8.4 Diaphragms Horizontally Sheathed with
(OSB), plywood, and nail load slip (see C4.2.3). Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lum-
C4.2.8.2 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with Sin- ber diaphragms have low strength and stiffness when
gle Layer of Lumber: Single diagonally-sheathed lumber compared to those provided by wood structural panel
diaphragms have comparable strength and stiffness to diaphragms and diagonally sheathed lumber diaphragms
many wood structural panel diaphragm systems. Appar- of the same overall dimensions. In new and existing
ent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on as- construction, added strength and stiffness can be devel-
sumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.3). oped through attachment of wood structural panels over
C4.2.8.3 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with horizontally sheathed lumber diaphragms (see SDPWS
Double-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed 4.2.8.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D
lumber diaphragms have comparable strength and stiff- is based on assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip
ness to many wood structural panel diaphragm systems. (see C4.2.3).
Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based
C4.3 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Walls

C4.3.1 Application Requirements 3. Perforated Shear Walls (i.e., with openings, but
rather than design for force-transfer around
General requirements for sheathed wood-frame shear openings, reduced shear strength is used based
walls include consideration of shear wall deflection (dis- on size of openings).
cussed in 4.3.2) and strength (discussed in 4.3.3), and are C
predicated on using products that comply with the prod- C4.3.2.1 Individual Full-Height Wall Segments:
uct standards referenced in this Standard. Shear wall design provisions for individual full-height

Shear wall performance has been evaluated by mono- wall segments, designed as shear walls without openings,
tonic and cyclic testing and references to test reports are are applicable to walls designed and constructed in ac-
provided throughout the Commentary. Cyclic testing, in cordance with provisions as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.2.1.
accordance with ASTM E 2126 (34) Method C is com- C4.3.2.2 Force-transfer Around Openings (FTAO)
monly used to study seismic performance of sheathed Shear Walls: FTAO shear wall design provisions are ap-
wood-frame shear wall behavior (14, 22, 25, 29, and 33). plicable to walls designed and constructed in accordance
The cyclic loading protocol associated with ASTM E with provisions as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.2.2. Design of
2126 Method C is also known as the “CUREE” proto- FTAO shear walls is required to be in accordance with a
col (37). Reports containing results (15, 28, and 36) from rational analysis as described in SDPWS 4.3.2.2. Under
other cyclic protocol, such as ASTM E 2126 Method A this approach, it is the responsibility of the designer to
and Method B, commonly referred to as the “SEAoSC” establish detailing (e.g., size and length of straps above
and “ISO” protocols respectively, are also included as and below openings) to ensure appropriateness of the as-
references for seismic design provisions of the SDPWS. sumptions in the analysis as shown in Figure C4.3.2.2.
Collectors for the transfer of shear force between the
C4.3.2 Shear Wall Types FTAO wall and diaphragm are required for the full length
of the wall and will often extend beyond the FTAO wall
SDPWS identifies sheathed wood-frame shear walls (Figure C4.3.2.2). Limited testing has been conducted
as one of the following types: to evaluate several rational analysis methods commonly
1. Individual Full-Height Wall Segments (i.e., no referred to as the drag strut, cantilever beam, and Diek-
openings within an individual full-height mann methods (53). The mathematical development of
segment); the drag strut method and cantilever beam method (54)
2. Force-transfer Around Openings (FTAO) Shear are based on assumptions for shear transfer above and
Walls (i.e., with openings, but framing members, below the openings and development of the Diekmann
blocking, and connections around openings are method (55) is based on resolving internal forces assum-
designed for force-transfer); ing rigid body behavior. Another rational analysis meth-

od, referred to as the SEAOC-Thompson method (56) is wind or seismic forces. The factor accounts for observed
commonly employed for the design of FTAO shear walls. reduction in peak unit shear capacity from testing (29) of
Limited evaluation of the SEAOC-Thompson method high-aspect shear walls and varies from 1.0 for 1:1 aspect
has shown that the results for strap force predictions are ratio shear walls to 0.78 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio shear walls.
similar to those of the Diekmann method for several test- Reductions in shear wall unit shear capacity are ad-
ed wall configurations (46). dressed with aspect ratio factors in 4.3.3.2; however, the
loss of stiffness as aspect ratio increases can be large and
Figure C4.3.2.2 FTAO Shear Wall Collector affect usable design unit shear capacity. For example, due
to reduced stiffness, a high aspect ratio shear wall may
reach a deflection limit or drift limit prior to developing
even the reduced unit shear capacity associated with the
high aspect ratio shear wall based on unit shear capacity
reductions of 4.3.3.2. In addition, where a high aspect ra-
tio shear wall is in line with a low aspect ratio shear wall,
development of the full design unit shear capacity of the
low aspect ratio shear wall is likely to occur at relatively
small deflections where only a fraction of the full design
unit shear capacity of the high aspect ratio shear wall is
developed.
Requirements of 4.3.3.2 address the shear wall
C4.3.2.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Perforated shear strength limit state while those in 4.3.5.5 address deflec-
wall design provisions are applicable to walls with wood tion compatibility between shear walls in a line. Both
structural panel sheathing, designed and constructed strength and deflection compatibility criteria must be
in accordance with provisions as outlined in SDPWS addressed as part of a design. For example, unit shear
4.3.2.3. In SDPWS 4.3.2.3(2), a perforated shear wall capacity associated with each shear wall must satisfy de-
segment is required at each end of a perforated shear flection compatibility criteria as well as criteria of 4.3.3.2
wall. Perforated shear wall length is the distance between establishing unit shear capacity based on shear wall as-
perforated shear wall ends where hold-downs or other pect ratio. The smaller of the design unit shear capaci-
overturning restraints are provided. The single-side nom- ties associated with requirements of 4.3.3.2 and 4.3.5.5 is
inal unit shear capacity limit of 2,435 plf is based on tests used as the controlling design unit shear capacity for each
utilizing 10d common nails at 2 in. o.c. at panel edges on shear wall (see Example C4.3.5.5.1-1 and C4.3.5.5.1-2).
one side (45). For double-sided walls, the nominal unit
shear capacity limit is not increased (i.e., the combined C4.3.4 Deflection
nominal unit shear capacity for walls sheathed on two
sides shall not exceed 2,435 plf) because the tested walls The deflection of a shear wall can be calculated by
represent the maximum unit shear capacity for which summing the effects of four sources of deflection as
tests are available. shown in Equation C4.3.4-1- bending deflection (1st
term), shear deflection from panel shear deformation
C4.3.3 Shear Wall Aspect Ratios and Capac- (2nd term), shear deflection from nail slip (3rd term), and
ity Adjustments deflection due to wall anchorage deformation (4th term):
C4.3.3.2 The aspect ratio factor, 1.25 - 0.125h/b, is

applicable to blocked wood structural panel shear walls
designed to resist either wind or seismic forces. The fac-
tor ranges in value from 1.0 for 2:1 aspect ratio shear
walls to 0.81 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio shear walls and ac-
counts for reduced unit shear capacity observed from
monotonic and cyclic tests of high aspect ratio shear
walls relative to lower aspect ratio shear walls (35, 36).
The aspect ratio factor, 1.09 - 0.09 h/b, is applicable to
structural fiberboard shear walls designed to resist either

Constants appearing in Equation 4.3-1 are based on a

derivation that considers a cantilever beam with concen-
trated load at the free end and the prescribed input values
which include units of both feet and inches (see Example
C4.3.4-2).
Typical application of Equation 4.3-1 for sheathed
wood-frame shear walls in multi-story platform con-
struction (72) assumes that rotational effects do not ac-
cumulate from story to story. Such an assumption has
been considered appropriate in view of actual features
of typical platform construction that limit the ability of
stacked shear walls in multi-story platform construction
from accumulating rotational deformations. While beam
theory of idealized elements suggest that an added source
of rotational deformation may occur in stacked shear
walls (73) the increase in calculated shear wall deflec-
tion relative to typical practice is based on assumptions
(wall stacks in isolation) that are seldom present in typi-
cal construction. While it is theoretically conservative to
include rotational effects for estimating seismic drift, it
SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 is a simplification of Equa- is recognized that such an approach may also incorrectly
tion C4.3.4-1, using only three terms for calculation of suggest longer building periods than would result from
shear wall deflection application of typical assumptions for platform construc- C
tion, and these longer periods have not been observed in
shake table testing.

In SDPWS Equation 4.3-1, deflection due to panel
shear and nail slip are accounted for by a single appar-
ent shear stiffness term, Ga. Calculated deflection, using
either the 4-term (Equation C4.3.4-1) or 3-term equa-
tion (SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 and Equation C4.3.4-2),
are identical at 1.4 times the allowable shear value for
seismic (see Figure C4.3.4) to facilitate use for checking
seismic drift at strength level forces in accordance with
ASCE 7. This calibration point also coincides with ASD
unit shear capacities for wind and is also suitable for cal-
culating deflections from wind load induced unit shears
up to the ASD unit shear capacity. Below the calibration
point, calculation using the 3-term equation overesti-
mates deflection relative to the 4-term equation but such
overestimations are generally negligible for design pur-
poses. These small differences, however, can influence
load distribution assumptions based on relative stiffness
if both deflection calculation methods are used in a de-
sign. For consistency and to minimize calculation-based
differences, either the 4-term equation or 3-term equation
should be used for all shear walls in a line.

Figure C4.3.4 Comparison of 4-Term and hold-down bolt or strap in tension. All sources of verti-
3-Term Deflection Equations cal elongation of the anchoring device, such as slip in
the connection of the device to the wood post, elonga-
tion of the hold-down rod, and slack in the anchorage
strap, should be considered when estimating the Δa term
in SDPWS Equation 4.3-1. Estimates of Δa at strength
level forces are needed when evaluating drift in accor-
dance with ASCE 7 is required.
The definition of Δa includes potential sources of
compressive deformation in addition to vertical deforma-
tion of the wall overturning anchorage system. While
reasonable agreement between the calculated and tested
deflection has been demonstrated for shear walls with 1:1
and lower aspect ratios without considering small com-
pression deformations, compression deformations can
be a significant contributor to total shear wall deflection
where a shear wall aspect ratio is high (80) (see Example
C4.3.4-2). Recognizing its small effect on low aspect ra-
Each term of the 3-term deflection equation accounts tio shear wall deflections as well as the complexity of ac-
for independent deflection components that contribute counting for compression deformations, a designer will
to overall shear wall deflection. For example, apparent typically employ simplifying assumptions in the analysis
shear stiffness is intended to represent only the shear to determine when to explicitly consider compression de-
component of deflection and does not also attempt to ac- formations as part of the total shear wall deflection cal-
count for bending or wall anchorage slip. In many cases, culation.
such as for gypsum wallboard shear walls and fiberboard In shear wall table footnotes (SDPWS Table 4.3A),
shear walls, results from prior testing (17 and 23) used to a factor of 0.5 is provided to adjust tabulated Ga values
verify apparent shear stiffness estimates were based on (based on fabricated dry condition) to approximate Ga
ASTM E 72 (41) where effects of bending and wall an- where “green” framing is used. This factor is based on
chorage slip are minimized due to the presence of metal analysis of apparent shear stiffness for wood structural
hold-down rods in the standard test set-up. The relative panel shear wall and diaphragm construction where:
contribution of each of the deflection components will
vary by aspect ratio of the shear wall. For other than nar- 1. framing moisture content is greater than 19% at
row (high aspect ratio) shear walls, deformation due to time of fabrication (green), and
shear deformation (combined effect of nail slip and panel 2. framing moisture content is less than or equal to
shear deformation) is the largest component of overall 19% in-service (dry).
shear wall deflection.
The effect of wall anchorage slip becomes more sig- The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across
nificant as the aspect ratio increases and as the imposed shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximate-
stress approaches the published compression perpen- ly 0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly
dicular to grain capacity of the plate materials. SDPWS greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram-
requires an anchoring device (see SDPWS 4.3.6.4.2) at ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflec-
each end of the shear wall where dead load stabilizing tion equations. Although based on nail slip relationships
moment is not sufficient to prevent uplift due to over- applicable to wood structural panel shear walls, this re-
turning. For standard anchoring devices (hold-downs), duction is also extended to other shear wall types where
manufacturers’ literature typically includes ASD capac- green framing lumber is used.
ity (based on short-term load duration for wind and seis- In Table C4.3.4A, calculated deflections using SD-
mic), and corresponding deflection of the device at ASD PWS Equation 4.3-1 are compared to deflections from
levels. Deflection of the device at strength level forces tests for shear walls with fiberboard, gypsum board, and
may also be obtained from manufacturers’ literature. Re- lumber sheathing, where the unit shear is 1.4 times the
ported deflection may or may not include total deflection ASD seismic unit shear value for fiberboard and lumber
of the device relative to a wood post and elongation of the sheathing. For lumber sheathing, calculated stiffness is

underestimated when compared to test-based stiffness For most cases, values of C(ub) are less than 1.0, so in-
values. However, the lower stated stiffness for horizon- duced unit shear is amplified by 1/C(ub) resulting in larger
tal and diagonal lumber sheathing is considered to better deflection for the less stiff unblocked shear wall relative
reflect stiffness after lumber sheathing dries in service. to the blocked shear wall reference condition. The C(ub)
Early studies (24) suggest that stiffness after drying in factor can also be viewed as a stiffness reduction factor.
service may be 1/2 of that during tests where friction be- For example, simplification of the shear term in Equation
tween boards in lumber sheathed assemblies is a signifi- C4.3.4.3-1 yields:
cant factor.
C4.3.4.2 Deflection of Perforated Shear Walls: The
deflection of a perforated shear wall can be calculated
using SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 using substitution rules
as follows to account for reduced stiffness of full-height
perforated shear wall segments:
ν = maximum induced unit shear force (plf) in a

perforated shear wall, νmax, per SDPWS 4.3.4.4 Deflection of Structural Fiberboard Shear
Equation 4.3-9 Walls: The calculated deflection of shear walls sheathed
b = sum of perforated shear wall segment lengths with structural fiberboard having an aspect ratio great-
(full-height), Σbi, ft er than 1.0 is underestimated when compared to results
from cyclic testing (29). An adjustment factor equal to
C4.3.4.3 Deflection of Unblocked Wood Structural (h/b)1/2 is therefore used to account for the increased de-
Panel Shear Walls: Unblocked shear walls exhibit load- flection of structural fiberboard shear walls having aspect
deflection behavior similar to that of a blocked shear wall ratios greater than 1.0.
but with reduced values of strength and stiffness. The un- C
blocked shear wall adjustment factor, C (ub), accounts for
the effect of unblocked joints on strength and stiffness.

Nominal unit shear capacity of a blocked wood structural
panel shear wall with stud spacing of 24 in. o.c. and panel
edge nail spacing of 6 in. o.c. is the reference condition
for determination of unblocked shear wall nominal unit
shear capacity (e.g., νn(ub) = νn(b) C(ub)). Blocked shear wall
nominal unit shear capacity is not to be adjusted by Table
4.3A footnote 2 even if unblocked shear wall construc-
tion consists of studs spaced a maximum of 16 in. o.c. or
panels applied with the long dimension across studs.
To account for the reduction in unblocked shear
wall stiffness, which is proportional to the reduction
in strength, SDPWS 4.3.4.3 specifies that deflection of
unblocked shear walls is to be calculated from standard
deflection equations using an amplified value of induced
unit shear equal to ν/C(ub). Substituting ν/C(ub) for ν in SD-
PWS Equation 4.3-1 results in the following equation for
unblocked shear wall deflection:

Table C4.3.4A Data Summary for Structural Fiberboard, Gypsum Wallboard,

Gypsum Sheathing, and Lumber Sheathed Shear Walls
1. Calculated shear deflections, δ, and actual deflections from shear wall tests are based on unit shears provided in Table C4.3.4A. For Structural Fiberboard
Sheathing and Lumber Sheathing, the unit shears are associated with 1.4νs(ASD). For walls tested, small aspect ratio and use of hold-down rods (ASTM E72)
or use of hold-downs (ASTM E546) in testing of gypsum wall board shear walls (57) is assumed to keep bending and hold-down slip components of deflection
small relative to the shear component of deflection.
2. Unit shear and apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3C for ½ in. GWB with 7 in. fastener spacing multiplied by 7/8 to approximate unit shear and stiff-
ness for GWB tested assemblies using 8 in. fastener spacing. The unit shear values for gypsum, used for comparison purposes, exceed those associated with
1.4νs(ASD) and are not intended to be used for design.
3. Calculated unit shear and Ga for the two-sided test assembly based on SDPWS 4.3.5.4.1.

EXAMPLE C4.3.4-1 Calculate the Apparent Shear Stiffness, Ga, in SDPWS Table 4.3A
As with diaphragms, the Ga values for shear walls sheathed

with 3-ply plywood and OSB sheathing are explicitly in-
cluded in Table 4.3A. As outlined in the Table 4.3A foot-
notes and further explained in C4.2.7.2 for diaphragms,
the shear stiffnesses for 4-ply plywood, 5-ply plywood
and composite panels are permitted to be approximated
by increasing the Ga of 3-ply plywood by a factor of 1.2.
“Composite panel”, as used in table footnote 4, refers
to a panel containing a combination of veneer and other
wood-based material that meets performance criteria for
C
its type in DOC PS1 or PS2 and is not intended to de-
scribe OSB, which has its own tabulated values of Ga.

EXAMPLE C4.3.4-2 Calculate Δa for use in the Third Term of Equation 4.3-1
For the shear wall shown in Figure C4.3.4B, cal-

culate Δa and use it to estimate the component of shear
wall deflection due to rigid-body overturning, as rep-
resented in the third term of Equation 4.3-1. The wood
structural panel shear wall is 8 ft high, 2.5 ft in length,
and is framed with No. 2 Douglas fir 2x4 studs and
plates. The end posts are double 2x4’s with total cross
section area of 10.5 in2. From the hold-down device
manufacturer’s literature, the LRFD design load is 7900
lb, corresponding vertical elongation of the hold-down
device is 0.158 in. at the LRFD design load. Strength
level loading (LRFD) is used in this example to illus-
trate calculation of deflections suitable for compari-
son against ASCE 7 prescribed seismic drift limits.
Calculate the tension force, T, and compression

force, C:
(continued)

EXAMPLE C4.3.4-2 Calculate Δa for use in the Third Term of Equation 4.3-1 (continued)
Figure C4.3.4A Bottom Plate Compression

Deformation
(continued)

EXAMPLE C4.3.4-2 Calculate Δa for use in the Third Term of Equation 4.3-1 (continued)
Figure C4.3.4B Rigid Body Overturning Component of Shear Wall Deflection

EXAMPLE C4.3.4-3 Derivation of Constants for Equation 4.3-1 End Deflection of Shear Wall with
Concentrated Load at End
C4.3.5 Shear Capacities ing through the reduced thickness portion of the siding
panel further reduces the shear resistance, as compared
C4.3.5.1 See C4.1.4 for calculation of ASD shear ca- with other panel types and fastener options. Except for
pacity and LRFD factored unit shear resistance. Plywood Siding of Group 5 species (e.g., Basswood and
C4.3.5.2 Tabulated Nominal Unit Shear Capacities in Balsam Poplar) as defined in PS 1, nominal unit shear
Tables 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D are based on adjust- capacities associated with the “Sheathing” designation
ment of allowable design values from building codes and are applicable for Plywood Siding when nailed with the
industry reference documents (See C2.2) and are pred- larger galvanized box or common nails and the nominal
icated on using products that comply with the product panel thickness is determined at the point of nailing along
standards referenced in this Standard. panel edges.
Tables 4.3A and 4.3B list nominal unit shear capaci-
ties for Wood Structural Panels in three distinct group- Table C4.3.5.1 Dimension of Galvanized
ings: Structural I Sheathing, Sheathing, and Plywood Casing Nails in Accordance
Siding. Structural I Sheathing and Sheathing are appli- with ASTM F1667 (59)
cable for wood structural panels in conformance with
requirements of PS1 and PS2 (58, 8). The Structural I
designation is associated with panels that meet additional
requirements including those for cross-panel strength and
stiffness and for racking load performance. For Plywood
Siding, tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are as-
sociated with reduced thickness at ornamental grooves
and panel shiplap joints. The combination of a small head
galvanized casing nail (see Table C.4.3.5.1) and nail-

Tables 4.3A and 4.3B nominal unit shear capacities termediate stud spacing (e.g., for 19.2 in. stud spacing
are applicable for wood structural panels of the minimum C(ub) = 0.52 for sheathing nailed with 6 in. nail spacing
nominal panel thickness specified. The use of “minimum at supported edges and 12 in. nail spacing at intermediate
nominal panel thickness” in the Table 4.3A and 4.3B framing).
column headings is to accommodate use of the tabulat- C4.3.5.4.1 For two-sided walls with the same
ed nominal unit shear capacities for structural panels of sheathed wood-frame shear wall systems on opposite
greater thickness provided that nails with the prescribed sides (see C4.3.7) and the same construction (either
dimensions are used and that bearing length of the nail blocked or unblocked) on opposite sides, SDPWS Equa-
into framing exceeds the prescribed minimum bearing tion 4.3-3 and SDPWS Equation 4.3-4 provide for deter-
length. This allowance recognizes that greater structural mination of combined stiffness and unit shear capacity
panel thickness will also develop the strength of the pre- based on relative stiffness of each side. Using the equa-
scribed nailing upon which the nominal capacities are tions, a wall having identical construction on each side
based. Nails are identified by name and dimensions (e.g., (e.g., a two-sided wall) has twice the capacity of a wall
8d common is 2.5 in. long by 0.131 in. diameter with a sheathed on one side (e.g., a one-sided wall). Although
0.281 in. diameter head) to reflect fasteners upon which not common for new construction, use of the same
tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are based. Nails sheathed wood-frame shear wall system on both sides of
of different type or dimensions are considered alterna- the wall but with different sheathing thickness or fasten-
tives to the specified nails. ing schedule (i.e., size and spacing of nails) on opposing
For nails of matching diameter, but shorter in length sides is permissible and the combined strength and stiff-
than those specified in SDPWS, testing (18, 74, 75) in- ness is addressed by provisions of 4.3.5.4.1. Two-sided
dicates varied results depending on loading protocol and walls having the same sheathed wood-frame shear wall
test boundary conditions. Tested performance of 10d system on both sides but with different sheathing thick-
“short” nails (75) indicates reduced strength and defor- ness or fastening schedule on opposing sides is more
mation capacity relative to the specified 10d common likely to occur in retrofit of existing construction. C
nail (76) when tested under nominally identical condi- C4.3.5.4.2 Where strength and stiffness for seismic
tions that included cyclic and monotonic loading and design is based on provisions for two-sided walls with

varying test boundary conditions. The range of strength different sheathed wood-frame shear wall systems on
reduction observed for the 10d “short” nail ranged from each side (e.g., Gypsum Board shear walls on side one
approximately 5% to 20%. and Wood Structural Panel shear walls on side two), the
C4.3.5.3 Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear combined unit shear capacity is required to be taken as
Walls: Monotonic and cyclic tests of unblocked wood twice the smaller nominal unit shear capacity or taken
structural panel shear walls (18, 27, and 28) are the basis as the larger nominal unit shear capacity, whichever is
of the unblocked shear wall factor, C(ub), which accounts greater. Due to lateral system combination rules for seis-
for reduced strength and stiffness of unblocked shear mic design (5), the two-sided unit shear capacity based
walls when compared to similarly constructed blocked on different sheathed wood-frame shear wall systems on
shear walls. Test results show comparable displacement each side of the wall will require use of the lesser seismic
capacity characteristics to similarly constructed blocked response modification coefficient, R, for calculation of
wood structural panel shear walls over a range of un- seismic loads. Where a two-sided shear wall consisting
blocked panel configurations. Tests included a range of of wood-structural panel exterior shear walls and gypsum
panel edge and field nail spacing, stud spacing, wall wallboard interior shear walls is used for the structural
height, gap distance at adjacent unblocked panel edges, design, R = 2 is applicable where shear wall design is
and simultaneous application of gravity load. The maxi- based on two times the capacity of the gypsum wallboard
mum unblocked shear wall height tested was 16 ft and shear walls because R = 2 (associated with gypsum wall-
the maximum gap distance between adjacent unblocked board shear walls in a bearing wall system per ASCE 7)
panel edges was 1/2 inch. Maximum unit shear capacities is the lesser R contributing to the two-sided shear wall
are limited to values applicable for 6 in. o.c. panel edge design capacity. For the same wall condition, when de-
nail spacing regardless of actual panel edge nail spacing sign is based on wood structural panel shear wall capac-
used. The limit on maximum unit shear is to address lim- ity alone, R = 6.5 (associated with wood structural panel
ited observations of stud splitting in walls tested to higher shear walls in a bearing wall system per ASCE 7) is ap-
shear capacities associated with panel edge nail spacing plicable and commonly employed for design of Wood
of 4 in. o.c. Interpolation of C(ub) is permissible for in- Structural Panel shear walls as the seismic force resisting

system. 6 of Table 4.3A and Footnote 5 of Table 4.3B requiring

For wind design, direct summing of the contribu- panel joints to be offset to fall on different framing mem-
tion of gypsum wallboard shear walls with the unit shear bers when panels are applied on both faces of a shear
capacity of wood structural panel shear walls, structural wall, nail spacing is less than 6 in. on center on either
fiberboard shear walls, or hardboard panel siding is per- side, and the framing member nailed face width is less
mitted based on tests (10 and 15). than 3x framing.
Figure C4.3.5 illustrates the provisions in Footnote
Figure C4.3.5 Detail for Adjoining Panel Edges where Structural Panels are Applied to Both
Faces of the Wall
C4.3.5.5 Shear Walls in a Line: The provisions for C4.3.5.5.1 The distribution of shear force to shear
distribution of shear force to shear walls in a shear wall walls in a line is in proportion to the stiffness of each
line are limited to shear walls with the same sheathed shear wall. In design, at a given deflection the force in
wood-frame shear wall systems. Sheathed wood-frame each wall is determined by multiplying the wall stiffness
shear wall systems are a prescribed combination of times the deflection (e.g., commonly referred to as distri-
sheathing type and fastener type for attachment to wood bution based on relative stiffness or the equal deflection
framing (see C4.3.7). The intended purpose of the re- approach). For all but the case where a wall line is com-
quirement is to limit applicability of provisions to shear prised entirely of equal stiffness shear walls, this approach
walls of the same sheathing type and fastener type (e.g., results in a design capacity of the shear wall line that is
nailed wood structural panels, or nailed structural fiber- less than would result from the sum of shear wall lengths
board) that exhibit similar load-deformation behavior times the full design unit shear capacity, because for a
up to failure. Nailed wood structural panel shear walls, given deflection, full unit shear forces are not developed
regardless of sheathing grade or thickness and nailing simultaneously in all walls (see Example C4.3.5.5.1-1).
schedule are considered to exhibit compatible behavior. The design capacity of the shear wall line will be the sum
For example, the combination of a shear wall with 2 in. of the forces in each shear wall at a given deflection. The
panel edge nail spacing in line with a shear wall with 6 limiting value of deflection may be associated with the
in. panel edge nail spacing does not violate the intent of shear wall in the line whose design strength occurs at the
same sheathed wood-frame shear walls systems for ap- smallest deflection of any shear wall in the wall line or
plicability of SDPWS 4.3.5.5. Similarly, the combination may be associated with drift or deflection limits.
of shear wall types, such as perforated shear walls, FTAO Drift limits for resistance to seismic forces are pro-
shear walls, and individual full-height segments as well vided in ASCE 7 and vary by building risk category, story
as blocked and unblocked shear walls within a shear wall height, and construction material. For sheathed wood-
line is also permissible. Provisions for shear force distri- frame shear wall structures, story drift limits for seismic
bution apply whether force is from wind or seismic and design range from 1% to 2.5% of the story height. While
for shear walls of any length. there is no prescribed deflection limit for wind design,

consideration should be given to limiting deflections to shear strength of each shear wall is permitted provided
avoid serviceability problems associated with finish ma- that shear walls with aspect ratio greater than 1:1 have
terials and operability of doors and windows. Compli- strength multiplied by the 0.1+0.9b/h factor. Both fac-
ance with construction and materials requirements and tors are based on reduced stiffness observed from testing
associated design unit shear capacities in SDPWS for (29, 35, and 36) and provide roughly similar results to
wind design have been considered to provide acceptable equal deflection for a reference wall line configuration
serviceability performance for resistance to wind loads. comprised of 1:1 to 3.5:1 aspect ratio walls (see Example
A simplified approach is also permitted for distri- C4.3.5.5.1-2). This simplified method was judged suit-
bution of shear force to shear walls in a line. In lieu of able for design purposes for any combination of shear
distribution of shear based on the equal deflection cal- wall lengths.
culation method, it is permitted to distribute shear in Where distribution of shear is based on the simpli-
proportion to the strength of the shear wall provided that fied alternative adjustment factor methods (e.g., 2b/h for
certain requirements are met. For wood structural panel wood structural panels and 0.1+0.9b/h for structural fi-
shear walls, including those with gypsum wallboard on berboard), further reduction of shear strength by the as-
the opposite side, distribution of shear in proportion to pect ratio factors in 4.3.3.2 is not required because the
shear strength of each shear wall is permitted provided strength reductions to provide for deflection compatibil-
that shear walls with aspect ratio greater than 2:1 have ity represent the more conservative of the adjustments
strength adjusted by the 2b/h factor. For structural fiber- to account for reduced stiffness and reduced strength of
board shear walls, including those with gypsum wall- high aspect ratio shear walls.
board on the opposite side, distribution in proportion to
EXAMPLE C4.3.5.5.1-1 Calculate the ASD Shear Capacity (Seismic) of Shear Walls in a Line
Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach
C
Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall Figure C4.3.5B Illustration of Equal
line as shown in Figure C4.3.5A using the equal de- Deflection Calculation

flection calculation approach. The individual blocked Method
wood structural panel shear walls are constructed with
15/32 in. thick wood structural panel sheathing (OSB)
attached to No.2 Douglas fir 2x4 framing with 8d nails
(common or galvanized box) spaced at 6 in. and have
a reference nominal unit shear value of 730 plf and ap-
parent shear stiffness, Ga, of 13 kips/in. The end posts
for both walls are double 2x4’s.
Figure C4.3.5A Shear Wall Line
The solution approach is to determine the propor-

tion of load in each shear wall at a given deflection by
use of the SDPWS shear wall deflection equations and
then summing the shears to arrive at an ASD shear ca-
pacity for the shear wall line (Figure C4.3.5B). (continued)

Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach (continued)
Shear Wall 1 (SW1):
Nominal unit shear capacity, νn = 730 plf
(SDPWS Table 4.3A)
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/b) = 1.0

Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 1.0
(Aspect ratio adjustment is not applicable because
h/b ≤2, see SDPWS 4.3.3.2) The reference value of Δa (i.e., vertical deforma-
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νSW1 =730 plf/2.8 tion associated with overturning anchorage system plus
x1.0 = 260.7 plf compression deformation) for SW1 is 1/8 in. at 3500
Ga = 13.0 kips/in lb load (calculation not shown). Assuming linear elas-
EA = 16,800,000 lb tic response, the stiffness is kSW1=3500 lb/0.125 in. =
28,000 lb/in. For overturning T force of 2224.8 lb, Δa
Shear Wall 2 (SW2): for SW1 is:Δa,SW1 =2224.8 lb/3500 lb x 0.125in. =0.079
Nominal unit shear capacity, νn = 730 plf in. For purposes of this example, overturning resis-
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) tance contributed by dead load is ignored. See Example
SW2 Aspect ratio (h/b) =3.5 C4.3.4-2 for an example for calculation of Δa.
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength =1.25 - 0.125
(h/b) = 0.81 (SDPWS 4.3.3.2) Part 2 – Determine the unit shear in SW2 that pro-
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νSW2 =730 plf/2.8 duces the same deflection as SW1
x 0.81 = 211.2 plf Using equation 4.3-1, solve for unit shear that pro-
Ga = 13.0 kips/in duces equal deflection to SW1:
EA = 16,800,000 lb
Recognizing that the deflection of SW1 associated

with the ASD unit shear capacity of 260.7 plf is smaller
than the deflection of SW2 associated with the ASD
unit shear capacity of 211.2 plf, the problem can be
simplified to finding the reduced design unit shear in
the less stiff SW2 that produces the same deflection as
SW1.
Part 1 – Determine the deflection of SW1 at its ASD For SW2, the overturning anchorage system stiff-
unit shear capacity ness is 23,400 lb/in. (i.e., for the same hold-down and
Deflection associated with the ASD unit shear ca- post configuration, the reduced stiffness for SW2 when
pacity is calculated in accordance with the following compared to SW1 results from the larger ratio of b/
equation based on SDPWS Equation 4.3-1: beff for SW2). For overturning T force of 1130 lb, the
corresponding Δa,SW2 is: Δa,SW2 = 1,130lb/23,400 lb/in
= 0.048 in. For purposes of this example, overturning
resistance contributed by dead load is ignored.
νSW2 = 110.6 plf ≤ 211.2 plf; OK –110.6 plf controls
The induced unit shear of 110.6 plf does not exceed

the unit shear capacity of 211.2 plf determined from
aspect ratio strength reductions in accordance with
4.3.3.2.
(continued)

Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach (continued)
Deflection associated with this unit shear is con- This example illustrates calculation of the ASD
firmed to equal 0.247 in. calculated in accordance with shear capacity (for seismic) for the shear wall line (i.e.,
the following equation based on SDPWS Equation 4.3- VShear wall line = 2340 lb). Distribution of shear by the equal
1: deflection calculation method is equally applicable to a
more typical design problem where a design load is as-
sociated with a given shear wall line and the shear wall
line is designed to provide resistance in excess of the
design load. This calculation example includes a check
of the induced unit shear in each shear wall (i.e., SW1
and SW2) to ensure that unit shear does not exceed
the unit shear capacity determined from aspect ratio
strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.3.2.
Part 3 – Sum design strengths associated with dis-

tribution of shear based on the equal deflection cal-
culation approach
VSW1 = 260.7 plf x 8 ft = 2085.6 lb

VSW2 = 110.6 plf x 2.3 ft = 254.4 lb
VShear wall line = 2085.6 lb + 254.4 lb = 2340 lb C

Using the Exception to 4.3.5.5.1
Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall Unit shear capacity from 4.3.5.5.1 Exception 1 does not
line from example C4.3.5.5.1-1. In lieu of the equal de- exceed the unit shear capacity determined from aspect
flection calculation approach of 4.3.5.5.1, the solution ratio strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.3.2.
approach is based on the Exception to 4.3.5.5.1 which
permits distribution of shear in proportion to strength Shear Wall 2 (SW2):
where strength of wood structural panel shear walls is Nominal unit shear capacity, νn = 730 plf
adjusted by the 2b/h factor. (SDPWS Table 4.3A)
Shear Wall 1 (SW1): SW2 Aspect ratio (h/b) = 3.5

Nominal unit shear capacity, νn = 730 plf
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) Aspect ratio adjustment = 2b/h = 0.57
(SDPWS 4.3.5.5.1 Exception 1)
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/b) = 1.0
Aspect ratio adjustment = 1.0 Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 1.25 - 0.125
(SDPWS 4.3.5.5.1 Exception 1) (h/b) = 0.81
(SDPWS 4.3.3.2)
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 1.0
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νSW2 = 730 plf/2.8
(Aspect ratio adjustment is not applicable because h/b
x 0.57 = 148.6 plf
≤ 2, see SDPWS 4.3.3.2)
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νSW1 = 730 plf/2.8

x1.0 = 260.7 plf (continued)

Using the Exception to 4.3.5.5.1 (continued)
The ASD unit shear capacity calculated using the as- Note: This example illustrates the calculation approach
pect ratio adjustment from 4.3.5.5.1 Exception 1 con- in accordance with 4.3.5.5.1 Exception 1. The aspect
trols since it is less than the ASD unit shear capacity ratio adjustment, 2b/h is not applied cumulatively with
determined from aspect ratio strength reductions in ac- the Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength reduction
cordance with 4.3.3.2. of 4.3.3.2. Both are evaluated as separate checks on de-
sign shear strength.
Sum design strengths associated with distribution
of shear based on the aspect ratio adjustment ap-
proach (e.g., 4.3.5.5.1 Exception):
VSW1 = 260.7 plf x 8 ft = 2085.6 lb

VSW2 = 148.6 plf x 2.3 ft = 341.8 lb
VShear wall line = 2085.6 lb + 341.8 lb = 2427 lb
C4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity of Perforated Shear Walls:

The shear capacity adjustment factor, Co, for perforated
shear walls accounts for reduced shear wall capacity due
to presence of openings and is derived from empirical
Equations C4.3.5.6-1 and C4.3.5.6-2 (13):
Full-scale perforated shear wall tests include mono-

tonic and cyclic loads, long perforated shear walls with
asymmetrically placed openings, perforated shear walls
sheathed on two sides, and perforated shear walls with
high aspect ratio shear wall segments (15, 42, 43, and
44).
The calculation of the PSW shear capacity adjust-
ment factor, Co, is based on an area adjustment, using the
total area sheathed with full-height sheathing, Afhs, with-
out any adjustment based on aspect ratio limits in 4.3.3.4.
The Co factor used with the perforated shear wall
method reduces the shear capacity of a fully-sheathed,
full-height shear wall for the effects of openings (un-
sheathed areas) in the shear wall. The empirical equation
for Co was derived based on the ratio of the total area

of openings (unsheathed areas) to the total area of the Figure C4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression
perforated shear wall and the ratio of the total area of Force Couple due to Shear
fully-sheathed, full-height areas to the total area of the Wall Overturning Moment
perforated shear wall. Adjustment of the length of each
fully-sheathed, full-height segment, bi, with an aspect ra-
tio greater than 2:1 in the ∑bi term of Equation 4.3-5 is a
further adjustment that is separate from calculation of Co
and is intended to limit the contribution from high aspect
ratio segments in the calculation of the nominal shear ca-
pacity Vn, of the perforated shear wall.
C4.3.6 Construction Requirements
C4.3.6.1 Framing Requirements: Framing require-

ments are intended to ensure that boundary members
and other framing are adequately sized to resist induced
loads.
C4.3.6.1.1 General framing requirements for shear
walls permits the use of two 2x members in lieu of a
single member, provided they are adequately connected
for transfer of induced shear forces. Cyclic tests of shear
walls confirms that use of two 2x members nailed (22,
25, and 30) or screwed (33) together results in shear wall
performance that is comparable to that obtained by use C
of a single 3x member at the adjoining panel edge. While
introduced as a substitute for a 3x member at adjoining

panel edges in shear wall construction, it is also permis-
sible to use two 2x members to substitute for a single 2x
member (e.g., for blocking, and top plates). Design ca-
pacity for the connection of the two 2x members to each
other must equal or exceed design unit shear forces in the
shear wall. As an alternative, the design capacity of the
connection between the two 2x members must equal or C4.3.6.1.3 Tension and Compression Chords of Per-
exceed the capacity of the sheathing to framing attach- forated Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-8 provides
ment. Where fastener spacing used in the interconnection for calculation of tension force and compression force at
of the two 2x stud members is closer than 4 in. on cen- each end of a perforated shear wall, due to shear in the
ter, staggered placement is required to limit potential for wall, and includes the term 1/Co to account for the non-
wood splitting. uniform distribution of shear in a perforated shear wall.
C4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Chords: For example, a perforated shear wall segment with ten-
SDPWS Equation 4.3-7 provides for calculation of tension end restraint at the end of the perforated shear wall
sion and compression chord force due to induced shear can develop the same shear capacity as an individual full-
acting at the top of the wall, wall height, and moment height wall segment (7).
arm associated with resolving overturning moment into C4.3.6.3 Fasteners: Details on type, size, and spacing
a tension and compression force couple (see Figure of mechanical fasteners used for typical shear wall as-
C4.3.6.1.2). To provide an adequate load path per SD- semblies in Table 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D are provid-
PWS 4.3.6.4.4, design of elements and connections must ed in SDPWS 4.3.7 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Wall
consider forces contributed by each story (i.e., shear and Systems.
overturning moment must be accumulated and accounted C4.3.6.3.1 Adhesives: Adhesive attachment of shear
for the design) wall sheathing is generally prohibited unless approved
by the authority having jurisdiction. Because of limited
ductility and brittle failure modes of rigid adhesive shear

wall systems (38) such systems are limited to seismic tial for bottom plate splitting.
design categories A, B, and C and the values of R and Cyclic testing of wood structural panel shear walls
Ω0 are limited (R = 1.5 and Ω0 = 2.5 unless other values (25 and 30) forms the basis of the exception to the 1/2
are approved). If adhesives are used to attach shear wall in. distance requirement. In these tests, edge distance
sheathing, the effects of increased stiffness (see C4.1.3 was not a significant factor for shear walls having full-
and C4.1.7), increased strength, and potential for brittle overturning restraint provided at end posts. Overturn-
failure modes corresponding to adhesive or wood failure, ing restraint of wall segments coupled with the nominal
should be addressed. capacity of walls tested were viewed as primary factors
Tabulated values of apparent shear stiffness, Ga, are in determining wall performance and failure limit states.
based on assumed nail slip behavior (see Table C4.2.3D) Bottom plate anchor straps can also be effective in miti-
and are therefore not applicable for adhesive shear wall gating cross-grain bending failure in the bottom plate
systems where shear wall sheathing is rigidly bonded to provided they have been properly tested, load rated, and
shear wall boundary members. installed on the sheathed side of the bottom plate.
C4.3.6.4.1.1 In-plane Shear Anchorage for Perfo- The extension of plate washer requirements to foun-
rated Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-9 for in-plane dation sill plate applications is depicted in Figure C4.3.6B.
shear anchorage includes the term 1/Co to account for Locating the washer’s edge within 1/2 in. of the sheathed
non-uniform distribution of shear in a perforated shear edge is accomplished by placement of cuts, notches or
wall. For example, a perforated shear wall segment with holes in the rim board or blocking. The extent of such
tension end restraint at the end of the perforated shear alterations to the rim board or blocking for placement of
wall can develop the same shear capacity as an individual the washer should be kept to a practical minimum and be
full-height wall segment (7). in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
C4.3.6.4.2.1 Uplift Anchorage for Perforated Shear or be specifically addressed in the design of the member.
Walls: Attachment of the perforated shear wall bottom Anchor bolt connections designed per SDPWS
plate to elements below is intended to ensure that the wall 4.3.6.4.3 are designed for the shear load in the sill plate.
capacity is governed by sheathing to framing attachment If the shear capacity of a double-sided shear wall is
(shear wall nailing) and not bottom plate attachment for twice that of a single-sided shear wall, the anchor bolt
shear (see C4.3.6.4.1.1) and uplift. An example design spacing derived based on the anchor bolt shear capacity
(7) provides typical details for transfer of uplift forces. for a double-sided shear wall would be half the spacing
C4.3.6.4.3 Anchor Bolts: Plate washer size and loca- of a single-sided shear wall. Staggering the anchor bolts
tion are specified for anchoring of wall bottom plates to 1/2 in. from the plate edge for a double-sided shear wall
minimize potential for cross-grain bending failure in the provides uplift resistance on each edge of the sill plate
bottom plate (see Figure C4.3.6A). For a 3 in. x 3 in. equivalent to a single row of anchor bolts located 1/2 in.
plate washer centered on the wide face of a 2x4 bottom from the plate edge on a single-sided shear wall.
plate, edges of the plate washer are always within 1/2" of
the sheathed side of the bottom plate. For wider bottom
plates, such as 2x6, a larger plate washer may be used so
that the edge of the plate washer extends to within 1/2 in.
of the sheathed side, or alternatively, the anchor bolt can
be located such that the 3 in. x 3 in. plate washer extends
to within 1/2 in. of the sheathed side of the wall.
The washer need not extend to within 1/2 in. of the
sheathed edge where sheathing material nominal unit
shear capacity is less than or equal to 400 plf nominal.
This allowance is based on observations from tests and
field performance of gypsum products where sheathing
fastener tear-out or sheathing slotting at fastener loca-
tions were the dominant failure modes. Other sheathing
materials with nominal unit shear capacity less than 400
plf nominal are included in this provision based on the
judgment that the magnitude of unit uplift force versus
sheathing type is the significant factor leading to poten-

Figure C4.3.6A Distance for Plate Washer Edge to Sheathed Edge
Figure C4.3.6B Section and Elevation View of Plate Washer in Foundation Sill Plate
(Raised Floor) Application

C4.3.6.4.4 Load Path: Specified requirements for in. o.c. Edges of wood-based panels (wood structural pan-
shear, tension, and compression in SDPWS 4.3.6 are to el, particleboard, and structural fiberboard) are required
address the effect of induced unit shear on individual wall to be backed by blocking or framing except as specified
elements. Overall design of an element must consider in SDPWS 4.3.5.3. In addition, fasteners are to be placed
forces contributed from multiple stories (i.e., shear and at least 3/8 in. from edges and ends of panels but not less
moment must be accumulated and accounted for in the than distances specified by the panel manufacturer in the
design). In some cases, the presence of load from stories manufacturers’ literature or code evaluation report.
above may increase forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads C4.3.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls: For
on compression end posts) while in other cases it may wood structural panel shear walls, framing members or
reduce forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads reduces net blocking is required at edges of all panels except as spec-
tension on end posts). ified in SDPWS 4.3.5.3 and a minimum panel dimen-
Consistent with a continuous load path for individual sion of 4 ft x 8 ft is specified except at boundaries and
full-height wall segments and force transfer shear walls, changes in framing. Shear wall construction is intended
a continuous load path to the foundation must also be to consist primarily of full-size sheets except where wall
provided for perforated shear walls. Consideration of ac- dimensions require use of smaller sheathing pieces (e.g.,
cumulated forces (for example, from stories above) is re- where shear wall height or length is not in increments of
quired. Accumulation of forces will affect hold-downs at 4 ft, shear wall height is less than a full 8 ft, or shear wall
each end of the perforated shear wall, compression resis- length is less than 4 ft). Racking tests conducted on 4.5 ft
tance at each end of each perforated shear wall segment, x 8.5 ft blocked shear walls showed similar performance
and distributed forces, ν and t, at each perforated shear whether sheathed length and height consisted of: one 4 ft
wall segment. Where ends of perforated shear wall seg- x 8 ft panel and two 6 in. wide sheathing pieces to make
ments occur over beams or headers, the beam or header up the height and length, or one 2.5 ft x 6.5 ft panel and
will need to be checked for vertical tension and compres- two 2 ft wide sheathing pieces to make up the height and
sion forces in addition to gravity forces. Where adequate length (14).
collectors are provided to distribute shear, the average C4.3.7.1(5): A single 3x framing member is speci-
shear in the perforated shear wall above (e.g., equivalent fied at adjoining panel edges for cases prone to splitting
to design shear loads), and not the increased shear for and where nominal unit shear capacity exceeds 980 plf in
anchorage of upper story wall bottom plates to elements seismic design categories (SDC) D, E, and F. An alterna-
below (7), needs to be considered. tive to single 3x framing, included in SDPWS, and based
on principles of mechanics, is the use of 2-2x “stitched”
C4.3.7 Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Wall or interconnected two 2x members adequately fastened
Systems together (See C4.3.6.1.1 for additional information). For
sheathing attachment to framing with closely spaced or
Requirements for sheathed wood-frame shear wall larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
systems including shear wall sheathing materials, fram- panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
ing, and nailing are consistent with industry recom- member (Figure C4.2.8). The staggering of fasteners also
mendations and building code requirements. The term increases distance from the nail to the edge of the sheath-
“sheathed wood-frame shear wall system” denotes the ing which has been observed to improve strength in shear
combination of sheathing material type and fastener type wall testing as opposed to placing all sheathing fasten-
on one or both sides of a wood-frame shear wall. The ter- ers at the minimum panel edge distance. The amount of
minology recognizes that shear walls of the same sheath- stagger is not prescribed because even a slight stagger,
ing type and fastener type (e.g., nailed wood structural such as 1/8 in., is considered to meet the intent of the
panels, or nailed structural fiberboard) exhibit similar requirement.
load-deformation behavior up to failure. Nailed wood C4.3.7.1.1 Seismic Equivalency of Alternative
structural panel shear walls are considered to exhibit Sheathed Wood-Frame Shear Wall Systems: Wood struc-
compatible behavior over the range of sheathing thick- tural panel shear walls designed in accordance with SD-
nesses, sheathing grades and fastener size and spacings PWS requirements employ prescribed combinations of
addressed by SDPWS. wood structural panel grade and thickness, wood fram-
The minimum width of the nailed face of framing ing, and sheathing nailing. This sheathed wood-frame
members and blocking for all shear wall types is 2 in. shear wall system is associated with specific seismic
nominal with maximum spacing between framing of 24 performance factors (R, Cd and Ω0) in ASCE 7. When

subjected to cyclic loads, wood structural panel shear panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS
walls designed in accordance with SDPWS demonstrate Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative stiffness
desirable ductile yield modes with significant drift ca- and nail slip (see C4.2.3 and C4.3.4). For closely spaced
pacity, ductility, and overstrength. In addition, the studs or larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
are intact following cyclic testing and remain capable panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
of supporting gravity loads. Alternative sheathed wood- member (Figure C4.2.8).
frame shear wall systems used with or as replacements C4.3.7.4 Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls: Panel
for wood structural panel shear walls must demonstrate size requirements are consistent with those for wood
similar behavior for them to share the same seismic per- structural panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness
formance factors. in SDPWS Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative
ASTM D7989 prescribes standard test conditions, stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.3 and C4.3.4). Minimum
loading criteria, and data analysis required for alterna- panel edge distance for nailing at top and bottom plates
tive shear wall systems to demonstrate equivalent seis- is 3/4" to match edge distances present in cyclic tests of
mic performance to the reference wood structural panel high aspect ratio structural fiberboard shear walls (29).
shear wall construction prescribed in SDPWS. To ensure C4.3.7.5 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Veneer Base,
compatibility with wood structural panel shear walls, Water-Resistant Backing Board, or Gypsum Sheathing
an alternative sheathed wood-frame shear wall system Shear Walls: The variety of gypsum-based sheathing ma-
must meet or exceed seismic equivalency parameters terials reflect systems addressed in the model building
for component overstrength, drift capacity, and ductil- code (2). Appropriate use of these systems requires ad-
ity as prescribed in ASTM D7989. In addition, the fail- herence to referenced standards for proper materials and
ure mode must not compromise the integrity of the wall installation. Where gypsum wallboard is used as a shear
elements that support gravity loads. For example, if the wall, edge fastening (e.g., nails or screws) in accordance
wall or studs buckled during a test that imposed only lat- with SDPWS Table 4.3C requirements should be speci-
eral load, the ability to carry vertical load would also be fied and overturning restraint provided where applicable C
compromised if both load types were applied simultane- (see SDPWS 4.3.6.4.2). Apparent shear stiffness in SD-
ously. The seismic equivalency parameters prescribed by PWS Table 4.3C is based on assumptions of relative stiff-

ASTM D7989 were developed from a large database of ness and nail slip (see C4.2.3 and C4.3.4).
tests of wood structural panel shear walls, which are de- C4.3.7.6 Gypsum Lath and Plaster or Portland Ce-
scribed in that standard and encompass the range of wood ment Plaster Shear Walls: The nominal unit shear capac-
structural panel shear walls in SDPWS. ity and apparent shear stiffness values for plain or perfo-
C4.3.7.2 Shear Walls using Wood Structural Panels rated gypsum lath with staggered vertical joints are based
over Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board: on results from cyclic tests (31). Unit shear capacity and
Sheathed wood-frame shear walls with wood structural apparent shear stiffness values are larger than those for
panels applied over gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheath- plain or perforated gypsum lath where vertical joints are
ing are commonly used for exterior walls of buildings not staggered.
that are fire-resistance-rated for both interior and exterior C4.3.7.7 Single-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lum-
fire exposure. For example, a one-hour fire resistance rat- ber Shear Walls: Single-layer diagonally-sheathed lum-
ing can be achieved with 5/8 in. Type X gypsum wall- ber shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness
board. Nominal unit shear capacities and apparent shear to many wood structural panel shear wall systems. Ap-
stiffness values in Table 4.3B for 8d and 10d nails (com- parent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on
mon or galvanized box) are based on nominal unit shear assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.3
capacities and apparent shear stiffness values in Table and C4.3.4). Early reports (24) indicated that diagonally
4.3A for 6d and 8d nails (common or galvanized box), sheathed lumber shear walls averaged four times the ri-
respectively, to account for the effect of gypsum wall- gidity of horizontally sheathed lumber walls when boards
board or gypsum sheathing between wood framing and were loaded primarily in tension. Where load was pri-
wood structural panel sheathing. Tests of 3/8 in. wood marily in compression, a single test showed about seven
structural panels over ½ in. and 5/8 in. gypsum wallboard times the rigidity of a horizontally sheathed lumber wall.
support using lower nominal unit shear capacities associ- C4.3.7.8 Double-Layer Diagonally-Sheathed Lum-
ated with smaller nails (18). ber Shear Walls: Double-layer diagonally-sheathed lum-
C4.3.7.3 Particleboard Shear Walls: Panel size re- ber shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness
quirements are consistent with those for wood structural to many wood structural panel shear wall systems. Ap-

parent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on structural panel shear walls of the same overall dimen-
assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.3 sions. Early reports (21 and 24) attributed strength and
and C4.3.4). stiffness of lumber sheathed walls to nail couples at stud
C4.3.7.9 Single-Layer Horizontally-Sheathed Lum- crossings and verified low unit shear capacity and stiff-
ber Shear Walls: Single-layer horizontally-sheathed ness when compared to other bracing methods.
lumber shear walls have limited unit shear capacity and
stiffness when compared to those provided by wood
C4.4 Wood Structural Panels Used in Walls Designed to Resist

Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind
C4.4.1 Application Examples C4.4.1-1 and C4.4.2-1 illustrate how the
values in SDPWS Tables 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, respectively,
Panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 in. and were generated. Tabulated values of nominal uplift ca-
strength axis oriented parallel to studs are permitted to be pacity in Table 4.4.1 and Table 4.4.2 are based on as-
used in combined uplift and shear applications for resis- sumed use of framing with specific gravity, G, equal to
tance to wind forces. Tabulated values of nominal uplift 0.42. An increase factor is provided in table footnotes to
capacity (see SDPWS Table 4.4.1) for various combina- adjust values for effect of higher specific gravity framing
tions of nailing schedules and panel type and thickness on the strength of the nailed connection between sheath-
are based on calculations in accordance with the National ing and framing. Where lower specific gravity framing
Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction and is used, reduced values of nominal uplift capacity are
verified by full scale testing (39 and 40). applicable based on the effect of lower specific gravity
ASD and LRFD unit uplift and shear capacities are framing on the strength of the nailed connection between
calculated as follows from nominal unit uplift and shear sheathing and framing – for example, the reduction fac-
values. tor is 0.92 for framing with G = 0.35. Adjustment factors
over a range of framing specific gravity can be deter-
mined as follows: Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor =
[1-(0.5-G)]/0.92 for 0.35 ≤ G ≤ 0.49.
C4.4.1.2 Panels: Full-scale testing (see C4.4.1) uti-
lized panels with strength axis oriented parallel and per-
pendicular to studs. NDS nail connection capacities are
independent of panel strength axis orientation.
C4.4.1.5 Sheathing Extending to Top Plate: Attach-
ment of wood structural panels to the top plate (see Figure
4G and 4H) is a reference condition for applicability of
the specified uplift and shear capacities. Per 4.4.1.5(2),
where connectors are used to transfer wind uplift forces
from roof framing into the wall sheathing, the connector
location is on the same side of the wall as the sheathing to
avoid eccentric placement of the uplift connector relative
to the wood structural panel sheathing providing wind
uplift resistance (see Figure C3.4). An alternative detail
used in combination with raised-heel roof trusses is to
extend the sheathing edge beyond the upper top plate to
facilitate attachment to the raised-heel truss (See Figure
C4.4.1.5)(77, 78). In addition to nailing the sheathing to
the upper top plate as required by 4.4.1.5(1), added fas-
tening based on design of the connection of the sheathing
to the raised-heel truss to transfer wind uplift forces from

the roof framing into the wall sheathing is required.
Figure C4.4.1.5 Raised-Heel Roof Truss
C
C4.4.1.6. Sheathing Extending to Bottom Plate or Sill
Plate: Construction requirements for use of wood struc-

tural panels to resist uplift and shear closely match con-
struction present in verification tests. For example, test-
ing of shear walls resisting uplift and combined uplift and
shear used 16 in. o.c. and up to 48 in. anchor bolt spacing,
3 in. x 3 in. plate washers, and nails with minimum ½ in.
to ¾ in. panel edge distance depending on the number
of rows of nails. Anchor bolt spacing and size and loca-
tion of plate washers were found to be important factors
enabling strength of the sheathing to bottom plate con-
nection to develop prior to onset of bottom plate failure.
Required anchor bolt spacings as shown in Table 4.4.1.6
are a function of the combined uplift and shear forces on
the bottom plate and are based on a combination of full-
scale tests and numerical analysis (51, 52). Where other
anchoring devices are used, it is intended that spacing not
exceed the values provided in Table 4.4.1.6 and in addi-
tion that such devices enable performance of walls to be
comparable to those tested with required anchor bolts and
plate washers.
Figure C4.4.1A illustrates the anchor bolt spacing
provisions in 4.4.1.6 and depicts the requirements of
4.4.6(3) regarding placement of anchor bolts at ends of
plates.

Figure C4.4.1A Anchor Bolt Placement Requirements For Wood Structural Panels Designed to
Resist Combined Shear and Wind Uplift
C4.4.1.7 Sheathing Splices: In multi-story applica- Wall height, floor depth, available panel lengths, and
tions where the upper story and lower story sheathing maintaining minimum edge distances between sheathing
adjoin over a common horizontal framing member, the nails and framing will influence the practical location of
connection of the sheathing to the framing member can the sheathing splice in the horizontal framing member.
be designed to maintain a load path for tension and shear. Wood member stresses in this application are limited to
It is recognized that wood is directly stressed in tension that which can be developed with nail spacing to 3 in. o.c.
perpendicular to grain in some details; however, those (minimum) for a single-row and 6 in. o.c. (minimum) for
cases are prescriptively permitted and also limited to nail a double-row at each panel edge based on results from
size and spacing verified by testing. Splice panel orien- testing. Limiting tension stresses perpendicular to grain
tation does not affect capacity of the sheathed tension in horizontal framing members is accomplished by limit-
splice joint and therefore panel orientation can be either ing nail spacing to 3 in. o.c. (minimum) for a single-row
parallel or perpendicular to studs. and 6 in. o.c. (minimum) for a double-row. This limita-
C4.4.1.7(1) Where sheathing edges from the upper tion does not preclude use of more closely spaced nails
and lower story meet over a common horizontal fram- where the horizontal framing member is an engineered
ing member, wood stressed in tension perpendicular to rim board or similar product that can resist higher in-
grain is relied upon directly to maintain load path for ten- duced tension stresses perpendicular to grain. Follow
sion (Figure C4.4.1B). The location of sheathing splices manufacturers' recommendations for minimum nail spac-
need not occur at mid-height of the horizontal framing. ing permitted for this application.

Figure C4.4.1.B Panel Splice Over C4.4.2 Wood Structural Panels Used in Walls
Common Horizontal Designed to Resist Only Uplift from Wind
Framing Member
Panels with a minimum thickness of 3/8 in. are per-
mitted to be used in this application to resist uplift from
wind only when panels are installed with the strength
axis parallel to studs (see SDPWS 4.4.1 for provisions
on resistance to combined shear and uplift from wind).
Tabulated unit uplift capacities are applicable for wood
structural panels with 3/8 in. and greater thickness. For
applications where panel strength axis is oriented perpen-
dicular to studs, manufacturer recommendations should
be followed.
C4.4.1.7(2) The panel splice across studs detail in

Figure 4I relies on increased nailing between vertical
framing (e.g., studs) and sheathing to transfer tension
forces while shear is transferred through nailed connec-
tions to horizontal framing such as horizontal blocking.
This detail assumes no direct loading of framing mem-
bers in tension perpendicular to grain for development of
the tension load path. Additional nailing between sheath-
ing and vertical framing on each side of the panel splice C
maintains load path for tension. Where the panel is con-
tinuous between stories, as shown in Figure 4I, one op-

tion to maintain load path for shear utilizes attachment
of sheathing to wall plate framing as shown in Figure
C4.4.1C.
Figure C4.4.1.C Detail for Continuous

Panel Between Levels
(Load Path for Shear
Transfer Into and Out of
the Diaphragm Not Shown)

EXAMPLE C4.4.1-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Combined Uplift and Shear Case
Calculate the nominal uplift capacity in SDPWS

Table 4.4.1 for a wood structural panel shear wall con-
structed as follows:
When subjected to combined shear and wind up-

lift forces, the calculation for nominal uplift capacity is
based on the assumption that nails resist either shear or
wind uplift forces.
EXAMPLE C4.4.2-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Wind Uplift Only Case
Calculate the nominal uplift capacity in SDPWS

Table 4.4.2 for a wood structural panel sheathing over
framing constructed as follows:

C4.5 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Diaphragms

Requirements for the engineered design of CLT dia- teners are uniformly spaced at CLT panel edges, nominal
phragms using either ASD or LRFD (see 2.1.2) are based unit shear capacity, νn, of the fasteners can be calculated
on principles of engineering mechanics with member and as follows:
connection resistance in accordance with NDS (6). For
stiffness, an adaptation of Equation C4.2.3-1 for CLT dia-
phragm deflection will typically replace wood structural
panel stiffness properties and nail slip estimates with
values for CLT diaphragms. See C-B.4 for calculation of
CLT panel stiffness properties. Design loads, drift, de-
flection, and deformation requirements of the applicable
building code or, in the absence of an applicable building
code, ASCE 7 apply for the design of CLT diaphragms.
The assumed structural model for the CLT diaphragm
requirements follows the deep beam analogy where the
CLT diaphragm chords are designed to resist all axial
tension and compression forces (similar to flanges of a
beam) and the CLT panels and their connections resist
shear forces (similar to the web of a beam). The cumula-
tive result of the proposed requirements is to target dia-
phragm shear strengths with a minimum margin above
the required ASD design level of 2.0 for wind and 2.8 for C
seismic which is the same minimum margin above ASD
design level that is associated with wood structural panel The design unit shear capacities for ASD and LRFD
diaphragms of 4.2. are calculated from the nominal unit shear capacity in ac-

To obtain the target diaphragm shear strength mar- cordance with 4.1.4. The foregoing is applicable only
gins, requirements for in-plane diaphragm shear connec- for the determination of the design unit shear capacity
tions, including those at panel-to-panel connections and for the dowel-type fastener connections used to transfer
panel-to-boundary member connections, are required to diaphragm shear forces between CLT panels and between
utilize dowel-type fastener connection designs that cal- CLT panels and diaphragm boundary elements.
culate to have Mode IIIs or Mode IV yielding per NDS For design of wood elements, steel parts, and chord
(6) to promote a ductile connection associated with wood splice connections of the diaphragm system, other than
bearing and fastener bending deformations. Mode III the dowel-type fasteners used to transfer diaphragm
and Mode IV yielding behavior is present in nailed wood shear forces, design force increase factors are intended
structural panel diaphragms of 4.2 and is associated with to ensure development of the targeted minimum levels of
fastener bearing length in the main member that is ad- strength above that required by design for wind and seis-
equate to develop the fastener bending yield limit state mic loads. Wood elements of the diaphragm system in-
in the main member. Increased fastener bearing length in clude CLT panels, framing used as chords and collectors,
the main member is associated with improved ultimate and wood splines. Steel parts of the diaphragm system
load performance of individual fastener connections due include chords and collectors, steel splines, and straps
to improved withdrawal resistance with greater penetra- and plates used as boundary element splices.
tions. Ultimate failure for in-plane diaphragm shear con- The design force increase factor of 2.0 is applied to
nections at loads in excess of the diaphragm shear con- the forces induced by the diaphragm design loads for all
nection yield limit state may include withdrawal of the wood elements, steel parts, and chord splice connections
fastener from the wood, fastener head pull through the as a default with exceptions. The first exception allows
side member, wood failure such as splitting and row tear use of a design force increase factor of 1.5 on diaphragm
out, and fastener failure in tension or combined tension design wind loads for design of wood elements and
and bending. wood splice connections. The second exception allows
In typical applications where diaphragm shear fas- use of design force increase factors of 1.5 (for seismic)

and 1.0 (for wind) for chord splice connections which estimate of the average diaphragm shear strength margin
utilize dowel‐type fasteners calculated to have Mode IIIs and steel part yield stress limit states as follows:
or Mode IV yielding in recognition of the similarity of
strength and stiffness in those connections when com-
pared to the in‐plane diaphragm shear connections also
limited to Mode IIIs or Mode IV yielding. As mentioned
previously, the design force increase factor does not ap-
ply for the design of dowel-type fastener connections that
establish the nominal unit shear capacity (see Eq. C4.5-
1) (e.g., dowel-type fastener connections at splines for
diaphragm shear transfer between adjacent CLT panel
edges and dowel-type fastener connections between CLT
panel edges and supporting elements for diaphragm shear
transfer).
Design force increase factors for wood elements
(i.e., 2.0 for seismic and 1.5 for wind) are based on con-
sideration of the target minimum strength margin for
diaphragm shear for wind and seismic loads and wood
strength limit states as follows:
The design force increase factor for wood elements

and wood splice connections resisting wind loads per
SDPWS 4.5.4 (3) Exception 1 is based on the 1.5 factor
derived for the wood strength limit states (see Equation
C4.5-2). The design force increase factor for chord splice
connections which utilize dowel‐type fasteners and that
calculate to have Mode IIIs or Mode IV yielding (i.e.,
1.5 for seismic and 1.0 for wind) per SDPWS 4.5.4 (3)
Exception 2 is based on consideration of the estimated
average diaphragm shear strength margin and the esti-
mated average chord splice connection strength margin
as follows:
The design force increase factor for steel parts (i.e.,

2.0 for seismic and wind) is based on consideration of an

The design force increase factor for chord splice con-

nections which utilize dowel‐type fasteners that calculate
to have Mode IIIs or Mode IV yielding of 1.0 is specified
for wind design in SDPWS 4.5.4 (3) Exception 2. The
design force increase factor of 1.5 is specified for seis-
mic design in SDPWS 4.5.4 (3) Exception 2 to account
for potential differences in strength and stiffness perfor-
mance of diaphragm shear connections and diaphragm
chord splice connections at force levels in excess of de-
sign seismic forces. The specified 1.5 design force in-
crease factor for seismic is intended to a) protect against
occurrence of large deformations in chord splice con-
nections relative to diaphragm shear connections which
could reduce effectiveness of diaphragm shear fasteners
for shear resistance, and b) protect against potential for
average strength margin in chord splice connections to be
less than estimated which could reduce effectiveness of
diaphragm shear fasteners for shear resistance and limit
ability of the diaphragm to achieve the target minimum
strength margin above design demand.
C
C4.6 Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Shear Walls

General requirements for cross-laminated timber do not meet requirements of Appendix B, are alternatives
(CLT) shear walls include consideration of shear wall subject to the approval of the authority having jurisdic-
deflection (discussed in 4.6.2) and strength (discussed tion. Such alternatives, where used for seismic force re-
in 4.6.3) and are predicated on using products that are sistance, are associated with a prescribed limitation on
in compliance with the product standards referenced in seismic design category, structural height, and seismic
this Standard. Requirements for CLT shear walls are design coefficients unless other values are approved (per
contained in Appendix B for two configurations of CLT SDPWS 4.6.3.2 Exception). The Exception language is
shear walls that have been tested and evaluated for seis- based on similar criteria for sheathed wood frame shear
mic force resistance: i) Cross Laminated Timber Shear walls where sheathing is attached with adhesives; where
Wall (CLT panel aspect ratio from 2:1 to 4:1) and ii) the criteria address concerns related to brittle response as
Cross Laminated Timber Shear Wall with Shear Resis- well as intent to set a conservative seismic design coef-
tance Provided by High Aspect Ratio Panels Only (CLT ficients (i.e., R, Cd, and Ω0) if such systems are used in
panel aspect ratio of 4:1). Other shear walls utilizing CLT low to moderate seismic design categories.

124 SDPWS COMMENTARY: APPENDIX B

Commentary to Appendix B
C-B.1 Scope tion precludes application for balloon frame construction
associated with multi-story clear-height wall panels. For
Requirements for CLT shear walls are based on re- gable end wall conditions, the requirement for wall pan-
search that demonstrates adequate adjusted collapse mar- els of the same height necessitates a configuration of wall
gin ratios using the FEMA P695 methodology (66, 79). panels of the same height in the story below the gable
CLT shear wall design requirements are intended to pro- end while the “triangular” gable end wall portion can be
duce yielding of nails and metal connectors at CLT panel composed of CLT wall panels or other elements designed
edges, and combined rocking and sliding behavior of in- as the collector.
dividual wall panels prior to occurrence of the ultimate The design method requires similar detailing (i.e.,
shear wall strength limit state associated with nailed con- minimum panel aspect ratio and shear connections) for
nection failure. CLT shear walls can be in single panel all CLT wall panels, whether part of the designated lat-
or multi-panel configurations. Design unit shears are as- eral force-resisting system or not, to promote deforma-
sociated with uniform spacing of prescribed connectors tion compatibility with the CLT shear wall system up to
at the bottom of the panel, top of the panel and at verti- the point of failure. CLT wall panels that are not part of
cal edges of multi-panel shear walls. Typical single panel the designated lateral force-resisting system are expected
and multi-panel wall configurations are shown in Figure to be present in addition to the CLT shear walls desig-
C-B.1 and examples of typical connection details are de- nated as the vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting
picted in Table C-B.2. While angle connectors at top and system. In general, such added wall elements are con-
bottom are shown on one face of the CLT wall panel only, sidered to reduce in-plane shear demands on the LFRS
it is permissible to place connectors on both faces and for and improve the strength and stiffness of the building
as a whole, much like the presence of sheathed walls in
C
the minimum requirement of two connectors per panel to
be on opposite faces of the CLT wall panel. Multi-panel excess of the designed shear walls in a sheathed wood-
frame shear wall structure. However, such added wall
COMMENTARY TO APPENDIX B
shear walls are formed by individual panels having the
same aspect ratio to promote deformation compatibility elements may produce adverse effects on the structural
within the shear wall. The design and detailing require- system response that must also be considered in design of
ments produce yielding of the prescribed nailed connec- the structural system, including but not limited to the dis-
tions and rocking behavior in the shear wall as depicted tribution of forces and load path to elements of the struc-
in Figure C-B.2 when subjected to in-plane shear forces. tural system, which may require strengthening relative to
Details of Table C-B.2 do not incorporate concrete floor a design that does not account for the interaction with
toppings for clarity of illustrating connector requirements CLT wall panels that are not designated as shear walls. In
for in-plane shear loading and added fastening for out-of- addition, consideration must be given to the potential for
plane loads. A clear space should be provided between CLT wall panels not designated as shear walls to create
such toppings and the vertical and horizontal legs of the structural irregularities such as a weak story irregularity,
connector to avoid inhibiting connector deformation torsional irregularity, in-plane discontinuity in vertical
(e.g., bending, tension and rotation) under in-plane shear lateral force-resisting element irregularity, and out-of-
loading of the shear wall. plane offset irregularity.
A suggested method for evaluating the structure for
the presence of ASCE 7 structural irregularities involves
C-B.2 Application Requirements consideration of two separate cases representing bound-
ing values of strength and stiffness contributed by the
The CLT shear wall lateral force-resisting system CLT panels that are not part of the designated seismic
(LFRS) is intended for use in platform construction force resisting system (SFRS): (1) considering elements
where all individual wall panels are single-story clear- that are part of the designated SFRS alone, and (2) con-
height panels and the CLT floor panels are designed as sidering elements not part of the designated SFRS in
the floor diaphragm. Elements of the gravity framing sys- combination with the elements that are part of the des-
tem can include but need not be limited to CLT walls, ignated SFRS. Per this method, the bounding values of
beams and columns, and light-frame walls. The required strength for CLT panels that are designated as not part
use of the CLT shear wall LFRS in platform construc-

of the SFRS range from a minimum of zero in Case 1 to ties can be triggered for CLT wall panels whether part of
a maximum equal to shear wall strength associated with the designated SFRS or not part of the designated SFRS.
full overturning restraint in Case 2. For some structural
irregularities, placement criteria, rather than structural
distribution of strength and stiffness, can trigger an ir-
regularity (e.g., out-of-plane offset, in-plane discontinu-
ity and non-parallel system irregularity). Such irregulari-
Figure C-B.1 Typical Shear Wall for a) Single Panel Configuration, and b) Multi-panel Configuration
CLT wall panels with the prescribed nailed connec- tive design approaches may entail detailing of CLT wall
tors are expected to contribute strength and stiffness over panels to either isolate them from resisting in-plane shear
the full range of displacement expected of the CLT shear forces or to minimize their resistance to in-plane shear
walls as seen in testing results of CLT shear walls with forces (such as through use of slotted holes to promote
similar nailed connectors with and without hold-downs sliding, rocking, or both) while also providing equiva-
(65). The extent to which CLT wall panels that are not lent deformation capacity to CLT wall panels with the
part of the designated LFRS add strength and stiffness prescribed in-plane shear connections. Where such al-
depends on the level of overturning restraint provided to ternative approaches are used, effects of the alternative
the individual wall panels through dead load and over- design for CLT wall panels that are not part of the LFRS
turning restraint by surrounding elements. The design (including those associated with strength and stiffness of
requirements conservatively prescribe that the strength the alternative design elements) must be considered in
and stiffness contribution of such walls, for purposes of the design of the structural system.
determining their adverse effect on the structural system, Loads are distributed to shear walls within the wall
be taken as equal to a shear wall with full overturning re- line based on the stiffness determined using SDPWS
straint provided at wall ends. It is recognized that alterna- Equation B-1 for each shear wall within the wall line. For

distribution of shear to vertical elements of the LFRS, a equivalent shear capacity to that of the angle connectors at
diaphragm can be idealized as flexible, idealized as rigid, the top and bottom of the CLT shear wall. The prescribed
or modeled as semi-rigid in accordance with the require- connectors have been tested both as part of a shear wall
ments of the ASCE 7 12.3 and SDPWS 4.1.7. and as individual components under uplift loading and
shear loading. Testing employed bolts in the horizontal
leg of the connectors. Lag screws are prescribed as an
C-B.3 CLT Shear Wall alternative with strength in shear and uplift capable of
Requirements developing the tested strength of the nailed connector.
Design of CLT shear walls and associated load paths
CLT shear wall requirements include use of CLT is in accordance with the basic load combinations of
panels of prescribed aspect ratios; use of prescribed ASCE 7 (load combinations without overstrength) except
nailed connectors at bottoms of panels, tops of panels, where otherwise required by this standard. Hold-down
and adjoining vertical edge(s) of multi-panel shear walls; requirements are intended for two common hold-down
a minimum required capacity for overturning tension de- systems – continuous tie-rod systems and conventional
vices; and compression zone length requirements. hold-down devices. For both, the required design for 2
The prescribed angle connectors at the top and bot- times the forces associated with the design unit shear
tom of panels and nailed plate connectors at the adjoining capacity of the CLT shear wall is consistent with level
vertical edge of multi-panel shear walls have been evalu- of overstrength in the hold-down system in CLT shear
ated under fully-reversed cyclic testing of shear walls and wall testing and is intended to ensure shear strength in
should not be modified or substituted without verifica- excess of the specified nominal strength of the shear con-
tion of equivalent shear wall performance by cyclic test- nections can be developed. A device elongation limit of
ing of shear walls that evaluates simultaneous uplift and 0.185 inches for strength design is required to be met at
shear loading of the connectors. For the prescribed angle each story level to avoid concentration of device elonga-
connector, observed failure from shear wall testing was tion in one level and is based on consideration of ICC- C
due to combined nail bending, nail withdrawal from the ES evaluation criteria limits for conventional hold-down
wood, and limited occurrence of combined bending/ten- devices attached to wood members and continuous rod
sion failure of the nail, without metal connector failure. tie-down systems used to resist wind uplift in light-frame
The prescribed connectors for the vertical edge provide wood walls (82, 83).
Figure C-B.2 Rotation of Individual Panels in a CLT Shear Wall

Figure C-B.3 Combined Shear and Gravity Loading and Geometry for CLT Shear Wall Composed of
Multiple CLT Panels (e.g., Multi-panel Shear Wall), a) Compression End and Tension End
Panel Circled, and b) Illustration of Individual CLT Panel Overturning and Opposing
Internal Shears at Adjacent Vertical Edges Due to In-plane Unit Shear Loading

Under in-plane unit shear loading, individual CLT For the compression end panel depicted in Figure
panels within a CLT shear wall designed and detailed C-B.3, the compression force from summation of mo-
in accordance with Appendix B will rotate as shown in ment about O is:
Figure C-B.2. For purposes of determining tension force,
T, and compression force, C, static equilibrium is based
on consideration of the tension end panel and compres-
sion end panel depicted in Figure C-B.3. Consistent with
individual panel rotation behavior as opposed to over-
turning as a rigid body whole, the static analysis of in-
dividual panels is employed in determination of T and
C forces. The contribution of dead load in the overturn-
ing design is specifically limited to only that dead load
tributary to the individual panel and to elements aligned
directly above the panel of interest per Figure C-B.3. The
dead load includes reactions from headers, beams, and
similar elements when they are supported by the panel
of interest. Vertical load reactions from floors above are
to be applied to each panel of interest as C and T reac-
tions for end panels and C reactions for interior panels,
as applicable. As a result of this assumption of individual
panel overturning, the overturning induced tension force
is larger and overturning induced compression force is The compression force associated with the length of
smaller than T and C forces associated with overturning the compression zone, assuming a uniform stress distri-
the wall as a rigid monolith, primarily because the static bution (i.e., rectangular stress distribution) in the com- C
analysis does not assume distributed gravity loading over pression zone, is determined by the following equations:
the length of the wall can be mobilized via a whole-wall
rigid body assumption to reduce the T force or increase
the C force.
For the tension end panel depicted in Figure C-B.3,
the tension force from summation of moment about point
O is:
The bearing resistance in Equation C-B.4 is based on

the compression perpendicular to grain stress associated
with the CLT floor panel or wood bottom plate support-
ing the wall. The bearing resistance in Equation C-B.5 is
based on the design axial stress associated with the CLT
wall panel parallel to grain layers and is applicable where
designed compression zone elements are used to transfer

such forces as opposed to being limited by compression tical connector spacing in accordance with SDPWS B.3.3
perpendicular to grain bearing stress in the floor panel. which requires the same average vertical connector spac-
The designed compression zone force transfer detail ing with rounding as used for the top and bottom edges of
through the floor panel is likely to be used in cases with the CLT shear wall. The required number of connections
a combination of high axial compression loads and high at vertical and horizontal edges (i.e., the same average
aspect ratio panels for the purpose of limiting wall thick- spacing) provides balanced vertical and horizontal shear
ness increases associated with meeting compression zone and enables the intended rotation behavior of individual
length requirements. panels of a multi-panel shear wall when subjected to in-
The length of the uniform stress compression zone, plane unit shear loading.
x, to satisfy static equilibrium is determined by substitu-
tion of Equation C-B.4 or C-B.5 into Equation C-B.3 and C-B.3.6 Other Load Path Connections to CLT
solving for x. The solution for x limited by bearing stress
perpendicular to grain is provided in Equation C-B.6. Load path connections to CLT wall panels occur in
addition to those of the designated lateral force-resisting
system for in-plane shear resistance and include connec-
tions for out-of-plane wind and seismic forces and gen-
eral structural integrity. These additional load path con-
nections include attachment of wall panels to elements
above and below for out-of-plane forces, interconnection
of walls at intersections, and attachment of conventional
hold-down devices at wall ends.
Where the length of the compression zone, x, is The combined requirement for fastener yielding per
smaller than the length of the compression end panel, Mode IIIs or IV and compliance with NDS Appendix E
bs, a positive value under the root in Equation C-B.6 is ensures that added fastening provides a predictable yield-
produced and the resulting value of x can be used to de- ing mechanism with levels of overstrength similar to
termine a precise value of compression force, C, in accor- that provided by the prescribed connections for in-plane
dance with Equation C-B.3. A negative value under the shear resistance. Connections at the top and bottom of
root of Equation C-B.6 signifies the compression zone is wall for resistance to out-of-plane forces are in addition
not contained within the compression end panel. A pre- to prescribed angle connectors which do not have an
liminary check for whether adequate compression panel established design value for loads perpendicular to the
length is provided under unit shear loading alone (e.g., w plane of the wall. Connections at the top and bottom of
= CT = 0) can be obtained from Equation C-B.7. When wall meeting requirements for yielding in Mode IIIs or IV
Equation C-B.7 is not satisfied, a negative root will oc- are considered beneficial to in-plane shear wall strength
cur in Equation C-B.6 indicating inadequate compression and stiffness, which is already governed by nail yielding,
panel length. without degrading peak load and post-peak response of
the prescribed shear wall connectors.
To address the potential for excessive screw (e.g.,
wood screw and lag screw) attachment to inhibit the
rocking mechanism of the CLT panel due to high axial
The loading and geometry depicted in Figure C-B.3 stiffness and strength of screws loaded in withdrawal,
for tension end and compression end panels are for pur- screw attachment of top and bottom of wall connec-
poses of illustrating a method to calculate an appropriate tions to supporting elements is not permitted. Screws
T and C force for the system. Testing shows rotation of used in these locations are considered an alternative to
the compression end panel is primarily about the outer- the prescribed smooth shank dowel fasteners (see Table
most edge of the compression end panel – not about the C-B.2 Typical connection details) at the top and bottom
centroid of the calculated compression zone. As such, us- of wall locations and are subject to approval by the au-
ing the loading and geometry depicted in Figure C-B.3 thority having jurisdiction. Typical fastening will employ
for the compression end panel will underestimate the smooth shank nails or pins to resist out-of-plane forces.
moment arm and overestimate vertical edge forces when Details for anchoring the top and bottom of walls for out-
summing forces vertically at that location. Results of of-plane forces are not specifically prescribed to enable
such analysis should not be used to modify required ver- varying design options for meeting out-of-plane anchor-

C-B.3.7 CLT Shear Walls with Shear Resis- this limitation can be accommodated in single story and
tance Provided by High Aspect Ratio Panels multi-story construction with equal story height it may
Only not be practical to implement where story height varies.
In such cases, use of CLT shear walls with a permissible
CLT shear walls with shear resistance provided by range in aspect ratio from 2 to 4 should be considered.
high aspect ratio panels only is a specific configuration
of the CLT shear wall system where high aspect ratio is C-B.4 Shear Wall Deflection
defined as wall panel height to wall panel length ratio
of 4. Minor variations in actual panel aspect ratio of +/- The CLT shear wall deflection equation incorporates
2.5 percent are permissible such that actual panel aspect four primary components: individual wall panel bending,
ratio range is 3.9 to 4.1. All requirements applicable for individual wall panel shear, sliding, and rigid body over-
CLT shear walls are also applicable and additionally turning. Individual panel rotation is included for multi-
only CLT panels with aspect ratio of 4 are permissible as panel configurations. The deflection method accounts for
part of the designated shear wall system. CLT wall pan- the difference in observed stiffness of single and multi-
els of equal or greater aspect ratio are permissible when panel CLT shear walls tested as well as influence of in-
not used as part of the designated shear wall system to dividual panel aspect ratio on shear wall deflection. The
promote deformation compatibility of CLT wall panels equation does not account for potential stiffening effects
that are not designated as shear walls. Where the system of boundary elements such as intersecting wall, floor, and
used is “CLT shear walls with shear resistance provided roof elements. Components of shear wall deflection are
by high aspect ratio panels only”, it is required that the depicted in Figure C-B.4.
aspect ratio requirement be met in all shear walls. While
Figure C-B.4 Shear Wall Deflection Components Due to Panel Bending and Shear, Sliding Due to C
Fastener Slip, Rotation due to Fastener Slip at Vertical Edge Connections, and Rigid
Body Rotation

The panel shear deformation term utilizes inplane

shear stiffness, GAeff (in-plane), in units of pounds per inch
(lb/in). Example values of GAeff (in-plane) provided in Table
C-B.1 are calculated in accordance with Flaig M. and
Blass H. (64) per Equation C-B.10 and Equation C-B.11.
An alternative formulation for (EI)eff for a 5-layer

panel with equal thickness layers is adapted from Blass
and Fellmoser (63), see Equation C-B.9:
Figure C-B.5 Illustration of a1, a3, and a5 for a

5-layer panel

Table C-B.1 Example GAeff (in-plane) for in-plane shear1
The sliding term, V(nail load)/(135,000 D1.5), addresses connection, then vertical connection slip equals 0 inches.
sources of deformation in the connector including nails The final term in the deflection equation represents rigid
and bolts. The slip constant takes into account loading body rotation about the compression toe of the shear wall
perpendicular to the grain in the nailed connection. The and is the same as used for sheathed wood-frame shear
single nail diameter of 0.135 in. used for all the connec- walls. Vertical deformation of the wall hold-down sys-
tors in this study, allows the use of a simplified nail slip tem, Δa, is based on the induced overturning forces and
term, V(nail load)/(6700). The deflection equation also ex- includes sources of deflection such as fastener slip, de-
plicitly breaks out sliding from multi-panel rotation due vice elongation, rod elongation, uncompensated shrink-
to vertical connection slip. If there is no vertical edge age, and vertical compression deformation.

Table C-B.2 Typical Connection Details

Table C-B.2 Typical Connection Details (continued)



138 SDPWS COMMENTARY: REFERENCES

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Deflection of Stacked Multi-Storey Wood-Based 83. ICC-ES AC391 – Acceptance Criteria for Con-
Shear Walls, FPInnovations and the Canadian tinuous Rod Tie-Down Runs and Continuous
Wood Council. Rod Tie-Down Systems Used to Resist Wind
Uplift, International Code Council Evaluation
Service, Brea, CA, 92821

Special Design Provisions For Wind and Seismic With Commentary - American Wood Council (AWC) 2021

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Special Design Provisions For Wind and Seismic With Commentary - American Wood Council (AWC) 2021

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By downloading this file to your compute , youSPECIAL

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS

Updates and Errata

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

Special Design Provisions

First Web Release: November 2020

First Printing: December 2021

Copyright © 2020 by American Wood Council

LIST OF COMMENTARY TABLES

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

LIST OF COMMENTARY FIGURES

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

Table 3.2.1A Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

Table 3.2.1B Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

Table 3.2.2 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities (psf) for

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

In addition to gravity loads, wall framing shall be de-

3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness

3.2.1 Wall Sheathing No increases shall be permitted. Sheathing used in

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems

The proportioning, design, and detailing of engi-

3.4.2 Design Requirements

Uplift force resisting systems shall comply with the

1. Metal connectors, continuous tie rods, or other

Exception: Walls sheathed with wood structural panel

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

Table 4.2.2 Maximum Diaphragm Aspect Ratios .................................................... 18

Table 4.2.3 Diaphragm Deflection Equations.........................................................19

Table 4.3.3 Maximum Shear Wall Aspect Ratios.................................................31

Table 4.3.5.3 Unblocked Shear Wall Adjustment Factor, C(ub)...................................32

Table 4.3.5.6 Shear Capacity Adjustment Factor, Co..........................................34

Table 4.4.1 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or

Table 4.4.2 Nominal Uplift Capacity of Wood Structural Panel Sheathing or

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

4.1.3 Deformation Requirements a. Story-to-story wall heights shall not exceed

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

4.1.10 Toe-Nailed Connections

In seismic design categories D, E, and F, the capac-

4.2 Sheathed Wood-Frame Diaphragms

Sheathed wood-frame diaphragms shall be permit-

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

4.2.4 Shear Capacities 4

LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

4.2.5 Torsional Requirements