SOBREMONTE, REGINE I.

BS ARCHITECTURE-4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Shallow foundation Deep foundation

It will be on the surface of It will drive to lower soil

the ground level. layers such as pile and pier

Fig.1. Comparison of pressure distribution and soil disturbance

PILE FOUNDATION beneath spread and piled foundations (a) Spread foundation (b)
Single pile

Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, 2. FRICTION PILE
slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced
concrete, or sometimes timber. A foundation is described as piled when its This type of pile utilizes
depth is more than three times breadth (ref. Atkinson, 2007). the frictional resistance
force between
Although the use of pile foundation cost more than shallow 5 foundation, it the pile surface and
is combination of skin friction essential to be employed for some conditions. adjacent soil to transfer
Such Conditions Are Enumerated Below: the superstructure load.
Depending on the subsoil
strata condition,
resistance force due
to friction can develop in
a definite pile length of
on the full length.

Fig.9. Friction pile

Fig.2. The upper soil Fig.3. Bedrock is not Fig.4. Subjected to
layer is too weak encountered at a horizontal forces
reasonable 3. COMPACTION PILE
Are one of the potential methods for improving ground
stability, preventing liquefaction, reducing settlement and
similar applications. This method involves driving a
hollow steel pipe into the ground. The bottom is closed
with a collapsible plate down to the required depth and
then pipe is filled with sand. The pipe is withdrawn while the
air pressure is directed against the sand inside it.
Fig.5. Expansive & Fig.6. Foundations Fig.7. Bridge
collapsible soils below the water abutments and piers
extend to a great table are subjected are to avoid the
depth below the to uplifting forces possible loss of
ground surface bearing capacity

CLASSIFICATION OF PILE BASED ON FUNCTION

1. END BEARING PILE

Which is also known as point-
bearing piles, are used to transfer
superstructure load through low
bearing capacity soil to a strong.
End-bearing piles develop most of
their load-bearing capacity at the toe
of the pile, bearing on a
Fig.10. Compaction pile
hard layer of rock or very
dense soil and gravel.

The pile transmits the load through 4. TENSION PILE

soft, compressible strata directly onto
Also known as uplift piles or anchor piles, are a type
firm strata. This type
of pile foundation that is used to resist uplift forces that
of pile therefore acts in the same way
might otherwise cause it to be extracted from the ground.
as a column.
Uplift forces can develop as a result of hydrostatic
pressure, seismic activity or overturning moments.
Fig.8. End Bearing Piles
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE BASED ON MATERIAL
1. TIMBE PILES
Is an ideal material for piling. It has a high strength to weight
ratio, it is easy to handle, it is readily cut to length and trimmed
after driving.

Fig.11. Tension pile

5. ANCHOR PILE
Are piles used to resist uplift or inclined tensile? forces in the
surrounding ground. They are used as: (1)
Reaction piles for pile testing. (2) Piles to resist uplift forces from
flotation.
Fig.16. Timber Piles

PREPARATION OF TIMBER PILE IN THE SITE:

Timber piles To avoid To avoid the

cannot damage at damage to
withstand the bottom the top of the
hard driving of timber piles, a metal
stress, piles, steel band or a
Fig.12. Anchor pile
therefore shoes may cap may be
6. FENDER PILE be used used

These are used to protect water front structures against impact

from ships or other floating objects.

Fig.17. Protecting timber piles from decay (a) By precast concrete upper
Fig.13. Fender pile
section above water level (b) By extending pile cap below water level.

7. BETTER PILE
They are used for resist large horizontal forces or inclined
forces.

Fig.18. Protecting timber piles from splitting during driving (a) Protecting head
by mild steel hoop (b) Protecting toe by cast steel point.

Fig.14. Better pile

8. SHEET PILE
They are used as bulk heads or as impervious cutoff to reduce
seepage and uplift under hydraulic structures.

Fig.19. Driven Timber piles in

the site

Fig.15. Sheet pile on site

ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER PILE ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
▪ They can easily be extracted ▪ Can be subjected to hard driving.
▪ They are economical in cost. ▪ Corrosion resistant.
▪ They can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are ▪ Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure.
surrounded by saturated soil.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER PILES ▪ Difficult to achieve proper cutoff.
▪ Difficult to transport.
▪ Timber pile cannot withstand hard driving stress.
▪ The pile capacity is generally limited.
▪ Top of timber easy to damage during the driving ▪ CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
operation.
Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling
▪ Subject to attack by various organisms and insects.
it with concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b)
uncased. Both types may have a pedestal at the bottom.
▪ CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES

2. CONCRETE PILES Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with
concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b)
uncased. Both types may have a pedestal at the bottom

Concrete piles are precast, that is, made at ground level,

and then driven into the ground by hammering.

▪ PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

They have their principal use in marine and river structures,

i.e. in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles
Fig.23. top view of a Fig.24. Cast in place concrete pile
is impracticable or uneconomical. cast-in-place pile

▪ BULB PILES

They are special forms of cast-in-place concrete piles. It

forms a large base (bulb) during the driving process increases their
effectiveness in serving as an end bearing pile.

Fig.20. Precast Concrete Piles

Fig.25. Bulb Pile

▪ JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE PILES ▪ SHELL TYPES CAST-IN-PLACE PILES

Casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations
in the depth to a hard bearing stratum will be evident. These
drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles.
Consist of a permanent light gauge steel tube in diameters from
150 to 500 mm with wall thickness up to 6 mm and are internally
bottom driven by drop hammer. On reaching the bearing layer
the hammer is removed, any reinforcement inserted, and a high
slump concrete placed to produce the pile.

Fig.21. Typical locking pin joint Fig.22. Unseen breakage of

for precast concrete pile. precast concrete piles with
welded butt joints. Fig.26. The Taper Tube pile
 ▪ ROTARY DISPLACEMENT AUGER PILES
The soil is displaced and compacted as the auger head is
rotated into the ground to form the stable pile shaft, with little
soil being removed from the hole.
▪ SHOES FOR STEEL PILES
Shoes or other strengthening devices at the toe are needed for
tubular piles driven with open ends in easy to moderately easy
driving conditions. Where open-ended piles have to be driven
through moderately resistant layers to obtain deeper penetrations,
or where they have to be driven into weak rock, the toes should
be strengthened by welding-on a steel ring.

Fig.30. Strengthening shoe of Fig.31. Buckling and tearing of

Fig.27. Bulb Pile
ADVANTAGES OF CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
▪ Relatively low cost.
▪ Allow for inspection before pouring concrete.
▪ Easy of length variation.
▪ Minimal ground vibrations during installation.
tubular steel pile by cruciform welded-on external stiffening ring
plates to tubular steel pile driven on to
sloping rock surface
4. COMPOSITE PILES
Combinations of bored piles with driven piles can be used to
overcome problems resulting from particular site or ground
conditions such as the problem of timber piles above ground-
water level. In this pile advantage is taken of durability of
concrete piles and the cheapest of timber pile.

DISADVANTAGES OF CAST-INPLACE CONCRETE PILES

▪ The uncertainty of the shape and condition of the

constructed pile.
▪ The cast components may be damaged during driving.
▪ Difficult to splice after concreting.
▪ Steel casings (temporary or permanently) and
reinforcing cages may also be required.
▪ Cast-in-place concrete pile lengths are limited by the
drilling equipment used.

3. STEEL PILES
Are either pipe pile or rolled section steel H- section piles.
Pipe pile can be driven into the ground with their ends open or Fig.32. Different stages in construction of composite piles
close. Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used
as piles. H-section piles are usually preferred because their web
and flange thickness are equal. 4. SAND PILES
These piles are formed by making hole in ground and fill with
the sand and well rammed. The sand to be used should be moist
at time of placing. Bore hole diameter usually 30 cm. length of
sand pile is kept about 12 times its diameter. The top of sand pile
is filled with concrete. Sand pile are placed at 2 to 3 m spacing.
Load test should be carried out determining the bearing
capacity of sand pile. Properly compacted sand pile can carry
load up to 100 tone/m2 or more.

Fig.28. Shape of Steel Piles

Fig.29. Shape of Steel Piles

Fig.33. Shape of Steel Piles
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE BASED ON METHOD OF 4. SCREW PILE
INSTALLATION
Sometimes referred to as screw anchors, screw-piles, helical
1. DRIVEN PILE piles, and helical anchors are a steel screw-in piling and ground
anchoring system used for building deep foundations. Screw
These piles are driven into ground by applying blow with a
piles are manufactured using varying sizes of tubular hollow
heavy hammer. Timber, steel and precast concrete pile are
sections for the pile or anchors shaft.
installed by driving.

Fig.39. Screw pile

5. JACKED PILE
These piles are jacked into the ground by applying a
Fig.34. Placement of Fig.35. Installation of Fig.36. Repetition of
Pile
downward force by a hydraulic jack.
Pile Process

2. DRIVEN AND CAST-IN-SITU PILE

These piles are formed by driving a casing with a closed
bottom end into the soil. The casing is later filled with concrete.
• The casing may or may not be withdrawn.

Fig.40. Jacked pile

Fig.37. Driven and Cast-In-Situ Pile on site

6. UNDER REAMED PILE
An under reamed pile is bored cast-in-situ concrete pile
having one or more bulbs or under reamed in its lower level.
3. BORE AND CAST-IN-SITU PILE
These piles are formed by excavating a hole into the ground
and then filling it with concrete.

Fig.41. Single bulb cast-in-situ Fig.42. Multi bulb pile

Fig.38. Bore and Cast-In-Situ Pile on site pile