Various Double Curvature

SHELL
STRUCTURE A thin shell is defined as a shell with a
thickness which is small compared to its other
dimensions and in which deformations are not large
compared to thickness. a primary difference between
a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the
unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as
opposed to the plates structure which is flat.

EXAMPLE OF SHELL STRUCTURE: SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE DESIGNED BY JØRN UTZON

Types and Forms of Shell Structures:

Advantages:
The curved shapes often used for
concrete shells are naturally strong
Folded Plate Barrel Shell Hyperbolic Paraboloid Dome structures, Shell allowing wide areas to be
spawned without the use of internal
supports, giving an open, unobstructed
interior, the use of concrete as a building
material reduces both materials cost and
the construction cost, as concrete is
Combination Shell Translation Shell Wrap Surfaces relatively inexpensive and easily cast into
compound curves.

The Sydney opera house spans up to 64 ft. The arches are supported by over 350
km of tensioned steel cable. The shells weight a total of 15 tons.
Disadvantages:
Various Double Curvature
Since concrete is porous materials,
concrete domes often have issues with
Materials: sealing. If not treated, rainwater can seep
through the roof and leak into the interior
of the building. On the other hand, the
seamless construction of concrete domes
prevents from air escaping. The shells were perceived as a series of parabolas as supported by precast concrete rib.
The design team went 12 iterations of the form of the shells trying to find an economically
Glass Reinforced Thin-Shell Steel acceptable form (including schemes with parabolas, circular ribs, and ellipsoids.) In Mid-
Concrete 1961, the design team found a solution to the problem: the shells all being created as sections
from a sphere. This solution allows arches varying, length to be cast in a common mould, and
a number of arch segments of common length to be placed adjacent to one another, to form a
spherical section.

Glass & Steel Plastic

 Various Double Curvature

MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
According to their definition, membrane
structures carry loads by membrane forces only, with no
or only insignificant bending. If tensile and compressive
membrane forces are permitted, we speak of shells. If
the compressive forces are eliminated, we speak of
tensile membrane structures. Their aim is to actually '
realize the surface itself with a material which is able to
carry tensile forces only, in order to achieve extreme
lightness or even translucence.

EXAMPLE OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE: WATER CUBE IN BEIJING DESIGNED BY CHRIS BOSSE & ROB
LESLIE-CARTER
Types Membrane:
The Riyadh Stadium, If we exclude a preloading of the structure with mass or weight
as done in case of hanging roofs, there remain two basic methods to apply the necessary
prestress: mechanical prestress of the surface applied from its periphery and pneumatic
pressure, the first leading to surfaces with negative Gaussian curvature or saddle shapes the
second to positive Gaussian curvature or dome shapes. Of course tensile forces can only be
reached in the surface or membrane itself, the supporting structures for equilibrium
Square Net Triangular Net necessarily contain compressed membranes as well, masts, compression rings, etc.

The Riyadh Stadium

Textile Membrane Thin Metal Sheet Membrane

Materials:

The Arena in Zaragoza

PTFE Coated Glass Fiber PVC Coated

PVC Foil.
Fabric; Foils Like Polyester Fabric

Translucent
PVC Coated Glass Polyethylene Fabric ETFE Foil
Fiber Fabric
The Olympic Stadium Montreal