Name –Kavya Sharma

Class 1/C
Roll no-180BARCH037
TYPES OF SLABS
Slabs are constructed to provide flat
surfaces, usually horizontal in building
floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of
structures. The slab may be supported by
walls or by reinforced concrete beams
usually cast monolithically with the slab or
by structural steel beams or by columns,
or by the ground. Slabs are classified into
16 types.
  Reduce the moment in the slab by
Flat Slab: reducing the clear or effective
The flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab span.
supported directly by concrete columns or Disadvantages of Flat slab:
caps. Flat slab doesn’t have beams so it is
also called as beam-less slab. They are  In flat plate system, it is not
supported on columns itself. Loads are possible to have large span.
directly transferred to columns. In this  Not suitable for supporting brittle
type of construction, a plain ceiling is (masonry) partitions.
obtained thus giving attractive  Higher slab thickness.
appearance from an architectural point of
There are four different types of concrete
view. The plain ceiling diffuses the light
Flat Slabs:-
better and is considered less vulnerable in
the case of fire than the traditional beam  Slab without drop and column
slab construction. The flat slab is easier to without column head(capital).
construct and requires less formwork. This  Slab with drop and column without
is one of the types of concrete slabs. column head.
 Slab without drop and column with
The thickness of the Flat slab is minimum
column head.
8″ or 0.2m.
 Slab with drop and column with
Flat Slabs are used at: column head.
 To provide plain ceiling surface
giving better diffusion of light
 Easy constructability with the
economy in the formwork
 Larger headroom or shorter storey
height & pleasing appearance.
 This kind of slabs are provided in
parking
 Flat slabs are generally used in
parking decks, commercial
buildings, hotels or places where
beam projections are not desired.
Advantages of Flat Slab:

 It minimizes floor-to-floor heights

when there is no requirement for a
deep false ceiling. Building height
can be reduced
 Auto sprinkler is easier.
 Less construction time.
 It increases the shear strength of
the slab.

Conventional Slab
The slab which is supported on Beams and
columns is called conventional slab. In this
kind, the thickness of slab is small
whereas depth of the beam is large and
load is transferred to beams and then to
columns. It requires more formwork when
compared with the flat slab. In
conventional type of slab there is no need
of providing column caps. The thickness
of conventional slab is 4″ or 10cm. 5″ to
6″ inches is recommended if the concrete
will receive occasional heavy loads, such
as motor homes or garbage trucks.
Example: Generally all the Cantilever slabs
are one Way slab. Chajjas and verandahs
are a practical example of one way slab.
2. Two Way Slab:
Two way slab is supported by beams on all
the four sides and the loads are carried by
the supports along both directions, it is
known as two way slab. In two way slab,
the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span
(b) is less than 2. The slabs are likely to
bend along both the directions to the four
supporting edges and hence distribution
reinforcement is provided in both the
directions.

Based on length and breadth of In this kind of slab, the length and breadth
Conventional Slab is classified into two of the slab are more than 4m. To resist
types: the formation of stresses distribution bars
are provided at both the ends in two way
1. One Way Slab: slab.
One way slab is supported by beams on These types of slabs are used in
the two opposite sides to carry the load constructing floors of multi-storeyed
along one direction. The ratio of longer building.
span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or
greater than 2, considered as One-way
slab. In this type slab will bend in one
direction i.e. in the direction along its
shorter span. However minimum
reinforcement known as distribution steel
is provided along the longer span above
the main reinforcement to distribute the
load uniformly and to resist temperature
and shrinkage stresses.
In general length of the slab is 4m. But in
one way slab one side length is 4m and
another side length is more than 4m. So it
satisfies the above equation. Main
reinforcement is provided in shorter span
and distribution reinforcement is provided
in longer span. Distribution bars are
cranked to resist the formation of
stresses.
Hollow core ribbed Slab or  Easy to install and requires less
labour.
Hollow core slab:-  Fast in construction
 No additional formwork or any
Hollow core ribbed slabs derive their
special construction machinery is
name from the voids or cores which run
required for reinforcing the hollow
through the units. The cores can function
block masonry.
as service ducts and significantly reduce
the self-weight of the slabs, maximizing Hollow core slab Disadvantages:
structural efficiency. The cores also have a
 If not properly handled, the hollow
benefit in sustainability terms in reducing
core ribbed slab units may be
the volume of concrete used. Units are
damaged during transport.
generally available in standard 1200 mm
widths and in depths from 110mm to 400  It becomes difficult to produce
mm. There is total freedom in length of satisfactory connections between
units. These type of slabs are Pre casted the precast members.
and it is used where the construction has  It is necessary to arrange for
to be done fast. special equipment for lifting and
moving of the precast units.
 Not economic for small spans.
The hollow core ribbed slabs have  Difficult to repair and strengthen
between four and six longitudinal cores
running through them, the primary
purpose of the cores being to decrease
the weight, and material within the floor,
yet maintain maximal strength. To further
increase the strength, the slabs are
reinforced with 12mm diameter steel
strand, running longitudinally. This is one
of the types of concrete slabs.

Hollow core slab Advantages:

 Hollow core ribbed slab not only

reduces building costs it also
reduce the overall weight of the
structure.
 Excellent fire resistance and sound
insulation are another attributes of
hollow core slab due to its
thickness.
 It eliminates the need to drill in
slabs for electrical and plumbing
units.
 thermacol in it. Thermacol is the best
insulator of sunlight.

Advantages of Hardy Slab:

 Reducing slab weight by reducing

the amount of concrete below
neutral axis.
 Ease of construction, especially
when all beams are hidden beams.
 Economic for spans > 5m with
moderate live load: hospitals,
office and residential buildings.
 Improved insulation for sound and
heat.
Disadvantages of Hardy Slab:

 If not properly handled, the hollow

core ribbed brick units may be
damaged during transport.
 Not economic for small spans.
 Difficult to repair and strengthen
Hardy Slab:-  Hardy slabs are further classified
into two types:
Hardy slab is constructed by hardy Bricks.
 One way Hardy Slab
Hardy bricks are hollow bricks and made
 Two way Hardy slab
up of concrete Hollow blocks. These
blocks are used to fill portions of the slab.
Hardy slabs saves the amount of concrete
and hence the own weight of the slab is
reduced. This kind of slab has a more
thickness 0.27m when compared with the
conventional one. The method of
installing Hardy slab is different from
normal and it is clearly explained below:
The dimensions of Hardy brick is 40cm x
20cm x 20cm
Hardy slab is used where temperatures
are very high. To resist the temperature
from top of the slab thickness is increased.
The heat coming from walls are resisted
by using special bricks which has
 often used for industrial and commercial
buildings while wood and metal waffle
slabs are used in many other construction
sites. This is a one of the types of concrete
slabs.

Types of Waffle slabs:

Based on the shape of Pods (PVC Trays)
They are classified into different types
some of them are:

 Triangular pod system

 Square pod system
Advantages of Waffle slabs:

 Waffle slabs are able to carry

heavier loads and span longer
distances than flat slabs as these
systems are light in weight.
 Waffle slab can be used as both
ceiling and floor slab.
 Suitable for spans of 7m – 16m ;
Waffle Slab:- longer spans may be possible with
posttensioning.
Waffle slab is a reinforced concrete roof
 These systems are light in weight
or floor containing square grids with deep
and hence considerable saving is
sides and it is also called as grid slabs. This
ensured in the framework as the
kind of slab is majorly used at the
light framework is required
entrance of hotels, Malls, Restaurants for
good pictorial view and to install artificial Disadvantages of Waffle slabs:
lighting. This a type of slab where we find
 Waffle slab is not used in typical
a hollow hole in the slab when the
construction projects.
formwork is removed. Firstly PVC trays
 The casting forms or moulds
(pods) are placed on shuttering then
required for pre- cast units are
reinforcement is provided between the
very costly and hence only
pods and steel mesh is provided at top of
economical when large scale
the pods and then concrete is filled. After
production of similar units are
concrete sets, the formwork is removed
desired.
and PVC pods are not removed. This forms
 Construction requires strict
a hollow hole in it in which hole is closed
supervision and skilled labour.
at one end. The concrete waffle slab is
Dome Slab:-
These kind of slab is generally constructed
in temples, Mosques, palaces etc. And
Dome slab is built on the conventional
slab. Thickness of Dome slab is 0.15m.
Domes are in the semi-circle in shape and
shuttering is done on a conventional slab
in a dome shape and concrete is filled in
shuttering forming dome shapes. This is a
one of the types of concrete slabs.
  This slab gives you internal storage
or room space.
 It is less likely to leak.
 Roof coverings are cheaper.
 If it is a standard pitch, building
materials are more cost-effective
Disadvantages of Pitched roof type of
Slab:

 This type of slabs are not

suggested for long spans.
 Repairs in slabs ike plumbing
repair or electric wiring on slabs is
difficult.

Pitch roof slab:

Pitch roof is an inclined slab, generally
constructed on resorts for a natural look.
Compared to traditional roofing materials
Tile-sheets used in pitch roof slab are
extremely lightweight. This weight saving
reduces the timber or steel structural
requirements resulting in significant cost
savings. Tile-sheets are tailor made for
each project offering labour cost savings
and reduced site wastage. And the
thickness of the slab is depends on the
tiles we using it may be 2″-8″. This is a one
of the types of concrete slabs.

Advantages of Pitched roof type of Slab:

 Pitched roof sheds off rain water

better.
 They were originally built by stone or brick
but these days these are built by
reinforced concrete or steel. The
introduction of these new materials allow
arch bridges to be longer with lower
spans. This is a one of the types of
concrete slabs.

Slab with Arches:

This is a type of slabs which is generally
adopted in the construction of bridges.
Bridges are subjected to two loads moving
load from the vehicles and Wind load.
These slabs are adopted at a place where
there is a need of redirecting wind load
and if there is a long curve in direction of
slab these slabs are adopted. It resists the
fall of the bridge due to heavy wind load.
 concrete in tension and to make better
use of its strength in compression. The
principle is easily observed when holding
together several books by pressing them
laterally.
In this type of slab, cables are tied instead
of reinforcement. In Steel reinforcement,
the spacing between bars is 4inch to 6inch
where as in Post tension slab the spacing
is more than 2m.
Advantages of Post tension slab:

 It allows slabs and other structural

members to be thinner.
 It allows us to build slabs on
expansive or soft soils.
 Cracks that do form are held
tightly together.
 Post tension slabs are excellent
ways to construct stronger
structures at an affordable price.
 It reduces or eliminates shrinkage
cracking-therefore no joints, or
fewer joints, are needed
 It lets us design longer spans in
elevated members, like floors or
beams.
Disadvantages of Post tension slab:

 The post tension slab can be made

 The main problem with using post
Post tension slab:
The slab which is tensioned after
constructing slab is called Post tension
slab. Reinforcement is provided to resist
the compression. In Post tension slab the
reinforcement is replaced with cables/
steel tendons.
Post-Tensioning provides a means to
overcome the natural weakness of
only by skilful professionals.
tension slab is that if care is not
taken while making it, it can lead
to future mishaps. Many a times,
ignorant workers do not fill the
gaps of the tendons and wiring
completely. These gaps cause
corrosion of the wires which may
break untimely, leading to some
failures unexpectedly.
Pre Tension Slab:
The slab which is tensioned before placing
the slab is called Pre tension slab. The slab
has same features of Post tensioning.
 more and difficulty in building columns.
The slabs are tied with cables and these
cables are joined to columns.

Cable suspension slab:

If the span of the slab is very long, then
we go for cable suspension slab which is
supported on cable such as London
bridge, Howrah bridge etc. Generally, in
the construction of houses for every 4m,
we provide a column whereas in cable
suspension slab for every 500m we
provide a column. This kind of slab is
provided where the length of the span is
 The slab which provided above the door
for storage purpose is called Low roof
slab. Slab is closed at all ends and open at
one end. This slab lies below the actual
slab and above the door sill level. These
types of concrete slabs are used in
houses.

Low roof slab:

Projected slab:
The slab which has one side fixed and the
other side is free is called as Projected
Slab or Cantilever slab. These type of slabs
are generally constructed in hotels,
Universities, function halls, etc. to use that
area for dropping or picking up zone and
for loading and unloading area. This is a
one of the types of concrete slabs.
 ground slab which use majorly in
India.
 In high rise buildings after
constructing Plinth beam the
termite control is done in between
the beams and then polythene
sheet is laid to avoid termites
inside the slab and then steel mesh
is provided and concrete is filled.
This costs more when compared
with the previous one and requires
more concrete than the first one.

Grads Slab/ Slab on

grade:
The slab which is casted on the surface of
the earth is called a Ground slab. This type
of slab is used in the Basement floor.
There are two types of Grade slabs:

 Usually after casting Plinth beams.

Sand is filled at an height of 0.15m
and then Sand level is rammed.
Then PCC is poured on sand upto a
height of Plinth beams. Its an
economic way of constructing
Sunken Slab:
Slab which is provided below the
washrooms to hide the sewage pipes or
sewerage pipes is called sunken slab. In
this type, the pipes that carry water are
concealed below the floor. Special care
has to be taken to avoid leakage
problems. After casting sewage pipes in
the slab the slab is filled with coal or
broken pieces of bricks. There are two
types of the sunken slab.
The slab which is provided below the
normal floor level at a depth of 200mm to
300 mm and filled with broken pieces of
bricks is called sunken slab.
The Slab which is provided above the
normal floor level at a height of 200mm to
300mm and filled with coal or broken
pieces of bricks called sunken slab.

Miscellaneous Slabs:
Room Chajja or Loft:
This kind of chajja (Slab) is provided in
drawing rooms and kitchen for storing
House material. The usual difference
between low roof slab and Room chajja is
Low roof slab hides house material and
whereas Room Chajja or Loft doesn’t
hides house material they are open and
provided above the door side. This is a
one of the types of concrete slabs.
Kitchen Slab:
The slab is provided in the kitchen for its
platform. For placing stove and other
kitchen material is called Kitchen Slab. It
has a breadth of 0.5m and length of wall
and thickness is 2″.
Lintels:
Lintels are provided inside building above
the doors and windows to re direct the
top load. There are two types of lintels.
Pre cast Lintels: Lintels which are
manufactured in factories is called Pre
cast Lintels.
Cast in situ: Lintels are casted at the site it
is called Cast in situ lintels.
The length of the lintel is more than door
length and has a width of the wall,
thickness of lintel is 0.1m
Sun Shade slab:
Sun Shade is provided outside building
above the Doors and windows are called
Sun shade slab. The slab stops rain to
come inside the building and direct
sunlight. This is a one of the types of
concrete slabs.
 Can be used as both ceiling and floor slab.
Used in the areas where less number of
columns are provided, i.e. it is basically
used in the areas which has huge spans.
Used for specialized projects that involve
clean rooms, spaces requiring seclusion
from low frequency vibration or those
needing low floor deflections.
The concrete grid slab is often used for
industrial and commercial buildings while
wood and metal waffle slabs are used in
many other construction sites.
This form of construction is used in
airports, parking garages, commercial and
industrial buildings, bridges, residences
and other structures requiring extra
stability.
The main purpose of employing this
technology is for its strong foundation
characteristics of crack and sagging
resistance. Grid slab also holds a greater
amount of load compared with
conventional concrete slabs.
Features of the Grid Slab

 They are used on flat sites.

 No beam excavation is required.
 No controlled or rolled fill is used.
 Cardboard slab panel/void formers
are used.
 Slab panels are on 1 metre grids
(Approximately).

GRIDS  Trench mesh or individual bars can

A grid slab is a type of building material
that has two directional reinforcement on
the outside of the material, giving it the
shape of the pockets on a waffle.
Where this system can be used?
be used. Slab thickness is 85 - 100
mm.
 Internal beams are 110 – 200 mm
wide.
 There is minimal concrete volume.
  No beam down drag from clay
(aboveground slab) occurs.
 Shrinkage of slab is lower than
stiffened rafts and footing slabs.
They use 30% less concrete than
stiffened raft.
 They use 20% less steel than
stiffened raft.
Benefits
 Flexible
 Relatively light, therefore
less
 foundation costs and
longer spans are
 economic
 Speed of construction
 Fairly slim floor depths
 Robustness
 Excellent vibration control
 Good for services
integration
 Durable finishes
 Fire resistance
Services Provided in Grid Slab
 Due to the holes in the grid
system following services can be
provided:
 Air-conditioning
 Plumbing
 Lighting
 Insulation Materials
 Wiring etc.

FRAMES
Portal frames are generally low-rise
structures, comprising columns and
horizontal or pitched rafters, connected
by moment-resisting connections.
Resistance to lateral and vertical actions is
provided by the rigidity of the connections
and the bending stiffness of the members,
which is increased by a suitable haunch or
deepening of the rafter sections. This form
of continuous frame structure is stable in
its plane and provides a clear span that is
unobstructed by bracing. Portal frames
are very common, in fact 50% of
constructional steel used in the UK is in
portal frame construction. They are very
efficient for enclosing large volumes,
therefore they are often used for
industrial, storage, retail and commercial
applications as well as for agricultural
purposes.
 Pitched roof symmetric portal
frame-Generally fabricated from
UB sections with a substantial
eaves haunch section, which may
be cut from a rolled section or
fabricated from plate. 25 to 35 m
are the most efficient spans.
 Portal frame with internal
mezzanine floor-Office
accommodation is often provided
within a portal frame structure
using a partial width mezzanine
floor.The assessment of frame
stability must include the effect of
the mezzanine; guidance is given in
SCI P292.
 Crane portal frame with column
brackets-Where a travelling crane
of relatively low capacity (up to say
20 tonnes) is required, brackets
can be fixed to the columns to
 support the crane rails. Use of a tie curved rafters, mainly for
member or rigid column bases may architectural reasons. Because of
be necessary to reduce the eaves transport limitations rafters longer
deflection. The spread of the than 20 m may require splices,
frame at crane rail level may be of which should be carefully detailed
critical importance to the for architectural reasons.
functioning of the crane; The curved member is often
requirements should be agreed modelled for analysis as a series of
with the client and with the crane straight elements. Guidance on the
manufacturer. stability of curved rafters in portal
 Tied portal frame-In a tied portal frames is given in SCI P281.
frame the horizontal movement of Alternatively, the rafter can be
the eaves and the bending fabricated as a series of straight
moments in the columns and elements. It will be necessary to
rafters are reduced. A tie may be provide purlin cleats of varying
useful to limit spread in a crane- height to achieve the curved
supporting structure. external profile.
The high axial forces introduced in  Cellular beam portal frame-Rafters
the frame when a tie is used may be fabricated from cellular
necessitate the use of second- beams for aesthetic reasons or
order software when analysing this when providing long spans. Where
form of frame. transport limitations impose
 Mono-pitch portal frame-A mono requirement for splices, they
pitch portal frame is usually should be carefully detailed, to
chosen for small spans or because preserve the architectural
of its proximity to other buildings. features.
It is a simple variation of the The sections used cannot develop
pitched roof portal frame, and plastic hinges at a cross-section, so
tends to be used for smaller only elastic design is used.
buildings (up to 15 m span).
They are a deceptively simple structural
 Propped portal frame-Where the
form, but care must be taken, particularly
span of a portal frame is large and
in the design of joints to ensure that
there is no requirement to provide
appropriate restraint is provided to
a clear span, a propped portal
prevent buckling. Bracing is also required
frame can be used to reduce the
to give the row of parallel frames lateral
rafter size and also the horizontal
stability, and this may be provided in an
shear at the foundations.
end bay or intermediary bay between the
 Mansard portal frame-A mansard
frames.
portal frame may be used where a
large clear height at mid-span is
required but the eaves height of
Portal frames can be a simple and rapid
the building has to be minimised.
form of structure to erect, creating a
 Curved rafter portal frame-Portal
wide, clear-span, weather-proof enclosure
frames may be constructed using
at low cost, with little material. They tend
to be lightweight and can be fabricated
off-site, then bolted to a substructure. The
portal frames themselves may be left
exposed to the internal space, and if
carefully designed can be very beautiful.
FIXED FRAMES
In this type of frame, the beam to column
connections are classified as rigid, hence
the name. The frame is designed to
transmit beam end moments and shear
forces into the columns without bracing
systems to resist lateral loads. The
members can be straight or tapered.
The frame stability if only provided by the
rigid connections and member stiffness. It
looks similar to post and beam but is
significantly stronger and able to hold
vertical loads.
Local beam-column connection rotations
are not considered in global frame
analysis; the connections are designed to
transmit the resulting beam end
movements and shear forces into the
columns.
The joints are not always fully fixed to
either horizontal or vertical members;
when the beam rotates from a vertical
load, the columns rotate with it. This
allows the joint to rotate as a unit and
members maintain the same angular
relationships during the rotation.
Rigid frame buildings are highly adaptable
and flexible in design. Doors and windows
can be placed anywhere, and HVAC units
can be placed on the roof or the side. The
exterior can easily be dressed to look like
any envelope type including stone, brick,
or wood.
When a rigid frame structure is subjected
to a vertical load, it is also picked up by
the beams and eventually transferred
through the columns to the ground.
However, the joints are strongly
connected, preventing any free rotation
from occurring at the beams ends. This
slight difference changes everything about equipment sensitive to vibrations
the behavior of the beams, which is now and deflection.
the same as a fix-ended beam.
BENEFITS OF RIGID FRAME
Rigid frame construction provides many CONSTRUCTION
benefits, such as decreased deflections,
Beyond the clear span capabilities, which
decreased internal bending moments, and
provide open spaces with no center
increased rigidity. However, the columns
columns or bracing systems, rigid span
are experiencing some degree of internal
steel building retain all the benefits of any
bending themselves as the beams stay
metal building.
rigid.
 Cost-effective
The so-called rigid connections are
 Energy-efficient
typically full depth end-plate connections
 Floors are not sensitive to
and extended end-plate connections. The
vibration
most common of these is the bolted end-
 Connections perform better in load
plate beam-to-column connection. The
reversal situations and
selection depends on the budget.
earthquakes
Welded connections can be used in place
There are a few disadvantages in that the
of the bolted end-plate, especially in
connections are more complex and can
seismically active regions. Welded
complicate the erection process. The
connections can provide full moment
initial cost of the structure is greater as
continuity but tend to be on the expensive
well, but the investment is easily returned
side. If used, the welded connections
by the long life of the building.
should be prefabricated rather than
welded on-site.Site-bolting takes less time Rigid frame construction provides all the
and minimizes labour costs. benefits of metal buildings and introduces
very few drawbacks. Rigid frame allows
BUILDING APPLICATIONS
designers to create large, clear-span
Rigid frame is found in a wide variety of spaces that can be used for almost
building styles and uses: anything. Both the interior and exterior
are flexible in appearance while giving you
 Warehouses
the strength of steel.
 Retail stores
 Churches Rigid frame has been a hit for over a
 Plants century. You can still see the evidence in
 Agricultural buildings cities today.
 Equipment shelters
 Multi-story buildings of any height
 Rigid frame buildings are typically
used when there are special
requirements such as medical
centres, research facilities, white
rooms, and structures housing