2A Young Business

VOCABULARY Setting up a new business

o Look at the photo and read the caption. How do you think the virtual cave
works? How can it help people? In what other jobs might the virtual cave
be useful?

e Work as a class. Discuss the questions.

1 What is the difference between an entrepreneur and a businessperson?
2 What qualities and skills do you think you need to be an entrepreneur?
3 How easy is it for young people to become businesspeople or entrepreneurs?
4 Can you think of any young entrepreneurs? Who was the youngest? What was
his or her business?

e Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.

1 How do people raise money for a business or a charity?
2 Who might businesspeople negotiate with? What about?
3 In what ways do businessesmarket products?
4 What might a businessor a person recover from?
5 What are good and bad ways of handling pressure?

o What skills do you need to start a new business? Choose the correct option to
complete each skill. .

1 ______ something new

a negotiate b invent c redesign
2 ______ money from investors
a raise blend cask
3 ______ with suppliers to get the best deal
a handle b manage c negotiate
4 find partners to the product in different countries
a send b distribute c deal
5 have the confidence to from failure
a recover b repair c accept
6 be good at ______ your product to increase sales
a meeting b networking c marketing
7 be capable of ______ stressand pressure
a preparing b holding c handling
8 be able to ______ a diverse range of people
a deal with b talk c get on
9 ______ a team of people
a apply for b figure c puttogether
10 ______ in an impressive office
a live b be based c show

e MY PERSPECTIVE
Work in pairs. What are the three most important skills from Activity 4 that
make a new business a success?Can you think of any other skills?

o Explain your choices from Activity 5 to another pair. Do they agree? Why?

Unit 2 TheBusinessofTechnology 21
LISTENING GRAMMAR Present perfect forms and
the simple past
8Listen to a woman talking about entrepreneurs. Think
about the questions and take notes. rIl •• Q) Look at theGrammar box. Read the sentences. Then
answer the questions.
1 Howls being an entrepreneur changing?
2 According to the speaker, what is the most important 1 Which tense is each of the verb forms in bold?
aspect of being an entrepreneur? 2 Why do you think the different forms are used?

o Work in pairs. Discuss the sentences. Are they true or Present perfect forms and the simple past

false? Listen again to check. rIl•• a D'Aloisio's first investor contacted him by email from
Hong Kong.
1 Nick D'Aloisio became a millionaire when he was eighteen.
b Kickstarter has been running for several years now.
2 Amanda Hocking didn't go through a traditional'
c Most successful entrepreneurs have failed at least once.
publisher to market her books.
3 The speaker suggests that most investments from banks Check the Grammar Reference for more information
in the past went to older, wealthy businessmen. and practice.
4 D'Aloisio's first investor chose him because he was
young and had potential. G Based on your ideas fromActivity 10, complete the
S Kickstarter investors buy a share of the company. summary. Use each form once.
6 Projects advertised on Kickstarter aim to make a profit.
7 The majority of Kickstarter projects get no investments. The number of entrepreneurs (1) (grow)
8 Hocking is an example of recovering from failure. ever since the arrival of new technology and online services.
This new technology (2) (reduce) the
o Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. barriers that previously (3) (discourage)
people from setting up a business.
1 How has the internet changed entrepreneurship?
2 Do you think Kickstarter is a good idea? What are the.
benefits and risksof raising money this way?
3 What do you think might be good or bad about being
an.entrepreneur?
e Do the underlined verbs use the correct forms? Change G) Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
the ones you think are incorrect. 1 I haven't since _
Topher White is a young entrepreneur. In college, he 2 has been doing a lot better since
(1) trained as a physicist, but since 2012 he (2) ran a non-
profit company, Rainforest Connection, to help prevent the 3 1 over the last five years.
illegal practice of logging.* He (3) has invented a system 4 I for the first time last year.
using old cell phones and solar power to hear the sound S The number of has grown a lot over
of saws and vehicles that illegal loggers use.The phones the last few years.
then send a warning to guards so they can stop the activity
~ MY PERSPECTIVE
before it does too much damage. Topher first (4) hastested
the system in Borneo, and in 2014, his Kickstarter campaign Look again at the three most important skills you
(5) has raised almost $170,000 to expand the company. listed in Activity 5. Give examples of when you have
Sincethen he's (6) been working with groups such as the demonstrated these skills. List any other qualities or
Tembe tribe in South America, as well as with people in ideas you have that show that you would be a good
Africa and Indonesia to adapt the system to meet local entrepreneur.
needs. They successfully (7) detected a lot of illegal activity.
The work Topher is doing is important because in some e Work in groups. Try to convince other students that you
partsof the world they (8) have been losing ten percent of would make the best entrepreneur. Use the present
forest cover this century, and deforestation is one of the perfect and simple past forms.
biggest contributors to climate change.
I've been running our school debate team for the last
logging cutting down trees two years, so I believe that I can negotiate well with
other people.
I took nine exams last year, so I think I'm capable of
handling stress and pressure.
OThe Business
of Technology
Unit Overview
About the Photo
In this unit, students will consider entrepreneurs, the skills good
entrepreneurs need to be successful, and how they go about In the photo, a man stands inside a virtual cave at the
setting up and funding businesses. Gdansk University ofTechnology in Poland. It's a cube with
3.4-meter sides. One wall of the installation is movable,
Students will learn some of the pitfalls of computer technology, allowing entry to the inside. The walls (including ceiling
such as online crime and email scams, and ways to avoid and floor) are made of acrylic and act as screens that
becoming a victim of online fraud. They'll learn the importance display high-quality 3D images.
of knowing how companies use their personal data and of
being responsible users of the Internet and social media. Language note The term virtual reality was popularized
Students will learn techniques and strategies of persuasion, by American scientist Jaron Lanier in 1987. VRapplications
including the language of getting people's attention and the immerse the user in a computer-generated environment that
characteristics of persuasive writing. simulates reality through the use of interactive devices, such
as goggles or headsets. In a typical VR set up, a user wearing a
helmet with a screen views images of a simulated environment.
Unit Objectives
Vocabulary Warm Up
• Setting up a new business • Introduce the unit theme by telling students they'll be
• Vocabulary Building Adjective and noun collocations learning about entrepreneurs, setting up a new business,
and the benefits and pitfalls of the Internet and social
Grammar media.
• Grammar 1 Present-perfect forms and the simple past • Have students look at the photo. Read the caption aloud
• Grammar 2 Verb patterns (-ing or infinitive with to) and make sure students understand the meaning of virtual.
Calion students to describe virtual experiences they've had.
Reading. • Ask the following questions:
• Online Crime 1. How do you think the virtual cave works? (Share About
the photo with students.)
TED Talk 2. How can it help people?
• James Veitch: This is what happens when you reply to 3. In what other jobs might the virtual cave be useful?
spam email 4. How might a virtual cave help someone explore ideas for
new products or businesses?
Pronunciation
• Intonation for persuasion
Resources
• Classroom Presentation Tool
Speaking
• Tracks 7-10 (Audio CD, Website, CPT)
• Persuading

Writing
• A persuasive article

Unit 2 The Business ofTechnology 20a

2A Young Business
VOCABULARY
o Activity 1, Suggested answers:
The virtual cave simulates real-world scenarios by using
a movement simulator and generating images on the
screens surrounding the sphere to give the illusion of free
movement. It can help people by simulating real-world
scenarios such as emergencies. It may be useful to a wide
range of professionals.
o Write the words entrepreneur and businessperson on the
board.
• Begin a mind map for entrepreneur. Have students call out
qualities, skills, ideas, or even people that relate to being an
entrepreneur and add them to the map.
• Read item 3. Ask for a show of hands: Who thinks it's easy?
Who thinks it's difficult? Put students into small groups and
have them discuss the question. Then call on individuals to
explain their ideas to the class.
Activity 2
1 Suggested answers:
An entrepreneur invents / comes up with the business
and starts it alone. They may be self-employed or
employ other people.
A businessperson buys or works for an existing
company. They may introduce new ideas or change the
course of a company, but they don't start it.
2 Suggested answer: To be an entrepreneur a person may
need to possesscreativity, strength, determination, and
an ability for negotiating.
3 Answers will vary.
4 Answers will vary.
o Tell students they're going to learn more words and phrases
o Put students in pairs and have them discuss the questions.
When a couple of pairs have finished, tell the class to change
partners and continue to discuss the questions, but to start
from the last question this time.
• Stop the class when two or three pairs have finished.
Go through each question, calling on a different pair each
time to give an answer and then inviting others to add their
ideas.
o Read the directions. Tell students to make their choices
o Put pairs into groups of four. Tell students to come to a
21 a Unit 2 The Business ofTechnology
Activity 3, Suggested answers:
1 by asking people to invest in return for part of the
business; getting a loan from a bank; selling shares
in the business by listing (floating) their company
on the stock market; borrowing money from family;
mortgaging their house; selling assets.Charities may
put on a concert or other event; run a campaign to ask
for donations; organize a sponsored activity; hold a sale
or auction.
2 Businesspeople might negotiate with investors over
the amount of money they put in and what share
of the business they'll get; negotiate with staff /
employees / unions about pay and conditions; with
distributors or shops on the commission / cut they get
of the profit.
3 Businessesmarket products through advertising,
leaflets or fliers, sponsoring events, placing stories in
the news, placing products in films, word-of-mouth,
social media, ete.
4 Suggested answers: Businessesmay recover from
economic crises (recession), loss of a major buyer, a
strike, a scandal, a fire, or a (price) war. A person may
recover from illness, an accident, a death / loss in the
family, or failure (setback).
5 Suggested answers: Good ways include playing sports
or some other hobby, meditating / breathing deeply
and / or getting enough sleep. Bad ways may include
losing one's temper and getting angry.
to talk about setting up and running a business. Readthe
directions, then the first item and answer options. Ask Would
you negotiate something new? Invent something new? Or
redesign something new? Which answer choice makes the
most sense?
• Have pairs compare answers and help each other complete
the activity if necessary.
individually first. Get students to think about their reasons by
saying what one of your choices would be. Put students into
pairs and tell them to discuss their choices and come to an
agreement on the top three skills.
consensus within their group on the three most important
skills. Stop the activity and ask one group for their top skills
and the reasons they chose them.
2A Young Business
VOCABULARY Setting up a new business
o Look at the photo and read the caption. How do you think the virtual cave
works? How can it help people? In what other jobs might the virtual cave
be useful?

e Work as a class. Discuss the questions.

1 What is the difference between an entrepreneur and a businessperson?
2 What qualities and sk'lls do you think you need to be an entrepreneur?
3 How easy is it for young people to become businesspeople or entrepreneurs?
4 Can Y:::lU think of any young entrepreneurs? Who was the younqest? What was
his or her business?

o Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.

1 How do people raise money for a business or a charity?

2 Who might businesspeople negotiate with? What about?
3 In wh.it ways do businesses market products?
4 What might a business or a person recover from 7
5 What are good and bad ways of handling pressure?

o What skills do you need to start a new business? Choose the correct option to
complete each skill. .

1 b something new
a negotiate b invent c redesign
2 a money from investors
a ra-se blend cask
3 c with suppliers to get the best deal
a handle b manage c negotiate
4 find partners to b the product in different countries
a send b distribute c deal
5 have the confidence to a from failure
a recover b repair c accept
6 be good at c your product to increase sales
a meeting b networking c marketing
7 be capable of ( stress and pressure
a preparing b holding c handling
8 be able to a a diverse range of people
a deal with b talk c get on
9 c a team of people
a apply for b figure c put together
10 b in an impressive office
a live b be based c show

o MY PERSPECTIVE
Work in pairs. What are the three most important skills from Activity 4 that
make a new business a success? Can you think of any other skills?
Answers vill vary.
o Explain your choices from Activity
Answers v ill vary.
5 to another pair. Do they agree? Why? .

Unit 2 The Businessof Technology 21

LISTENING GRAMMAR Present perfect forms and
o Listen to a woman talking about entrepreneurs. Think
the simple past
about the questions and take notes. :;l~;~~E;j!i1i e Look at the Grammar box. Read the sentences. Then
answer the questions.
1 How is being an entrepreneur changing?
2 According to the speaker, what is the most important 1 Which tense is each of the verb forms in bold?
aspect of being an entrepreneur? 2 Why do you think he different forms are used?

o Work in pairs. Discuss the sentences. Are they true or

false? Listen again to check. LtfJ,H1!1:;1~i a DAloisio's first investor contacted him by email from
Hong Kong.
1 Nick D'Aloisio became a millionaire when he was eiqhteen. F
b Kickstarter has been running for several years now.
2 Amanda Hocking didn't go through a traditional
c Most successful entrepreneurs have failed at least once.
publisher to market her books. T
3 The speaker suggests that most investments from bani s
in the past went to older, wealthy businessmen. T
4 D'Aloisio's first investor chose him because he was
young and had potential. (t) Based on your ideas from Activity 10, complete the
S Kickstarter investors buy a share ofthe company. summary. Use each form once.
6 Projects advertised on Kickstarter aim to make a profit. f\r1':;Vv'l:;:} \\,!,i ~;uqqc~ted an(;'.Ner~,:
The number of entrepreneurs (1) has been growing (grow)
7 The majority of Kickstarter projects get no investments T
8 Hocking is an example of recovering from failure. 'f ever since the arrival of new technology and online services.
This new technology (2) has reduced (reduce) the
o Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. i\n::.vv",: \'.'ji: ,!."!}, barriers that previously (3) discouraged (discourage)
peopfe from setting up a business.
1 How has the internet changed entrepreneurship?
2 Do you think Kickstarter is a good idea? What are the
benefits and risks of raising money this way?
3 What do you think might be good or bad about being
an entrepreneur?
 LISTENING
G rl!1IJI Warm up Tell the class they're going to hear a
woman talking about entrepreneurs. Have them read the
activity questions. Ask students to say a couple of things
they think they'll hear about these two topics. Play the
audio once straight through.
• Put students into pairs and reread the activity questions.
Have students compare their ideas.
• Have pairs share their answers to the questions. Don't say if
they're right or wrong, but ask them to tell why they think
what they think and to support their answers with words
or ideas from the track.
Activity 7, Suggested answers:
1 Being an entrepreneur is changing because
technology is making it easier to become one.
Entrepreneurs need less money to start up, and
it's easier to raise the money when you need it.
Entrepreneurs are more diverse.
2 The most important aspect according to the speaker
is confidence (to recover from failure and maintain
passion for what they do).
o rI1l1J1 Read the directions aloud. You could have pairs
discuss their answers first or go straight into the activity.
Explain that you will play the audio track again. Students will
decide if the sentences are true or false. You could do item
1 first before they listen, but don't tell them if they're right
or wrong. Instead, say OK, maybe. Let's listen and see, then
play the audio. Reread the activity directions and have pairs
complete the activity.
• Walk around and notice how well students are doing in order
to decide how quickly to go through the answers-and
whether you will need to replay the track. Check the answers
as a class by askingJor a show of hands. (Say,for example,
,',', 'NurrtberJ~wh() thinks it's true? and Hands up for false/and so
\:{'\: .•...Q,rk)·..Have.•SludemS.·call.Out,answer~.aII.togeth.er ..(Ever;one ..say
·.·•.·.~~~~K~';f:f~~~~~asize
..': •• Have.students work in pairs. Check
.., i. . .•..
;,.i;i~~~~~;::i~:
!~~0:.;':,t~~:'~ii;~t.'~~~~~~
t:mi~::~~~:~~~~
~:.:{.
• When a couple of pairs have finished, have students change
partners and tell them to continue the activity, starting with
any question they like and continuing in any order.
GRAMMAR Present perfect forms and
the simple past
~ Have students read the Grammar box silently, read the
sentences aloud yourself, or calion different students to
read one sentence each and correct any pronunciation
problems.
• Then tell students to answer the grammar checking
questions in Activity lOin pairs or ask the whole class the
questions yourself. You can either give the answers now or
wait for the class to read the Grammar Reference and then
ask the grammar checking questions. Calion individuals to
give their answers.
• When you do the Grammar Reference activities, repeat
some of these questions in Activity 10 or refer back to the
explanation when you go through the answers. This helps to
reinforce the grammar rules.
Activity 10
1 contacted: simple past; has been running: present
perfect continuous; have failed: present perfect simple
2 simple past: to express that something is completed
in the past; present perfect continuous: to express that
something started in the past and continues now;
present perfect simple: to express that something was
completed within a period of time before now
At this point, have students complete Activities 1-3 on
p. 131 in the Grammar Reference section. You may also
assign these activities as homework.
CD You might want to have students do this immediately after
Activity 10 and before they check the Grammar Reference
to getthetn to. ~tartthinking about mea~ing:~E!.<pl~tntt'!-e
to.stude"";0~5~~~f:.· .ii~~il,J~l
theansw.eJs:asaltlass..·.·:::;"",,:
6~~r~,ir~(·"i"i"':;
touseeach,~~\~j~tl!i ...•.....•
,.:••.
,-~:'-~:
Unit 2 The Business .ofTe<;hnoIOgy> 22.
 (9 Tell students they are'going to read about the man in the
photo. Before they read, ask the class for ideas about what
Topher is doing and how his device might work.
• Have students read the activity text to find out if they were
right. A'5brief feedback, comment on how accurate the
students' ideas were.
• Read the directions. Help students get started. Say For
example: number I-is it correct or incorrect? Why? And
number 2-correct or Incorrect? What should it be?
• Have students complete the activity.
• When most have finished, have students compare answers
in pairs. Check answers as a class. Say Put your hands up
if you think the verb is correct. Keepyour hands down if you
think it's incorrect. Call on different students to explain their
answer and correct the incorrect verb. Write the answers on
the board as you go through the text.
Activity 12
1 Correct; 2 Incorrect - he's been running; 3 Correct; 4 Incorrect
- tested;
5 Incorrect - raised; 6 Correct; 7 Incorrect - have successfully
detected; 8 Incorrect - have lost
CD Read the directions and give your own example. Tell
students to do the same individually, and if they can't think
of examples for their top 3 skills from Activity 5, tell them
to think of examples that show other business skills from
Activity 4.
• Go around the class and check that students are doing the
task correctly. Notice mistakes, difficulties, or where students
use L1 and provide assistance. When most students have
at least three examples, stop the activity and put them in
groups for Activity 16.
e Tell students to choose the person in their group who
would make the best businessperson by sharing personal
experiences that show they have the right qualities. Monitor
groups as they talk, providing assistance as necessary. Stop
them when most groups have finished or give an extra task
to the fast finishers .
• As feedback, ask each group to tell the class who they chose
and why. Then have the whole class decide who would
make the best businessperson from what they heard. Allow
some debate. Repeat examples of language you heard that
was used well or errors you noted. Write them on the board.

Exam Tip Read the whole activity first

Many tests have short texts that test language. While
students may not be asked to correctanythinq, it's good
for them to get into the habit of reading the text first
before filling in any blanks or choosing from among
different answer options.

_ .._'._ the directions aloud and give your own example.

watched TVsince last Thursday.) Provide prompts to
nem GA:', students started. Say Think of examples about sports,
eoxvxtiks. social trends, family, and so
on,Wrttetll€ prompts on the board.
complete at least three of the sentences,
nmn'Nittifct5t finisllel'S doing all five. Circulate and correct
!Einii&l:utlents' errors. When you see that all students have
1-3, stop the class. Have different
sentences aloud. Ask them follow-up
m~t:l(~:~i~~!~:.
n conversation. Do this with four or
You could ask.them to do the same as you did
or just move on to the next task.

238 Unit2 The Business ofTechnology

o Do the underlined verbs use the correct forms? Change (9 Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
the ones you think are incorrect. , I haven't since Answers wil! vary.

Topher White is a young entrepreneur. In college, he 2 has been doing a lot better since
(1) trained as a physicist, but since 2012 he (2) ran a non-
profit company, Rainforest Connection, to help prevent the 3 1 over the last five years.
illegal practice of logging.* He (3) has invented a system 4 I for the first time last year.
using old cell phones and solar power to hear the sound S The number of has grown a lot over
of saws and vehicles that illegal loggers use. The phones the last few years.
then send a warning to guards so they can stop the activity
~ MY PERSPECTIVE Answers will vary.
before it does too much damage. Topher first (4) has tested
the system in Borneo, and in 2014, his Kickstarter campaign Look again at the three most important skills you
(5) has raised almost $170,000 to expand the company. listed in Activity 5. Give examples of when you have
Since then he's (6) been working with groups such as the demonstrated these skills. List any other qualities or
Tembe tribe in South America, as well as with people in ideas you have that show that you would be a good
Africa and Indonesia to adapt the system to meet local entrepreneur.

€a
needs. They successfully (7) detected a lot of illegal activity.
The work Topher is doing is important because in some
parts of the world they (8) have been losing ten percent of
forest cover this century, and deforestation is one of the
biggest contributors to climate change.
logging cutting down trees
Work in groups. Try to convince other students that you
would make the best entrepreneur. Use the present
perfect and simple past forms. Answers will vary.
I've been running our school debate team for the last
two years, so I believe thot I can negotiate well with
other people.
ttook nine exams last year, so I think I'm capable of
handling stress and pressure.

Topher White attaches a Rainforest Connection listening device to

a tree in the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil to help stop illegal logging.
Track 1: Hi there, and welcome back to another one of our weekly
podcasts. Today we're talking about study-abroad programs, which, as you
probably know, allow high school or college students to study abroad for
anything from a week to a year. What you may not know, though, is that
the roots of the present system date back to the end of World War II, when
it was hoped that the experience of living overseas would increase partici-
pants' understanding and tolerance of other cultures while also improving
their language. So is this really what happens? Well, we decided to talk to
two students who have taken part in study-abroad programs to find out
what their experiences were. First we'll hear from Kenji in Tokyo, Japan, and
then Catalina, who's in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Track 2: Kenji: My name's Kenji. I spent six months in Germany last year. My
dad's American, so I'd been to the US with family a few times, but I hadn't
traveled on my own before. I was actually thinking about canceling my trip
before I left. I remember as my departure day got nearer, I got really nervous,
but I'm so happy I didn't cancel because it completely changed my life. I
stayed with a host family in Munich and they were really welcoming. When
I wasn't in school, they showed me all the sights, took me hiking and skiing,
and really helped me get a feel for the country. I have become far more fluent
in German and feel as though I have matured a lot.I miss my host family, but
we still talk a lot online and I'm actually planning to viSit again in the summer.
Catalina: My name is Catalina. I went to Italy last year as part of the Sum-
mer Explorer program. I have an Italian grandmother, so I'd been wanting
to go there for ages. I'd never left Argentinall'il never forget the feeling I
had as I was stepping off the plane and into Palermo airport! It all took a
while to get used to and I got a bit of a culture shock to begin with, but I
soon started making new friends. After the first month, I could get by in
Italian and by the end of the second month, it had got way better. By the
third, I didn't want to leave as my Italian was really improving, and I'd made
loads of new friends. All in all, it was a great experience and I'm keen to go
back sometime in the future to live and work for a few years.
Track 3: Hitchhiking: Where did all the hitchhikers go? I was driving
along the other day, and I passed a man sticking his thumb out. He was
asking for a ride. When we had gone past, my daughter, who is 15, asked me,
"What was.that man doing ?"The question surprised me because hitchhiking
used to be so common. I used to do it all the time when I was a student
going home to visit friends, and I also spent one summer hitchhiking around
South America. Often when you went to some hitching spots, you'd have to
line up behind several others already waiting for a ride-it was so popular. So
what happened? Why is it so rare now? The authors of Freakonomics, Stephen
Dubner and Steve Levitt, have also asked this question in one of their regular
podcasts. They suggest that it probably comes down to five main reasons.
Fear Several horror movies have shown psychotic drivers who kidnap and
murder the hitchhiker they pick up (or vice versa). This has been reinforced
by certain stories in the media of people getting robbed and being left
in the middle of nowhere. Unsurprisingly, this has caused trust to break
down. Some people believe that the chances of these things happening
are small. The website Wand'rly, for example, suggests people are far more
likely to die by tripping and falling than hitchhiking.
Legal restrictions There are more major roads now than there used to
be, and hitching is either banned or drivers are not allowed to pull over on
these roads.
Greater access to cars Alan Piskarsi,a transportation expert, points to the
fact that cars last longer so there are more of them available at a cheaper price.
What's more, many more people have driver's licenses than they used to.
Low-cost flights In the past, young people simply couldn't afford to fly
long distances, and traveling by train wasn't necessarily much quicker than
traveling by car. Now, however, we have budget airlines, making air travel
more accessible.
More wealth Along the same lines, people's standard of living has
increased. Perhaps people opt for higher levels of comfort privacy or
reliability when they travel.
New needs and opportunities The trouble is that privacy comes at a
cost. Levitt and Dubner state that in the United States, 80 percent of pas-
senger space in cars is unused, which makes them more costly to operate
and creates unnecessary traffic and pollution. The solution could be more
hitchhikinql They give the example of a city in Virginia, where commuters
have organized a spot where they meet to hitch a ride so drivers with no
passengers can use carpool lanes on the highway that are reserved for cars
that contain more than one person.
Fresh fears But what about general travel? I often argued with my parents
about the dangers of hitchhiking, and I would tell them about all the
amazing experiences I'd had and the generous, interesting people I'd met.
I think it genuinely gave me a different perspective to other travelers and
tourists. But now, I look at my daughter and I wonder about her going on a
trip. Would I want her to go hitchhiking?
Track 4 1: I was a student going home to visit friends. 2 Hitchhiking used
to be so ·common. 3 You'd have to line up behind several others.
Track 5 1 I make the mistake of asking him "So where are you staying
toniqht?" 2 And I'm thinking "Oh rnanl What do you do)" 3 And the voice
in my head goes, "Wait, what?" 41'm staring at the ceiling, I'm thinking, "Oh
my god, what have I done?"
Track 6 51: I'm thinking of seeing some sights today. Can you recommend
anywhere? 52: Well, the Old Town is well worth a visit, There are some
amazing buildings there. 51: OK. Well, I'll check that out this morning, then.
And do you know anywhere good to have lunch 7 52: Well, there's a great
steak place down by the river. 51: Oh, right. Well, actually, I don't eat meat,
so .. 52: In that case, you'd be best off going to Madragora - a nice little
vegetarian place near the park. 51: Great. Thanks for the tip.
Track 7 The number of entrepreneurs has been growing ever since the arrival
of new technology and online services. This new technology has reduced the
barriers that previously discouraged people from setting up a business. Now,
a company does not have to be based in an impressive office or employ
lots of people. It could be just one person at home with a computer -like
Nick D'Aloisio. He created an app in his bedroom to summarize news articles
and then sold it to Yahoo for 30 million dollars - all before he reached his
18th birthday' Or it could be someone like the best-selling author Amanda
Hocking. Rather than finding a publisher to market and distribute her work,
she self-published her fantasy-thrillers as e-books. She has since sold over
a million copies of them on Amazon. This new style of business particularly
benefits people like Nick and Amanda: young people or people from other
groups who have been under-represented in corporate leadership.
Technology has also changed how businesses are funded. Previously, peo-
ple trying to raise money to develop their ideas had to go to a bank or ne-
gotiate a deal with an investor. Bankers and investors often only supported
people like themselves - older, wealthy men in suits. In contrast, D'Aloisio's
first investor contacted him by email from Hong Kong and had no idea that
the company was run by a 15-year-old boy out of his bedroom. Crowd-
funding websites such as Kickstarter allow entrepreneurs to avoid banks or
having to sell part of their business to an investor. They provide a place fo(
Audio Script 159
anyone in the world to give small or large amounts of money to a project in
return for the future product a gift, or even a simple "thank you".
While traditional banks focus on future profits, many Kickstarter entrepre-
neurs and investors are more interested in having a positive impact on the
world. Kickstarter has been running for several years now and has raised
over two billion dollars to develop more than 300 thousand projects that
include everything from hi-tech smart watches to Oscar-winning films and
projects to save the rainforests of the world.
So the new en repreneurs may be younger, more diverse and more socially
aware than in the past, but there are some things that don't change. 50
percent of new businesses never make money. Over half of the campaigns
on Kickstarter don't receive any funding because they fail to reach their set
target. Most successful entrepreneurs have failed at least once: Amanda
Hocking had 17 books rejected by publishers before she found success
herself Entrepreneurs have always needed the confidence to recover from
failure and maintain a passion for what they do - and it's still key.
Track 8 Online crime The world becomes better connected every day. It's
noweasier than ever to keep in touch with friends and family around the world.
Online banking allows people to access their accounts from anywhere that
has an internet connection. People don't even have to leave the house to go
shoppinql However, with greater connectivity comes greater risk. Every year,
hundreds of thousands of people become victims of online crime. We asked our
readers to share some of their terrible tech tales while we examine where the
crimes originate. Laura One day last year, I got a call from what I thought was
my bank. They said someone was trying to take money from my account
without my permission and that they needed to confirm my personal
details to stop it. I'll be honest - I didn't really understand what was going
on and wanted to stop anything bad from happening, so I gave them mv
name and address and date of birth. I didn't hear back, but a month later I
got my credit card statement and found someone had spent over $11,000
on fiights and luxury hotels' Bruno I was surfing the web one day when I
found a site selling Xboxes and PlayStations. I couldn't believe how cheap
they were. They had stuff on there for half the normal pricel l clicked on one
item and bought what was advertised as a "PlayStation 4 original box and
receipt" I assumed it was second-hand and, as it was only €150, I bought
it without checking the details. You can imagine how I felt a few days
later when the postman brought me just the box and the receipt' Janella
Looking back, it was my own fault, but when I got an emailsaying a distant
relative had died and left me millions of dollars, common sense went out
of the window! It was from someone claiming to be a lawyer in West Africa.
I know my dad's side of the family had connections there, so I thought it
must be true. They attached documents that looked official and kept writ-
ing, so eventually I sent them $8,000 to pay the legal fees. Of course, it was
a scam and I never heard from them again ... or got my money backl
Track 9 A: We can start with 50 kilograms as a trial shipment. B: Fifty
kilograms? There's no point doing this unless you're shipping at least a
metric ton.
Track 10 1: Wouldn't it be good to have something like that? 2 Don't you
think it's a bad idea 0 give money to s rangers online? 3 Isn't there some-
thing similar to that already? 4 Haven't you ever wished you could do that?
5 Wouldn't you be happy to pay a little more to help?
Track 11 1, Shelley: She's retired now, but I've always really admired Mia
Hamm. She used to be a forward in the US women's football team, and
she's one of the most successful football players ever. I mean, she's won
Olympic medals, World Cup medals ... she played for her country 275
times - and scored over 150 international goals. No man has ever man-
aged thatl And they were some of the best goals I've ever seen as well. She
really had everything: awareness, technique, skill, stamina, everything. And
she was so consistent too - always an eight or nine out of ten performer.
2, Luca: Not many people can claim to have made a sport popular more
or less on their own, but Valentino Rossi is one of them. In my eyes, he's the
160 Audio Script
greatest MotoGP racer of all time and, without him, fewer people would
watch motorcycle road racing. And I'm not just saying that because we're
both ltahan' He's won the World Championship nine times, but I won't
bore you with the details because actually what I love most about him is
both his passion for racing and the fact he seems so decent, so humble.
He has no ego problems and a great personality. I love watching him ride
and his celebrations when he wins are always really entertaining as well.
3, Carlos: I love divingl A great hero of mine is Joaquin Capilla because he
was Mexico's most successful diver. He competed in three Olympic Games
and won many medals, including one gold. And, you know, that was at
a time when there were few competitors in the Olympics from Mexico
and very little support for them. My coach has shown me some videos of
Joaquin when he was at his best. Obviously, things have moved on and the
dives we do now are more difficult, but you can still appreciate his amazing
technique. I also admire him for his later life when he managed to over-
come a lot of personal problems. I think he serves as a great lesson about
what you can achieve in both sport and life. 4, Endang: Susi Susanti was a
national hero when my father was at high school. Ask any Indonesian of his
generation, and they'll know her. Before the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona,
we'd never won any gold medals. I guess you could say we were lucky the
International Olympic Committee decided to introduce badminton as an
Olympic sport that year because Susi won the women's singles - and her
future husband, Alan Budikusuma, won the men's. Susi is not very tall -
maybe one metre 60, something like that - but she was so energetic and
determined, always moving, almost floatinq' Another thing I love about her
is her attitude. She always fought right to the end, even when it seemed
there was no hope, and I admire that.
Track 12 Olympic gold When Baron Pierre de Coubertin set up the first
modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, he declared thatThe most important
thing in the Olympic Games is not winning, but taking part; the essential
thing in life is not conquering but fighting well" Sometimes, these days
it can seem that this core principle has been forgotten, overtaken by the
other motto de Coubertin is known for: "faster, higher, stronqer"
The hosting countries spend huge amounts of money to hold the 16-day
event. Many of the countries taking part invest huge sums in programs for
elite athletes. And that money is not spent to come fourth; the only thing that
matters is having "the best Games" and winning medals - preferably gold.
The figures are enormous' Depending on who you ask, China spent
$40 billion on the Beijing Olympics, Russia invested $50 billion in Sochi;
while Rio and London each cost between 14 and 18 billion dollars. In
terms of money for athletes, the UK spent over $400 million on supporting
1,300 top competitors. This funding is directly linked to success: those who
fail to achieve their targets will have their funding cut and in some cases
completely removed. So much for the value of just "taking part!"
Similarly, some years ago, China established a system known as Juguo Tizhi
("whole country support for the elite sport system") for developing athletes.
Children are identified as potential sports stars at the ages of six to nine and
are sent to special sports schools run by local government, where they train
for up to 15 hours a week. Those who prove to have talent move on to a
semi-professional schedule of four to six hours a day, five or six days a week.
After some years, the top performers then move on to provincial training
centers. Students there live and breathe their sport and hope to be selected
for their provincial team and then to be full-time professional athletes repre-
senting their country. There are around 400,000 young people in this system
whose main purpose is to "win glory for their nation" and, in the years before
Beijing, it accounted for a very large percentage of all sports funding.
In both sports and life, you tend to get what you pay for; the more
money you spend, the better the results. China came first in Beijing,
and Great Britain got its highest ranking for over 100 years in 2016. The
question is whether this search for success at all costs comes at the
expense of investing in something which is arguably more valuable: local
clubs and competitions; facilities for people to stay healthy and play for fun.
Seeing your team win can obviously lift your spirits. However, this feeling is
only temporary, while taking part in regular exercise and sports has been
PRESENT PERFECT FORMS AND SIMPLE PAST VERB PATTERNS (-ING OR INFINITIVE WITH TO)
Present perfect The -ing form is commonly used with the following verbs.

The present perfect is used: admit avoid can't stand consider

delay enjoy finish keep
• to introduce or list experiences connected to a present
mind miss practice recommend
situation / discussion.
• to refer to a completed event within a period of time
including now. The infinitive with to is commonly used with the following verbs.
• to talk about the duration of something that is still true now. agree arrange decide expect
Most successful entrepreneurs have failed at least once. fail hope intend need
offer plan promise refuse
Entrepreneurs have always needed the confidence to recover
from failure.
Objects before -ing and to
The present perfect continuous is used:
• to talk about duration of activities that are still true now. Some verbs can have an object before an -ing form or an
• to emphasize the process (not the completed action). infinitive with to.

Thenumber of entrepreneurs has been growing over the last catch sb/sth -ing discover sb/sth -inq feel sb/sth -ing
few years. find sb/sth -ing got sb/sth -ing hear sb/sth -ing
imagine sb/sth -ing leave sb/sth -ing mind sb/sth -ing
Kickstarter has been running for several years now.
notice sb/sth -ing remember sb/sth -ing see sb/sth -ing
The continuous form is preferred when talklnq about duration,
but the simple form can also be used with no difference in advise sb/sth to allow sb/sth to ask sb/sth to
meaning. beg sb/sth to cause sb/sth to challenge sb/sth to
Thenumber of entrepreneurs has been growing over the last convince sb/sth to dare sb/sth to expect sb)sth to
few years. force sb/sth to get sb/sth to hire sb/sth to
invite sb/sth to order sb/sth to pay sb/sth to
Thenumber of entrepreneurs has grown over the last
permit sb/sth to prepare sb/sth to remind sb/sth to
few years.

The simple form is usually used when talking about a completed Negatives can be made using not.
action, while the continuous form is usually used to emphasize I hate not having a eel/phone with me.
the process. This is why the simple form is preferred with
specific amounts. Verbs with two objects
Since it started, Kickstarter has beel'l fdi5il'lfj raised two
These verbs are commonly followed by two objects.
billion dollars.
He's beel'l5fflfril'lfj started ten different companies over the ask book bring build
last fifteen years. buy cook find get
give lend make owe
pass save show tell
Simple past

The simple past is used: With most verbs that can be followed by two objects, the order
of the objects can be reversed if for or to is put in front of the
• to tell a story of completed events.
person / group of people. The preposition used depends on the
• with time phrases that show completed time.
initial verb.
• to talk about the duration of completed events.
Can you email me the report sometime today, please?
D'Aloisio's first investor contacted him via email from Hong Kong.
Can you email the report to me sometime today, please?
She wrote for ten years without success.

130 Unit2 Grammar Reference

o Do the time phrases show a completed time (a), a time 7 I tried to get a better deal, but they basically just
refused negotiating.
period that includes now (b), or both (ab)?
8 That report needs checking before you send it.
a The company's profits rose _
b The company's profits have been rising _ e Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.

1 over the last five years 1 I can't imagine him (post) something like
2 last year thatl It's so out of character.
3 in 2015 2 I accidentally downloaded a virus and it caused the
4 in the past few months whole system (crash).
S since they found a different distributor 3 Our teacher always forces us (speak) in
6 when we did the marketing campaign English in class.
7 for a long time 4 I got some bad feedback on my project. It left me
8 over the last year ____ (feel) very upset.

e Complete the summary with one word in each space.

S We'd like to remind you
password within the next two weeks.
(change) your

Madison Forbes has (1) loved drawing and 6 Websites (play) music while they load is
design, and (2) 2010 she's been turning her so annoying!
designs into a successfulbusinesscalled Fishflops,which 7 I can still remember begging my parents _
produces flip flops with Madison's cute seacharacters on (buy) me my first Xbox!
them. She came up with the name in 2006-(3) _ 8. They caught him (try) to accessthe
she was just eight yearsold-and, with the help of her father, school's online records.
(4) up the business,which now sellsto clothing 9 If I could, I'd hire someone (take) my
stores like Nordstrom aswell asto the Association of Zoos science exam so I didn't have to study for it.
and Aquariums (AZA).Over the (5) few years, 10 Ijust can't see them (win). They have too
they havealso started producing shoesand T-shirts,and the many players injured.
company has (6) several million dollars in
sales-not that Madison has been (7) a life of
G Look at each first sentence. Add three words to complete
each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
luxury with the profits; instead, she (8) saved the first.
most of the money to pay for college. The company also gives
to severalcharities and a portion of the AZA salesgoes to 1 My parents didn't let me use social media until I was 16.
protect endangered animals. My parents never allowed social media

e Explain the use of these verb forms from Activity 2. 2

when I was younger.
That video really made me think. Online companies have
1 Madison Forbes has always loved drawing ... so much power over us!
2 She's been turning her designs into a successful That video really got how much power
business... online companies havel
3 She came up with the name ... 3 I warned her about sending her details, but she didn't listenl
4 They have also started producing shoes... I begged send her personal details, but she
S The company has made severalmillion dollars in sales... didn't listen.
6 Not that Madison has been living a life of luxury ... 4 Every time you enter the site, they make you change
your password.
o Are the sentences correct (C) or incorrect (I)? Correct the Everytime you enter the site, they change
incorrect sentences. your password.
S That video is amazing. How could anyone not like it?
1 I need to practice giving this presentation before class.
I can't imagine that video! It's so amazing!
2 We've almost finished to raisethe money we need.
6 Don't let me forget how terrible that site iSI
3 Have you considered to pay someone who can do it?
____ to use that site again! It's awful!
4 I'm going to keep to write to them until I get an answer]
S He admitted sending thousands of spam emails.
6 I'd recommend to report it. It doesn't look right.

Unit 2 GrammarReference 131

o Do the time phrases show a completed time (a), a time 7 I tried to get a better deal, but they basically just
refused negotiating. I: to negotiate
period that includes now (b), or both (ab)?
8 That report needs checking before you send it. (

o Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs.

a The company's profits rose _
b The company's profits have been rising _
1 over the last five years b 1 I can't imagine him posting (post) something like
2 last year a that! It's so out of character.
3 in 2015 a 2 I accidentally downloaded a virus and it caused the
4 in the past few months b whole system to crash (crash).
S since they found a different distributor b 3 Our teacher always forces us to speak (speak) in
6 when we did the marketing campaign a English in class.
7 for a long time ab 4 I got some bad feedback on my project. It left me
8 over the last year b feeling (feel) very upset.

e Complete the summary with one word in each space.

S We'd like to remind you to change (change) your
password within the next two weeks.
Madison Forbes has (1) always loved drawing and 6 Websites playing (play) music while they load is
design, and (2) since 2010, she's been turning her so annoying!
designs into a successfulbusinesscalled Fishflops,which 7 I can still remember begging my parents to buy
produces flip flops with Madison's cute seacharacters on (buy) me my first Xbox!
them. She came up with the name in 2006-(3) when 8 They caught him trying (try) to accessthe
she was just eight years old-and, with the help of her father, school's online records.
(4) set up the business,which now sellsto clothing 9 If I could, I'd hire someone to take (take) my
stores like Nordstrom aswell asto the Association of Zoos science exam so I didn't have to study for it.
and Aquariums (AZA).Over the (5) last I past few years, 10 Ijust can't see them winning (win). They have too
they have alsostarted producing shoesand T-shirts,and the many players injured.
company has (6) made several million dollars in
sales-not that Madison has been (7) living a life of
G Look at each first sentence. Add three words to complete
each second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
luxury with the profits; instead, she (8) has saved the first.
most of the money to pay for college. The company also gives
to severalcharities, and a portion of the AZA salesgoes to 1 My parents didn't let me use social media until I was 16.
protect endangered animals. My parents never allowed me to use social media

o Explain the use of these verb forms from Activity 2.

when I was younger.
2 That video really made me think. Online companies have
1 Madison Forbes has always loved drawing ... duration so much power over usl
2 She's been turning her designs into a successful That video really got how much power
business. .. duration online companies have: me thinking about
3 She came up with the name ... tell a story 3 I warned her about sending her details, but she didn't listen!
4 They have also started producing shoes... emphasis I begged send her personal details, but she
S The company has made severalmillion dollars in sales.. . didn't listen. her not to I to not
6 Not that Madison has been living a life of luxury .. 1.ntdrodut~tIon Every time you enter the site, they make you change
4
ura Ion
your password.
o Are the sentences correct (C) or incorrect (I)? Correct the Every time you enter the site, they force you to change
incorrect sentences. your password.
S That video is amazino. How could anyone not like it7
1 I need to practice giving this presentation before class. ( ,. . anyone not IIKIOO 'd I I ' .
I can t Imagine mat VI eo. t s so amazing!
2 We've almost finished to raisethe money we need. I: raising
6 Don't let me forget how terrible that site is!
3 Have you considered to pay someone who can do it? I: paying
Remind me not to use that site again! It's awful!
4 I'm going to keep to write to them until I get an answer!'; writing
S He admitted sending thousands of spam emails. (
6 I'd recommend to report it. It doesn't look right. I: reporting

Unit 2 GrammarReference 131