THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES ON HAPPINESS : A

CASE STUDY OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Welfare may be granted to people with social security and their well
beings. It is usually projected to make certain that people can meet their
fundamental human requirements such as food, cloth and shelter. Welfare
efforts to present a free or a financial support of certain commodities and
social services in some important fields like health, education and social
security. The welfare state government plays an important role in the
safeguard and promotion of the social and economic security and well-
being of its citizens. The welfare state is viewed as the welfare of the
poor. The concept of welfare state also focuses on social insurance, social
rights and social services. A welfare state also ensures economic
management and introduces economic welfare policies. (Garland, 2016,
pp.5-9)

There are many social problems prevalent in society. Among them

mainly are poverty, unemployment, poor health facilities and child
malnutrition. These problems do not affect the individual but the whole
society. (Verma, 1996, p.100) In the medieval time, ancient social units
such as the family, religious institutions, and the community did work to
deal with social devastation. But with the passage of time, many new
social problems aroused. A formal system of social services was needed
to handle this. (Friedlander & Apte, 1982, p.1)

In this circumstance, the present day social problems make administration

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very important. A sound administration is, therefore, vitally important to
provide social welfare services. (Chowdhary, 1979, p.8) The state
appeared to begin for the protection of life and to ensure a good life.
Every state is structured with some specific aims and objectives. Every
state tries to ensure the promotion of happiness, wellness of its citizens.

The welfare state is a type of government, which protects and supports

the economic and social well-being of the citizens. A welfare state
provides such types of facilities based upon the principles of equal
opportunity, equitable distribution of health, and public responsibility for
citizens. These amenities are provided to those people who are unable to
avail themselves of a good life. A democratic welfare state provides
social equality and economic justice to all the citizens of the state. In 21 st
century, Welfare States have committed themselves to bring social
welfare, especially for those who are socially, economically, physically
and mentally challenged in the society or the vulnerable sections of the
society. There is remarkable change coming to see in this scenario.
Social welfare services for the needy people are on the priority list of the
welfare state governments.

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Different view of Welfare State
Classical View of Welfare State
Classical Liberal theory based on the foundation of the theory of Laissez
Faire. The classical Liberalists introduced a negative view of the state by
asserting that state is a necessary evil. The principle of Classical
Liberalism or Individualism is with the aim that the activities of state
should be kept within the possible limits. This is the concept of a police
state. The classical view about welfare is largely limited to the production
of material wealth. A person‟s wealth is calculated by the worth of a
product produced by his own labor. The extra the labor will be, the more
the total output leading to improvement in welfare. Therefore welfare is a
constructive task of population growth.

The welfare State is responsible and accountable to its people for their
well-beings. It has to look after the social and economic development of
its citizens particularly including the weaker and vulnerable sections of
the society. The model of welfare state is different from the police state.
The police State described the role of the state as guardian from external
attack. It aimed to maintain peace and order in the state. It was not
accountable to the security and well-being of its people. The welfare of
human beings was not the responsibility of the state. State has nothing to
do with it. The weaker sections of society were generally exploited by
socially and economically strong and elite groups. The State has refrained
from inferring the relations and permitted stronger groups to exploit
weaker sections. This was the era laissez faire. In this era, the state
protected individual liberty. The social economic relations of society
were determined according to mutual capacities of groups. It created
social and economic inequality in society. It created groups of poor and
rich and also increased the gap between them.

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 Liberal View of Welfare State
From the liberal view of the welfare state, the state only gets in the way to
improve poverty and provide for basic needs. Such a type of nation
provides minimum benefits to the poor and vulnerable sections of society.
A welfare state offers most of the budget to social-insurance schemes
focused on the poor and middle classes. In the liberal welfare state,
individual performance in the market is considered to be the most
important foundation of welfare. Therefore liberal tax expenditures
subsidize employee remuneration and individual savings accounts in the
pension and health areas.

Marxian Concept of Welfare State

The Marxist view of welfare focuses mainly on its relationship to the
exercise of power. They consider that the ruling class exploits the
working class all the time and controls all sources of production. Marxian
theory believes that State is the creation of the class struggle. Welfare has
been developed in the course of the strength of working-class struggle to
exploitation. It is an organ of the economically dominant group or
class through which the propertied class exercises political supremacy
over the majority of expelled class.

Welfare State from Indian point of view

A welfare state government plays an important role in the protection and
promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is
based on the principles of equality of opportunity and public
responsibility for those persons who are not capable of avail themselves
of the minimum requirements for a good life. The welfare state offers
education, housing, healthcare, pensions, unemployment compensation
and equal wages for equal work without any discrimination. It also makes
available public transport, childcare, social facilities such as public parks

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and libraries and a lot of other goods and services to facilitate its citizens.

The ancient Indian state had the seedlings of a welfare state that
germinated and blossomed in its present appearance through the
progression of historical development. The Preamble and the Directive
Principles of State Policy make it fully clear that the goal is to form a
welfare and socialist state. The Directive Principles of State Policy are
guidelines to the central as well as state governments of India, to be kept
in mind while making laws, policies and programmes for the
nation. The Directive Principles of State Policy are incorporated in part
IV of the constitution of India. These principles are the instruments of
instructions for the governments of the country. The directive principles
put down certain economic and social policies to be achieved by the
various governments in India. The welfare objective of the constitution
finds look in Article 38. This article comes under the directives principles
of the state policy. Article 38 of the constitution of India reads, "State to
secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people". It also
says:

1. “The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by

securing and protecting as effectively as it may, a social order in

which justice, social, economic and political shall pervade all
institutions of the national life”.

2. “The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in

income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities

and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst
groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different
vocations”.

3.
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Following are the various social and economic rights incorporated under
Directive Principles in our constitution (Pandey, 2008, p.386):

 Right to adequate means of livelihood: article 39 (a)

 Right against economic exploitation: article 39 (b)

 Right of both sexes to equal pay for equal work: article 39 (d)

 Right to work

 Right to leisure and rest: article 43

 Right to public assistance in case of unemployment, old age or

sickness: article 42

 Right to education: article 41

 Right to just and humane conditions of work: article 42

 Right to maternity relief: article 42

 Right to compulsory and free education of children: article 45

Welfare Schemes in the Welfare State

Welfare stands for good fortune, health, happiness and prosperity. To
attain these targets, the government provides help to the needy sections of
the society. This assistance may be in the form of money or programmes.
Welfare is a dynamic thought and its sense has changed with the course
of time. In the beginning, the welfare concept was taken to represent
helping the poor, widow, orphan and physically handicapped but
afterward on many actions like health, education and housing

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services have also been brought under welfare as offering to the poor,
needy and vulnerable section of the society has attained vital importance.

Rural development is measured as the welfare of rural people particularly

inaccessible areas by raising their living standard through self-
dependence. (Murthy & Narayan, 1989, p. 250) It consists of all the main
concern areas like education, health, employment, and housing etc. (Satya
Sundaram, 1999, p. 5) In brief; rural development is a process that aims
at enhancing the standard of living of the people living in the rural areas.
(Kurukshetra, 2014, p. 3)

Major issues of Punjab State

Punjab is primarily an agrarian state. Punjab has undergone a number of
geographical changes from history. The most noteworthy change being
the partition in 1947. The many internal and external boundary changes
make it hard to evaluate the growth record of present day Punjab. Many
foreign invaders came here and looted it. Punjab faced numerous socio-
economic and human life losses during this time. After independence, to
tackle the problem of poverty, illiteracy, health problems, girls drop out
from schools; different welfare schemes and policies of the central
government for rural as well as urban areas are in operation in the state.
Along with this, the Punjab state government also introduced many social
welfare schemes in the state to check these problems.

The Punjab economy for the period of the 1980s was suffering from
extreme political and social turmoil. The function of democratic
government at the state level was absolutely disturbed. The state fully
sidetracked the government from engaging in developmental or welfare
activities to checking law and order problems in its place. The heavy
expenditure is spent on the security forces during this time. The normal
functioning of the state government was disrupted. The state
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government‟s main duty to provide health and educational services has
become dysfunctional. Social sectors such as health and education which
are essential to human development, suffered rigorously due to the lack of
public resources. (Singh & Singh, 2016, pp.4-5)

Unemployment in Punjab is no different from the rest of India. In fact the

unemployment among the youths is very worrying. Some of the experts
have an opinion that unemployment was the main cause of militancy in
the state of the recent past. Due to several reasons like rise in population,
lack of industries, unemployment is increasing swiftly. (Chand, 1999,
pp.14-16)

Central Government sponsored welfare schemes

The government of India (GOI) launched several welfare schemes for the
well-being of its citizens. Indian government introduced many policies
and schemes in the field of health and nutrition, scholarship for women
empowerment, the women living in the rural & tribal areas, ex-
servicemen, physically handicapped, widows, old age women, women
self-help group i.e. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Integrated
Child Development Services (ICDS), Balika Samriddhi Yojana (BSY),
Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS), Pre-matric and post-
matric scholarship schemes, Mid-Day Meal scheme etc.

Punjab Government sponsored welfare schemes

The Punjab government started several social, economic, health and
educational schemes to assist the disadvantaged sector of the society.
These social welfare schemes are 100 percent Punjab government
sponsored welfare schemes. These welfare schemes are shagun scheme
introduced in 1997, Balri Rakshak Yojana launched in 2005, Bebe Nanki
Laadli Beti Kalyan Scheme launched in 2011, Mai Bhago Vidya Scheme
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launched in 2011-12, Scheme for providing education to orphan girls
launched in 1968, Financial assistance to the Widows and Destitute
Women launched in 1999, Mahila Jagriti Yojana launched in 1999, Mai
Bhago Istri Shakti Scheme launched in 2009, Concessional Bus travel
facility to Women launched in 1997, Dr. Hargobind Khurana Scholarship
Scheme launched in 2013, Bhagat Puran Singh Sehat Beema Yojna
(BPSSBY) launched in 2013, Bhai Ghaniya Insurance Scheme
launched in 2012, Old Age Pension Scheme, Atta Dal Scheme launched
in 2007 etc. (Chadha & Chadda, 2017, pp.107-110)

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 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
After independence in 1947 A.D., India had to face a number of socio-
economic problems. The Government's policies and programmes have
put stress on poverty alleviation, employment generation and income
opportunities and provision of infrastructure and basic facilities or
services to meet the needs of rural deprived people. In order to this
implementation, many socio-economic welfare schemes were introduced
from time to time by Indian government as well as state governments for
the betterment of society.

The subject of welfare is of huge importance. In the course of the study,

the researcher has recognized the earlier works connected with every
aspect of research. A comprehensive review of literature is important for
any good research effort as it provides background information to assist
researchers in designing and analyzing research work. For knowing the
present situation of knowledge and research work, the researcher
reviewed the following:-

Friedlander in his book “Introduction to Social Welfare” (1963) defines

the concept of social welfare in a different way. Social welfare is the
organized system of welfare services and institutions designed to assist
individuals and groups to achieve satisfying standards of life and health,
personal and social relationship which permits them to support their well
being in harmony with needs of their families and the communities.
Social Services include social assistance, social insurance, child welfare,
mental hygiene, public health, education, recreation, labour protection,
and housing etc.

Marsh ed. in his book “An Introduction to the study of Social

Administration” (1965) has studied the nature and scope of social welfare
10
 administration. He has traced the historical evolution of social policy in
India. He has tried to examine the relationship of social policy with
industrial conditions prevailing in India. He has also analyzed the
services for maintenance and promotion of health. He has discussed
welfare services for children, handicapped and mentally retarded persons.
He has also examined the critical role of administration and social
workers in providing social services in a welfare state. He also pointed to
certain problems concerned in translating social policy into social action.

Madan in his book “Indian Social Problems: Social Disorganization and

Reconstruction” (1966) explain the various issues and problems of the
society like beggary, gambling, juvenile delinquency and rapid
urbanization. The nature of the social problems in India is not very
different from that in other civilized and developed countries of the
world. There are certain problems peculiar to this country because of the
differences in social setup and many other political reasons. It deals with
social problems besides social disorganization. There are a lot of reasons
behind the different social problems like causes of poverty, causes of the
pitiable health problems. It also revealed social welfare schemes and five
year plans for the development of society.

Vidyarthi & Mishra‟s work “Harijan Today” (1977) explains the social,
economic, political and educational condition of the scheduled castes. He also
focused concentration on economic aspects such as landlessness, indebtedness,
low Income and poor standards of livelihood. He has discussed untouchability
and the hierarchical position of scheduled castes, their family life, marriage and
divorce, health and sanitation. He has discussed the role of a variety of voluntary
agencies and social reform movements to raise the position of Harijans.
Constitutional safeguards for their improvement have been stated. It has stated
that dalit woman and their problems deep-rooted in India‟s traditional social
order.
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Gupta‟s book “Structural Dimensions of Poverty in India” (1987)
explains that welfare state means the state that takes care of the welfare of
its people. The state is not a body meant for collecting tax and protecting
life and property of people from internal and external threat. But also it
should take care of the fundamental needs of the people like health,
education, food and shelter, infrastructure facilities like public buildings,
roads, educational institutions and irrigation. The activities of present-day
welfare states broaden cash benefits to the needy sections for their
livelihood and for fulfilling their social, cultural, educational obligations.

Arora in book “Turmoil in Punjab Politics” (1990) reveals that Punjab

recovers from the destruction of partition in 1947 to reconstruct and then
to embark upon India‟s most successful agricultural development path.
Punjab has turned into India‟s leading state in economic development
including the per acre production of wheat and rice. Punjab‟s economic
success is at least partially accountable for the turmoil of the 1980s. Fast
social change has accompanied economic success; dislocating community
and upsetting traditional values and lifestyles.

Mahajan in his book “Integrated Rural Development Programme: A

Study of problems and prospects in Punjab” (1991) told that Punjab is a
leading state of Indian Union. The economic situation of people of the
Punjab is better than any other state. Even those, mostly people, are living
below the poverty line. The state launched several policies and
programmes for the weaker section of the society. Such policies are like
the Model Village Scheme (1969-70), Jayanti Village Scheme (1977) etc.
Rural development programmes in the 1950s formed the basic
infrastructure desirable for the rural areas. There was a scarcity of food in
the community in many areas. The Green revolution brought food self-
sufficiency to check hunger in India. But it is now commonly agreed that
the income inequalities have increased. Rural development programmes
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 implemented in rural areas relieved the country from the food problem.
It brought development in the living conditions of the rural people.
Currently a large number of children in rural areas have started going to
schools. Almost all villages are getting electrified. Essential medical
facilities are accessible. It clearly indicates that the economic conditions
of the rural areas have improved a little bit. In spite of the overall
progress in rural areas, the frequency of poverty continues prevailing.

Bhatt and Sharma‟s book “Women‟s Education and Development”

(1992) focused on the efforts done by the government of India through
legislative procedures and policies for women empowerment. They
examined the revolutionized change in the status of women after the
independence period. They enlighten that at the present time women are
progressing towards improvement in social, economic as well as political
fields. Social advancement also depends upon women‟s education and
empowerment.

Sachdeva‟s book “Social Welfare Administration in India” (1993)

provides a complete study of social welfare and its management both in
its theoretical and operational part. It starts with theoretical structure by
attempting a conceptual overview of social work. It also defines social
welfare programmes and policies along with their methods and models,
tracing the development of social welfare from early times to the present
day.

Verma‟s book “State Liability in India Retrospect and Prospects” (1993)

has dealt with the concept of welfare state. In ancient civilizations of the
world, the generous kings all the time thought in terms of the happiness
of their citizens. Manu also reminds that the king by conducting himself
always in traditional values with Raj

13
 dharma should command all his servants to work for the welfare of the
people in his territory.

Chakrapani & Kumar (ed.) in their book “Changing Status and Role of
Women in Indian Society” (1994) focused on women empowerment.
This book deals with women and development, health and education,
women‟s role in economic activity, women political participation,
women and victimization. It also examines the role of women in
changing society, rural women‟s status, status and decision making
among women in family, women in engineering education and the role of
higher education in the empowerment of women. This book describes
tribal women and development programmes and economic independence
for women. It highlights discrimination against women in rural India and
less political participation of women.

Research Gap of Literature

Women empowerment is the key aspect for the nation‟s growth. A large
amount of studies dealt with reservation in education especially in a
theoretical sense. A majority study is based on centrally sponsored
welfare schemes. There is also a lack of comparative study of welfare
schemes of different areas of the Punjab region. Socio- economic aspects
of the beneficiaries have not been discussed seriously. Before this, Punjab
government sponsored social welfare schemes have not studied the field
carefully. A number of schemes are running under the Punjab state
government associated with education, health, and social welfare. Punjab
sponsored schemes associated especially with women have been
ignored. There is not enough study in

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which socio-economic aspects of beneficiaries are discussed. That‟s why;
the present study tries to cover the research gap. This study examined the
implementation and impact of social welfare schemes in the district of
Sangrur of Punjab state since 2002 A.D.

Theoretical Framework
This research work is an effort to examine the social welfare schemes in
the district of Sangrur in Punjab state. The research topic is Social
Welfare Schemes in Punjab since 2002: A Study of Implementation and
its Impact in the District of Sangrur (Pb.). The objectives of the study are
to examine the social welfare schemes executed in the district Sangrur by
the government of Punjab since 2002, to study the socio-economic
conditions of the respondents, to inspect the paradoxes in the
implementation social welfare schemes in the concerned district and to
scrutinize the success and the effectiveness of social welfare schemes in
the Sangrur district of Punjab.

The method adopted for this study is empirical. Descriptive and

analytical methods are used for the study. Questionnaires and
observational tools are used to collect the required information from the
respondents. Primary as well secondary sources are used to collect the
required information. The present study is emphasized on the Sangrur
district of Punjab only. Two blocks named Malerkotla-I and Dhuri of
Sangrur district have been selected for the study for each scheme.
Random sampling is used to collect the information from the respondents.
A sample of 300 respondents has chosen which is uniformly taken up
from the selected areas.

The present study is focused on the implementation and impact of the

Social Welfare Schemes named Atta Dal Scheme, Mai Bhago Vidya
Scheme and Shagun (Ashirwad) Scheme in the district of Sangrur of
15
 Punjab.

Food security is an imperative issue at global level. The concept of food

security first came into notice in 1974 A.D. World Food Summit. It was
agreed in the summit that it is the moral responsibility of all nations to
provide adequate food to all to achieve a food secure world. In 1996
A.D., more than 180 nations participated in the World Food Summit. The
representatives of different nations reaffirm that there is a need for a
peaceful, stable and enabling political, social and economic
environment to make the world free from shortage of food, food security,
poverty eradication and welfare state. Girl‟s education and social security
should be on priority lists.

Misra in his book “Education of Women in India from 1921 to 1955”

(1961) examined the education view point of women. He studied that
there has been a swift growth in women education in all spheres along
with existing evils. There has been a quantitative expansion in the number
of institutions for women education. Education for women at primary,
secondary and higher stages is optimistically encouraged. Even after
admission of girls for vocational & skill development is still not
noteworthy. There is still a requirement of special courses for women like
Home Science, Drawing, Painting, Music, Nursing etc. Funds are
available for women education but there is a need of proper utilization of
funds.

Rao in his work “More Employment of Scheduled Castes and Tribes”

(1964) studied the impact of welfare plans on education and economic
development. The author concluded that the welfare plans planned to
enable scheduled caste beneficiaries to take better advantage of the
schemes. They also attained a number of developments like education,
employment and socio-economic. The special measures came to see from
16
 the view point of educational and economic development from welfare
plans.

Gilbert and Specht‟s work “Dimensions of Social Welfare Policy” (1974)

have analyzed the theoretical framework of social welfare policy. It also
compared different policies of social welfare with common dimensions.
They have inspected how values, theories and hypotheses influence the
policy-maker in formulating social welfare policies. They also described
plans and execution of social welfare policies.

Jain in his work “Emancipation of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Some

Suggestions” (1981) pointed out that the scheduled castes have tiny
access to education which is essential for the poor‟s self-advancement.
High rate of illiteracy exists among the scheduled castes women. This is
one of the major obstacles against poverty. Again, only a small
proportion of those who are literate have had access to higher education
and the drop-out rate for financial reasons is high. He further found that
though there is an improvement in the ratio of the enrolment of the
children of the scheduled castes in the schools, they are still considerably
below the enrolment ratio of the general population.

Sachdeva in his book “Social Welfare Administration in India” (1993)

enumerates the concept of welfare in its different perspectives. He affirms that
the concept of a welfare state is clearly reflected in the preamble of the
constitution of India, the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of
State Policy. In the constitution, there are abundant provisions intended at
promoting the welfare of the people. Five Year Plans came into continuation to
attain this goal. He critically analyses the deficiencies of the existing policies and
programmes. He also enlightens faulty procedures and mechanisms for their
implementation. It also incorporates suggestions for remedying the deficiencies

17
in the policies and programmes and implementation of welfare programmes.

Formulation of Research Problem

This study is an effort to examine the Social Welfare Schemes in Punjab
since 2002: A Study of Implementation and Its Impact in the District of
Sangrur (Pb.). Social Welfare Schemes have been under process since
many years in Sangrur district. Hence there is need for a study to
evaluate and examine the various social welfare schemes i.e. girl‟s
education, food security and social security to study the role of Punjab
Government in implementation of social welfare schemes, management
and operational problems of implementation and to examine the
effectiveness and the success of social welfare schemes.

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 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

HAPPINESS AT WORKPLACE INTRODUCTION

In the contemporary times, there has been a paramount shift where researchers are
now focussing their attention towards employee wellbeing and happiness
instead of paying attention to disorders, disturbances and negative human
emotions. Happiness as a subject of investigation has gained much attention in
the field of organizational studies due to its profound impact on overall
employee performance besides its importance in everyday life (Singh &
Aggarwal, 2017). Happiness has attracted the consideration of philosophers
since the beginning of written history (McMahon, 2006), but has only recently
come to the fore in psychology research (Fisher, 2010). With the interest of
research, the word happiness attained the status of a buzz word in academic
spheres and corporate houses used the same in their taglines to lure their
customers (Steger, Frazier, Oishi & Kaler, 2006; Veenhoven, 2002). During
the 1980’s the number of studies being conducted on happiness, wellbeing and
life- satisfaction started growing and 780 articles about the same were
published annually (Myers & Diener, 1995).

The interest in the study of well-being, life satisfaction and happiness is fairly
new but the theories of happiness are age old. According to the philosophers of
ancient Greece, “happiness accompanies a life of intelligent reflection”
(Seligman, 2002). Similarly, according to a Roman philosopher, Cicero, “there
is no fool who is happy, and no wise man who is not” (Seligman, 2011).
Throughout history, philosophers and researchers have given contradicting and
conflicting ideas about happiness. Usually, happiness is categorized by people
as feeling good (Alipour, Pedram, Abedi & Rostami, 2012). However, such a
definition of happiness is too narrow a conceptualization (Clark, Frijters &
Shields, 2008). According to Di Tella and Mac Culloch (2006), happiness is
not limited to doing and feeling good, it is much deeper. Happiness comes
from identifying virtues, cultivating them and then living life according to
those virtues. The most important virtue according to this concept is gratitude
and a grateful individual may indulge in practices which will make his

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 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

gratitude evident (for example, sending a letter to a friend to express

thankfulness for his friendship). Happiness itself is a by-product of this
gratitude (Frey & Stutzer, 2002).

Seligman (2002), presented a theory of happiness which was similar to Aristotle’s

concept of Eudemonia. According to this theory happiness can be achieved by
identifying one’s strengths then nurturing them every single day. This theory
emphasises that there are three paths to happiness- the pleasant path, the path
of meaning and the engaged path (Headay & Wearing, 1992; Kahneman &
Kreuger, 2006). A person is said to be truly happy when he is engaged on all
three paths (Kahneman & Kreuger, 2006). Another concept similar to
Aristotle’s conceptualisation of happiness is the hedonic approach, according
to which, happiness can be attained when satisfaction is increased and pain is
reduced. This approach to happiness emphasises on attainment of happiness
through feelings such as being satisfied, self-validation and eventually
achieving self- actualization (Seligman, 2002; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999; Warr,
2007).

After the conceptualisation of happiness given by Aristotle, numerous other

researchers have also come forward to conceptualise happiness with their own
theories. These theories are classified into three groups: need and goal
satisfaction theories; process and activity theories; and genetic and personality
predisposition theories. The need and goal theories state that the needs of an
individual are positively associated with the degree of life satisfaction as was
stated by Maslow (1968) in his needs hierarchy theory. According to Diener
(2009), in order to be happy an individual need to focus on improving the
quality of life, which in turn leads to goal fulfilment. Goal theories on the other
hand conceptualise happiness as the end state achieved after the fulfilment of a
particular goal. The process and activity theory propounded by Solomon
(1980) stated that, happiness is attained after losing something bad and
unhappiness is the result of losing something good. The affect after losing an
object is greatest after habituation. According to Csikszentmihalyi and Hunter
(2003), as per activity theories, happiness is a human activity and happiness
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 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

arises from behaviour rather than achieving end-points or goals. This theory
explains that the individual should focus on the activities which would lead to
goal fulfilment rather than the goal to be achieved. The goal set should
match the person’s skill, as an easy activity would lead to boredom which
would in turn lead to anxiety (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990). It is seen as a focal
point for an individual’s growth.

The genetic theory described that happiness as an inborn disposition to enjoy life and that it
was hereditary (Lykken, 1999). According to this theory, the vehemence to enjoy life
and be happy is genetic and is inherited by an individual. A fair majority of researchers
are conflicted about the nature of this disposition as there is a reward system of the
brain which links it to positive and negative affect and in turn makes a person happy or
sad (Diener, Kesebir & Tov, 2009). On the other hand, according to the personality
predisposition theory, an individual’s happiness depends upon the personality traits he
possesses (Keyes, Schmotkin & Ryff, 2002). This theory also validates that genetics
and heredity play a vital role in determining the happiness of an individual. The
dynamic equilibrium theory also states that personality affects the way an individual
evaluates life events, which in turn determines whether the individual will be happy or
not (Headey & Wearing, 1992).

Diener (2009) considers happiness as subjective well-being, which, according to him,

consists of three components: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect and
high life satisfaction. Even though these three components are inter-related, they are
independent (Sandvik, Diener & Seidlitz, 1993). Most of the research, which has been
carried out about happiness, uses the term happiness and subjective well-being as
synonymously (Carr, 2013). However, the construct of subjective well-being represents
only one aspect of happiness that can be empirically measured. Hence, some
researchers consider subjective well-being as a scientific synonym of happiness
(Pawelski & Gupta, 2011). However, happiness is part of everyday human experience
and discourse. Thus, it will necessarily have fuzzy boundaries and varying definitions
(Diener, 2009). For example, researchers have stressed upon good luck and favourable
external conditions (Diener, Tay & Oishi, 2013), coping resources (Cohn, Fredrickson,
Brown, Mikels & Conway, 2009), time and other orientation (Aaker, Rudd & Mogilner,
45
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

2011) while understanding and defining happiness. Some researchers consider

indicators of subjective well-being, affect and quality of life denoting happiness
(Easterlin, 2004), while others highlight the need to differentiate between them (Bruni
& Porta, 2005).

A more prescriptive approach towards happiness was given by Ryff and Singer (1996) in
‘psychological well-being’ and Ryan and Deci (2000) in ‘self-determination theory’.
These theories gave a more rigid and objective approach towards happiness, and
advocated the fulfilment of certain needs (like autonomy, self- acceptance, personal
growth or environmental mastery) as a precondition for happiness. The researchers
working on subjective well-being rely more on people’s evaluation of their lives and
impart scientific credibility to it. On the other hand, according to Ryff and Singer’s
(1996) and Ryan and Deci’s (2000), conceptualisation of happiness, self- evaluations
and appraisals only feed frivolous optimism and raw hedonism. The constituents of
happiness (or subjective well-being), like positive affect and life satisfaction originate
from a person’s goals and values. Thus, people are more likely to experience high
levels of happiness when they have fulfilled their personal goals, this is in line with
Ryff and Singer’s (1996) and Ryan and Deci’s (2000) conceptualisation of happiness
(Diener & Larsen, 1993).

Organisations aim at attracting and retaining a competent workforce so that they

can achieve the long-term objectives of the organisation and attain and sustain
a competitive advantage. In order to effectively achieve the objectives of the
organisation, it is essential that the employees perform well. However, the
performance of the employees does not only depend on the qualification,
capability and proficiency but it is also a function of happiness and overall
wellbeing. Hence, the present study is aimed at identifying factors within the
organisation that help in improving the happiness of employees at work and
their job performance. The present chapter describes the methodological issues
of the study.

Objectives of the Study

46
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

The present study has been undertaken with the following specific objectives in view.

1. To assess the state of happiness of employees working in different sectors in

Kashmir.
2. To identify the antecedents of work place happiness of employees.
3. To study the impact of work place happiness on job performance of employees.
4. To identify work place happiness improvement strategies for enhancing
employee’s job performance.

Hypotheses:

Following hypotheses have been tested during the present study:

H1: Happiness at workplace is positively related to job performance.

H2: Happiness at workplace positively impacts job performance

H3: Happiness at workplace differs significantly across different sectors.

H4: There is no significant difference in the perception of employees

towards work place happiness with respect to demographic variables.

47
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Research design

The present study is descriptive in nature as it tries to identify the different

variables of happiness at work and its impact on job performance. The study is
also cross- sectional and it reflects the preferences of the respondents at a
specific point of time. Thus, two research designs were appropriate for the
present study as it was important to understand the dynamics of happiness at
workplace and job performance.

48
 Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Sampling design

The sample design of the present study comprises of the following elements:

a) Area of study

Full-time public-sector employees working in the banking, education, health

and the manufacturing sectors in Kashmir were studied.

b) Population for the study

The study population from which the sample was drawn consists of 4 sectors
i.e. banking, education, health and manufacturing. From each sector, public
sector organisations were identified using stratified proportionate sampling
technique. Full time employees were selected from each sector.

c) Sampling frame

The sample for the study was drawn from the human resource departments of
the selected organisations. The websites of the respective institutions also
provided information pertaining to the number of employees present.

d) Sampling unit

The sample for this study consisted of full-time public-sector employees

working in selected organisations from banking, education, health and
manufacturing sectors of Kashmir division.

49
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

e) Selection of the sample size

The formula used for the sample size determination is as under:

𝑍2 × 𝑃(1 − 𝑃)/𝑒2
𝑆=
1 + (𝑧2 × 𝑝(1 − 𝑝)/𝑒2𝑁

Where, z-Confidence level (critical limit), p- Population proportion, N-

Population and e- Margin of error.

The sample size came out to be 390. But since it has been recommended that a
higher sample size has higher chances of obtaining significant results (Cohen,
1996), it was proposed to take a sample of approximately 400 respondents and
accordingly the effective sample size of 400 respondents was selected.
Thereafter, the sample was distributed in 4 sectors- banking, education, health
and manufacturing.

f) Sampling Method

The sampling method used in the study was directly stratified proportionate
sampling using 10 per cent proportionality. The effective sample size of 400
was divided according to the 10 per cent proportionality criteria. The
respondents were selected accordingly from banking, education, health and
manufacturing. Effective sample size and its structure is presented in Table
3.1.

50
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Table 3.1: Sample Size and Structure

Sector Population Proposed Sample Effective Sample

1200 120 120

Banking
950 95 100
Education
1000 100 100
Health
750 75 80
Manufacturing
400
Total 3900 390

51
Demographic Characteristics of the Sample

As shown in the table 3.2, majority of the respondents under study were males
which approximately constitute 54.5% of the whole sample along with 45.5%
of the females. With regard to age, 3% of the respondents were up to 20 years
old whereas 55.8 % of the respondents were 21- 30 years old and 9% of the
sample consisted of people above the age group of 40 years. Majority of the
respondents i.e. 56.3% were married amongst which 34 % of the respondent’s
spouses were employed and 13.3% were unemployed. About 43% of the
respondents were unmarried, 0.5 % divorced and 0.5% widowed. The majority
of the respondents belonged to nuclear families (66%) while majority of the
respondents (64.8%) had no children, 16% of the respondents who had one
child, 15.3% had 2 children, 3% had 3 children and 1 % of the respondents had
4 or more than 4 children. Around 60 % of the respondents under study held a
Master’s degree, 20.3% held above a master’s degree and 18% held a
bachelor’s degree.

Majority of the respondents (42.5%) had up to 3 years work experience where

as 26.3% respondents had 3- 7 years of experience and 9.8% had more than 15
years of experience. Majority of the respondents i.e. 34.5% fall in the income
group of Rs 10,000- 30,000 followed by 26.8 % respondents who fall in the
income group of Rs 30,000- 50,000 and only 9.5% respondents belonged to
the income group earning Rs.1, 00,000 and above per month. About 29% of the
respondents had to travel more than 20 kms each day to reach their workplaces
and 17.3 % respondents had to cover a distance of 10- 15 kms. With regard to
sectors, 25 % of the respondents belonged to each banking, education, health
and manufacturing.

52
Introduction

Table4.1:FactorsofHappinessatWorkplace

Standard
S.No. Factors Mean
Deviation

1. SupportiveOrganisationExperiences 3.3800 .90250

2. UnsupportiveOrganisationExperiences 3.0654 .93531

3. Flow&IntrinsicMotivation 3.8956 .79858

4. WorkRepulsiveFeelings 3.2129 .83108

Total 3.3884 .47806

Based on the descriptive statistics presented above, it is evident that the

respondents are happy with their overall level of workplace satisfaction (M =
3.3884; SD =.47806). The primary factors influencing workplace happiness are
flow and intrinsic motivation (M=3.8956;SD=.79858), which suggests that a
high level of HAW is reflected in an employee's internal drive and motivation
to perform exceptionally well at work, as well as in how engaged and
enjoyably they work.In a similar vein, the respondent's current state of HAW is
most significantly influenced by supportive organization experience
(M=3.3800; SD=.90250). This suggests that employees who receive social
support from their employers will have a positive opinion of their experiences
and are more likely to express a desire to acquire new skills and participate in
training programs for the same. Additionally, they have a favorable opinion of
the organization's goal, vision, and decision-making procedure.Additionally,
the staff members support their friends and coworkers, take part in team
activities, and celebrate victories. All of this finally has a favorable impact on

53
 their HAW.

Compared to other dimensions of HAW, the means derived from work

unpleasant sentiments (M=3.2129; SD=.83108) and unsupportive
organizational experiences (M=3.0654; SD=.93531) are lower.This implies
that it's not It is not unusual to locate disgruntled workers in organizations that
participate less in teams, have received negative feedback from their peers,
complain about politics and credit theft, and are seeking for a way out. This
component can be enhanced by offering a nurturing work atmosphere with
room for growth, guaranteeing social support, controlling team behavior, and
fostering pleasant organizational experiences.

DemographicsandHappinessatWorkplace:

InordertoexaminethecurrentstateofHAWandthedivergenceintheperception
oftheemployeesworkingindifferentsectors,inferentialstatisticaltestslike
ANOVAandt-testwereconductedonselecteddemographicfactors.Toevaluate the
difference between the means of two independent or unrelated groups, the
independentsamplet-testwasconducted.Itevaluatedwhetherthemeanvalueof
thetestvariable(i.e.,happinessatworkplace)fordemographicvariables(gender
andtype of family) differs significantly from the mean value of the test variable
for the second group (see for results Table 4.2).

Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics & Independent Sample t-test for

Happiness at Workplace
HappinessatWorkplace
Demographics Categories N
Mean Standard T.Value Sig.
Deviation
Male 218 3.4080 .49574
Gender .887 .376
Female 182 3.3654 .45627

Typeoffamily Nuclear 264 3.3093 .55359 2.38 .017

Joint 136 3.4295 .42952

54
 Gender:

Of the 400 respondents in the survey, 218 were men and 182 were women. Given
that the p-value is greater than 0.05, it is clear from the independent sample t-test
that there is no significant difference between genders' levels of workplace
pleasure.The respondents expressed general satisfaction at

workplace is seen as fairly excellent, but male respondents' degree of happiness

(M=3.4080; SD=.49574) is marginally greater than female respondents' (M=3.3654;
SD=.45627). This is explained by the fact that female employees are overworked at
home and at work, which eventually detracts from the quality of their lives at work
and at home. Sometimes, female employees quit their employment to support their
families. Conversely, men place a greater value on their work than on their families,
and as a result, they typically report happier and better-quality work lives.

Numerous research studies (Alesina et al., 2006; Barra, 2010; Csikszentmihalyi &
Hunter, 2003; Inglehart, Foa, Peterson & Welzel, 2008; Swami, Voracek, Dressler,
Eisma & Furnham, 2009) have reported that gender is a crucial variable when it
comes to happiness and wellbeing. Nevertheless, research by Yasuko, Romano,
Garcia, and Felix (2005), as well as Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999), refuted this
theory and discovered that gender has no bearing on happiness.

Family Type:

264 of the 400 respondents in the current study had nuclear families, whereas 136
had joint families. The independent sample t-test indicates that, when considering
the type of family, there is a significant difference in workplace happiness, with a p-
value of less than 0.05.The respondents assessed their overall level of satisfaction at
work as moderately excellent; nevertheless, the degree of contentment among those
who live in joint families is marginally greater (M =3.4295, SD =.42952) than that of
respondents who live in nuclear families. The results are consistent with those of Rim
(1993), who discovered that higher levels of happiness were displayed by men and
women who had larger families and siblings.They were more ambitious and shown
greater levels of maturity, self-direction, and restrictive compliance.A larger family
gives a person more time and energy to engage in activities that promote his personal
development and well-being, which in turn raises his level of enjoyment and
enhances his performance at work.

ANOVA was used to investigate a number of workplace satisfaction parameters

related to age, education, income, job experience, position, family size, and sector.

of employment of the respondents to look for any disparities.The tables provided

below provide an overview of the findings.

Income:

55
 Table4.3:HappinessatWorkplaceandIncome

Dimensions of Happiness
Income(inRs) N Mean F Sig.
at Workplace
Lessthan10,000 43 3.3895
10,000-30,000 138 3.2518
Supportive Organisation 30,000-50,000 107 3.4720 1.443 .219
Experiences
50,000-100,000 74 3.3784
100,000&above 38 3.5789
Lessthan10,000 43 3.2586
10,000-30,000 138 2.8468
Unsupportive 30,000-50,000 107 2.8070
4.666 .001*
Organisation Experiences 50,000-100,000 74 2.7829
100,000&above 38 3.1932
Lessthan10,000 43 3.6395
10,000-30,000 138 3.8170
Flow&Intrinsic 30,000-50,000 107 3.9720
2.501 .042*
Motivation 50,000-100,000 74 3.9797
100,000&above 38 4.0921
Lessthan10,000 43 3.1919
10,000-30,000 138 3.3569
30,000-50,000 107 3.2103
WorkRepulsiveFeelings 2.251 .063
50,000-100,000 74 3.0203
100,000&above 38 3.0965
Lessthan10,000 43 3.2510
10,000-30,000 138 3.4047
Overall Happiness at 30,000-50,000 107 3.4782
2.454 .045*
Workplace 50,000-100,000 74 3.3063
100,000&above 38 3.3936
*Significantat5percentlevel

56
According to the results presented in Table 4.3, wealth has a substantial impact on flow and
intrinsic motivation (p<0.05), unsupportive organizational experiences (p<0.05), and overall
workplace happiness (p<0.05). The respondents with incomes less than Rs 10,000 had the highest
meanscores (M= 3.2586) when comparing their experiences with unsupportive organizations.The
progressive decline in meanscores with rising income suggests that incidences of unsupportive
organizational experiences decline as employees' income rises.This demonstrates the significance
of money as a motivator. However, the mean score for unsupportive organisation experiences
increases beyond a certain income, i.e., Rs 100,000 & above (M=3.1932). This suggests that,
although having a sufficient income is necessary to ensure happiness at work, employees expect
more in order to promote long-lasting happiness. When compared to lower income groups, the flow
and intrinsic motivation are highest among respondents with an income of Rs 100,000 & above
(M=4.0921).The employees who are paid appropriately are willing to put in more effort and time to
perform the duties allocated to them, as seen by the progressive increase in mean scores that
corresponds with the respondents' income.
The mean ratings for respondents' overall job satisfaction indicate a progressive increase from those
making less than Rs 10,000 (M=3.2510) to those in the Rs 30,000–50,000 (M=3.4782) salary
range, after which the mean score declines. Short-term, self-serving behaviors are encouraged by
money. To guarantee enduring contentment and drive among employees, it is imperative to offer
benefits beyond monetary compensation, such as favorable working environments, fulfilling roles,
independence, and acknowledgement.
Numerous researches have confirmed the relationship between socioeconomic welfare and
happiness, finding that higher income levels are linked to higher levels of happiness (Cornelis,
2010). An enough wage is essential for an employee to be happy and have a great quality of work
life, claim Saraji and Dargahi (2006). According to Blanchflower & Oswald (2006), a person's
happiness is positively impacted by their money—but only up to a certain point, after which the
relationship between income and happiness becomes less pronounced. Other

Research (Diener, Ng, Harter & Arora, 2010; Di Tella, McColloch & Oswald, 2003; Easterlin,
2006; Stutzer, 2004) has also supported similar conclusions. Regarding the connection between
income and job satisfaction, some researchers continue to disagree. The findings of Easterlin
(2010) and Graham (2010)'s research indicate that there is insufficient evidence to firmly establish
a causal relationship between employee income and workplace satisfaction, and it is impossible to
say for sure whether higher money translates into happier employees.
Years of Experience:

57
The information in Table 4.4 shows that experience affects every aspect of workplace happiness,
including flow and intrinsic motivation (p<0.05), work repulsive feelings (p<0.05), supportive and
unsupportive organization experiences (p<0.05), and overall workplace happiness (p<0.05). This
indicates that experience has a significant impact on happiness levels across all respondent
groups.When comparing respondents with up to three years of experience to those with more over
fifteen years of experience, there is a discernible increase in the mean of the measures and total job
satisfaction. The initial years of job experience are marked by a low mean score for supportive
organizational experiences (M=3.1855), flow and intrinsic motivation (M=3.7868), and overall
workplace happiness (M=3.2907). These scores increase with experience and reach their maximum
for employees with over 15 years of job experience. This shows that in their early careers,
individuals are often less experienced than their more seasoned colleagues since they are less
familiar with the organization's policies, have higher expectations, and are generally less satisfied.
Employees' chances of advancement and progress rise as they gain experience and become more
accustomed to the job; this positively affects their pleasure there, as seen by rising
meanscores.During the first few years of employment, the worker's responsibilities are restricted,
and their social network is also small. Employees feel more unattractive at work and the
unsupportive organizational climate grows as this circle widens.

58
 Table4.4:HappinessatWorkplace&YearsofExperience
Dimensionsof
Happiness at Experience N Mean F Sig.
Workplace
Upto3years 170 3.1855
3-7years 105 3.3265
Supportive
7-11years 62 3.4381
Organisation 2.425 .048*
Experiences 11-15years 24 3.4583
Above15
39 3.7179
years
Upto3years 170 2.7436
3-7years 105 2.9937
Unsupportive 7-11years 62 3.0765
Organisation 4.330 .002*
11-15years 24 3.1129
Experiences
Above15
39 3.7083
years
Upto3years 170 3.7868
3-7years 105 3.7984
Flow&Intrinsic 7-11years 62 3.9714 3.174 0.01*
Motivation 11-15years 24 4.0625
Above15
39 4.2179
years
Upto3years 170 2.9765
3-7years 105 3.0659
WorkRepulsive 7-11years 62 3.2310
2.415 .048*
Feelings 11-15years 24 3.2632
Above15
39 3.5417
years
Upto3years 170 3.2907
3-7years 105 3.3632
Overall Happiness 7-11years 62 3.4085
3.348 .010*
at Workplace 11-15years 24 3.4140
Above15
39 3.6927
years
*Significantat5percentlevel.

TheresultsofsimilarstudiesonthesubjectconductedbyGupta(2012),
ElamparuthiandJambulingam(2015);KarrierandKhurana(1996),however
suggest that with the increase in work experience, the quality of work-life and
happiness of employees starts decreasing. The findings are in contradiction
with the
findingsofNanjundeswaeaswamyandSwamy(2013),accordingtowhichtheyears

59
 ofexperiencedonothaveasignificantimpactonthehappiness,wellbeingand quality of
work life of an individual.

MaritalStatus:

Table4.5:HappinessatWorkplaceandMaritalStatus

Dimensions of Happiness MaritalStatus N Mean F Sig.

at Workplace

Unmarried 225 3.3056

Supportive Organisation Married 171 3.4547

2.577 .053
Experiences 2 4.2500
Divorced
Widowed 2 4.5000

Unmarried 225 3.1037

Unsupportive Organisation Married 171 3.0429

2.200 .088
Experiences Divorced 2 2.0000

Widowed 2 1.8333

Unmarried 225 3.8256

Flow &Intrinsic Married 171 3.9708
2.248 .082
Motivation Divorced 2 4.5000

Widowed 2 4.7500

Unmarried 225 3.2537

Married 171 3.1672

WorkRepulsiveFeelings .602 .614
Divorced 2 3.0000
Widowed 2 2.7500
Unmarried 225 3.3721
Overall Happiness at
Married 171 3.4589
Workplace
.211 .888
Divorced 2 3.4375

Widowed 2 3.4083

Table 4.5 depicting ANOVA results of happiness at workplace dimensions

based on
themaritalstatusoftheemployees,showsthatthemaritalstatusoftheworkersdoes

60
 not have any significant effect on any dimension of workplace happiness as the p-
value in all the cases is reported to be greater than 0.05. According to the Social
IntegrationTheoryofHappiness,marriagedoesn’tincreasehappinessanymore than
cohabitation. The social set- up is evolving and now there is less pressure on
people to get married. According to Ross, Catherine, John and Karen
(1990),happiness and marriage are not mutually exclusive and can operate
simultaneously which implies that people who are already happy are more likely
to be selected for marriage.
The respondents' mean ratings, however, indicate that married employees (M=3.4589) are generally happier than
single, divorced, and widowed employees. In 1998, Stack and Eshleman conducted a study which found that married
individuals were 3.4 times happier than single ones. The study also found that marriage had a positive impact on both
men's and women's health and financial status. Research by Bradburn (1969), Coombs (1991), Glenn (1975),
Goldman and Hu (1993), Gove, Style and Hughes (1990), Hahn (1993), Stack and Wasserman (1995) and others
bolster the claim that marriage has a substantial impact on happiness and is linked to better health, a decline in suicide
rates, and a reduction in mortality.

61
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