giorgi gedeniZe

eTer lazaraSvili

fizika
moswavlis wigni

X klasi

I semestri

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros mier 2022 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022
 giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

fizika X

moswavlis wigni

I semestri

gamomcemloba inteleqti

Tbilisi, 2022

pirveli gamocema

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

maia merabiSvili

wignis kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2022

ISBN 978-9941-31-468-1 © giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, 2022

2
Sinaarsi

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi.................................................. 5

ra aris fizika............................................................................................................. 6

I Tavi. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.............................. 12

§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna................................... 14

§ 1.2. sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

eleqtruli veli.................................................................................................. 17

§ 1.3. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi.

eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni......................................................... 21

§ 1.4. gavleniT daeleqtroeba. eleqtruli muxti da

elementaruli nawilakebi................................................................................ 26

§ 1.5. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

kulonis kanoni..................................................................................................... 30

§ 1.6. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi............................................................................... 33

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 36

II Tavi. eleqtruli veli................................................................................ 39

§2.1. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba. superpoziciis principi................... 39

§2.2. eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi..................................................... 44

§2.3. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi.............................................................. 48

§2.4. dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi.

ori saxis dieleqtriki...................................................................................... 53

§2.5. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba............... 56

§2.6. damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri energia erTgvarovan

eleqtrostatikur velSi.................................................................................. 60

§2.7. eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali

da potencialTa sxvaoba................................................................................... 62

3
 §2.8. ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri

energia. wertilovani muxtis potenciali.................................................. 66

§2.9. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. potencialTa sxvaobis gazomva............ 69

§2.10. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.............................................................................. 71

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 74

III Tavi. eleqtrotevadoba............................................................................. 80

§3.1. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori............................................ 80

§3.2. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba .......................................... 83

§3.3. kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri da

Sereuli SeerTeba ............................................................................................... 86

§3.4. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia. kondensatoris

gamoyeneba ............................................................................................................. 89

§3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi............................................................................ 92

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 95

§3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna................................................................................. 99

cdebi, cdebi, cdebi.................................................................................................. 100

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli amocanebisa da testebis pasuxebi............... 102

testebi......................................................................................................................... 102

amocanebis pasuxebi.................................................................................................. 103

saganTa saZiebeli...................................................................................................... 106

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (ZiriTadi terminebi da cnebebi)........................... 107

4
rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi

paragrafis
nomeri F q
q0 =k l2
• SeiZleba Tu ara sidide miviRoT velis mocemul wertilSi eleq­

truli velis maxasiaTeblad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

paragrafis
§1.7. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
saxelwodeba superpoziciis principi

individualuri

samuSao 1. ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul sxeuls gamtariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
didma ingliselma mecnierma maikl faradeim (1791-
1867) Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, damux­
tuli sxeulebi an nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben im
49-e gverdis eleqtruli velis meSveobiT, romelsac damuxtuli
nawilakebi qmnian.
me-3 suraTi
SemdgomSi eleqtruli velis arseboba eqsperimentiT
daasabuTes.
sur. 49.3

wyvilebad
muSaoba

2. daadgineT, rogori damokidebulebaa q muxtsa da mis mier Seqmnili velis
romelime wertilSi Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmed Zalas Soris?

jgufebad 
muSaoba 3. mizanSewonilad migaCniaT Tu ara mudmivi Zabvis wredSi gamoviyenoT
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatorebi?
informacia
suraTis 4. daakvirdiT suraTs da isau­
b­
r eT, ra informacias iRebT
mixedviT suraTidan.

5. ori erTnairi liTonis damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze mux­

amocanebi tebi Tanabrad nawildeba.
logikuri
msjelobis
gamoyenebiT vici, rom:

wertilovani muxtebi ewodeba nebismieri formis iseT damuxtul sx­

vici, rom eulebs, roca maTi zoma mcirea im manZilTan SedarebiT, romelzec maTi
moqmedeba ganixileba.
savarjiSo

problemu­ savarjiSo
ri SekiTxva, 1. dedamiwis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa 100 n/k. ra ZaliT moqmedebs es
dasafiqrebe­
veli sxeulze, romlis muxti 10–6 k-is tolia?
li amocana,
romelic
momdevno moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis
gakveTilis
a. ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtroskopis gamtar sferos miuaxloebT (ar
Temas Seexeba
SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul boTls (sur. 25.1)?
b. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi? gaiSleba misi furclebi?
cda, eqsperi­
menti kvle­
vis unarebis
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
Camosa­
yalibeblad, CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi.
msjelobisa e. SemCneuli movlenebi CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT, axsnaT.
da daskvnis
gamosatanad

5
 ra aris fizika

fizika materiis bunebas, struqturas, Tvisebebs Seiswavlis - dawyebuli umcire-

si elementaruli nawilakebidan, erTiani samyaroTi damTavrebuli. fizika moicavs
eqsperimentebs da Teorias. am mecnierebaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs gamoyenebiT
kvlevas, rac teqnologiebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. fizika bevri sxva disci-
plinis safuZvelia da mTavar rols asrulebs sxvadasxva industriaSi.

ras niSnavs fizikaze dafuZnebuli industria?

fizikaze dafuZnebuli industria aerTianebs
ekonomikis im seqtorebs, romelTa arsebobisTvis
fizikis codnisa da miRwevebis gamoyeneba gadamwyve-
tia. aseT industriebSi komerciuli miznebi fizikis
Teoriebze dayrdnobiT miiRweva. amdenad, aseT dargeb-
Si, metwilad, fizikis mcodne TanamSromlebs asaqmeben.
fizikaze dafuZnebul msxvil industriaTa Sorisaa:
nedli navTobis da bunebrivi airis mopoveba, kompiu-
terebis, eleqtronuli da optikuri produqciis
warmoeba, eleqtroenergiis, airis, orTqlis da kondi-
cirebuli haeris miwodeba. fizikis gareSe warmoud-
genelia samrewvelo (samacivro, inertuli, saizola-
cio) airebisa da cecxlgamZle Tu Tbosaizolacio
sur. 6.1
masalebis warmoeba. fizikas udidesi wvlili Seaqvs
medicinisa da farmacevtuli warmoebis ganviTarebaSic.
evropis ekonomikaSi fizikis disciplinis wvlili 28 qveynis magaliTze gaanal-
izda. gamovlinda, rom fizikaze dafuZnebuli mrewveloba mniSvnelovnad uwyobs
xels calkeuli qveynebisa da, sabolood, mTlianad evropis ekonomikis zrdas. cno-
bisTvis, evropis fizikaze dafuZnebuli industriebis yovelwliurma Semosavalma
2011-2016 wlebSi 4.40 trilion evros gadaaWarba. (wyaro: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.
eps.org/resource/resmgr/policy/eps_pp_physics_ecov5_abs.pdf – „fizikis mniSvneloba
evropis ekonomikaSi" – ekonomikisa da biznesis kvlevis centris mier momzadebuli
analizi evropis fizikis sazogadoebisaTvis).
gagacnobT fizikis ramdenime miRwevas, romelsac Tanamedrove kacobrioba
warmatebiT iyenebs.

eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi

eleqtrostatikur meTods iyeneben avtomobilebis Sesa­

Rebad, sxvadasxva publikaciisa da teqstis dasabeWdad,
mcenareebis Sesawamlad. eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi ga-
moiyeneba zedapirebis dezinfeqciisTvis, rac gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuri gaxda koronavirusTan brZolisas. aseTi meTodiT
sur. 6.2
gafrqvevisas sadezinfeqcio siTxe yvela mxri­dan faravs
dasamuSavebel zedapirs.

6
 haeris gamwmendi eleqtrostatikuri filtrebi

haeris gamwmendi eleqtrostatikuri filtrebi praqtiku-

lad yvela industriaSi gamoiyeneba. 2020 wels maTi global-
uri bazari 6.6 miliard dolarad Sefasda. savaraudod, 2030
wlisTvis es cifri 10 miliard dolars miaRwevs. aseT fil-
trebs awarmoeben iseTi msxvili kompaniebi, rogoricaa Gen-
eral Electric, Mitsubishi Power, Siemens AG. globaluri bazris
zrda am mimarTulebiT ganapiroba industrializaciis tempis
swrafma matebam ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad ekonomikebSi.
saavtomobilo, samrewvelo warmoebis, eleqtrosadgurebidan sur. 7.1
da sxva seqtorebidan gamoTavisuflebuli mavne gamonabolqvi
yoveldRiurad abinZurebs haers. amitom haeris xarisxis marTvam arsebiTi mniSvn-
eloba SeiZina ekologiis dasacavad.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi mkacr SezRudvebs aweseben, raTa Semcirdes naxSiror-
Jangis, azotis oqsidebisa da nawilakebis gamonabolqvi. amave mizezma biZgi misca
ganaxlebadi wyaroebis gamoyenebas energiis gamomuSavebis mizniT. am sferos swrafi
ganviTarebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda fizikis miRwevebis gamoyenebis gareSe.

mzis panelebi

1839 wels frangma fizikosma edmond beke­

relma, gamtar xsnarSi liTonis eleqtrodebi-
sgan damzadebul elementze eqsperimentire-
bisas, aRmoaCina fotoeleqtruli efeqti.
TiTqmis 50 wlis Semdeg, 1883 wels, amerikelma
gamomgonebelma Carlz fricma Seqmna pirveli
moqmedi selenis mzis elementi - es aris dRe-
vandeli teqnologiis mTavari winamorbedi. sur. 7.2
1905 wels ainStainma gamoaqveyna naSromi fo-
toefeqtisa da sinaTlis energiis Sesaxeb. meoce saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi mzis
panelebi kosmosur aparatebSi gamoiyenes. amerikis prezidentis, jimi karteris
iniciativiT, 1979 wels, TeTri saxlis saxuravze mzis 32 paneli daamontaJes, wylis
gasacxeleblad.
2006 wels aSS-Si amoqmedda mzis energiis sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti
(ITC – Investment Tax Credit). aSS-s mzis energiis industria gaizarda 10000%-ze
metiT – Seiqmna asobiT aTasi samuSao adgili da sferoSi miliardobiT dolaris
investicia Caido.

astrofizika

Cveni uaxloesi varskvlavi – mze – udides gavlenas axdens planetTSorisi sivr-

cis, dedamiwis magnitosferosa da planetis sasicocxlo pirobebze.
mzis atmosferoSi mimdinare aqtiuri procesebidan yvelaze energetikuli mov-
lenaa koronuli masis amofrqveva, romelic miiReba mzis gvirgvinSi dakidebuli

7
 plazmis Rrublebis – protuberancebis – ar-
amdgradobis Sedegad. am dros miliardobiT
tona amofrqveuli nivTiereba moemarTeba
planetTSoris sivrceSi, xolo dedamiwasTan
Sejaxebisas iwvevs magnitur qariSxlebs. es
movlena uaryofiTad moqmedebs telesakomu-
nikacio sistemebze, xelovnur Tanamgzavrebsa
da cocxal organizmebze. es amofrqvevebi sur.8.1. SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory
gansazRvravs kosmosur aminds da dedamiwaze – mzis dinamikis observatoria
mzis mavne gavlenas. amitom mzeze mimdinare
aqtiuri procesebis prognozireba Zalian
mniSvnelovania.
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mecniereb-
ma, evropel kolegebTan erTad, aRweres mzis
koronuli masis amofrqvevis gamomwvevi mov-
lena. mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, protuber-
ancidan plazmis burTulakebis vardna – e.w.
koronuli wvima – iwvevs maT aramdgradobas
da, Sesabamisad, koronuli masis amofrqvevebs. sur. 8.2. STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Rela-
es aRmoCena amofrqvevebis prognozirebis tions Observatory – mzisa da dedamiwis
unikalur saSualebas iZleva: koronuli wvi- kosmosuri sivrcis observatoria

mis dawyebasa da protuberancis mdgradobaze

dakvirvebiT, amofrqvevis prognozireba winas-
war xdeba SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, aRmoCena
Sefasda rogorc samecniero garRveva kosmo-
suri amindis winaswarmetyvelebis sakiTxSi.
qarTveli mecnierebis daskvna daefuZna
monacemTa analizs, romlebic mopovebulia
kosmosuri misiebis – SDO-sa (sur. 8.1) da
STEREO-s (sur. 8.2) farglebSi. statia am aR-
sur. 8.3. mzis erT-erTi pirveli
moCenis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda maRalreitingul
foto, gadaRebuli STEREO-s
saerTaSoriso JurnalSi Astronomy & Astrophys- mier 4/12/2006
ics (astronomia da astrofizika). kosmosuri
amindis prognozireba ESA-s (evropis kosmosuri saagento) axali misiis, Solar
Orbiter-is da dedamiwaze mdebare did teleskopebze dagegmili momavali dakvirve-
bebiT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research – birT­

vuli kvlevebis evropuli sabWo): teqnologiebi da
samecniero miRwevebi

birTvuli kvlevebi medicinaSi jer kidev 1970-iani

wlebidan gamoiyeneba, rodesac CERN-is mecnierebma
wvlili Seitanes PET (pozitronul-emisiuri tomogra-
sur. 8.4
fi) mowyobilobebis adreul kvlevebSi. dRes CERN-is
unikaluri eqspertiza da teqnologiebi gamoiyeneba
samedicino diagnostikasa da TerapiaSi.

8
 oqros standarti onkologiaSi – ra
aris PET/CT kvleva?

PET/CT (pet kate) anu pozitron-emi-

siuri tomografia birTvuli medicinis
kvlevis meTodia, romelic kibos diag-
nostirebisTvis gamoiyeneba. am maRalte-
qnologiuri sistemiT kombinirebulad
ori kvleva – pozitron-emisiuri da kom­ sur. 9.1
piuteruli tomografia – tardeba. amgvari
diagnostireba simsivnis gavrcelebis
yvelaze zust anatomiur suraTs iZleva. misi saSualebiT umciresi zomis sim-
sivnis aRmoCenac ki SesaZlebelia. amdenad, onkologiaSi PEPET/CT kvleva oqros
stan­dartadaa aRiarebuli. masze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba mkurnalobis taqtika
an fasdeba Catarebuli mkurnalobis Sedegi. kvleva saqarTveloSic tardeba – aR-
mosavleT evropasa da postsabWoTa sivrceSi pirveli cifruli PET/CT aparati
swored TbilisSi daidga.

kibos mkurnaloba ionebiT 2011 wlidan

adronuli Terapia simsivnis mkurnalobis meTodia. Tuki tradiciuli radia-

ciuli Terapia fotonebiT dasxivebas iyenebs, rac wrfivi amaCqarebliT miiReba,
adronuli Terapia mkurnalobs protonebiTa
da naxSirbadis ionebiT. am meTods warmatebiT
iyenebs onkologiuri adronuli Terapiis
erovnuli centri (CNAO – National Center for On-
cological Hadrontherapy) italiaSi, paviaSi. aq amaC-
qarebeli SeimuSava da aawyo CERN-ma, intensiuri
kvlevebis safuZvelze 1995 wlidan. meTodze
muSaobda multidisciplinuri gundi, romelic
aerTianebda eqimebs, fizikosebs, biologebsa
da inJinrebs. fizikosTa Sroma da kompetencia sur. 9.2
saWiro gaxda Semdegi mimarTulebiT: magnitebis
gamoyeneba, radiosixSiris gazomva da regulire-
ba, gamosxivebis diagnostika da sxva.
CERN-i TanamSromlobs wamyvan dawesebulebebTan evropaSi kibos kvlevisa da
mkurnalobis mimarTulebiT, raTa metad ganaviTaros teqnologia da masze da-
fuZnebuli Terapiuli meTodebi.

didi xnis win dakarguli rafaelis tilo

CERN-is teqnologiuri miRwevebi sxva sferoebSic gamoiyeneba. nawilakebis

fizikis ganviTarebam mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca daemowmebinaT xelovnebis nimuSis
avTenturoba maTi kompoziciis meSveobiT, sakvlevi obieqtis dazianebis gareSe.
uaxlesi magaliTia tiloze Sesrulebuli „madona CviliT~ (kerZo koleqciidan).
2020 wels naxatis identificireba SeZlo Cexurma startapma InsightART. man gamoiyena
uaxlesi robotuli rentgenis skaneri RToo, romelic Sedgeba rentgenis wyarosa da

9
 Timepix fotonebis deteqtorebisgan da
SeuZlia rentgenis speqtroskopiuli su-
raTebis gadaReba. kompaniis eqspertebma
Seiswavles rentgenis sxvadasxva talRis
sigrZeze gadaRebuli 11 maRali garCeva-
dobis suraTi. maT SeZles daenaxaT saRe-
bavis elementaruli Semadgenloba da
mieRoT ufro zusti informacia naxatis
Sesaxeb. InsightART-ma moipova 2020 wlis
jildo „ArtTech Prize 2020" – CERN-is sur. 10.1
teqnologiis rolis aRiareba saxelovne-
bo servisebSi. jildo emsaxureba kompa-
niebis waxalisebas, danergon mecniereba da teqnologiebi xelovnebis sferoSi.

Sedevri Tu ostaturi gayalbeba?

didi albaTobiT, am kiTxvas upasuxebs

CERN-isa da INFN-is (italiis birTvuli
fizikis erovnuli instituti) TanamSrom-
lobis proeqti. proeqtis mizania nawi­
lakebis kompaqturi amaCqareblis Seqmna,
romelic metad xelmisawvdoms gaxdis
PIXE elementaruli analizis teqnikis
gamoyenebas da Seamcirebs mis maRal Ri-
rebulebas. PIXE analizi tardeba mTel sur. 10.2
msoflioSi, laboratoriebSi, xelovnebis
nimuSebis istoriisa da avTenturobis
Sesaswavlad. axali MACHINA mowyobiloba – kompaqturi amaCqarebeli xelovnebis
nimuSebis kvlevisaTvis – bevrad ufro patara iqneba, rac muzeumebsa da biznesebs
misi gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems. mcire zomis gamo, misi transportireba Ses-
aZlebeli iqneba da gamodgeba im nimuSebisTvis, romlebic transportirebas ar
eqvemdebareba.

ratom surT fizikis swavla da ramdenad rTulia is?

arsebobs stereotipi, rom fizikis swavla rTulia. sinamdvileSi, es bevrad

ufro martivia, vidre warmogvidgenia. fizika arsebiTad swored im pasuxebis Ziebaa,
romlebic adamianis gonebas saukuneebis manZilze mosvenebas ar aZlevda. upirveles
yovlisa, is miznad isaxavs samyaros da misi ucnauri fenomenebis axsnas da gagebas.
adamianis goneba cnobismoyvareobisa da dakvirvebis safuZvelze svams kiTxvebs,
romlebsac misi azrovneba mogvianebiT ufro momwifebul kiTxvebad ayalibebs,
rac kacobriobas WeSmaritebis Ziebisken ubiZgebs da kiTxvebze saocari pasuxebiT

10
sruldeba. ufro xSirad ki am process axali pasuxebisa da axali sakiTxebis wamoWra
mohyveba xolme.
fizikas kidev erTi stereotipi ukavSirdeba - TiTqos is ufro kacebis mecnierebaa
da qalebs misi daufleba uWirT, an TiTqos qalebis adgili am mecnierebaSi ar aris.
es Zalian mcdari Sexedulebaa. drom aCvena, rom qalebi aranakleb warmatebebs
aRweven. pirvelad es stereotipi polonuri warmoSobis frangma fizikosma da
qimikosma, orgzis nobelis premiis laureatma maria kiurim (1867-1937) daarRvia -
aseTi warmateba araTu qal mecnierTa Soris, zogadad, mecnierebaSic aRsaniSnavia.
kargia, rom dRes amgvari SemzRudveli Sexeduleba sustdeba da ufro da ufro
meti qali interesdeba fizikiTa Tu sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT. maTi
aRmoCenebi ki saTanado adgils ikavebs mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
fizikis Sesaswavlad garkveuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro. unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom aucileblad dagWirdebaT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis, inJineriis da sxva sferoebSi garkveva, raTa SeZloT fizikis Te-
oriebis gacnobiereba da maTi praqtikuli gamoyeneba.

wyaro:
https://kt.cern/
https://bit.ly/3wwV38E

11
 I Tavi
damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedeba

am TavSi gaixsenebT da gaecnobiT:

 nivTierebis Sedgenilobas;
 molekulas, atoms, eleqtrons, protons;
 damuxtuli sxeulebis urTi­ erT­qmedebas, kulonis kanons;
 eleqtroskops;
 eleqtrul vels, velis daZabulobas da superpoziciis princips;
 eleqtrobis gamtarebs da aragamtarebs;
 muxtis mudmivobis kanons;
 gavleniT daeleqtroebas;
 eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaobasa da potencials;
 brtyel kondensators da mis gamoyenebas;
 amocanebis amoxsnis meTodebs.

12
 dRes civilizebuli adamianis cxovreba eleqtruli energiis gareSe war-
moudgenelia. eleqtrul energiasTanaa dakavSirebuli radiomimRebis, tele-
fonis, televizoris, kompiuteris, sxvadasxva saxis eleqtruli Zravis muSaoba.
sxva saxis energiasTan SedarebiT, eleqtrul energias mravalgvari upi-
ratesoba aqvs: igi martivad gardaiqmneba meqanikur, siTbur, qimiur, sinaT-
lisa da sxva saxis energiebad. erTi da imave denis wyarodan energia SeiZleba
sxvadasxva momxmarebelma miiRos. magaliTad, SeiZleba erTdroulad vamuSaoT
televizori, uTo, naTura, macivari, mtversasruti da a.S. eleqtruli energia
SeiZleba gadavceT Zalian Sor manZilze, Zalian mcire droSi, mcire danakarge-
biT. eleqtruli energiis gadacemisa da moxmarebisas garemo ar binZurdeba.
fotoebze gamosaxulia zogierTi mecnieri, romlebsac eleqtrobis Teori-
isa da praqtikis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT.

benjamin franklini alesandro volta andre mari amperi kristian erstedi

(1706-1790) (1745-1827) (1775-1836) (1777-1851)

georg omi maikl faradei jozef henri gustav kirhofi

(1787-1854) (1791-1867) (1797-1878) (1824-1887)

jeims maqsveli Tomas edisoni nikola tesla hainrix herci

(1831-1879) (1847-1931) (1856-1943) (1857-1894)

davaleba

daiyaviT jgufebad da moipoveT informacia am mecnierebisa da maTi naS-

romebis Sesaxeb. moam­
zadeT sakiTxi gakveTilze warsadgenad.

13
 § 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

testi
1. Zala aris:
a. sxeulis inertulobis zoma;
b. sidide, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze;
g. skalaruli sidide;
d. sidide, romlis moqmedebiTac sxeuli moZraobs Tanabrad;
e. muSaobis Sesrulebis unari.
2. Zalis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia:
a. 1 niutoni (1 n); b. 1 kilogrami (1 kg);
g. 1 kiloniutoni (1 kn); d. 1 jouli (1 j). e. 1 grami (g).
3. masa aris:
a. sxeulis inertulobis zoma;
b. sidide, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze;
g. veqtoruli sidide;
d. sxeulze moqmedi Zalisa da aCqarebis namravli;
e. sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
4. Tu 2 kg masis sxeulis siCqare 1 wm-Si 4 m/wm-iT icvleba, maSin masze moq­
medi Zalebis tolqmedis moduli aris:
a. 0,5 n; b. 1 n; g. 4 n; d. 8 n; e. 2 n.
5. ori sxeulidan TiToeulis masis sam-samjer gadidebiT da maT centrebs
Soris manZilis samjer SemcirebiT, maTi urTierTmizidvis Zalis moduli:
a. ar icvleba; b. izrdeba 9-jer;
g. mcirdeba 9-jer; d. mcirdeba 81-jer; e. izrdeba 81-jer.
6. molekula Sedgeba:
a. sxeulebisgan; b. wylisgan; g. atomebisgan; d. nivTierebisgan;
e. neitronebisagan.
7. atomi Sedgeba:
a. mxolod atombirTvisgan; b. mxolod eleqtronebisgan;
g. mxolod protonebisgan;
d. atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod neitronebisgan.
8. atombirTvi Sedgeba:
a. atomebisgan; b. protonebisa da neitronebisgan;
g. protonebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
d. neitronebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod protonebisgan.
9. protoni, eleqtroni da neitroni:
a. damuxtuli nawilakebia; b. daumuxtavi nawilakebia.
g. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da eleqtroni;
d. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da neitroni;
e. damuxtulia mxolod eleqtroni.
10. protoni da eleqtroni:
a. erTmaneTs izidaven; b. erTmaneTs ganizidaven;
g. ar urTierTqmedeben; d. erTmaneTs mxolod wyalSi izidaven;
e. zogjer izidaven, zogjer ganizidaven.
11. Tanabrad moZrav vagonSi Sveulad axtomis Semdeg davxtebiT:
a. iq, saidanac avxtiT;
b. axtomis adgilidan win, vagonis moZraobis mimarTulebiT;

14
 g. axtomis adgilidan ukan, vagonis moZraobis sapirispirod;
d. xan iq, saidanac avxtiT, xan – win;
e. xan iq, saidanac avxtiT, xan – ukan.
12. zeviT moZravi liftis damuxruWebisas liftSi sxeulebze moqmedi
simZimis da sayrdenis reaqciis Zalebidan:
a. N>mg; b. N<mg; g. N=mg; d. N=2mg; e. N=mg/2;
13. 3kg masis nivTieri wertilis koordinatis droze damokidebulebis
x=4–3t+t2 formulis meSveobiT vadgenT: sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolq­
medis modulia:
a. 9 n; b. 12 n; g. 3 n; d. 1,5 n; e. 6 n.
14. Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis aCqareba dedamiwis zedapiridan dedamiwis
radiusis tol simaRleze:
a. mcirdeba 2-jer; b. izrdeba 2-jer; g. mcirdeba 4-jer;
d. izrdeba 4-jer; e. ar icvleba.
15. Tu horizontaluri zedapiridan 300-iani kuTxiT gasrolili sxeuli 2 wm-
Si daeca, maSin misi sawyisi siCqaris moduli yofila:
a. 15 m/wm; b. 10 m/wm; g. 5 m/wm; d. 20 m/wm; e. 1 m/wm.

gaiRrmaveT codna qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT,

fiqriT da azrovnebiT gagiadvildebaT testebze swori pasuxebis gacema.

sidides, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze, Zala ewode-

ba. Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba sxeulis siCqare.
masa sxeulis inertulobis zomaa. inertuloba Tvisebaa, romelic yvela
sxe­uls axasiaTebs. igi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: raime sididiT sxeulis siCqaris
Sesac­vlelad saWiroa, masze sxva sxeulis moqmedeba grZeldebodes garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi. rac metia es dro, miT ufro inertulia sxeuli. masis
erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1 kilogrami (1 kg).
niutonis meore kanoni – aCqareba, romliTac moZraobs sxeuli, tolia masze
moqmedi Zalisa da sxeulis masis Sefardebis: = m ⇒ =m , gegmilebiT Fx=max.
Zalis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1 niutoni (1 n). es aris Zala, romelic
1 kg masis sxeuls 1 m/wm2 aCqarebas aniWebs. 1 n = 1 kg.m/wm2.
ori sxeuli urTierTmiizideba ZaliT, romlis moduli pirdapirpropor-
ciulia maTi masebis namravlisa da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kva-
dratisa: F=G mM , (1) sadac m da M urTierTmimzidavi nivTieri wertilebis an
R2
sferos formis sxeulebis masebia, R – maT centrebs Soris manZili, G=6,67.10–11
n.m2/kg2 – gravitaciuli mudmiva, F – mizidulobis Zalis moduli.

nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan – atomebisa da molekulebisagan.

molekula Sedgeba atomebisagan, atomi – atombirTvisa da eleqtronebisagan,
atombirTvi – protonebisa da neitronebisagan.

protons, neitrons da eleqtrons elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben.

protonisa da eleqtronis muxts ki – elementarul muxts.

protoni da eleqtroni erTmaneTs izidaven. protoni protons ganizidavs,

eleqtronic ganizideba eleqtronisagan. am saxis ur­TierTqmedebas eleqtruli
urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, xolo aseTi urTierTqmedebis mqone nawilakebs

15
 – damuxtuli. protoni da eleqtroni damuxtuli nawilakebia. protoni
damuxtulia dadebiTad, eleqtroni – uaryofiTad. maTi muxtebi moduliT
tolia da 1,6.10–19 k-ia. 1 kuloni (1 k) muxtis erTeulia SI-Si. neitroni eleq­
trulad neitraluri nawilakia.

atomebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba protonebis, neitronebisa da eleq­

tronebis raodenobiT. atomi eleqtrulad neitraluria.

rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons, miiReba dadebiTi ioni, rodesac

miierTebs – uaryofiTi ioni.

atomis modeli:
https://bit.ly/3Lcfmg2

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

polieTilenis mSrali boTli rom mi-

uaxlooT qaRaldis patar-patara naxevebs,
SeaxoT da Semdeg daaSoroT, SesamCnevi iqne-
ba boTlisa da qaRaldis urTierTmizidva?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? (sur. 16.1)
varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

boTls rom ramdenjerme swrafad gausv-

ga­mousvaT mSrali xeli an qaRaldi da Semdeg
miuaxlooT qaRaldis naxevebs, miizi­ daven
isini erTmaneTs? axseniT, ratom? sur. 16.1

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

CaatareT zemoT moyvanili cdebi. cdebi sibneleSic CaatareT da kargad

daakvirdiT xaxunisas boTlisa da xelis Sexebis adgilebs. ra gesmiT? ras xedavT?
SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb CawereT da moamzadeT sakiTxi gakveTilze
warsadgenad.

16
 • ra SeamCnieT sibneleSi boTlze xelis swrafad gasma-gamosmisas?
rato­m moxda ase?

§ 1.2. sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis

urTierTqmedeba. eleqtruli veli


1. warmogidgeniaT Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba eleqtruli energiis
gareSe?
eleqtruli movlenebi jer kidev qristeSo- qarva aris gaqvavebuli fisi
bamde VII saukuneSi iyo cnobili, magram maTi wiwvovani xisa, rome­lic xarob-
praqtikuli gamoyeneba, ZiriTadad, XIX saukuni- da dedamiwaze mravali aseuli
dan daiwyo da Zalian swrafad ganviTarda. aTasi wlis winaT.
sityva `eleqtroba~ warmodgeba berZnuli
sityvisagan `eleqtron~, rac qarvas niSnavs.
Soreul warsulSi berZenma swavlulebma
SeamCnies, rom qarva Salze xaxunis Sedegad
iZens sxvadasxva sxeulis mizidvis unars.
aseTi Tvisebis sxeulze amboben, rom igi dae­
leqtroebulia. aseTive Tvisebas iZens minis
Rero abreSumze (an qaRaldis furcelze)
xaxunis Sedegad.
kvleva-ZiebiT davadgineT: polieTilenis
boTlma qaRaldze xaxunis Semdeg miizida
furclis naxevebi (sur. 17.1). sur. 17.1


2. boTlze xaxunisas, gaigoneT susti tkacani? ras daakvirdiT sibneleSi?
3. rogor fiqrobT, daimuxta Tu ara polieTilenis boTli qaRaldze xa­
xuniT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidides eleqtruli

muxti uwodes, daeleqtroebul sxeulebs ki – damuxtuli.
abreSumisa da minis xaxuniT minaze miRebul muxts dadebiTi uwodes, xolo
Salisa da ebonitis xaxuniT ebonitze miRebul muxts – uaryofiTi.


4. Tqveni azriT, ratom imuxteba sxeulebi xaxunisas?
5. daimuxteba Tu ara sxeulebi mxolod SexebiT?
CavataroT cdebi: abreSumis ZafiT sadgamze davkidoT
metaluri folgis an qaRaldis ori msubuqi masra ise,
rom erTmaneTs exebodnen (sur. 17.2). masrebs mivuaxlooT
polieTilenis damuxtuli boTli da davakvirdeT.


6. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.

sur. 17.2

17
 erTi masra (sur. 18.1) davmuxtoT dadebiTad – SevaxoT
da gavusvaT minis damuxtuli joxi, meore ki – uaryof-
iTad – SevaxoT da gavusvaT ebonitis damuxtuli joxi
da davakvirdeT.


7. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.

mopirdapire niSnis muxtebis mqone sxeulebi yovelTvis sur. 18.1

miizidavs erTmaneTs. sxeulebi, romelTac Tanasaxeliani
muxti aqvT, erTmaneTs ganizidavs. es daskvna marTebulia maSin, rodesac sxeulTa
zomebi gacilebiT naklebia maT Soris manZilze.
gavarkvioT, risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedebs ori da­ eleq­troebuli sxe­ uli.
iqneb ha­eriT? cde­bi gviCve­nebs, rom daeleq­tro­ebuli sxe­­ulebi vakuum­Sic
urTi­ er­ Tqme­
deben. maSa­
sa­
dame, damuxtul sxeulebs Soris aris raRac, risi
meSve­obiTac xorci­eldeba es urTi­erTqmedeba.
gamoCenilma ingli­selma fiziko­sebma maikl faradeim (1791-1867 ww.) da jeimz
klerk maqsvelma (1831-1879 ww.) iva­ r audes, rom daeleq­t roebuli sxeulis
garemom­cveli sivrce gan­sxvavdeba ara­daeleq­tro­ebuli sxe­ulis gare­mom­cveli
sivrcisagan.
da­eleq­troebuli sxe­ulis an nawi­lakis irgvliv sivrceSi ar­se­bobs eleq­
truli veli. damuxtuli nawila­ kebi da sxeulebi velis meSve­ obiT urTi­
erTqmedeben.
Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli ve­ li moqmedebs masSi Setanil eleq­ trul
muxtze, eleqtruli Zala ewo­ deba.
18.2, a da b suraTebze gamo­ saxuli daeleqtroebuli masrebi qmni­ an eleq­
trul vels. erTi masris mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli moqmedebs meoreze,
meoris mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli ki – pirvelze. rogorc yovelTvis,
sxeulebi urTierTqmedeben.

a b
sur. 18.2

eleqtruli veli materiis saxea, romelic gansxvavdeba nivTiere­

bi­
sagan.
eleqtruli velis arsebobaze SeiZ­
leba vimsjeloT mxolod misi moq­ medebis
mixedviT.

sxeulTa damuxtva:

https://bit.ly/3Ng81gZ

https://bit.ly/3qqx0oc

18
 vici, rom:

eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidides eleqtruli

muxti uwodes, daeleqtroebul sxeulebs ki – damuxtuli.
da­eleq­troebuli sxe­ulis an nawi­lakis irgvliv sivrceSi ar­se­bobs
eleqtruli veli. damuxtuli nawila­ kebi da sxeulebi velis meSve­
obiT
urTi­erTqmedeben.

Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli ve­li moqmedebs masSi Setanil eleq­trul

muxtze, eleqtruli Zala ewo­
deba.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. axseniT, erTmaneTze xaxunisas ratom imuxteba gansxvavebuli nivTie­

rebis sxeulebi, erTgvarovani sxeulebi ki – ara?

amoxsna
xaxuniT sxeulebis damuxtva aixsneba eleqtronebis gadasvliT erTi sxe­
ulidan meoreze. nebismier atomSi birTvis garSemo mbrunav eleqtronebs
akavebs birTvis mizidulobis Zala. sxvadasxva atomSi eleqtronis orbitaze
Semakavebeli Zalis moduli gansxvavebulia. sxvadasxva sxeulis erTmaneTze mi-
Werisas atomi, romlis birTvi eleq­ tronebs meti ZaliT izidavs, vidre meore
nivTierebis atomi, waarTmevs savalento eleqtronebs da miierTebs. amgvarad,
erT sxeulze aRmoCndeba eleqtronebis siWarbe da igi imuxteba uaryofiTad,
meoreze – eleqtro­ nebis nakleboba. is imuxteba dadebiTad. damuxtvisas sxe­
ulebs Soris sakontaqto farTobis gasadideblad iyeneben xaxuns. amgvarad,
sxeulebi imuxteba ara xaxunis, aramed maTi mWidro kontaqtis gamo.
erTgvarovani sxeulebi xaxuniT ar imuxtebian, radgan orive sxeulSi birT-
vTan eleqtronebis Semakavebeli Zalebi tolia, ris gamoc erTi sxeulidan
meoreSi Warbi eleqtronebi ar gadadis.

savarjiSo

1. arsebobs Tu ara atomi, ro­ melSic ar aris dadebiTad da uar­ yofiTad

damuxtuli nawilakebi?
2. atomis romeli nawilia dade­ biTad damux­tuli da romeli uaryo­ fiTad?
3. atomis Semadgeneli romeli nawilakebi atarebs dadebiT da romeli
uaryofiT muxts?
4. aris Tu ara atombirTvSi eleqtrulad neitraluri nawilakebi?
5. atomSi rogori Tanafardobaa protonebisa da eleqtronebis raodenobebs
Soris?
6. arsebobs Tu ara atomis birTvi, romlis muxti protonis muxtze naklebia?

19
 testi
1. moZebneT mcdari mtkiceba:
a. protoni protons ganizidavs; b. protoni eleqtrons ganizidavs;
g. protoni eleqtrons miizidavs; d. eleqtroni eleqtrons ganizidavs.
2. ramdeni eleqtroni dakarga sxeulma, Tu misi muxtia 8.10-10 ku­loni?
a. 5.1029 eleqtroni; b. 1,5.1010 eleqtroni;
g. 5.109 eleqtroni; d. 2.1029 eleqtroni.
3. atomi:
a. damuxtulia dadebiTad; b. damuxtulia uaryofiTad;
g. eleqtrulad neitraluria;
d. zogjer dadebiTadaa damuxtuli, zogjer – uaryofiTad.

mavTulis Rru
moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis sfero

Tavsaxuri
sur. 20.1-is mixedviT daamzadeT xelsawyo.
plastilini
ivaraudeT, ra daemarTeba xelsawyos aluminis spilenZis
(qa­Raldis) folgis furclebs, Tu polieTilenis an aluminis
damuxtul boTls gausv-gamousvamT mavTulis mavTuli
Rru sferos?
aluminis
folgis
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? furceli

sur. 20.1

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

damuxteT poli­
eTi­
lenis boTli da gausviT mavTulis sferos, daak­
virdiT
furclebs.

ras amCnevT? axseniT movlena.

SeexeT mavTuls xeliT. ra dae­marTa furclebs? SeecadeT, axsnaT SemCneuli

movlena. cda Caata­
reT ramdenjerme. gamo­
itaneT daskvna.

20
 • ra daemarTa aluminis folgis furclebs, mavTulis Rru sferoze
damuxtuli boTlis Sexebisas?
• mavTulze xelis Sexebisas?

§ 1.3. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da

aragamtarebi. eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni

Tqven mier damzadebul xelsawyos eleqtroskopi warmodgeba be­r­Znuli

eleq­troskops uwodeben. qarxnuli sityvebidan ηλεκτρον (`eleq­tron~) da
wesiT dam­ z adebuli eleqtroskopi skopew (`skopeo~). `skopeo~ niSnavs dak-
gamosaxulia 21.1 suraTze. gavaana­ virvebas, aRmo­Cenas.
lizoT saSinao cdebSi Sem­Cneuli
movlenebi. mavTulis sferoze damux­ tu­
li boTlis SexebiT da masze gasmiT
metaluri folgis furclebi gaiSala.

1. raze miuTiTebs furclebis gaSla?
2. gamoitaneT daskvna SemC­
neuli movlenidan.
3. ra moxda mavTulze xelis Se­xe­
bisas? axseniT SemCneuli movlena.
4. ras miuTiTebs es faqti?
1
4
5 2
2 1
4 2
1
3 5
3

a b
a b
sur. 21.1. 1. liTonis burTula; sur. 21. 2. 1aluminis msubuqi isari;
2. liTonis Rero; 2. liTonis Rero­;
3. metaluri folgis zolebi; 3. liTo­nis kor­pusi;
4. liTonis CarCo; 4. eboni­tis sacobi.
5. plastmasis sacobi. 5. brunvis RerZi.

aRwereT 21.1, b suraTze gamo­sa­

xuli cda.
21.2, a suraTze gamosaxulia eleq­­
tros­ kopis nairsaxeoba, romel­sac eleq­
trometrs uwodeben. moqmedebis prin­ cipis mixedviT, eleqtrometrsa da ele-
qtroskops Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris. isari damuxtvamde vertikalur
mdeba­reobaSia.


5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, isris masaTa centri isris brunvis RerZis
zeviTaa Tu qveviT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra moxdeba, Tu Reroze Camocmul sferos damuxtuli joxiT SevexebiT?
varaudi SeamowmeT cdiT da axseniT SemCneuli movlena.

CavataroT cdebi: davmuxtoT eleqtrometri. eleqtrometris Reroze Camoc-

mul sferos jer re­ziniT an plastmasiT SevexoT, Semdeg – li­Tonis mavTuliT
da davakvirdeT eleqtro­metris isars.

21
 
7. ras amCnevT? SemCneuli movlenidan gamoitaneT daskvna.

eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT, nivTie­ rebebs yofen gamtarebad, naxe­

vargamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad (aragamtarebi, izola­ torebi).
kargi gamtaria yvela liToni, nia­ dagi, marilisa da mJavas wyal­xsnarebi da
sxva; kargi izolatorebia: faifuri, eboniti, mina, rezini, abreSumi, kaproni,
plastmasebi, navTi, sufTa wyali, haeri (airebi) da sxva.
22.1 suraTze gamosaxulia gamta­ rebi­
sa
da dieleqtrikebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi
magaliTi.
eleqtrobis gamta­robis mixedviT, naxe-
vargamtarebs Sualeduri adgili uWiravs
gamtarebsa da aragamtarebs Soris. naxe­
vargamtarebia: siliciumi, germaniumi,
se­leni da sxva. naxevarga­mtarebiT damza­
debulia iseTi mowyobi­ lobebi, romlebic
mzis energias uSu­ alod eleqtrul ener-
giad gar­daqmnian. maT udidesi praqtikuli
gamo­yeneba aqvT (sur. 22.2). sur. 22.1. eleqtruli energia gam­
tarebiT gadaecema. izolatorebi
liTons kristaluri agebuleba aqvs. gamtarebs ar aZlevs saSualebas, erT­
kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebulia maneTs Seexos, xels uSlis denis miwaSi
ionebi. isini warmoiqmneba atomebisagan gadinebas.
eleqtronebis mowyvetis Sedegad (sur.
22.3). eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufal
eleqtronebs uwodeben. isini qaosurad moZraoben da iseve Tavisuflad
gadaadgildebian liTonis mTel moculobaSi, rogorc airSi airis molekulebi.
liTonisagan gansxvavebiT, dieleqtrikSi eleqtronebsa da atombirTvs Soris
kavSiri ufro Zlieria, amitom atomebisagan mowyvetas eleqtronebis mcire
raodenoba axerxebs.
dieleqtrik sufris marilis kristalSi mesris kvanZebSi Na+-isa (natriumis)
da Cl–-is (qloris) ionebia. kristalis Seqmnis procesSi Tavisufali ionebi ar
warmoiqmneba (sur. 22.4).

sur. 22.4
sur. 22.3. liTonis kristaluri
sur. 22.2 meseri

aRmoCnda, rom nivTierebaSi muxtis gada­ mtanebi Tavisufali damuxtu­

li nawi­lakebia. moculobis erTeulSi maTi gansxvavebuli raodenobis gamo
nivTie­rebebs sxvadasxva eleqtro­gam­taroba aqvT.

22
 liTonis 1 sm3 moculobaSi 1022÷1023 Ta­­­vi­­sufali eleqtronia, dieleq­trikSi
– 108÷1010, xolo naxevar­ tarSi – 1013÷1014 Tavisufali eleq­
gam­ troni.
dadgenilia, damux­tuli gamtari sfe­ros zedapirze muxtebi Tanabrad nawil­
deba.


8. Tqveni varaudiT, ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos iseTsave
daumuxtav sferos SevaxebT?

Tu meore daumuxtavi sfero pir­velze didia, maSin masze muxtis naxe­

varze
meti gadava. rac ufro di­dia sxeuli, romelsac damuxtul sxeuls Seaxeben,
muxtis ufro didi nawili gadava masze.


9. ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul sxeuls gamtariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.

am movlenazea damyare­
buli e. w. damiweba – muxtis de­
damiwaze gada­
cema.


10. Tqveni azriT, damuxtuli da daumuxtavi sxeulebis an damuxtuli sx-
eulebis erTmaneTTan Sexebisas Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulebis saerTo muxti?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

sxe­
ulTa daeleq­troeba emor­Cileba eleqtruli muxtis mud­mivobis ka­
nons.
es kanoni marTe­
bulia sxeulTa iseTi sistemisaTvis, romel­ Sic gare­dan ar
Sedis da romli­danac gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
sxeulTa aseT sistemas Caketili sistema ewodeba.
Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis ne­bismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sis­
temis
yvela nawilakis mux­tis al­gebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
muxtis mudmivobis kanoni maTematikurad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
q1+q2+...+qn=const, sadac q1,q2, ..., qn nawilakTa muxtebia.


11. daasruleT winadadeba: kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu Caketil
sistemaSi raime mi­
zeziT gaCnda dadebiTad damux­
tuli nawi­
laki...

eleqtroskopi:
https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV
gamtarebi da izolatorebi:
https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B

vici, rom:

eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT, nivTie­ rebebs yofen gamtarebad,

naxevargamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad (aragamtarebi, izola­
torebi).

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 Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis ne­bismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sis­temis
yvela nawilakis mux­tis al­gebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufal eleq­
tronebs uwodeben.
nivTierebaSi muxtis gada­
mtanebi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawi­
lakebia.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. rogor ganvsazRvroT sxeulis muxtis niSani ebonitis Reros, maudis

naWris da eleqtroskopis meSveobiT? pasuxi davasabuToT.

amoxsna

maudze xaxuniT ebonitis Rero davmuxtoT uaryofiTad. Semdeg ebonitis Rero

gavusvaT eleqtroskopis burTulas. eleqtroskopi daimuxteba uaryofiTad, misi
furclebi gaiSleba. damuxtuli eleqtroskopis burTulas Soridan nel-nela
mivuaxlooT sxeuli, romlis muxtis niSnis gagebac gvinda. Tu eleqtroskopis
furclebs Soris kuTxe Semcirebas daiwyebs, maSin sxeuli damuxtuli yofila
dadebiTad, Tu kuTxe gaizrdeba, maSin – uaryofiTad.
marTlac, uaryofiTad damuxtuli eleqtroskopis burTulasTan miaxloebu-
li dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeuli izidavs eleqtronebs. Sedegad, burTulas
is mxare, romelic sxeulTan axlosaa, ufro metad daimuxteba uaryofiTad,
eleqtroskopis furclebze ki eleqtronebis Warbi raodenoba Semcirdeba,
amitom furclebs Soris kuTxe Semcirdeba.
analogiuri msjelobiT daadgineT: Tu sxeuls aqvs uaryofiTi muxti, maSin
misi miaxloeba eleqtroskopTan gamoiwevs furclebs Soris kuTxis gadidebas.

savarjiSo

1. dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeuli ganmuxtes. marTebulia Tu ara gamoTqma:

sxeulSi ar aris damuxtuli nawilakebi?
2. heliumis atomma erTi eleq­
troni dakarga, gansazRvreT miRebuli ionis
muxti.
3. liTiumis atomma erTi eleq­troni miierTa. gansazRvreT miRebuli ionis
muxti.
4. gansazRvreT, ramdeni eleqtroni, protoni da neitronia wylis eleq­
trulad neitralur molekulaSi?
5. azotis 10 000 birTvSi 1,4 . 10 5 nuklonia (protonebsa da neitronebs
nuklonebs uwodeben). ramdeni eleq­ tronia azotis atomSi, Tu mis birTvSi
neitronebis raodenoba protonebis raodenobis tolia?

24
 testi
1. uaryofiTi ioni miiReba, Tu:
a. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime protoni;
b. atomSi raime mizeziT protonebis raodenoba Semcirdeba;
g. atomi miierTebs erT an ramdenime eleqtrons;
d. atomSi raime mizeziT gaizrdeba neitronebis raodenoba.
2. wyalbadis atomSi aris:
a. erTi protoni;
b. erTi eleqtroni;
g. erTi protoni da ori eleqtroni;
d. ori protoni da erTi eleqtroni;
e. erTi protoni da erTi eleqtroni.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

a. ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtroskopis gamtar sferos miuaxloebT (ar

SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul boTls (sur. 25.1)?
b. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi? gaiSleba misi furclebi?
g. boTlis moSorebis Semdeg, ra daemarTeba furclebs?
d. damuxtuli iyo eleqtroskopi?

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi.

SemCneuli movlenebi CawereT rveulSi da Seeca-
deT, axsnaT.
e. eleqtroskops isev miuaxloeT damuxtuli +
+
sxeuli da mis Reros SeexeT TiTiT. ras amCnevT? +
+
v. moaSoreT TiTi. ras amCnevT?
z. moaSoreT eleqtroskops damuxtuli sxeuli.
ras amCnevT?
T. daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxeulTan
Sexebis gareSe?
i. cda ramdenjerme CaatareT.
k. SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb CawereT rveulSi sur. 25.1
da SeecadeT, axsnaT.

25