giorgi gedeniZe

eTer lazaraSvili
maia merabiSvili

fizika
maswavleblis
wigni
X klasi

I semestri

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros mier 2022 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022
 giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, maia merabiSvili
fizika X
maswavleblis wigni
I semestri
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022
I gamocema

redaqtori gvanca gedeniZe

wignis kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2022

ISBN 978-9941-31-469-8
© giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, maia merabiSvili, 2022

2
Sinaarsi

mokled saxelmZRvaneloze........................................................................... 5
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis miznebi
da amocanebi........................................................................................................... 5
maswavleblisa da moswavlis wignis Sesaxeb...................................... 6
Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti......................... 11
saSualo safexuris fizikis standarti ............................................... 11
grZelvadiani miznebi...................................................................................... 11
Sualeduri miznebi............................................................................................ 12
Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #1......... 13
grZelvadiani miznebi...................................................................................... 13
samizne cnebebi fizikaSi.............................................................................. 16
Sualeduri miznebi............................................................................................ 20

kompleqsuri davaleba, rogorc Sualeduri mizani...................... 25

Sefaseba da kriteriumebi SefasebisTvis........................................... 27
metakognicia da funqciuri/komponenturi unarebi.................... 32
Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #2......... 39
inkluziuri ganaTleba (ganaTlebis Tanabari
xelmisawvdomoba)............................................................................................... 41
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis
mniSvnelovani midgomebi............................................................................... 42
Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #3......... 44
Tematuri matrica da rekomendaciebi kompleqsur
davalebaTa Sesasruleblad........................................................................ 44
resursebi maswavleblisaTvis:.................................................................. 51
Tematuri matrica.............................................................................................. 56
saxelmZRvanelo................................................................................................... 187

3
 maswavleblis wigni

4
maswavleblis wigni

mokled saxelmZRvaneloze

saxelmZRvanelo gamoirCeva specifikuri meTodikiT. swavlebis specifika

gulisxmobs fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlas moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobiT,
fizikis samizne cnebebis aRqmas swavlis procesSi maTi mkvidri warmodgenebis
gaazrebis gziT. wigni iTvaliswinebs axali masalis gacnobamde moswavleTaTvis
davalebis micemas, cdis Catarebasa da kiTxvebze pasuxs momavali gakveTilis mo-
samzadeblad; Semdeg gakveTilze ki – axali masalis axsnas moswavleTa pasuxebisa
da miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze. umetesad, davaleba gulisxmobs jer savaraudo
pasuxis gacemas, Semdeg ki am pasuxis realurad Semowmebas cdis meSveobiT, bolos -
mis axsna-ganmartebas. am gziT, moswavleebi winaswar emzadebian, iazreben Sesaswavl
masalas da Tavadac erTvebian axsnis procesSi. avtorTa TvalTaxedviT, maswavlebe-
li ar aris mxolod mentori, romelic Teoriul codnas gadascems moswavleebs. igi
erTgvari megzuria, romelsac kiTxvebze pasuxiT, aqtivobebis SesrulebiT, cdiT
miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, moswavleebi fizikuri movlenebis gaazrebamde
mihyavs da amgvarad gadascems codnas. am tipis swavlebiT bavSvebs umuSavdebaT da
uviTardebaT kritikuli azrovnebis, daskvnebis gamotanis, logikuri msjelobisa
da argumentirebis unarebi. amasTan, uRvivdebaT interesi da saganic uyvardebaT.
saxelmZRvanelo Sedgeba moswavlisa da maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignebi-
sagan. maswavleblis sarekomendacio wigni gajerebulia praqtikuli rCevebiT,
damxmare meTodologiiTa da masaliT. masSi mocemulia pasuxebi saxelmZRvanelos
yvela kiTxvaze, amocanaTa amoxsnebi, Sefasebis kriteriumebi. maswavleblis wignSi
SemoTavazebulia kompleqsur davalebaTa variantebi. kompleqsuri davalebebi da
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili saswavlo masala erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia.
yovel kompleqsur davalebas Seesabameba saxelmZRvanelos resursebi da aqtivobebi,
codnis agebisaTvis saWiro damxmare kiTxvebi.
saSualo safexurze farTovdeba da Rrmavdeba sabazo safexurze fizikaSi
SeZenili codna. Sesabamisad, saxelmZRvanelos mizania, fizikis, rogorc sabunebi-
smetyvelo mecnierebis swavleba, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad; sagnis
mniSvnelobisa da praqtikuli daniSnulebis gaazreba; misi dakavSireba sxva dis-
ciplinebTan. Teoriuli codnis miwodebis garda, swavlebis procesi emsaxureba
moswavleTa azrovnebis ganviTarebas, weriTi Tu zepiri metyvelebis Camoyalibebas,
socialuri unarebis gamomuSavebas da mravali unar-Cvevis SeZenas, rac Rirseuli
moqalaqis Camosayalibebladaa mniSvnelovani.

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis

miznebi da amocanebi

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis jgufSi gaerTianebuli sagnebis swavlebis

mizania, gauCinos moswavles interesi da aziaros sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis
safuZvlebs, ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems, Seicnos
da gaiTavisos samyaro, igrZnos pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis, sazogadoebisa da
garemos mimarT.
saganmanaTleblo miznebidan gamomdinare, saswavlo gegma iTvaliswinebs kon­
kretuli amocanebis gadaWras. es amocanebia:
• cocxali samyarosa da masSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebis Seswavla
• samyaroSi mimdinare fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis Seswavla

5
 maswavleblis wigni
• dedamiwisa da garesamyaros Seswavla
• adamianisa da garemos urTierTdamokidebulebis Seswavla
• dakvirvebis, aRweris unaris gamomuSaveba
• klasificirebis unaris ganviTareba
• ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqmis unaris Camoyalibeba
• dagegmvis unaris ganviTareba
• eqsperimentis/cdis Catarebis unaris Camoyalibeba
• monacemebis aRricxvis unaris ganviTareba
• analizis unaris ganviTareba
• daskvnis gamotanisa da Sefasebis unaris Camoyalibeba
• modelirebis unaris ganviTareba
• komunikaciis unaris Camoyalibeba
• sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis mimarT interesis ganviTareba
• sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba
• mecnieruli kvlevisa da siaxleebis mimarT pozitiuri damokidebulebis
ganviTareba
• TanamSromlobis survilis ganviTareba
• janmrTelobis, jansaRi da usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dacvis mniSvnelobis
gaazreba
• garemoze zrunvisa da pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibeba.

X klasis fizikis saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da mizanic swored es aris.

erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi gamoyofili savaldebulo Temebis farglebSi, saxelmZ-
Rvanelo da maswavleblis wigni daexmareba moswavlesa da maswavlebels erovnuli
saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli grZelvadiani miznebis miRwevaSi.

maswavleblisa da moswavlis wignis Sesaxeb

X klasis fizikis saxelmZRvanelo dawerilia mesame Taobis axali erovnuli

saswavlo gegmis Sesabamisad. amdenad, is daexmareba fizikis maswavleblebs saswav-
lo procesis dagegmvasa da warmarTvaSi mesame Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis
moTxovnebis mixedviT. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis miznebi gamomdinareobs zogadi
ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebidan. Sesabamisad, is zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli
miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogori Taobebis aRzrdas
unda Seuwyos xeli saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistemam.
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad, saSualo safexuris misiaa saganTa gaRr-
mavebuli swavlebis gziT sistemuri codnis konstruireba, moazrovne, maZiebeli,
axlis Semoqmedi, wignieri, informirebuli da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone
moqalaqis Camoyalibeba, romelsac SeuZlia gadawyvetilebebis damoukideblad
miReba, sakuTari miRwevebis gamoyeneba axali materialuri, inteleqtualuri Tu
sulieri Rirebulebebis Sesaqmnelad.
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo, maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignTan erTad,
miznad isaxavs, daexmaros moswavles da maswavlebels erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli grZelvadiani miznebis miRwevaSi.
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo iTvaliswinebs mesame Taobis axali erovnuli saswav-
lo gegmis principebs. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis mixedviT, saswavlo
procesis dagegmvisa da warmarTvisas, upirvelesad, mniSvnelovania, Tu ras vas-

6
maswavleblis wigni
wavliT. Semdeg arsebiTia, Tu ra resursebs veyrdnobiT da rogor vaswavliT, anu
ra meTodebsa da strategiebs viyenebT. bolos ki amas, cxadia, Sefaseba mohyveba.
swored am ZiriTad moTxovnebs icavs moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo. es principebi
gaTvaliswinebulia maswavleblis wignSic. swavla-swavlebis procesis dagegmvisa
da warmarTvis am 4 etapze, rasac erovnuli saswavlo gegma iTvaliswinebs, qvemoT
ufro detalurad visaubrebT.
swavlebis specifika gulisxmobs fizikuri movlenebis arsis gacnobas fizikis
samizne cnebebisa da maTi mkvidri warmodgenebis gaazrebis gziT, moswavleTa aq-
tiuri monawileobiT. wigni iTvaliswinebs moswavleTa winare gamocdilebas axali
codnis konstruirebisTvis. amisTvis SemoTavazebulia saSinao cdebi, amocanebi,
saazrovno kiTxvebi, amocanebis amoxsnis nimuSebi. aq uxvadaa dilemebi, sadiskusio
kiTxvebi da gadasaWreli problemebi, romelTa analizic, cxadia, maswavleblis
aqtiuri mxardaWeriT, moswavles samizne cnebaTa mkvidri warmodgenebis gaazre-
bamde miiyvans.
me-10 klasis saxelmZRvanelo or nawilad gamoicema. pirvel nawilSi warmodge-
nilia erTi Tavi erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli Sinaarsis Sesabamisad, es
Tavi dayofilia paragrafebad. dasawyisSi mocemulia Sesaswavli sakiTxebis Camon-
aTvali: „am TavSi gaixsenebT da gaecnobiT“, riTac moswavles eqmneba warmodgena
gasavleli masalisa da Sesaswavli fizikuri movlenebis, cnebebis, sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
Tavi iwyeba rubrikiT: „ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna“. rogorc
wesi, aq aris testi, riTac moswavleebi ixseneben gavlil masalas, rac axali Temis
Sesaswavlad sWirdebaT. aRniSnuli rubrikis mizania, moswavleTa winare codnis
gaaqtiureba, rasac unda daefuZnos momdevno sakiTxebis Seswavla. Tavis bolos
mocemulia Tavis Semajamebeli rubrika „SeamowmeT Tqveni codna“, romelic Sedge-
ba sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSoebisa Tu amocanebisagan. maTi SesrulebiT moswavle
SeZenili codnis Sefasebas SeZlebs.
yoveli paragrafis struqtura aseTia: Tavdapirvelad dasmulia problemuri
kiTxva, romelsac pasuxi paragrafis Seswavlis Sedegad unda gaeces. es kiTxvebi
mWidro kavSirSia maswavleblis wignSi warmodgenili kompleqsuri davalebebis
sakvanZo kiTxvebTan, romlebic davalebis Sesrulebis process laitmotivad gas-
devs. Semdeg teqstis saxiT mocemulia saswavlo masala, uxvadaa warmodgenili
ilustraciebi, CarTulia Sesabamisi aqtivobebi da dasmulia kiTxvebi, romelTa
pasuxebic axali masalis etapobriv axsnas emsaxureba. moswavle aRniSnul kiTxvebs
upasuxebs da aqtivobebs asrulebs gakveTilzeve, maswavleblis daxmarebiT. zog maT-
gans moswavle damoukideblad asrulebs, klaselTan wyvilSi Tu jgufurad. amgvari
muSaobiT moswavle samizne cnebis Sesaxeb agebs codnas. amave dros, es aris samuSao
procesi maswavleblis wignSi mowodebuli kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad,
rasac am davalebis kriteriumebis gaazreba moyveba Sedegad.
paragrafSi gamokveTili SriftiT aRiniSneba terminebi, romlebic Zvel berZnul
an laTinur sityvebs daefuZna da axsnilia maTi mniSvneloba.
paragrafis bolos „vici, rom“ rubrika gamoyofs am konkretuli paragrafis Zir-
iTad terminebsa da umniSvnelovanes daskvnebs. „moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisT-
vis“ moswavleebs sTavazobs erT an ramdenime problemur SekiTxvas gadasaWrelad
an/da saSinao cdas Casatareblad. es cdebi gamoyenebulia kompleqsur davalebaTa
aqtivobebad, TiToeuli maTgani davalebis konkretuli nabijis gadadgmas emsax-
ureba. SeiZleba zogierT kiTxvas moswavlem marTebuli pasuxi ver gasces. Tumca es
SeSfoTebis safuZvels ar iZleva, radgan aq wamoweuli sakiTxebi jer mas ar uswavlia.
paragrafTa umetesobis boloSi aseve mocemulia mcire eqsperimenti „mecnieruli

7
 maswavleblis wigni
kvleva-ZiebisaTvis“. orive rubrikis mizania, Seamzados moswavleebi axali masalis
Sesaswavlad, rasac momdevno paragrafi iTvaliswinebs.
saxelmZRvanelos mTavari Tavisebureba isaa, rom axali gakveTilis axsnis procesi
interaqtiuria, moswavleebi maqsimalurad arian CarTulni da, faqtobrivad, Tavad
xsnian gakveTils, maswavleblis daxmarebiTa da megzurobiT. paragrafSi warmodge-
nil kiTxvebze maswavleblis mxardaWeriT pasuxebis Ziebisas, sakiTxebis damuSavebis
paralelurad, moswavleebi Sesabamisi kompleqsuri davalebis konkretul kriteri-
ums iazreben. amdenad, moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos TiToeuli paragrafi ZiriTadi
resursia kompleqsuri davalebis nabijebis Sesasruleblad.
saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili saSinao cdebi konstruqtivistul midgomas
efuZneba, rac gulisxmobs codnis etapobrivad konstruirebas winare codnaze
dafuZnebiT. es cdebi kompleqsur davalebebSi konkretul nabijebze muSaobisas
aqtivobebad gamoiyeneba. mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba moswavleTa varaudebis
gamoTqmas, Semdeg saSinao cdebis Catarebas, varaudebis Semowmebas, koreqtirebas
sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT da maswavlebelTan erTad moklevadian mizanze
muSaobisas. axali codna moswavles ise miewodeba, rom misi winare gamocdilebaa
gaTvaliswinebuli da moswavle aRiarebulia, rogorc saswavlo procesis aqtiuri
monawile, radgan maswavlebeli axali codnis agebis process waiyvans swored saSinao
cdebis safuZvelze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis, Sedegebis, moswavleTa pasuxebisa da
ideebis mixedviT. amasTan, am gziT moswavleebi Tavad erTvebian axsnis procesSi. aq
maswavlebeli megzuria, romelsac kiTxvebze pasuxiT, aqtivobebis ganxorcielebiT,
eqsperimentis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, moswavleebi fizikuri movlenebis arsis,
fizikis samizne cnebebis gaazrebamde mihyavs. am procesSi uyalibdebaT moswavleebs
marTebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi da amgvarad aigeba grZelvadiani codna. am tipis
swavlebiT moswavles uviTardeba Ziebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa Tu daskvnebis
gamotanis unari, logikuri msjelobisa da argumentirebis Cveva.
mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi mowodebul cdaTa umetesoba advili
Casatarebelia, praqtikulad, materialuri danaxarjebis gareSe. cdebis, rogorc
kompleqsuri davalebis aqtivobebis Catareba, moswavlis azrovnebisa da pasuxismge-
blobis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, sakiTxze didxans afiqrebs da koncentrirebaSic
exmareba. cdebi martivia da advilad Casatarebelia. cdebis Catarebisas usafrTx-
oebis wesebi maqsimalurad unda iyos daculi.
Sin Catarebuli cdis gakveTilze demonstrirebiT yvela moswavle erTveba saga-
kveTilo procesSi – visac Sin ar umuSavia, isini TvalnaTliv naxaven im Sedegebs,
razec gakveTilze msjelobT da aanalizebT; xolo vinc moemzada, Seamowmebs, ram-
denad emTxveva misi miRebuli Sedegi/gamotanili daskvna sinamdviles.
swavlebis procesis am gziT dagegmva moswavles saswavlo procesis aqtiur
monawiles xdis da misi azrovnebis gaaqtiurebas maqsimalurad uwyobs xels. TviTon
paragrafi dayofilia teqstis saxiT gadmocemul Teoriul masalad da aqtivobebad.
TiToeuli aqtivoba samizne cnebis gaazrebas da mis garSemo mkvidri warmodge-
nis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. am mizniT paragrafSi masala isea dalagebuli, rom
sawyis etapze mocemuli SekiTxvebi Tu aqtivobebi winare codnas eyrdoba da maTi
Sesruleba moswavlem analiziT unda SeZlos. es mis gonebas aaqtiurebs momdevno
etapis amocanebis gadasaWrelad da axali masalis gasaazreblad. amavdroulad,
paragrafebSi mocemuli aqtivobebi Seesabameba kompleqsuri davalebis nabijebs.
moswavleebs axali masala – etapobrivad, nabij-nabij miawodeT da aucileblad
konkretuli kompleqsuri davalebis konkretuli etapis paralelurad. amgvarad
isini SeZleben, Tavi gaarTvan am davalebis kriteriumebs da konkretul konteqstSi

8
maswavleblis wigni
gamoiyenon codna. am gziT, maT azrovnebisa da msjelobisaken vubiZgebT. gamzadebul
masalas da codnas ki ar vawvdiT, aramed kiTxvebze pasuxiTa da msjelobiT TviTon
migvyavs im codnamde, romlis gamoyenebis arealic iqve, kompleqsuri davalebis
Sesrulebis procesSi eZleva. ase fiqriTa da gaazrebiT mopovebuli codna ufro
Rrmad rCeba mexsierebaSi, miTumetes, rodesac moswavle mas garkveul cxovrebiseul
konteqstSi gamoiyenebs kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas.
saswavlo paragrafebis garda, saxelZRvaneloSi SexvdebiT codnis Semajamebel
da gansamtkicebel gakveTilebsac. aq davalebebad amocanebi da testebia gaTval-
iswinebuli. maTi saSualebiT martivad ganamtkicebT naswavl masalas. paragrafebis
bolos moyvanilia damatebiTi amocanebi da testebi savarjiSod da codnis gasaRr-
maveblad. isini isea Sedgenili, rom moswavleebisadmi diferencirebuli midgomis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. aq sxvadasxva tipisa da sirTulis amocanaa, aseve zogadi
unarebis ganviTarebaze mimarTuli testebi, romlebic moswavleebs gonebrivi Ses-
aZleblobebisa da moswrebis Sesabamisad SegviZlia SevurCioT.
moswavlis wignis yvela aqtivoba, saSinao davaleba Tu cda isea mowodebuli,
rom moswavlem SeZlos kompleqsuri davalebis Sesruleba. kompleqsur davalebaze
muSaobis procesi ramdenime gakveTilze grZeldeba. sakuTar winare gamocdilebaze
dayrdnobiT, varaudis gamoTqmiT, cdebiT, dakvirvebebiT, SemCneuli movlenebis
analiziT moswavlem Tavad unda gamoitanos daskvnebi. damxmare kiTxvebis gamoy-
enebiT maswavlebeli mas swor gezs, mimarTulebas miscems Sesabamisi daskvnebis
gamosatanad, raTa mas TiToeuli Temis farglebSi marTebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi
Camouyalibdes. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili resursebi da aqtivobebi cxadad
ukavSirdeba kompleqsur davalebaTa Sesrulebis etapebs. amitom moswavle saxelmZ-
Rvanelos ZiriTad resursad gamoiyenebs da am gziT gadadgams Tanmimdevrul nabi-
jebs grZelvadiani miznisken - samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebis gaazrebisken.
amgvarad, mocemuli kompleqsuri davalebebi moklevadian saSualebad gamodgeba
grZelvadiani miznisaken svlisas.
maswavleblis sarekomendacio wigni damxmare meToduri saxelmZRvaneloa sko-
lis pedagogebisTvis, romlebic me-10 klasSi fizikas aswavlian. is moicavs informa-
cias fizikis swavlebis miznebsa da amocanebze, standartis Sedegebis miRwevasa da
im meTodologiur principebze, romlebzec agebulia moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo.
meTodologia eyrdnoba moswavleze orientirebuli swavlebis principebs. winamde-
bare wigni daexmareba pedagogebs gakveTilis efeqturad dagegmvasa da sainteresod
CatarebaSi.
maswavleblis wignSi mocemulia pasuxebi moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos yvela
kiTxvaze, amocanaTa amoxsnebi, kompleqsuri davalebebi, Sefasebis rubrikebi, maT
Soris, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomiis safuZvelze.

grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad maswavleblis sarekomendacio wigni gTavazobT

kompleqsur davalebebs. igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc erTgvari moklevadiani
saswavlo mizani, romlis miRwevac, sabolood, samizne codnis agebazea orientirebu-
li. kompleqsuri davalebebi imgvaradaa Sedgenili, rom gaTvaliswinebulia saSualo
safexuris moswavleTa winare gamocdileba da sabazo safexurze miRweuli done, maTi
asakobrivi interesebi. davalebebis Sinaarsi Tanamedrove samecniero miRwevebis
magaliTebzea agebuli. warmodgenili kompleqsuri davalebebi saSualo safexurze
Sesaswavli Temebisa da sakiTxebis gagebis, gaazrebis, Seswavlisa da praqtikuli ga-
moyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. TiToeul kompleqsur davalebas axlavs mkafiod
gawerili sarekomendacio aqtivobebi, romlebic mWidro korelaciaSia moswavlis

9
 maswavleblis wigni
saxelmZRvanelosTan da maswavlebels SeuZlia kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas
moswavleebs iolad miawodos konkretuli nabijis Sesasruleblad saWiro resur-
si. davalebis TiToeul nabijs am mizniT rekomendebuli paragrafebi, aqtivobebi,
amocanebi, saSinao cdebi Tu saazrovno kiTxvebi aqvs darTuli, moswavlis saxelmZ-
Rvanelos Sesabamisi gverdis miTiTebiT.
iqve warmodgenilia Sefasebis kriteriumebi da miRwevis doneebi, moswavleTa
uwyveti ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis sistema. Sefasebis kriteriumebi Camoyalibebu-
lia samizne cnebebis mkvidri warmodgenebis Sesabamisad, imgvarad, rom maswav-
lebels gauadvildes moswavlis individualuri progresis gazomva da Sesabamisi
ganmaviTarebeli komentaris gakeTeba. am mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli kompleqsuri
davalebis bolos nimuSis saxiT moyvanili erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis
miRwevis gazomvis cxrilebi. aq warmodgenilia, Tu ra Sedegs SeiZleba miaRwios
moswavlem konkretuli davalebis SesrulebiT. amasTan, rogor SeiZleba maswavle-
belma Camoayalibos ganmaviTarebeli komentari, rom gamoCndes, ramdenad miaRwia
moswavlem esg-is Sedegs am davalebaze muSaobisas, kidev raze unda gaamaxvilos man
yuradReba SemdgomSi ukeTesi Sedegis misaRwevad.

maswavleblis wignSi warmodgenili kompleqsuri davalebebis Sesasruleblad,

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos, rogorc ZiriTadi resursis, gamoyenebasTan erTad,
SemoTavazebulia sxva damatebiTi resursebic.
Tanamedrove cxovreba, zogadad, ukve warmoudgenelia cifruli teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis gareSe. zogierTi fizikuri procesis TvalsaCino modelirebisTvis
maswavleblis wignSi SemoTavazebulia virtualuri laboratoriebis gamoyeneba
da maTi saSualebiT kvleviTi xasiaTis davalebebis Sesruleba. iqve mokled aris
aRwerili, Tu ra unda gaakeTos moswavlem da ras unda daakvirdes. virtualuri
resursebi isea SerCeuli, rom uSualo kavSirSia kompleqsuri davalebis konkretul
nabijTan, aseve, konkretul Sesaswavl sakiTxTan da moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi
dasmul araerT SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSic daexmareba moswavles. Tavis mxriv, es
kiTxvebi imgvaradaa dasmuli, rom moswavles konkretuli kompleqsuri davalebis
msvlelobisas konkretuli ideis, codnis konstruirebaSi exmareba.
maswavleblis wignis meore nawilSi integrirebulia saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo:
marcxena gverdebze datanilia moswavlis wignis gverdebi (numeracia zustad mihyve-
ba saxelmZRvanelos), xolo maT gaswvriv, marjvena gverdebze mocemulia Sesabamisi
ganmartebebi, kiTxvebze pasuxebi, amoxsnebi, rekomendaciebi maswavleblebisaTvis
(gverdebi danomrilia imave cifriT, rac saxelmZRvaneloSi da damatebuli aqvs
Strixi 1′, 2′, 3′ da a.S.). avtorebi Seecadnen, upasuxod ar darCeniliyo saxelmZR-
vaneloSi dasmuli arcerTi kiTxva; gadauWreli ar aRmoCeniliyo arcerTi dasmuli
problema; ganmarteba da miTiTebebi ar mokleboda arcerT cdasa Tu eqsperiments.
imedi gvaqvs, rom maswavleblis wignSi warmodgenili kompleqsuri davalebebis
Sesruleba moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloze, rogorc ZiriTad resursze dayrdnobiT,
moswavles struqturirebul da gamTlianebul xedvas Camouyalibebs Sesaswavl
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti

10
maswavleblis wigni

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo standarti gulisxmobs yvela moswavlisT-

vis iseTi unarebisa da Rirebulebebis gamomuSavebas, romelTa saSualebiT isini
SeZleben sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis uwyvet ganviTarebas da re-
alizebas qveynis SigniT Tu mis sazRvrebs gareT, raTa ar CamorCnen kacobriobis
swraf progress, Tavad Seqmnan Rirebulebebi da ara mxolod arsebuli gamoiyenon,
efeqtianad isargeblon Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebiT, gaxdnen sazogadoebis
srulfasovani wevrebi, Camoyalibdnen aqtiur Semmecneblad.
erovnuli saswavlo gegma mTavari instrumentia am miznebis misaRwevad. do-
kumenti gansazRvravs savaldebulo moTxovnebs saskolo sazogadoebisadmi sami
mimarTulebiT:
1. swavla-swavlebis procesis orientireba moswavlis pirovnul ganviTarebaze;
2. saswavlo procesis dafuZneba konstruqtivistul saganmanaTleblo princi-
pebze;
3. zrunvasa da mxardaWeraze orientirebuli saskolo kulturis Camoyalibeba.
moswavlis pirovnul ganviTarebaze orientireba uzrunvelyofilia maSin, roca
saswavlo procesi efuZneba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis grZelvadian miznebsa da
meTodologiur orientirebs. erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi grZelvadiani miznebi
Camoyalibebulia sagnobrivi samizne cnebebisa da safexuris Sedegebis saxiT.

saSualo safexuris fizikis standarti

sagnobrivi standarti gansazRvravs codnis savaldebulo minimums (safexuris

bolos misaRwev Sedegebs), romelsac unda flobdes moswavle safexuris bolos.
igi pasuxobs SekiTxvebs: ra unda icodes moswavlem, ra unda SeeZlos mas, ra Rire-
bulebebiT unda aRizardos igi konkretuli sagnis farglebSi.
sagnobrivi standarti gansazRvravs ra savaldebulo moTxovnebs, warmoadgens
orientirs, romlis mixedviT unda warimarTos saganmanaTleblo procesi.

sagnobrivi standarti aerTianebs swavla-swavlebis oTx komponents:

1) miznebs;
2) Sedegebsa da Sinaarss;
3) meTodikur orientirebs;
4) Sefasebas

grZelvadiani miznebi

ra grZelvadiani mizniT vaswavliT moswavles Temas?

am SekiTxvas pasuxs scems:
1) standartis Sedegebi;
2, 3) samizne cnebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi;
4) safexuris sakvanZo SekiTxvebi

es miznebi ucvlelia safexuris nebismier TemasTan mimarTebiT.

11
 maswavleblis wigni
1) standartis Sedegebi - gansazRvravs miznobriv orientirebs da pasuxobs SekiTx-
vas: ra unda SeeZlos sabazo safexuris moswavles sagnis farglebSi?
2) samizne cnebebi - gamomdinareobs standartis Sedegebidan da gansazRvravs im
codnas, romelsac moswavle sagnis farglebSi unda daeuflos;
3) samizne cnebis/cnebebis mkvidri warmodgenebi - TiToeuli cnebisTvis unda
ganisazRvros mkvidri warmodgenebi, romlebic Semofarglavs cnebis moculobas da
daazustebs, ra unda hqondes gacnobierebuli moswavles am cnebasTan mimarTebiT
safexuris bolos. mkvidri warmodgenebis zustdeba wliuri programis/saskolo
kurikulumis farglebSi;
4) safexuris sakvanZo SekiTxvebi - gamomdinareobs Sedegebidan da samizne cne-
bebidan da gansazRvravs, Tu raze unda dafiqrdes moswavle sagnis Seswavlis pro-
cesSi. safexuris sakvanZo SekiTxvebi Temis farglebSi ufro konkretul Tematur
SekiTxvebad gardaiqmneba.

• rogor unda Seviswavlo fizikuri movlenebi?

• rogor davgegmo da Cavataro kvleva fizikuri movlenebis Sesaswavlad?
• raSi da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyeno fizikuri kanonzomierebebis codna?
• rogor gardaiqmneba energia erTi saxeobidan meore saxeobad?
• rogor davakaSiro bunebaSi arsebuli Zalebi mravalferovan fizikur mov-
lenebTan?
• ra gavlenas axdens nivTierebis agebuleba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebze?

Sualeduri miznebi

Temis farglebSi Sualeduri miznis rols asrulebs erTmaneTTan mWidrod da-

kavSirebuli oTxeuli:
1) sakiTxebi/qvecnebebi;
2) sakvanZo SekiTxvebi;
3) kompleqsuri davaleba/davalebebi;
4) Sefasebis kriteriumi/kriteriumebi.

swavla-swavlebis procesis dagegmvisa da warmarTvisaTvis maswavlebels oTx

SekiTxvaze sWirdeba mkafio pasuxi:

• ra mizniT vaswavli? (swavla-swavlebis miznebi);

• ra masalaze dayrdnobiT vaswavli? (saswavlo sakiTxebi da resursebi);
• rogor vaswavli? (swavla-swavlebis meTodebi da strategiebi);
• rogor vafaseb moswavleebis miRwevebs? (Sefaseba)

am mimarTulebiT zogad orientirebs erovnuli saswavlo gegma gamokveTs.

standartSi Sedegebisa da samizne cnebebis saxiT gansazRvrulia grZelvadiani
miznebi. Sinaarsi aRiwereba Temebis (qveTemebis), sakiTxebis da qvecnebebis saxiT.
erovnuli saswavlo gegma adgens savaldebulo Temebs. Temebis Sesabamis sakiTxebs
ki skolebi Tavad irCeven. TiToeul Temas axlavs Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi.
isini gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda Sefasdes swavla-swavlebis procesSi. indikatorebi
dajgufebulia samizne cnebebis mixedviT.

Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #1

12
maswavleblis wigni

swavla-swavlebis procesis orientireba moswavlis pirovnul ganviTarebaze

es mimarTuleba amTlianebs zogadi ganaTlebis miznebs. swavla-swavlebis pro-
cesSi maswavlebeli mkafiod unda xedavdes, Tu ra wvlili Seaqvs ama Tu im sagnobriv
sakiTxze muSaobas moswavlis holistur (fizikuri, kognituri, socio-emociuri)
ganviTarebaSi.
saswavlo procesi orientirebulia moswavlis pirovnul ganviTarebaze maSin,
roca efuZneba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis grZelvadian miznebsa da meTodologiur
orientirebs.
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi grZelvadiani miznebi Camoyalibebulia sagnobrivi
samizne cnebebisa da safexuris Sedegebis saxiT.

grZelvadiani miznebi

standartis Sedegebi – sagnis cnebebze dafuZnebiT gansazRvravs miznobriv ori-

entirebs da upasuxebs SekiTxvas: ra unda SeeZlos saSualo safexuris moswavles?
Sedegebi aRiwereba proceduruli da pirobiseuli codnis saxiT. swavla-swavleba,
iseve rogorc Sefaseba, unda daigegmos da ganxorcieldes Sedegebze dayrdnobiT.
saSualo safexurze standartSi gaweril TiToeul Sedegs win uZRvis indeqsi,
romelic miuTiTebs sagans, swavlebis etapsa da standartis Sedegis nomers; mag.,
fiz.saS.1.:
„fiz." – miuTiTebs sagans „fizika".
„saS." – miuTiTebs saSualo safexurs.
„1" – miuTiTebs standartis Sedegis nomers.

cxrili 1.

fizikis standartis Sedegebi saSualo safexurze

Sedegebis indeqsebi moswavlem unda SeZlos: samizne cnebebi:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
unar-Cvevebis gamo­yenebiT nivTier-
ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis energia
daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebe- (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
li parametrebis Sesaxeb msjeloba
materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvise- Zala
bebisa da maTi cvlilebis mizezebis (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
gasaazreblad materia
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi fizikuri procesi
unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energiis (fiz.saS.1,2,3,4)
saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqm-
nis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba
bunebaSi mimdinare fizikuri mov-
lenebis dasaxasiaTeblad
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi
unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedege-
bze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare
procesebis aRsawerad

13
 maswavleblis wigni

fiz.saS.4 mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi

unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bunebaSi
arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kav-
Sirebis dasabuTeba fi­zikuri pro-
cesebis/ mov­lenebis aRsawerad da
dasaxasiaTeblad.

safexuris Sedegi – safexuris Sedegebi aris zogadi orientirebi, romlebic

saskolo sazogadoebisTvis sagnis swavlebis miznebs gansazRvravs. pasuxs scems
SekiTxvas: ra unda SeeZlos moswavles safexuris/qvesafexuris (da ara konkretuli
saswavlo wlis) bolos? TiToeuli skola valdebulia maTze dafuZnebiT Seqmnas
saskolo kurikulumi/saskolo saswavlo gegma, sadac aCvenebs, Tu rogor miiRweva
safexuris Sedegebi skolis saWiroebebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Sedegi moicavs rogorc unarebsa da faqtobriv masalas, ise mizans/daniSnulebas,
risTvisac moswavles SeZenili codna sWirdeba.

risTvis sWirdeba
unarebi + samizne codna + moswavles SeZenili codna

aq mocemuli masala srulad faravs standartiT moTxovnil Sedegebs. konkret-

ulad romel Sedegs romeli sakiTxi faravs, miTiTebulia momdevno gverdebze,
standartis Sedegebis miRwevisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris matricaSi. aseve,
miTiTebulia maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignis meore nawilSi, TiToeuli para-
grafis gaswvriv. amave Sedegebis miRwevas emsaxureba saxelmZRvanelos swavlebis
meTodika da masSi gaTvaliswinebuli aqtivobebi.

standartis Sedegebis miRwevisa da Sinaarsis urTierTkavSiris matrica:

standartis Sedegebi
saaTebis
gakveTilis Tema
raodenoba
fiz.saS.1. fiz.saS.2. fiz.saS.3. fiz.saS.4.
I Tavi. damuxtu-
li sxeulebis 30
urTierTqmedeba
1.1 ra da rogor
iswavleT, Seamow- 1 + +
meT Tqveni codna
1.2 sxeulTa
damuxtva. damux-
tuli sxeulebis 1 + + +
urTierTqmedeba.
eleqtruli veli

14
maswavleblis wigni

1.3 eleqtroskopi.
eleqtrobis gam-
tarebi da aragam-
1 +
tarebi. eleqtru-
li muxtis mudmi-
vobis kanoni
1.4 gavleniT dae-
leqtroeba. ele-
qtruli muxti da 1 + + +
elementaruli
nawilakebi
1.5 damuxtuli
sxeulebis urT-
1 + +
ierTqmedeba. ku-
lonis kanoni
1.6 amocanis amox-
2 + + +
snis nimuSi
2.1 eleqtruli ve-
lis daZabuloba.
1 + +
superpoziciis
principi
2.2 eleqtruli ve-
lis daZabulobis 1 + +
wirebi
2.3 gamtari ele-
qtrostatikur 1 + + +
velSi
2.4. dieleqtriki
eleqtrostati-
kur velSi. ori 1 +
saxis dieleqtri-
ki
2.5 dieleqtrik-
is polarizacia.
1 + + +
dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba
2.6 damuxtuli
sxe­u lis poten-
ciuri energia.
1 + + + +
erTgvarovan ele-
qtrostatikur
velSi
2.7 eleqtrosta-
tikuri velis
potenciali da 1 + + + +
potencialTa sx-
vaoba
2.8 ori wertilo-
vani muxtis urT-
ierTqmedebis po-
1 + + +
tenciuri energia.
wertilovani mux-
tis potenciali

15
 maswavleblis wigni

2.10. amocanis amo­

2 + + + +
xsnis nimuSi
3.1 eleqtro­
tevadoba. brtye-
1 + + +
li kondensato-
ri
3.2. brtyeli kon-
densatoris ele- 1 + + +
qtrotevadoba
3.3. kondensa-
torebis mimdev-
robiTi, parale- 1 + + +
luri da Sereuli
SeerTeba
3.4. damuxtuli
kondensatoris
energia. konden- 1 + + +
satoris gamoyene-
ba
3.5. amocanis amo­x­
2 + + +
snis nimuSebi
3.6. SeamowmeT
2 + + + +
Tqveni codna
sarezervo dro 4

samizne cnebebi fizikaSi

samizne cnebebi: samizne cnebebi gamomdinareobs standartis Sedegebidan da

gansazRvravs im codnas, romelsac moswavle sagnis farglebSi unda daeuflos.
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis TiToeuli Sedegi ukavSirdeba sagnobriv samizne cnebas.
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi yvela sagnisTvis gansazRvrulia ramdenime samizne cne-
ba. safexuris doneze maTi (Sedegebi/samizne cnebebi) daufleba, SedegebTan erTad,
sagnis swavla-swavlebis grZelvadiani mizania. qvemoT CamoTvlilia samizne cnebe-
bi fizikisTvis. TiToeuli cnebis gverdiT frCxilebSi weria, Tu romel Sedegebs
ukavSirdeba:
• materia (Sedegi: 1,2,3,4)
• energia (Sedegi: 1,2,3,4)
• Zala (Sedegi: 1,2,3,4)
• fizikuri procesi (Sedegi: 1,2,3,4)

grZelvadian miznebs (Sedegebsa da samizne cnebebs) azustebs da ufro mkafios

xdis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli
(a) qvecnebebi;
(b) mkvidri warmodgenebi;
(g) safexuris sakvanZo SekiTxvebi.

a) qvecnebebi gamomdinareobs samizne cnebidan. maTi saSualebiT saskolo kuri-

kulumSi ganisazRvreba konkretuli sakiTxebi da qvesakiTxebi.

16
maswavleblis wigni
wliuri Temebis farglebSi, gamoiyofa sagnobrivi qvecnebebi, romlebic uSua-
lod gamomdinareobs Sesabamisi samizne cnebebidan. isini warmoadgenen terminebs,
romlebiT operirebac moswavles am konkretuli Temis farglebSi/konkretul
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT mouwevs.
sakiTxebis saSualebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu konkretulad ra masalis safuZvelze
warimarTeba muSaoba Temis farglebSi. qvecnebebsa da sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT gan-
isazRvreba aseve kompleqsuri davalebis piroba.
X klasis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT, samizne cnebas, qvecnebebsa da sakiTxebs
Soris mimarTeba warmodgenilia qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi:

samizne cneba 1 qvecnebebi sakiTxi

materia atomi, ioni, elemen- • eleqtruli muxti
taruli nawilakebi • elementaruli nawilakebi
• eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis
kanoni
myari nivTiereba • eleqtrobis gamtarebi da
aragamtarebi
siTxe, airi • dieleqtriki
• ori saxis dieleqtriki
eleqtruli veli • eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
• eleqtruli velis potenciali
samizne cneba 2 qvecnebebi sakiTxi
energia potenciuri energia • damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri
energia erTgvarovan eleqtro-
statikur velSi
• eleqtrostatikuri velis poten-
ciali da potencialTa sxvaoba
• ori wertilovani muxtis urT-
ierTqmedebis potenciuri ener-
gia
• wertilovani muxtis velis po-
tenciali
• ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. po-
tencialTa sxvaobis gazomva
eleqtruli velis • eleqtrotevadoba
muSaoba • brtyeli kondensatoris ele-
qtrotevadoba
• damuxtuli kondensatoris en-
ergia, kondensatoris gamoyeneba
• kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi,
paraleluri da Sereuli SeerTe-
ba
kinetikuri energia • damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba
eleqtrul velSi
samizne cneba 3 qvecnebebi sakiTxi
Zala eleqtruli Zala • damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTq-
medeba
• kulonis kanoni
eleqtruli velis • eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
daZabuloba • superpoziciis principi
• eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
wirebi

17
 maswavleblis wigni

samizne cneba 4 qvecnebebi sakiTxi

fizikuri procesebi daeleqtroeba sxeulTa damuxtva
eleqtrostatiku- • gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
ri induqcia • gavleniT daeleqtroeba
• dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur
velSi
• dieleqtrikis polarizacia, die-
leqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
aCqarebuli moZ- damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba ele-
raoba qtrul velSi
k o n d e n s a t o r i s brtyeli kondensatori, misi energia
damuxtva

b) samizne cnebebis mkvidri warmodgenebi Semofarglavs da akonkretebs cnebis

moculobas, gansazRvravs, ra unda hqondes gacnobierebuli moswavles am cnebas-
Tan mimarTebiT safexuris bolos. es aris ganzogadebuli warmodgena, romelTa­
nac moswavle unda mivides nebismieri Temis swavla-swavlebis procesSi. mkvidri
warmodgenebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs (ar SeiZleba maTi izolirebulad
damuSaveba). isini ganisazRvreba saskolo kurikulumis da ara erovnuli saswavlo
gegmis doneze.
maswavleblis wignSi warmodgenil kompleqsur davalebebSi isini formulirdeba
qudis qveS: „moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom..."

samizne cneba mkvidri warmodgenebi

moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
materia 1) materiis ori saxis, nivTierebisa da velis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebi damokidebulia:
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da garemo pirobebze;
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis urTierTmdebareobasa da maT mier
velis Seqmnis unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi
aixsneba:
a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis qaosurad moZraobiT,
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebiT, maT Soris Sualedebis arsebo-
biT da samive maTganis cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obieqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi ganlage-
biT da am obieqtebis mier mocemuli velis warmoqmnis unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri erTma-
neTTan da maTi cvlilebis gamomwvev mizezebTan SesaZlebelia
aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT
da sxva meTodebiT.
energia 1) sistemis Semadgenel sxeulebs, maTi moZraobisa da sxva sx-
eulebTan urTierTqmedebis gamo, aseve sxeulis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis moZraobisa da maTi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis
gamo SesaZlebelia hqondeT sxvadasxva saxis energia, romelic
SesaZlebelia gardaiqmnas erTi saxidan meoreSi.
2) sxeulTa sistemis energiis cvlilebas gansazRvravs mis mier
(masze gare Zalebis mier) muSaobis Sesruleba an/da Tbogadacema,
xolo sxeulTa sistemis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis (energiis
cvlilebis) siswrafes - mis mier ganviTarebuli simZlavre.
3) sxeulTa sistemis energiebisa da maTi cvlilebis damok-
idebuleba energiebis cvlilebis gamomwvev mizezebTan Sesa-
Zlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad, diagramebiT,
cxrilebiT da sxva meTodebiT.
18
maswavleblis wigni

samizne cneba mkvidri warmodgenebi

moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
Zala 1) sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba raodenobrivad xasiaTdeba
fizikuri sididiT - ZaliT da igi SesaZlebelia iyos oTxi sxva-
dasxva saxis (gravitaciuli, eleqtromagnituri, Zlieri, susti).
es urTierTqmedeba yovelTvis ormxrivia da xdeba uSualo „kon-
taqtiT" an velis saSualebiT.
2) sxeulze erTi Zalis an Zalebis tolqmedis moqmedeba iwvevs
am sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebas an/da mis deformacias. Zalis
(tolqmedis) moqmedebis Sedegi ki damokidebulia mis modulze,
mimarTulebaze, modebis wertilze, moqmedebis xangrZlivobasa
da sxeulis im zedapiris farTobze, romelzec es Zala (tolqme-
di) moqmedebs. amasTan, Tu gare Zala awarmoebs wnevas siTxeze an
airze, wneva yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad vrceldeba.
3) sxeulTa sistemaze moqmedi gare Zalebis tolqmedis mniSvne-
loba gansazRvravs am sistemis energiisa da impulsis cvlilebas,
xolo myar sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedisa da am Zalebis
momentebis jamis mniSvneloba - sxeulis wonasworobis pirobas.
4) sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis) mdgomareobis aRmweri parametre-
bisa da am mdgomareobis gamomwvevi Zalis (Zalebis) erTmaneTTan
damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafiku-
lad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva meTodebiT.
fizikuri pro- 1) yvela fizikur movlenas da mis damaxasiaTebel process ganap-
cesi irobebs mizezi da mohyveba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis dadgena
ki mecnierebis mTavari amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis mimdinareobis aRsawerad, mecnierebi am
movlenebis Sesabamis fizikur procesebs ikvleven. TiToeuli
procesi xasiaTdeba fizikuri sidideebiT, romelTa urTierT-
dakavSirebiTac SesaZlebelia am procesis aRwera.
3) damokidebuleba fizikuri procesebis maxasiaTebel fizikur
sidideebs Soris an/da am sidideebsa da maTi cvlilebis mizezebs
Soris SesaZlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT an sxva meTodebiT.

g) safexuris sakvanZo SekiTxvebiT gamoikveTeba aqcentebi, romlebze orien-

tirebiTac unda warimarTos swavla-swavlebis procesi.
• riT aris ganpirobebuli materiis mravalferovneba? ratom aris mniSvnelo-
vani materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebebis daxasiaTe-
ba? (samizne cneba - materia); rogor davadginoT materiis saxeebis fizikuri
Tvisebebis cvlilebebsa da am cvlilebebis gamomwvev mizezebs Soris kavSiri?
(samizne cneba - materia);
• ra zegavlenas axdens bunebriv procesebSi energiis mimdinare gardaqmnebi
adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze? (samizne cneba - energia); rogor aRvw-
eroT bunebriv procesebSi energiis mimdinare gardaqmnebi da am gardaqmnebis
gamomwvevi mizezebi? (samizne cneba - energia);
• ratom aris mniSvnelovani bunebaSi arsebuli urTierTqmedebebisa da maT mier
gamowveuli Sedegebis aRwera? (samizne cneba - Zala); rogor davakavSiroT
bunebaSi arsebuli urTierTqmedebebiT miRebuli Sedegebi maT mizezebTan?
(samizne cneba - Zala);

19
 maswavleblis wigni
• ratom aris mniSvnelovani bunebaSi arsebuli movlenebisa da bunebriv movlen-
ebSi mimdinare procesebis daxasiaTeba? (samizne cneba - fizikuri procesi);
• rogor dagvexmareba materiis cvlilebebis daxasiaTeba yoveldRiuri cxov­
rebis gaumjobesebaSi? (samizne cneba - fizikuri procesi).

Sualeduri miznebi

grZelvadiani miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa saswavlo procesi daiyos Sualedur

saswavlo miznebad. Tuki grZelvadian miznebs gansazRvravs erovnuli saswavlo
gegma, Sualedur saswavlo miznebs adgens skola sakuTari saWiroebebisa da Sesa-
Zleblobebis Sesabamisad.
grZelvadiani miznebis safuZvelze Sualeduri miznebis gamosayofad, upirveles
yovlisa, aucilebelia saswavlo Temis, rogorc struqturuli erTeulis mniSvne-
lobis gaazreba.

saswavlo Tema aris moswavleTaTvis nacnobi, maTi asakobrivi interesebisa da

gamocdilebis Sesabamisi konteqsti, romelic standartis Sedegebis, samizne cne-
bebis, konkretuli qvecnebebisa da sakiTxebis integrirebulad da urTierTdakav-
Sirebulad swavlebis saSualebas iZleva. saswavlo Tema aigeba standartis Sedegebis
mixedviT, rac savaldebulo saxiTaa gansazRvruli. TiToeuli Temis farglebSi,
SeZlebisdagvarad, unda damuSavdes standartis yvela Sedegi da samizne cneba.

savaldebulo Temebi X klasSi:

1. eleqtrostatika
2. mudmivi denis kanonebi

rekomendebulia swavla-swavlebis procesSi skolebma daicvan Temebis zemoT

SemoTavazebuli Tanmimdevroba.
X klasSi rekomendebulia erT semestrSi erTi Temis swavleba. Sesabamisad, winam-
debare wigni moicavs mxolod eleqtrostatikas.
saswavlo Temis damuSavebisa da swavla-swavlebis mizniT, unda ganisazRvros
sagnobrivi sakiTxebi, resursebi, davalebebis tipebi/nimuSebi. maTi daniSnulebaa
masalis gageba, gaazreba, ganmtkiceba da Sejameba. aseve mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros
ideebi kompleqsuri davalebebisTvis, romelTa meSveobiT SeiZleba gamovlindes,
ramdenad daeufla moswavle Temis farglebSi asaTvisebel codnas, unarebs da ram-
denad axerxebs maT funqciurad gamoyenebas.
saswavlo Tema Semdegi nabijebiT aigeba, romelTac qvemoT ufro detaluradac
ganvixilavT:

20
maswavleblis wigni
saswavlo Temis agebis bijebi

nabiji 1. mkvidri warmodgenebis dadgena

nabiji 2. Tematuri sakvanZo kiTxvebis dasma

nabiji 3. Sefasebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra

nabiji 4. Tematuri sakiTxebis gansazRvra

nabiji 5. aqtivobebisa da mimdinare davalebebis dageg-

mva da resursebis SerCeva

nabiji 6. Semajamebeli kompleqsuri davalebebis

SemuSaveba

mniSvnelovania maswavlebelma sworad dainaxos, ra konkretul saxes miiRebs

Temis farglebSi erovnuli saswavlo gegmis grZelvadiani miznebi (Sedegebi da
samizne cnebebi) da Sesabamisad dagegmos Sualeduri miznebi. amis gaazrebaSi mas
daexmareba:
• Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi - aCvenebs, Tu ra unda SeZlos moswavlem
konkretuli Temis farglebSi. indikatorebi akavSirebs Temas safexuris
SedegebTan. sxva sityvebiT, indikatorebi akonkretebs codnis savaldebulo
minimums. maTze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
• TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi – gansazRvravs Sesaswavli
Temis CarCoebs; akavSirebs Temas samizne cnebis mkvidr warmodgenebTan;
azustebs, ra unda icodes moswavlem konkretul TemasTan mimarTebiT (Tem-
aturi mkvidri warmodgenebi gansxvavdeba samizne cnebebTan dakavSirebuli
mkvidri warmodgenebisgan).

qvemoT TiToeul cxrilSi mocemulia Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi da Tem-

aturi mkvidri warmodgenebi konkretulad eleqtrostatikis TemaSi.

saSualo safexuri, me-10 klasi

Tema - eleqtrostatika

Temis farglebSi ganixileba:

fizikis kvlevis sagani, amocanebi da kvlevis meTodebi; fizikis mimarTulebebi
(dargebi) da maTi kavSiri sxva mecnierebebTan; fizikis miRwevebi;
muxtebis urTierTqmedeba da kulonis kanoni; eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da
superpoziciis principi; eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciuri energia da po-
tenciali; eleqtrotevadoba, brtyeli kondensatori.

21

samizne cneba
materia – moswavlem unda SeZlos:
energia – moswavlem unda SeZlos:
Zala – moswavlem unda SeZlos:
fizikuri procesi – moswavlem unda •
SeZlos:
22
maswavleblis wigni
Sedegebis miRwevis indikatorebi
• elementaruli muxtisa da sxeulis
muxtis Sesaxeb msjeloba muxtis
Senaxvis kanonis gasaanalizeblad;
• muxtis mier eleqtrostatikuri
velis warmoqmnisa da velis maxasiaT-
ebeli parametrebis (daZabuloba, po-
tenciali) Sesaxeb msjeloba muxtebs
Soris eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis
aRsawerad (analogia gravitaciuli
velis maxasiaTeblebTan);
• nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli SeR-
wevadobis Sesaxeb msjeloba di-
eleqtrikebSi eleqtruli velis
gavrcelebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
• eleqtruli velis mier Sesrule-
buli muSaobis Sesaxeb msjeloba
muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis po-
tenciuri energiis dasaxasiaTeblad;
• brtyeli kondensatorebis mod-
elebis Seqmna, Sereuli SeerTebis
gamokvleva, maTi eleqtruli velis
energiis raodenobrivi aRwera da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb msjeloba yo-
fa-cxovrebasa da teqnikaSi konden-
satoris rolis Sesafaseblad.
• sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis
gamoyeneba eleqtrul velSi uZravad
moTavsebuli (wrfivad da Tanabrad
moZravi) muxtis wonasworuli mdgo-
mareobis aRsawerad;
• wertilovan muxtebs Soris urT-
ierTqmedebis Zalis raodenobrivad
daxasiaTeba (analogia msoflio
mizidulobis kanonTan) da eleqtro-
statikuri velis superpoziciis
principis axsna problemaze orien-
tirebuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad;
• hipoTezis Camoyalibeba, eqsperimen-
tebis dagegmva da misi usafrTxod
Catareba damuxtuli sxeulebis urT-
ierTqmedebis Sesaswavlad.
wertilovani muxtis moZraobis dax-
asiaTeba erTgvarovan eleqtrul
velSi, moZraobis maxasiaTebeli
parametrebisa da maTi cvlilebis/
ucvlelobis mizezebis Sesaxeb msj-
eloba problemaze orientirebuli
amocanebis gadasaWrelad.
maswavleblis wigni

samizne cneba TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi

materia – moswavlem • wertilovani muxtis mier sivrcis raime wertilSi Se-
unda gaacnobieros, qmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da potenciali
rom: damokidebulia mocemuli muxtis ricxviT mniSvne-
lobasa da manZilze muxtidan sivrcis am wertilamde.
es damokidebuleba SeiZleba aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT da sxva meTodebiT;
• ramdenime wertilovani muxtis mier sivrcis raime
wertilSi Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
(potenciali) TiToeuli muxtis mier am wertilSi Se-
qmnili daZabulobebis geometriuli jamis (algebruli
jamis) tolia.
energia – moswavlem • eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebul muxts, am velTan
unda gaacnobieros, urTierTqmedebis gamo, aqvs potenciuri energia, ro-
rom: melic SeiZleba gardaiqmnas sxva saxis energiad;
• eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul wertilSi moTavse-
buli muxtis am velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia damokidebulia am muxtis ricxviT mniSvnelo-
basa da am wertilSi eleqtrostatikuri velis poten-
cialze. es damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia aRvweroT
analizurad, grafikulad da sxva meTodebiT;
• wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia damokidebulia am muxtebis ricxviT mniSvne-
lobebsa da maT Soris manZilze. am energiis cvlilebas
gansazRvravs muxtebze moqmedi gare Zalebis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba;
• damuxtul kondensators gaaCnia eleqtruli velis
energia, romelic damokidebulia kondensatoris
Semonafenebze arsebul muxtsa da Semonafenebs Soris
Zabvaze.
Zala – moswavlem unda • wertilovan muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedeba ele-
gaacnobieros, rom: qtromagnituri bunebisaa da xorcieldeba velis
saSualebiT. es urTierTqmedeba xasiaTeba fizikuri
sididiT, ZaliT da damokidebulia am muxtebis ricxviT
mniSvnelobasa da maT Soris manZilze;
• wertilovan muxtze eleqtruli velis moqmedeba
iw­vevs am muxtis siCqaris cvlilebas, Sesabamisad,
eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT muxtis mier SeZenili
impulsi (kinetikuri energia) damokidebulia am muxtis
ricxviT mniSvnelobaze, moqmedebis xangrZlivobasa
(damuxtuli nawilakis masaze) da eleqtruli velis
daZabulobaze. es damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia aRvw-
eroT analizurad, grafikulad da sxva meTodebiT.
fizikuri procesi – • sxeulTa daeleqtroeba, ganmuxtva, eleqtruli velis
moswavlem unda gaac- gavleniT sxeulSi (an raime garemoSi) Tavisufali mux-
nobieros, rom: tebis gadaadgileba fizikuri movlenis magaliTebia,
romelTac ganapirobebs sxeulisa da misi garemomcve-
li eleqtruli velis fizikuri Tvisebebi.
• eleqtruli velis gavleniT sxeulSi (an raime gare-
moSi) Tavisufali muxtebis gadaadgileba xasiaTdeba
siCqariT, aCqarebiT da sxva sidideebiT. am sidideebis
damokidebuleba gareSe velTan SesaZlebelia aRvw-
eroT analizurad, grafikulad da sxva meTodebiT.

23
 maswavleblis wigni
mesame Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis mixedviT, Temis farglebSi
gamoyofili Sualeduri mizani aerTianebs sam aucilebel komponents:
1) produqti, romelsac qmnis moswavle (mag.: kvleviTi naSromi, fizikuri mod-
eli, virtualuri modeli, posteri, instruqcia, rCevebis krebuli da sxva);
2) ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelsac Seexeba kompleqsuri davaleba;
3) Sefasebis kriteriumebi, romlebic miemarTeba samizne cnebis mkvidr war-
modgenebs.
Sualeduri saswavlo miznebis raodenoba erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi savaldebu-
lod ar aris gansazRvruli. es damokidebulia konkretuli skolis/klasis mocemu-
lobaze. Sualeduri mizani SeiZleba Seexebodes erT sakiTxs da erT samizne cnebas,
an erTi sakiTxis gamoyenebiT 2-3 samizne cnebas amuSavebdes, an sulac erToblivad
moicavdes yvela samizne cnebasa da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
Sualeduri miznis struqturas da misi Camoyalibebis logikas warmoaCens Tema­
turi matrica. is gamoiyeneba Tematuri erTeulis dasagegmad. Tematur matricaSi
SesaZlebelia gamoiyos imdeni etapi (Sesabamisi Sualeduri miznebiT), ramdensac
maswavlebeli CaTvlis saWirod. matricaSi sakiTxebi gansazRvravs, Tu konkretu-
lad ra masalis safuZvelze warimarTeba muSaoba Temis farglebSi. qvecnebebsa da
sakiTxebze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba aseve kompleqsuri davalebis piroba.
gTavazobT Tematur matricas - Temis damuSavebis nimuSs. rogor unda daigegmos
Temis swavla-swavlebis procesi Tematuri matricis meSveobiT, gaecnobiT maswav-
leblis wignis bolos, sadac kompleqsuri davalebebis nimuSebs warmogidgenT.

Tema: saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba –

TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:

TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:

Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxebi:

samizne cnebebi da I etapi

maTTan sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo kompleqsuri
dakavSirebuli SekiTxva/SekiTxvebi davaleba/davalebebi
mkvidri
warmodgenebi

aqtivobebi: kompleqsuri davalebis

piroba

resursebi:

Sefasebis
kriteriumi/kriteriumebi:

24
maswavleblis wigni

kompleqsuri davaleba, rogorc Sualeduri mizani

rogor unda warimarTos swavla-swavlebis procesi Sualedur saswavlo mizanze

orientirebiT?

Sualeduri saswavlo miznis rols asrulebs kompleqsuri davaleba.

kompleqsuri davaleba aris SemecnebiT-SemoqmedebiTi produqti (magaliTad,

komiqsi, moTxroba, videorgoli, plakati, posteri, modeli, kvleviTi naSromi, make-
ti da sxva), romelsac qmnis moswavle da adasturebs codnas sagnobriv sakiTxebTan/
Sesaswavl masalasTan mimarTebiT (magaliTad, adasturebs, Tu rogor gaigo proce-
sis Sinaarsi, ama Tu im bunebrivi movlenis arsi da sxva). misi Sesruleba moiTxovs
sxvadasxva codnis integrirebulad gamoyenebas funqciur konteqstSi.
kompleqsuri davaleba moswavlem SeiZleba waradginos xelnaweri an beWduri
saxiT, an moamzados prezentacia. marto eleqtronuli prezentacia SemoqmedebiT
produqtad ver CaiTvleba, radgan es mxolod naSromis wardgenis saSualebaa.
kompleqsuri davaleba gansxvavdeba damaxsovrebaze orientirebuli davalebebi-
sagan (magaliTad, rogoricaa testi arCeviTi pasuxebiT). misi piroba moswavlisgan
axlad Seswavlili/gasameorebeli masalis realur cxovrebasa da sxva sagnobriv
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebas moiTxovs.
kompleqsur davalebaSi mkafiod ganisazRvreba konkretuli sakiTxi/sakiTxebi,
romlis Seswavlasac is emsaxureba. am gziT igi Sualeduri saswavlo miznis rols
asrulebs. aseve, masSi dazustebulia, ra SemoqmedebiTi produqti unda Seqmnas
moswavlem davalebis farglebSi.
yovel kompleqsur davalebas axlavs Sefasebis kriteriumebi, romlebic mas sam-
izne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebisken (anu grZelvadiani miznobrivi orientirebi-
sken) mimarTavs. kriteriumebi Seesabameba kompleqsuri davalebis konteqsts, meore
mxriv ki, moswavle samizne cnebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebis
gaazrebisken mihyavs.
erovnuli saswavlo gegmis grZelvadiani da moklevadiani miznebis misaRwevad,
swavla-swavlebis procesSi yvela saswavlo resursi, saklaso aqtivoba da saSinao
davaleba orientirebuli unda iyos imaze, rom moswavles kompleqsuri davalebis
SesrulebaSi daexmaros.

ganvixiloT, rogor gamoiyeneba kompleqsuri davaleba saswavlo procesSi da

misi Sesrulebis etapebi.

kompleqsuri davalebis pirobas maswavlebeli moswavles maSinve warudgens,

rogorc ki Temis Seswavlas iwyebs da Sesaswavl sakiTxebs gaacnobs.
sakiTxze muSaoba ramdenime gakveTilze grZeldeba, masStabidan da moculobidan
gamomdinare (SesaZloa, 5-7 gakveTilis ganmavlobaSic). moswavleebma Tavidanve
zustad ician, Tu ra SemoqmedebiTi produqtis Sesaqmnelad sWirdebaT gakveTil-
ze Catarebuli aqtivobebi, ra produqtis saSualebiT unda daamtkicon sakuTari
codna axal sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. samuSao procesSi moswavleebi ecnobian micemul/
moZiebul masalas, svamen damazustebel SekiTxvebs kompleqsuri davalebis formasa
da Sinaarsze. maswavlebeli am SekiTxvebze dayrdnobiT, ajamebs faqtobriv codnas,
meore mxriv ki, saswavlo process mimarTavs grZelvadiani saswavlo miznisken.
I etapze yvela moswavlem unda miiRos davaleba da SeaTanxmos, ra formiT warmoad-

25
 maswavleblis wigni
gens mas. aqve maswavlebeli ganmartavs, ras gulisxmobs SemoqmedebiTi produqtis
forma (magaliTad, ras niSnavs posteris momzadeba, rogori unda iyos naSromis
eleqtronuli prezentacia, ra aris kvleviTi naSromi da sxva). am gziT mkafio, konk-
retul davalebasac vaZlevT da Tan vaswavliT, rogor mzaddeba naSromis esa Tu is
forma. Tu moswavlisaTvis bundovani darCa davaleba – risi da ra formiT momzadeba
evaleba mas - saswavlo procesSi saTanadod ver CaerTveba. cxadad ganmartebuli
davaleba aseve imis garantia, rom swavla-swavlebis procesSi moswavles gacno-
bierebuli eqneba, Tu davalebis romeli nabijis Sesrulebas emsaxureba esa Tu is
sagakveTilo aqtivoba Tu saSinao davaleba.
II etapze maswavlebeli da moswavleebi muSaoben kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrule-
baze. saswavlo procesSi:
• ecnobian da ganixilaven davalebasTan dakavSirebul resursebs – aq ZiriTadi
resursia Tavad moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo, aseve maswavlebels SeuZlia miawodos
damatebiTi resursebi, eleqtronuli iqneba Tu beWdviTi;
• tardeba Sesabamisi saklaso aqtivobebi da mzaddeba saSinao davalebebi;
• muSaobis procesSi moswavleebi mudmivad iReben ganmaviTarebel komentars
- swavleba da Sefaseba erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar aris.
kompleqsuri davaleba unda Seasrulos klasSi yvela moswavlem da waradginos
individualurad. SesaZloa, davaleba damoukideblad Sesruldes, an wyvilebSi an
jgufurad, xSirad, erToblivadac, saklaso oTaxSi, magram dasrulebuli naSromis
prezentacia yvela moswavlem individualurad unda SeZlos. aseve TiToeulma unda
miiRos maswavleblisgan ukukavSiri da individualuri ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba.
sasurvelia, maswavlebelma kompleqsuri davalebis piroba moargos moswavleebis
interesebsa da SesaZleblobebs. amdenad, dasaSvebia davalebis adaptireba konk-
retul saWiroebaTa mixedviT. klasSi moswavleebma SeiZleba imuSaon sxvadasxva
kompleqsur davalebaze, an erTi da imave davalebis sxvadasxvagvarad adaptirebul
variantze, Tumca, yvela maTgani erTsa da imave sakiTxs unda exebodes.
swavla-swavlebis procesSi maswavlebeli cdilobs, yvela aqtivoba daukavSiros
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas. amitom sagakveTilo procesis dagegmvisas, man
xSirad unda dausvas Tavs kiTxva: „ras vakeTeb swavla-swavlebis procesSi, rom Ce-
mma moswavleebma kompleqsuri davaleba Seasrulon?~ am kiTxvis pasuxs morgebuli
aqtivobebi aucileblad miiyvans moswavles samizne cnebebis gaazrebamde da mkvidr
warmodgenebsac Seuqmnis.
kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba aaqtiurebs codnis sam kategorias. kompleqsu-
ri davalebebiT swavlebis gziT, maswavlebeli icavs 5 ZiriTad saganmanaTleblo
princips, romlebzec detalurad qvemoT visaubrebT.
distanciur reJimSi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaoba moiTxovs damatebiT ram-
denime niuansis gaTvaliswinebas:
• yvela moswavles davaleba unda gaegzavnos werilobiT;
• kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas meti aqcenti unda gakeTdes damoukide-
blad muSaobaze;
• TiToeuli moswavlisTvis ukukavSiris misacemad SesaZlebelia satelefono
saubrebis gamoyenebac.
yvela moswavlisgan davalebis misaRebad da ukukavSiris misacemad SeiZleba aseTi
praqtikis gamoyenebac: moswavleebs egzavnebaT qvemoT mocemuli baraTi. baraTi
moswavlem SeiZleba Seavsos eleqtronulad, an pasuxebi gamogzavnos audioCanaw-
eris saxiT. es baraTi maswavlebels gamoadgeba damatebiTi SekiTxvebis dasmisa da
ganmaviTarebeli komentaris safuZvladac.

26
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlis saxeli da gvari

aRwere, ra produqti Seqmeni (Seecade aRweriloba iyos maqsimalurad detaluri)
pirvel SekiTxvaze moswavlis msjeloba maswavlebels miscems informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu:
• ramdenad sworad gaigo davalebis piroba?
• ris Seqmnaze iyo mimarTuli moswavlis yuradReba bolo ramdenime gakveTilis
ganmavlobaSi?
• ramdenad aqvs davalebas dasrulebuli saxe?
• ramdenad seriozulad moekida moswavle davalebas?
axseni, romeli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb codna gamogadga davalebis SesrulebaSi
da rogor.
meore SekiTxvaze moswavlis msjeloba maswavlebels miscems informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu:
• ramdenad gaecno moswavle Sesaswavl masalas (anu sagnobriv sakiTxs, romlis
Sesaxeb codnis demonstrirebac kompleqsuri davalebis saSualebiT evale-
boda)?
• ramdenad daukavSira es sakiTxebi erTmaneTs da kompleqsuri davalebis piro-
bas?
ra gaige axali davalebaze muSaobis procesSi?
damatebiT kidev ris gagebas isurvebdi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT?
mesame SekiTxvaze moswavlis msjeloba maswavlebels miscems informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu:
• ramdenad daainteresa Sesaswavlma sakiTxma moswavle?
• ramdenad Rrmad gaiazra Sesaswavli masala?
Seafase sakuTari Tavi.
ramdenad kargad gaarTvi Tavi mocemul davalebas - ras gaaumjobesebdi, meti dro
rom gqonoda davalebaze muSaobisTvis?
meoTxe SekiTxvaze moswavlis msjeloba maswavlebels miscems informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu:
• ras niSnavs moswavlisTvis kargad Sesrulebuli davaleba?
• ra kriteriumebs wamoswevs win swavla-swavlebis procesis Sefasebisas da ram-
denad ukavSirebs Sesaswavl masalas sakuTar winare codnasa da gamocdilebas?

winamdebare maswavleblis wignSi gTavazobT Tematur matricas, romelic kom-

pleqsuri davalebis 5 variants moicavs. iqve gTavazobT ganmartebebs Tematuri
matricis agebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac imasac emsaxureba, rom maswavleblisaTvis
mkafio gaxdes kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis TiToeuli etapi. aseve mowodebu-
lia araerTi saswavlo resursi. amdenad, maswavlebels ar gauWirdeba masalisa da
aqtivobebis SerCeva, an codnis konstruirebisaTvis saWiro kiTxvebis gamokveTa.

Sefaseba da kriteriumebi SefasebisTvis

moswavlis Sefaseba uSualod ukavSirdeba swavla-swavlebis procesis grZelva-

dian miznebs. maswavleblis mxridan moswavlis Sefaseba aris ukukavSiri moswavlis
muSaobis pasuxad. amdenad, swavleba da Sefaseba procesis erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
buli ori komponentia. Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs davakvirdeT, vaRwevT Tu ara
erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul Sedegebs.
erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi gamoiyeneba ori tipis Sefaseba: ganmaviTarebeli da
ganmsazRvreli.

27
 maswavleblis wigni
swavlis xarisxis gaumjobesebis xelSesawyobad, upiratesoba unda mieniWos
ganmaviTarebel Sefasebas, romelic afasebs moswavles Tavis winare SedegebTan
mimarTebiT, zomavs individualur winsvlas da, amdenad, aZlevs mas codnis etapo-
brivad agebis (konstruirebis) saSualebas. ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba ki gulisxmobs
Sesrulebuli samuSaosTvis, Semajamebeli werisa Tu Catarebuli eqsperimentisTvis
moswavlis quliT Sefasebas.
ganaTlebis kvlevebi adasturebs, rom maswavleblis kompetenturi ukukavSiri
moswavlis moswrebaze yvelaze metad axdens dadebiT gavlenas. moswavle SeiZleba
Sefasdes uSualod saswavlo procesSic, sagangebod daniSnuli gamokiTxvebisa da
davalebebis gareSe. amdenad, obieqturi Sefaseba swavla-swavlebis mniSvnelovani
komponentia. arsebiTia, rom moswavle Sefasdes individualurad, grZelvadian
miznebTan anu sagnobriv samizne cnebebTan mimarTebiT.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas Semfasebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc maswavle-
beli, aseve moswavlec. magaliTad, moswavleebs SeiZleba mieceT TviTSefasebis
SesaZlebloba, an miiRon ukukavSiri TavianTi Tanaklaselebisgan, Sesabamisad,
gascen kidec. TviTSefasebisaTvis maT gamoadgebaT metakognituri da kognituri
strategiebi. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis procesSi CarTuloba moswavles swavlis
procesze dakvirvebis saSualebas miscems. amiT is gamoimuSavebs damoukideblad
swavlis unar-Cvevebs, aiTvisebs swavlis strategiebs, gacnobierebulad Seuwyobs
xels sakuTar winsvlasa da warmatebas. Sedegad, SeZlebs swavlis procesis gaazre-
bulad da damoukideblad marTvas.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba – iqneba es niSani Tu rekomendacia
- gamodgeba ganmaviTarebeli miznebisTvisac.
qvemoT cxrilSi warmodgenilia Sefasebis formebi, amocanebi da miznebi Sefase-
bis orive tipis mixedviT.

ganmaviTarebeli ganmsazRvreli
Sefasebis maswavlebeli: zepirsityvieri an moswavleebi: TviTSefaseba,
formebi da werilobiTi ukukavSiri, wamaxalise- TviTregulirebuli swavla
Semfaseble- beli miTiTebebi, kiTxvebi codnis/ (metakognicia da TviTregu-
bi gagebis Sesamowmeblad, rubrikebi, lacia), urTierTSefaseba
qvizebi da a.S. maswavlebeli: quliT an/da
komentariT gamoxatuli Sema-
jamebeli Sefaseba (qulas
SeiZleba axldes komentari
Zlieri da susti mxareebis
aRweriT, xarvezebis gamosas-
worebeli miTiTebebiT)

28
maswavleblis wigni

amocanebi • codnis konstrui­rebisa da cod- • codnaTa urTierTdakav-

naTa urTierTdakavSirebis pro- Sirebis unaris Sefaseba
cesis Sefaseba • codnis samive katego-
• winare codnis/warmodgenebis riis gamoyenebis unaris
dadgena Sefaseba
• moswavlis mier Tavisive Zli­eri • codnis erTobliobaTa
da susti mxareebis dadgenis un- funqciurad gamoyenebis
aris Sefaseba unaris Sefaseba
• moswavlis mier sakuTari win­ • kurikulumis, gamoyenebu-
svlis xelSesawyobad gaazrebu- li instruqciuli strat-
li nabijebis gadadgmis unaris egiebis efeqtianobis Se-
Sefaseba faseba da a.S.
• codnis samive kategoriis aT-
visebis procesis Sefaseba
• codnis erTobliobaTa funqci-
urad gamoyenebis unaris Sefase-
ba.
miznebi • swavlis xarisxis gaumjo­beseba moswavlis akademiuri miRwev-
• moswavlis winsvlisa da ganvi- is donis dadgena sagnobrivi
Tarebis xelSewyoba. saswavlo gegmis SedegebTan
mimarTebiT.

ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis mTavari meqanizmia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Se-

degebis miRwevis taqsonomia, romelic ganviTarebis xuT dones afasebs. TiToeuli
done aCvenebs, ra xarisxiT gaiazra moswavlem samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxi/sakiTxebi. pirvel sam doneze samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
gaazrebis xarisxi ar aris damakmayofilebeli. mimarTebiT da abstraqtul doneze
ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom moswavle daeufla samizne cnebas.

prestruqturuli done
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi informacia.
unistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi arastruqturirebuli asociacia/warmodgena gansax-
ilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. moswavles SeuZlia mxolod erTi aspeqtis ganxilva
da martivi, aSkara/cxadi kavSirebis damyareba. moswavles SeuZlia terminologiis
gamoyeneba, zepirad gadmocema (gaxseneba), martivi instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
Sesruleba; parafrazireba, amocnoba, dasaxeleba an daTvla.
multistruqturuli done
moswavles aqvs mxolod ramdenime, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, usistemo aso-
ciacia/warmodgena gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. moswavles SeuZlia
ramdenime aspeqtis ganxilva gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe. mas
SeuZlia CamoTvla, aRwera, klasificireba, kombinireba; meTodebis, struqturis
gamoyeneba; procedurebis Sesruleba, sxv.
mimarTebiTi done
moswavles SeuZlia:
• samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis kritikulad da
urTierTdakavSirebulad gaazreba da gaanalizeba;
• samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebis urTierTdakavSirebulad gaanalizeba;
• konkretul samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis konteqstualizeba
(sagnis sxva samizne cnebebTan dakavSireba).
• mimarTebiTi doneze sakiTxis/samizne cnebis gaazreba niSnavs erovnuli sas-
wavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli Sedegis miRwevas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia moswavle
ufro Sorsac wavides, anu im ganzogadebebisken, romelic abstraqtuli do-
nisTvisaa gansazRvruli.
29
 maswavleblis wigni

moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros kavSiri ramdenime aspeqts Soris, agreTve isic, Tu

rogor ergeba/Seexameba es aspeqtebi erTmaneTs da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas. misi
naazrevi dastruqturebulia da amgvarad, moswavles aqvs imis unari, rom Seadaros,
daakavSiros, gaaanalizos, gamoiyenos Teoria, axsnas sakiTxi mizezebisa da Sede-
gebis kuTxiT.

gafarToebuli abstraqtuli done

moswavles SeuZlia samizne cnebaze muSaobis procesSi SeZenili codnisa da gamoc-
dilebis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis zesagnobriv (makro) cnebebTan dakavSireba.
moswavles SeuZlia struqturis ganzogadeba mocemulis/SeTavazebulis miRma,
struqturis aRqma mravali sxvadasxva kuTxidan/TvalTaxedviT da ideebis ga-
datana axal sferoSi. mas SeuZlia ganzogadeba, hipoTezis wamoyeneba, kritika an
Teoriis Camoyalibeba.

ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis safuZvelia kompleqsuri davaleba, ramdenadac igi

amowmebs moswavlis codnas konkretul sagnobriv sakiTxTan/sakiTxebTan dakav-
SirebiT, amdenad, maswavlebels aZlevs saSualebas, Seafasos moswavlis miRwevebi.
kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas maswavleblis rCevebi da komentarebi mos-
wavlis dasaxmareblad ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis nawilia. Tumca, es sakmarisi ar
aris. garkveul etapze, pedagogma unda Seajamos moswavleTa miRwevebi: an yoveli
Sualeduri miznis/kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg; an TiToeuli saswav-
lo Temis dasrulebisas; an kidev yoveli Tvis Tu semestris miwuruls.
Sefasebisas maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos ganmaviTarebeli
Sefasebis 5 strategia/faqtori:

saiT miemarTeba mos- ra etapzea axla mos- rogor mivaRwioT

wavle? wavle? mizans?
maswavlebeli ra saswavlo ramdenad aZlevs ramdenad qmed-
miznebTan, maT Soris saswavlo proces- iTad gamoiyeneba
grZelvadian mizno- Si Sesrulebuli ganmaviTarebeli
briv orientirTan, davalebebi mos- ukukavSiri mos-
mimarTebiT yalibde- wavles codnis/ wavlis winsvlisa
ba ganmaviTarebeli sakuTari Sesa- da ganviTarebis
Sefaseba? Zleblobebis war- xelSesawyobad?
moCenis saSualebas
da ramdenad Seuwyo
xeli kompleqsur
davalebaze muSao-
bis procesma mos-
wavlis funqciuri
unarebis
ganviTarebas?
Tanatoli ramdenad iyeneben ramdenad aqcevs
moswavleebi urT- moswavle yur-
ierTSefasebis adRebas metakog-
strategiebs? nitur aspeqtebs?
moswavle

ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis nawilia maswavleblis TviTrefleqsia - imis analizi,

Tu ramdenad moaxdina misma saqmianobam zegavlena moswavlis miRwevebze; ra unda

30
maswavleblis wigni
gaiTvaliswinos SemdgomSi saswavlo procesis dagegmvisas. SefasebisaTvis, Sesa-
Zloa, mosaxerxebeli iyos aseTi cxrilis gamoyeneba:

ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba

miznobrivi orientiri metakognicia funqciuri/komponenturi

unarebi
moswavlis miRwevebis aRwera -

rCeva moswavleebs -

maswavleblis TviTrefleqsia -

ganmsazRvreli SefasebisTvis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT ori modeli

gamoiyeneba.
modeli 1: ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba iwereba mimdinare saklaso, saSinao da Sema-
jamebeli davalebis komponentebSi, xolo semestruli qula gamoiTvleba am sami
komponentis saSualo ariTmetikulis safuZvelze.
modeli 2: ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba iwereba mxolod Semajamebel davalebebSi. maT
raodenobas Tavad skola gansazRvravs saskolo saswavlo gegmis prioritetebidan
gamomdinare.
skolas ufleba aqvs sxvadasxva klasSi, sxvadasxva saganSi ganmsazRvreli Sefase-
bis sxvadasxva modeli gamoiyenos.
qvemoT warmodgenilia Sefasebis rubrika, romelic warmoaCens, Tu ra niuansebi
unda Sefasdes niSniT swavla-swavlebis procesSi.

zogadi kriteriumi Sefasebis kriteriumebi qula komentari

(zogadi) (konkretuli)
moswavle aqtiuradaa moswavlem marTebu-
CarTuli saswavlo lad gaigo kompleqsuri
procesSi davalebis piroba

moswavle amJRavnebs sagnobrivi sakiTxi/

faqtobrivi masalis sakiTxebi
codnas; procedu-
ruli codnis gamoy-
enebiT ganazogadebs
samizne cnebasTan
dakavSirebul mosaz-
rebebs.
moswavles SeuZlia kompleqsuri davalebis
ganazogados komple- Sefasebis kriteriumi 1.
qsuri davalebis Se- kompleqsuri davalebis
fasebis kriteriumis Sefasebis kriteriumi 2.
saxiT Camoyalibebuli
mosazrebebi.

31
 maswavleblis wigni

metakognicia da funqciuri/komponenturi unarebi

Sefasebisas maswavlebelma sagangebo yuradReba unda miapyros moswavlis emo-

ciur-socialur da kognitur ganviTarebas. am tipis Sefaseba funqciur-kognitur
unarebs efuZneba. erovnuli saswavlo gegma 6 funqciur unars da maTTan dakavSire-
bul kognitur operaciebs gamokveTs. maTze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe ver
moxerxdeba samizne cnebebis ganviTareba. am unarebze muSaoba yvela sagnis maswav-
lebels moeTxoveba yvela safexurze, TiToeul samizne cnebasTan mimarTebiT. maTze
dakvirvebas maswavlebeli kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas SeZlebs: kerZod,
nebismieri kompleqsuri davaleba gulisxmobs sakvanZo SekiTxvis gansazRvrasac,
romelze fiqric laitmotivad gasdevs kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis process.
amgvar SekiTxvaSi mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvra, Tu ras Seimecnebs moswavle da
rogor SeZlebs dasaxuli amocanis gadawyvetas. swored amgvar SekiTxvebze muSaobis
dros Semodis swavla-swavlebis procesSi funqciur-komponenturi unarebi.
qvemoT mocemulia funqciur-komponenturi unarebis cxrili. is maswavlebels
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis warmoebaSi daexmareba.

funqciuri unari kognituri operaciebi/

komponentebi
dakvirveba • gaxseneba
• amocnoba
kanonzomierebis aRmoCena • Sedareba da dapirisp-
da ganzogadeba ireba (kontrasti)
• klasificireba
• relevanturi da ara­
relevanturi infor-
maciis identificire-
ba
kritikuli azrovneba daskvnebis Camoyalibeba • pirveladi daskvna
kanonzomierebebis safuZ- • varaudis gamoTqma
velze
daskvnebis Sefaseba dak- • Tanmimdevrulobis Se­
virvebis safuZvelze mowmeba
• tendenciurobis, ste-
reotipebis, kliSee-
bisa da propagandis
identificireba
• usafuZvlo daSvebebis
identificireba
• gadametebuli ganzo-
gadebis an mcired gan-
zogadebis amocnoba
• daskvnebis faqtebiT
dadastureba

32
maswavleblis wigni

SemoqmedebiToba Tavisuflad • kiTxvebis dasma

azrovneba • ideebis generireba
• problemis gadaWris gzebis dasa­xeleba
• alternatiuli pasuxebis Zieba da prob-
lemis gadaWris gzebis SemoTavazeba
moqniloba • problemis danaxva da Sefaseba sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan
• midgomebis, damokidebulebaTa mraval-
ferovneba
originaloba • unikaluri da axali ideis generireba
• sxvadasxva elementisgan unikaluri kom-
binaciebis Seqmna
detalebze yur- • ideebis ganviTareba da gamdidreba de-
adRebis gamax- talizaciis xarjze
vileba
komunikacia informaci- • (informireba, instruqtireba, moti-
is naTlad da vireba, darwmuneba)
Sinaarsianad • metyvelebis tipis SerCeva - aRwera,
gamoxatva Txroba, msjeloba
• aqtiuri mosmena (kavSiris damyareba,
ndobis mopoveba, dialogSi gayola (anu
monitoringi), miznobrivi fragmentu-
loba)
• konteqstualizeba (sakomunikacio
situ­aciis gaanalizeba da gamoxat-
vis relavanturi saSualebis SerCeva
(saTanado funqciuri sametyvelo
qmedebis gamoyeneba)
• araverbaluri signalebi (sxeulis ena,
mimika, Jestikulacia da a.S.)
Tavdajerebu- • Riaoba
loba • keTilganwyoba
empaTia (sxvisi • TviTrefleqsia/ukukavSiri
TvaliT danaxva) • urTierTobis monitoringi
aRiareba • Tanasworoba
• pasuxismgebloba
• tolerantoba (gansxvavebulis mimRe-
bloba)
• orientacia problemaze da ara komunik-
aciaSi CarTul subieqtze
TanamSromloba erTad muSaoba • pirispir da teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT
ideebisa da resursebis gaziarebis gziT
saerTo pasu­ • saerTo mizani
xismgebloba • angariSvaldebuleba SedegTan mimar­
TebiT
arsebiTi ga­ • winare codnis gamoyeneba gadawyvetile-
dawyve­tilebebi bebis miRebis mizniT
(Sinaarsi, pro- • rolebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis ganaw-
cesi, produqti) ileba
• produqtis dizaini, buneba da gamoyene-
biToba
• urTierTdamokidebuloba (angariSval-
debulebis ori done - individualuri
da jgufuri)
33
 maswavleblis wigni

moqalaqeoba uzenaesi eTikis prin- • adamianis Rirseba

cipebi • gaurkvevlobebisadmi Semwynareblu-
ri damokidebuleba
angariSvalde­bu­leba • pasuxismgebloba
sazogadoebisadmi da • konfliqtebis marTva
TanaSemoqmedebiToba • kanonis uzenaesobis dafaseba
Temis priori­tetebis • lokaluri TemisTvis aqtualuri
gaazreba problemebi
• qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemebi
• msoflios codna da Semecneba
xasiaTi nebisyo- identoba • sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da in-
fa/nebeloba teresebis gacnobiereba (vin var me)
• gadawyvetilebis miReba TviTreal-
izaciisTvis (rasTan asocirdeba, ras
ukavSirdeba?)
TviTregulacia • miznebis dasaxva
• dagegmva
• TviTefeqtianobis gancda
• swavlis strategiebi
• monitoringi da Sefaseba
• daxmarebisTvis sxvebisTvis mimarT-
va
TviTaqtualizacia • enTuziazmi yvela saqmis mimarT
• avtonomiuroba
• sakuTari Tavis pozitiuri Sefaseba
• adamianebisa da samyaros mimarT
keTilganwyoba
• procesze orientirebuloba

aqve yuradReba unda gamaxvildes metakogniciaze. metakognicia aris azrovnebis

procesis monitoringi da marTva (kontroli). azrovnebis procesis warmatebuli
marTva ukavSirdeba damokidebulebis (yofa-qcevis) da grZnobebis marTvas. am
process TviTregulireba hqvia. metakognicia da TviTregulacia erTmaneTTan
mWidro kavSirSia, rac imas niSnavs, rom metakognituri strategiebis qmediTad
gamoyenebisTvis aucilebelia moswavlem erToblivad SeZlos sakuTari grZnobebis
da yofaqcevis kontroli da marTva. am erTobliv process ki TviTregulirebuli
swavla ewodeba. es procesi ase SeiZleba gamoisaxos sqemiT:

metakognicia TviTregulacia

kognituri procesebis moni- grZnobebisa da saqcielis

toringi da marTva monitoringi da marTva

TviTregulirebuli swavla
metakogniciis da TviTregulaciis gamoyeneba saswavlo miznebis misaRwevad

34
maswavleblis wigni
samizne cnebebze muSaobisas, saWiroa TviTregulirebis unarebis ganviTarebaze
zrunva. amisaTvis moswavlem periodulad Semdegi kiTxvebi unda dausvas sakuTar
Tavs:

strategia: odesme Tu gamomiyenebia es strategia warmatebulad? ratom gamod-

ga es strategia warmatebuli? rogor davrwmunde, rom amjeradac warmatebulad
gamoviyeneb ama Tu im strategias?
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas: rogor varTmev davalebas Tavs? zogadad,
amgvar davalebebSi ra Secdomebs vuSveb? rogor avarido Tavi am Secdomebs? am
kompleqsur davalebaSi ra miWirs yvelaze metad? ra aris yvelaze rTuli? ratom?
ra gamomdis kargad da ratom?
motivacia: kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor vgrZnob Tavs? var
motivirebuli, rom kargad, maRal doneze Sevasrulo davaleba? ra SemiZlia mov-
imoqmedo axla motivaciis asamaRleblad? davalebis Sesrulebis Semdgom: rogor
viyo ufro motivirebuli Semdgomi kompleqsuri davalebisTvis?
• ra viswavle dRes/am kviraSi/am semestrSi?
• ra grZnoba meufleba, rodesac vici, rom raRac axali Sevimecne?
• ra dro damWirda garkveuli sakiTxis saswavlad? damWirda Tu ara ufro meti,
vidre Tavidan megona?
• ra sxvaobaa swavlasa da damaxsovrebas Soris?
• ra strategiebis gamoyeneba SemiZlia, rom ukeT davimaxsovro faqtebi?

metakogniciis unarebis ganviTarebaze maswavlebelma periodulad unda izrunos.

amisTvis SeiZleba mimarTos sami tipis aqtivobas:
• strategiebis modelireba: maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad asrulebs
davalebas da davalebis Sesrulebisas „xmamaRla fiqrobs" imaze, Tu rogor
Seasrulos davaleba (mag.: kargad gavecnoT pirobas da davakvirdeT, ras
moiTxovs igi; aqvs Tu ara pirobas Tanxmlebi masala, magaliTad, suraTebi?
sanam teqsts wavikiTxavT, xom ar sjobs, jer suraTebs gavecnoT da vnaxoT,
ra informaciis Semcvelia es suraTebi? da misT.);
• winmswrebi metakognituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebamde dafiqreba
da msjeloba gadasadgmel nabijebze - mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi gaecno-
bian davalebis pirobas, SevasrulebinebT metakognituri xasiaTis amgvar
aqtivobas: maT jgufTan erTad unda gansazRvron is gza, romliTac davalebas
Seasruleben, saxeldobr: detalurad aRweron davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi
(ras Seasruleben ris Semdeg da sxva), aseve strategiebi, romlebsac gamoi-
yeneben TiToeul etapze. jgufebma unda warmoadginon TavianTi namuSevrebi
da imsjelon SerCeuli gzebisa Tu strategiebis mizanSewonilobaze;
• Semdgomi metakognituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg dafiqreba
da msjeloba gadadgmul nabijebze - mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi Seasrule-
ben konkretul davalebas, maT unda gaixsenon da aRweron ganvlili gza: ra
gaakeTes ris Semdeg? ra xerxebi gamoiyenes muSaobisas? ra gauWirdaT an ra
gauadvildaT? Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis aRweris Sedegad moswavleebi
gaacnobiereben im faqts, rom miznis misaRwevad arsebobs sxvadasxva gza da
xerxi, romlebzec davalebis Sesrulebamde unda dafiqrdnen (optimaluri
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad). metakognituri pauza moswavleebs ganuviTarebs
swavlis unarebs da aumaRlebs swavlis qmedunarianobas.

35
 maswavleblis wigni
tipobrivi davalebebi Semajamebeli SefasebisaTvis

standartis moTxovnaTa miRwevis Sesafaseblad, kompleqsuri davalebis garda,

rekomendebulia Semajamebel davalebaTa mravalferovani formebis gamoyeneba.
Semajamebeli davaleba unda iZleodes im codnisa da unarebis srulfasovnad Se-
fasebis saSulebas, romelTa dauflebasac emsaxureboda swavlebis procesi.
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi Semajamebel davalebaTa Semdegi tipebi gamoiyofa:
testi - testuri davalebebis erToblioba. testuri davalebebi SeiZleba iyos
rogorc daxuruli, aseve – Ria. daxuruli tipis davalebebis qulebis wili mTlian
testSi, sasurvelia, ar aRematebodes 30%-s. Ria tipis davalebebi unda amowmebdes
moswavleebis analitikuri azrovnebis unarebs. sasurvelia, Ria tipis testur
davalebebSi wamyvani iyos kiTxvebi „ratom", „rogor". sabunebismetyvelo mecniere-
bebis testuri davalebebi unda moicavdes sqemebis, naxatebis da naxazebis wakiTxvis,
gagebisa da analizis komponentsac. moswavles unda moeTxovebodes grafikuli mao-
rganizeblebiT mocemuli informaciis wakiTxva da/an grafikuli maorganizeblebis
ageba procesebis aRweris mizniT.
kvleva-Ziebaze dafuZnebuli davalebebi (maT Soris, eqsperimentuli samuSaoe-
bi) – davalebebi, romlebic moiTxoven moswavleebis CarTvas rogorc praqtikul
kvleviT aqtivobebSi, ise monacemebis damuSavebis, analizis interpretaciaSi.
modelireba – procesis, movlenis, obieqtis analogis gamoyeneba an/da Seqmna.
modeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc organzomilebiani (samecniero naxati/naxazis Seqmna),
aseve - samganzomilebiani. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebma SeZlon axsnan modelis
komponentebis funqciebi, modelis daxmarebiT aRweron procesebi, modeli Seqmnan
garkveuli problemis gadasaWrelad. aucilebelia moswavleebma imsjelon modelis
SezRudvebze (mag.: atomis sibrtyeze gamosaxuli sqema arasrulfasovnad aCvenebs,
rogor moZraoben eleqtronebi atombirTvis garSemo).
problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davalebebi – Sesrulebuli samuSao unda
moicavdes problemis gansazRvras, analizs, problemis gadaWris optimaluri gzis
SerCevas da problemis gadaWras. problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davaleba unda
iZleodes alternatiuli gadaWris gzebis arsebobis SesaZleblobas.
proeqti – Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis/sakiTxis analizs;
problemis/sakiTxis irgvliv Segrovebuli informaciis analizs, proeqtis dagegm-
vis da Sesrulebis (aqtivobebis) aRweras, daskvnebs, proeqtis saboloo produqts.
prezentacia – Sesrulebuli naSromis wardgena auditoriis winaSe. mniSvnelova-
nia, rom prezentacia ar unda iyos moZiebuli informaciis wardgena. saprezentacio
davaleba unda iZleodes saSualebas, TiToeulma moswavlem/jgufma warmoadginos
sakuTari originaluri gadawyvetileba, analizi, Sefaseba an sxva.

zogadi kompetenciebi da zesagnobrivi (makro) cnebebi, rogorc miznebi

sagnobrivi Sedegebis garda, erovnuli saswavlo gegma miznad isaxavs gamWoli

unarebisa da Rirebulebebis – XXI saukunis sakvanZo (evrosabWos) kompetenciebis
- dauflebas:

1. wigniereba;
2. multilingvuroba;
3. maTematikuri (raodenobrivi) wigniereba;

36
maswavleblis wigni
4. cifruli wigniereba;
5. personaluri, socialuri da swavlis swavlis kompetencia;
6. moqalaqeoba;
7. samewarmeo kompetencia;
8. kulturuli gacnobierebuloba da gamoxatva.

miznebis ierarqiaze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime dokumenti:

1. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi (maT Soris, „evrokomisiis zogadi kompetenciebis
CarCo~, „demokratiuli kompetenciebis CarCo~ da sxva, romlebic gansaz-
Rvraven, Tu ra kompetenciebiT unda iyos aRWurvili adamiani Tanamedrove
samyaroSi sacxovreblad);
2. zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogori
moqalaqis aRzrdas unda Seuwyos xeli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemam.

aRniSnul dokumentebSi warmodgenil miznobriv orientirebs pedagogikur in-

strumentad aqcevs samizne cnebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi,
rasac mesame Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegma gansazRvravs.
miznobrivi orientirebis pedagogikur instrumentad qcevas emsaxureba aseve
mikro da makrocnebebis gamoyofa.
ras niSnavs mikro da zesagnobrivi (makro) cnebebi da ra urTierTmimarTebaa maT
Soris?
mikrocnebebi igive samizne cnebebia, romlebic erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi Ti-
Toeuli sagnisTvis aris gansazRvruli.
makrocnebebi ki iseTi cnebebia, romelTa dauflebac aucilebeli winapirobaa
zogadi kompetenciebis gansaviTareblad. zesagnobriv (makro) cnebaTa ganzogadeba,
ra Tqma unda, erTi kompleqsuri davalebis, an erTi saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi ver
moxerxdeba. maTze maswavlebeli da moswavle mTeli saskolo periodis manZilze
muSaobs.
makrocnebebi ar muSavdeba damoukideblad. maT moswavle gaiazrebs sagnobriv
samizne cnebebze muSaobisas. amasTan, isini ar ukavSirdeba mxolod erT sagans, an
samizne cnebas – igi sxvadasxva sagnis farglebSi muSavdeba. magaliTad, wignierebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli makrocnebebi, rogoricaa konstruqti da narativi, aqtualuria
yvela sagnis farglebSi. konkretul sagnobriv sakiTxsa da masTan dakavSirebul
samizne cnebaze muSaobisas moswavle qmnis konstruqtebs da ayalibebs narativs -
muSaobs „wignierebaze~, amave dros:
• aRmoaCens kanonzomierebebs, akeTebs modelirebas da ukavSirebs axal masalas
sxva samecniero konstruqciebs (raodenobrivi wigniereba);
• eZebs SeZenili codnis gamoyenebiT aspeqtebs sakuTari, an sazogadoebrivi
saWiroebebisTvis (mewarmeoba);
• arCevs strategiebs sakiTxis Sesaswavlad Tu davalebis Sesasruleblad
(personaluri, socialuri da swavlis swavlis kompetencia);
• fiqrobs, ra gavlenas axdens SeZenili codna misi, rogorc moqalaqis,
safiqralsa da sakeTebelze (moqalaqeoba);
• fiqrobs, rogor SeiZleba gaiazron gansxvavebulad igive informacia sxva
kulturis adamianebma (multilingvuri kompetencia, kulturuli cnobiereba
da TviTgamoxatva).

37
 maswavleblis wigni
qvemoT warmogidgenT cxrils, romelic warmoaCens zogadi kompetenciebis Ses-
abamisobas zesagnobriv (makro) cnebebTan:

XXI sakunis sakvanZo zesagnobrivi (makro) kriteriumi (e.s.g. Sedegebis

(evrosabWos) cnebebi: me-5 done)
kompetenciebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos:
wigniereba konstruqti (mniSvnelobis konstruqti – informaciis
cifruli miniWeba) gaazreba, sakuTari gamocdi­
kompetencia Txroba (narativi – infor- lebiT misi mniSvnelobis ga­
maciis konstruireba) daazreba/ gaRrmaveba;
Txroba, gadmocema (narativi)
– informaciis ageba/monaTx-
robad gardaqmna, sakuTari
monaTxrobis Camoyalibeba,
romelSic asaxuli
multilingvuri kulturuli mravalfe­ro­ gaiazros, Tu rogor aRiqva-
kompetencia v­neba (gansxvavebul kul­tu­ men erTsa da imave informa-
kulturuli gacno- rul garemoSi komunikaci- cias gansxvavebuli kulturu-
bierebulobisa da is gansxvavebuli xerxebi, li garemos warmomadgenlebi
ga­mo­xatvis kompe- normebi da wesebi, social-
tencia uri urTierTobis formebi)
maTematikuri modeli/modelireba kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena
wigniereba (realuri movlenebis gamox- da modelireba axal situa-
atva gamosaxulebebis, make- ciasTan mimarTebiT; saswav-
tis, scenaris, gantolebis, lo masalis dakavSireba sxva
diagramis, grafikis sa- samecniero codnasTan.
SualebiT)
kvleva (WeSmaritebis dasa-
dgenad raime mocemulo-
bis dawvrilebiT, bolomde
Seswavla, sakvlevi kiTxvis
dasma, hipoTezis Camoyal-
ibeba, procedurebisa da
resursebis gansazRvra, us-
afrTxoebis dacva, monace-
mis Segroveba, organizeba,
analizi, daskvnis Camoyal-
ibeba, modelis Seqmna
personaluri, so- strategia (damoukideb- strategiebis SerCeva sakiTx-
cialuri da swavlis lad swavlis unar-Cvevebi, is Sesaswavlad an davalebis
swavlis kompetencia efeqturi swavla, sakuTari Sesasruleblad
swavlis monitoringi, TviT-
Sefaseba)
samoqalaqo kompe- moqalaqe (adamianis Rirse- gaaanalizos, ra gavlena moax-
tencia bebisa da uflebebis dacva, dina mis moqalaqeobriv mso-
kanonis uzenaesoba, kanonis flmxedvelobaze SeZenilma
winaSe Tanasworoba) codnam.
mewarmeoba inovaciuri proeqti SeZenili codnis gamoyenebiTi
aspeqtebis moZieba sakuTari,
an sazogadoebrivi saWiroe-
bebisTvis

38
maswavleblis wigni
samizne cnebebze muSaobisas, saWiroa, erTi mxriv, zesagnobriv (makro) cnebebze
orientireba, meore mxriv ki, meTodologiuri moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba, ro-
melsac axali Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegma gviyenebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
mesame Tobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, grZelvadian miznebze (samizne
cneba, safexuris Sedegi) muSaoba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, funqciur-komponentur
unarebsa (kritikuli azrovneba, SemoqmedebiToba, kolaboracia, komunikacia da sxva)
da metakogniciaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, meore mxriv ki, samizne cnebebTan da-
kavSirebuli konkretuli saswavlo Sinaarsebis/sagnobrivi sakiTxebis damuSavebas.

Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #2

meToduri orientirebi da swavla-swavlebis principebi

erovnuli saswavlo gegma, grZelvadian saswavlo miznebTan erTad, adgens meTod-

ologiur orientirebs. am orientirebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, Tu ra principebis
safuZvelze unda warimarTos swavla-swavlebis procesi.
erovnuli saswavlo gegma eyrdnoba konstruqtivistul saganmanaTleblo mid-
gomas, romlis arsic gamoxatulia 5 ZiriTadi saganmanaTleblo principis saxiT.
es principebia:

1. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes moswavleTa Sinagani Zalebis gaaqti-

urebas. moswavle CarTuli iyos aqtiur SemoqmedebiT procesebSi da ar iyos
pasiuri msmeneli (aqtiuri swavla)
2. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnis etapobrivad konstruirebas win-
are codnaze dafuZnebiT. moswavles axali codna miewodebodes ara erTbaSad,
momzadebis gareSe, aramed TandaTanobiT mis winare codnasa da gamocdile-
baze dayrdnobiT (axali codnis konstruireba winare codnaze dayrdnobiT)
3. swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnaTa urTierTdakavSirebas da or-
ganizebas. moswavle iRebdes ara daqsaqsul da danawevrebul informacias,
aramed am informacias iazrebdes da ukavSirebdes adre naswavls (codnaTa
organizeba da urTierTdakavSireba)
4. swavla-swavleba unda uzrunvelyofdes swavlis strategiebis dauflebas
(swavlis swavlas);
5. swavla-swavleba unda moicavdes codnis samive kategorias: deklaratiuls,
procedurulsa da pirobiseuls. yuradReba gamaxvildes swavlis strate-
giebze (swavlis swavla). yuradReba gamaxvildes ara mxolod deklaratiul
da procedurul codnaze, aramed naswavlis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebaze
(codnis sami kategoria).

codnis kategoriebi sami tipis SekiTxvas pasuxobs:

• deklaratiuli codna: ra vici? igi gulisxmobs faqtebis, wesebis, kanonebi-
sa da principebis Teoriul codnas. es aris statikuri codna, miRebuli
Zalian konkretuli, faqtobrivi masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze. amisTvis
arsebobs moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo da sxva damatebiTi resursebi, rom-
lebic mowodebulia maswavleblis wignSi ( kerZod, kompleqsuri davalebis
farglebSi).

39
 maswavleblis wigni
• proceduruli codna: rogor Sevasrulo? gulisxmobs qmedebis/qmedebaTa
Tanamimdevrobis codnas da dinamikuri xasiaTisaa. amocanebis amoxsna, sade-
monstracio cdebis Catareba, maT garSemo msjeloba, Sedegebis ganzogadeba
proceduruli codnis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. procedurul codnaSi moi-
azreba integrirebulia naswavlis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi.
• pirobiseuli codna: rodis, ratom, ra SemTxvevaSi gamoviyeno? es aris
deklaratiuli da proceduruli codnis gamoyenebis pirobebis gaazreba,
codnis kategorizaciisa da sxvadasxva konteqstSi gadatanis (transferis)
SesaZlebloba.

mniSvnelovania, rom kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas daculia xuTive sagan-

manaTleblo principi:
• aqtiuri swavla
moswavle aqtiuradaa procesSi CarTuli. man windawinve icis, ra produqti unda
Seqmnas Sesaswavl sakiTxTan mimarTebiT; am produqtze muSaoba moswavlisgan Semo-
qmedebiTi Zalebis mobilizebas moiTxovs. es ki zrdis mis motivacias.
• axali codnis konstruireba winare codnaze dayrdnobiT
kompleqsuri davalebis piroba formulirebulia imgvarad, rom swavla-swavlebis
procesSi moswavlisTvis nacnobi konteqstebi Semoaqvs. axali codna am nacnob kon-
teqsts daeSeneba. axali codna ukavSirdeba miznobrivad im konteqsts, romelic
moswavlisTvis nacnobi yoveldRiurobaa.
• codnaTa organizeba da urTierTdakavSireba
saswavlo procesSi mkafiod aris gaazrebuli rakursi, romelze orientirebi-
Tac konkretuli sakiTxi/sakiTxebi Seiswavleba. es rakursia: codnis gaRrmaveba
im faqtorebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic kompleqsur davalebaSi warmodgenil
kriteriumebze Tavis garTmevas gulisxmobs. gamomdinare aqedan, saswavlo proce-
si moswavlis gonebaSi daajgufebs yvela im codnas, romelic konkretul samizne
cnebas, mis mkvidr warmodgenebs Seexeba, radgan davalebis kriteriumebi swored
maTTanaa mWidro korelaciaSi. am konteqstSi aRebuli sakiTxis/sakiTxebis codnac
ufro sistemuri gaxdeba.
• swavlis swavla
kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobis procesi ramdenime gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeba. am periodSi maswavlebeli regularulad aZlevs ganmaviTarebel ukuka-
vSirs TiToeul moswavles. yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto Sesaswavl masalasTan
dakavSirebul niuansebze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor unda iswavlebodes es masala
(mag.: ra strategiebiT unda SeviswavloT eleqtrostatikuri veli? gamovyoT misi
moqmedebis obieqtebi da wyaroebi, ganvsazRvroT misi maxasiaTebeli parametrebi,
yuradReba mivaqcioT, rogor aRiwereba, rasTan SeiZleba paralelis gavleba, rogor
SeiZleba TvalsaCinod warmodgena da a.S.).
• codnis sam kategoriaze muSaoba
kompleqsur davalebaze dayrdnobiT, aqtiurad muSavdeba codnis samive kat-
egoria (deklaratiuli, proceduruli, pirobiseuli). Seiswavleba konkretuli
faqtobrivi masala, rac deklaratiul codnas SesZens moswavles (magaliTad, ku-
lonis kanoni). ikveTeba mravali sadiskusio sakiTxi, romelze msjeloba, azrovneba,

40
maswavleblis wigni
ganzogadeba procedurul codnas aaqtiurebs. davalebis pirobaSi Camoyalibebuli
aqtivobebiT ki moswavle arsebul samecniero-teqnikur miRwevebs ixsenebs da maT
praqtikul gamoyenebas iazrebs. magaliTad, kulonis kanons da eleqtrostatikur
urTierTqmedebas ukavSirebs skaneris muSaobis princips, eleqtrostatikur gam-
frqvevs meurneobaSi an avtomobilebis Rebvas.
kompleqsuri davalebis upiratesoba is aris, rom mis Sesasruleblad Catarebuli
aqtivobebi – kvlevaze an/da problemaze dafuZnebuli davalebebi, cdebi, proeqtebi
da sxva – ise unda SeirCes, rom:
• Seicavdes gamowvevas
• uqmnides Semswavlels avtonomiis gancdas
• aRviZebdes cnobismoyvareobas
• xels uwyobdes SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisa an fantaziis amuSavebas
• ukavSirdebodes esTetikur gamocdilebas, romelic iwvevs emociur reaqciebs
• axalisebdes metakognituri strategiebis gaazrebisa da gacnobierebis
process.

inkluziuri ganaTleba
(ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba)

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis xuTi saganmanaTleblo principi inkluziur garemo-

Si unda realizdes, rac Tanabrad xelmisawvdoms xdis xarisxian ganaTlebas yvela
moswavlisTvis.
inkluziuri ganaTlebis praqtikaSi realizebas xels uwyobs:
• cneba da Sedegis buneba: TiToeuli sagnis Sedegebi da samizne cnebebi gan-
sazRvrulia safexuris da ara konkretuli wlis an Temis farglebSi. Sede-
gebze gangrZobiTad, mTeli safexuris manZilze mimdinareobs muSaoba; is
ar warmoadgens moklevadian niSnuls, romelic aucilebeli winapirobaa
momdevno Sedegze gadasasvlelad. mag.: misaRwev Sedegze - moswavlem unda
SeZlos mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT en-
ergiis saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba
bunebaSi mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad - muSaoba mTeli
saswavlo kursis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. maswavleblis amocanaa, am kom-
petenciasTan mimarTebiT moswavlis winsvlis uzrunvelyofa da ara mkacrad
gansazRvruli niSnulebis „gadalaxva".
• funqciuri konteqsti: erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi Temebi warmoadgens gama-
mTlianebel konteqsts, romlis farglebSic unda moxdes Sedegis gaazreba.
es kurikulums aaxloebs cxovrebiseul situaciebTan da xels uwyobs fun-
qciuri unarebis ganviTarebas.
• kompleqsuri davaleba, rogorc Sualeduri saswavlo miznis miRwevis aucile-
beli instrumenti: maswavlebels SeuZlia sakuTari klasis moswavleebs maTi
interesebisa da SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisi davaleba SesTavazos, calkeuli
moswavleebisTvis ki am davalebis adaptirebuli versia moamzados (igulisx-
meba ara mxolod sssm, aramed klasis nebismieri moswavle).

41
 maswavleblis wigni

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis

mniSvnelovani midgomebi

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis standartis moTxovnebis misaRwevad aucile-

belia, moswavle CarTuli iyos kvleva-Ziebis procesebSi da hqondes uwyveti
praqtika. moswavleebi movlenis arss ver igeben mxolod terminebis daswavliT,
an sxvadasxva proceduris damaxsovrebiT. moswavle aqtiurad unda iyos Car-
Tuli kvlevis procesSi. aqtiuri swavlebis meTodebi xels uwyobs kritikuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebas. es niSnavs, rom moswavles SeuZlia informaciis moZie-
ba da gaanalizeba, codnis sinTezireba da axlebur situaciaSi misi gamoyeneba,
sakuTari aqtiuri poziciis gamomuSaveba, praqtikuli problemebis gadaWra.
maswavlebelma unda misces saSualeba moswavles, aqtiurad Caebas saswavlo
procesSi, unda daafasos moswavlis gansxvavebuli azri, gamoxatos pativiscema,
waaxalisos. kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom moswavles ganuvi-
Tardes sakuTari Rirsebis rwmena.
kritikuli azrovneba iwyeba problemis SemCneviT, dasmiT da ganxilviT. ra Tqma
unda, maswavleblis mier dasmuli problemis sirTule unda Seesabamebodes mos-
wavleTa SesaZleblobebs. moswavlem TviTon gansazRvros problemis kvlevis
etapebi, imisTvis, rom ufro Rrmad Caswvdes mis arss. gakveTilze xSirad unda
ismodes kiTxvebi:
• ratom?
• Tqven rogor fiqrobT?
• riT SegiZliaT amis dasabuTeba?
• kidev rogor SeiZleboda sakiTxis gadawyveta?
• ra moxdeba, Tu..
amasTan, kvleva-Zieba da misi Sedegebis gaazreba erTdroulad unda xdebodes.
swavla-swavlebis axali midgoma moiTxovs moswavleebis CarTvas mecnieruli
codnis SefasebaSi. kvlevaSi CarTulma moswavleebma da maswavlebelma unda
dasvan Semdegi kiTxvebi:
• ra movlena an procesi mimdinareobs?
• movlenis/procesis ra maxasiaTeblebi gvaqvs?
• romeli maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT?
• ra saxis cvladebi gvaqvs?
• pasuxobs Tu ara miRebuli monacemebi kvlevis mizans?
• ra axsna SeiZleba movuZebnoT am monacemebs?
• riT sjobs erTi romelime axsna danarCenebs?
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis procesSi praqtikuli samuSaos
gamoyenebas fundamenturi roli eniWeba. mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebelma
SeZlos klasSi praqtikuli samuSaos efeqtiani warmarTva da usafrTxo garemos
uzrunvelyofa. praqtikuli samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg ki didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba samuSaos Sedegebis ganxilvisa da Sejamebis mizniT diskusiis warmarTvas.
miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swavlebis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos Semdegi
saxis praqtikuli samuSaoebi:
• sademonstracio cda – praqtikuli samuSaoebi, romelTa mizania konkretuli
mecnieruli movlenis ilustrireba;
• gasavarjiSebeli praqtikuli samuSaoebi – savarjiSoebi, romlebic eqsperi-
mentebis Catarebis teqnikas, xelsawyoebis moxmarebis praqtikuli unar-Cveve-
bis ganviTarebas emsaxureba;

42
maswavleblis wigni
• kvleva-ZiebiTi praqtikuli samuSaoebi - maTi mizania, moswavleebma iswavlon
kvleva, nabij-nabij miyvnen kvlevis ciklis etapebs, gamoiyenon gasavarjiSe-
beli praqtikuli samuSaoebis dros miRebuli codna da unarebi;
• problemis gadaWraze orientirebuli praqtikuli samuSaoebi - gulisxmobs
iseT aqtivobebs, sadac moswavleebs realuri obieqtebiT manipulirebis gziT
uwevT problemis gadaWra – praqtikuli gamosavlis moZebna.
•

teqnologiebis miznobrivi gamoyeneba. virtualuri laboratoria

kvleviTi samuSaos dagegmva da Sesruleba virtualuri laboratoriebisa da

simulaciebis gamoyenebiTac aris SesaZlebeli. cifruli teqnologiebis gamoy-
enebiT saswavlo procesi ufro saintereso xdeba moswavlisTvis. maswavleblebma
cifruli teqnologiebi SeiZleba gamoiyenon kompleqsuri davalebebisa da Te-
maturi matricebis Sesaqmnelad.
SemoTavazebul kompleqsur davalebebSi gamoyenebulia virtualur laborato-
riebze dafuZnebuli ramdenime kvleva, Seqmnili ganaTlebis reformis farglebSi.
am kvlevebis Casatareblad saWiro cifruli resursi moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos
Sesabamis paragrafebTanac aris bmulis saxiT warmodgenili.

saganTa Soris integracia

integrireba didad exmareba moswavles sakiTxis Rrmad da mravalmxrivad gaazre-

baSi. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, integrireba sami sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba:
1. saswavlo masalis dakavSireba Temis erTian konteqstTan: ganzogadebebis
gakeTeba ramdenime sagnisTvis erT saerTo konteqstTan mimarTebiT; magaliTad,
Temis „eleqtrostatika~ erTiani konteqstis farglebSi SesaZlebelia ganzogadeba
maTematikis (funqcia, damokidebuleba) sxvadasxva konteqstTan mimarTebiT.
2. erT sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sxvadasxva sagnis integrirebis arealis gamokveTa:
erTi sagnobrivi sakiTxis gamoyeneba ramdenime sagnis samizne cnebaze orientire-
bisTvis; magaliTad, sakiTxi „velebis superpoziciis principi~ moiTxovs maTemati-
kidan veqtorebis paraleluri gadatanisa da maTze moqmedebebis Sesrulebis codnas,
an „damuxtuli gamtari sferos potenciali~ moiTxovs maTematikidan mudmivi da
kvadratuli funqciisa da maTi grafikebis (abscisaTa RerZis paraleluri wrfe da
hiperbola) swavlebas (samizne cneba – funqcia)
3. integrireba kompleqsuri davalebis pirobaze dayrdnobiT: erTi kompleqsuri
davalebis konteqstis gamoyeneba ori sxvadasxva sagnis sakiTxebis urTierTdaka-
vSirebulad dasamuSaveblad. magaliTad, kompleqsuri davaleba, romelic exeba
pandemiis periodSi zedapirebis dasamuSaveblad eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevis
gamoyenebas (fizikidan SesaZloa damuSavdes Tema „eleqtrostatika~, sakiTxi „ku-
lonis kanoni~ da samizne cneba „Zala~, biologiidan ki sakiTxebi virusebis Sesaxeb.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba STE(A)M
– tipis davalebebs, romelic gulisxmobs: sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis (fizika,
qimia, biologia, fizikuri geografia), teqnologiebis, inJineriis, xelovnebisa da
maTematikis kompetenciebis ganviTarebas. ar aris aucilebeli, rom davaleba erT-
droulad yvela sagans (mimarTulebas) faravdes. CamoTvlilTagan ramdenime sagnis
(mimarTulebis) integrirebis farglebSi Sesrulebuli kompleqsuri davalebebi

43
 maswavleblis wigni
moswavles codnaTa urTierTdakavSirebisa da organizebis saSualebas miscems.
erovnuli saswavlo gegma ar awesebs mkacr moTxovnebs integrirebasTan dakav-
SirebiT. es aris procesi, romelic yvela skolam unda ganaviTaros sakuTari pri-
oritetebidan da SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.

Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo standartis moTxovna #3.

zrunvasa da mxardaWeraze orientirebuli saskolo kulturis ganviTareba

wliuri programis/saskolo kurikulumis agebis principebi

mesame Taobis erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moTxovnebis safuZvelze saskolo

kurikulumis asagebad da gansaviTareblad maswavlebels 4 ZiriTadi kompetencia
sWirdeba:

1. grZelvadiani miznebis safuZvelze Sualeduri saswavlo miznebis (anu komp-

leqsuri davalebis pirobis) Camoyalibeba;
2. kompleqsur davalebebze orientirebiT swavla-swavlebis procesis warmarTva;
3. kompleqsur davalebaze dayrdnobiT moswavleebis miRwevebis Sefaseba;
4. saskolo kurikulumis sssm moswavleebisTvis adaptireba.

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis safexurebrivi sagnobrivi standartebi gansazRvravs

savaldebulo sagnobriv moTxovnebs (ra unda SeeZlos moswavles da ra unda icodes
man). maTze dayrdnobiT igegmeba wliuri programebi, romlebic gviCvenebs stand-
artis moTxovnaTa realizebis gzebs.

wliuri programebi/saskolo kurikulumi unda daigegmos savaldebulo saswav-

lo Temebis saSualebiT. saswavlo Tema wamoadgens funqciur konteqsts, romelic
standartis nawilebis integrirebulad da urTierTdakavSirebulad swavlebis
saSualebas iZleva. TiToeuli Temis farglebSi standartis yvela Sedegi da samizne
cneba unda damuSavdes. maSasadame, saswavlo Temebis cvliT Seicvleba konteqstebi,
magram ar Seicvleba swavlis miznebi, romlebic standartis Sedegebisa da samizne
cnebebis saxiTaa formulirebuli (Sedegi da samizne cneba TavisTavad ar warmoad-
gens damoukidebel saswavlo erTeuls – Temas).

Tematuri matrica da rekomendaciebi kompleqsur

davalebaTa Sesasruleblad

gTavazobT 5 kompleqsur davalebas, romlebic miyveba X klasSi Sesaswavl mas-

alas. TiToeuli maTgani isea Sedgenili, rom miTiTebuli aqtivobebis SesrulebiTa
da resursebis gacnobiT, moswavle etapobrivad, nabij-nabij miviyvanoT samizne
cnebebis gaazrebamde da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebamde, saswavlo Temis
– „eleqtrostatika~ – farglebSi. am Temis sruliad konkretul sakiTxebs –poten-
ciali, muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia, eleqtrotevadoba
- moswavle cxovrebiseul konteqstTan erTobliobaSi Seiswavlis da maT realur
gamocdilebas ukavSirebs.

44
maswavleblis wigni
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro aqtivobebi da resursebi mWidro
kavSirSia moswavlis saxelmZRvanelosTan. moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi mravladaa
warmodgenili sxvadasxvagvari aqtivobebi: advilad Casatarebeli cdebi, problemis
gadaWraze orientirebuli kiTxvebi, momdevno gakveTilis mosamzadebeli saSin-
ao davalebebi, winare codnis gasaaqtiurebeli savarjiSoebi, amocanebi Tu sxva.
TiToeuli maTgani moswavles sxvadasxva kategoriis codnas sZens. amavdroulad,
kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebisTvis amzadebs. garda imisa, rom moswavlis
saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadi resursia kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad, maswav-
leblebs vTavazobT bevr sxva damatebiT resurssac, romelTa umetesoba moZiebulia
internetsivrceSi. ucxoenovani resursebi gadaTargmnilia qarTulad da bmulebis
saxiT aris mowodebuli. msgavsi resursebis gamoyenebiT, moswavle gaecnoba axal
samecniero miRwevebs, meore mxriv ki, daakavSirebs fizikis saganSi SeZenil codnas
am miRwevebTan. am gziT, kompleqsuri davaleba moswavles SeZenili codnis ufro
farTod gamoyenebis perspeqtivas sTavazobs. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, samizne cnebaze
muSaobisas, moswavle erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli makrocnebebis
gaazrebamdec midis. principSi, Tu is bolomde Seasrulebs kompleqsur davalebas
da Seqmnis moTxovnil produqts, gamova, rom man SeZlo informaciis konstruireba
monaTxrobad (makrocneba „narativi~).
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad aseve gTavazobT simulaciuri labora-
toriebis gamoyenebas. marTalia, umeteswilad, isini ucxoenovania, magram mogawvdiT
Sesabamis ganmartebebsac da laboratoriiT sargeblobis instruqciasac. maTi
gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels ar gauWirdeba saTanado miTiTebebi misces bavSvebs
da uxelmZRvanelos process, CamotvirTos masala da miawodos maT. moswavles ki
saSualeba eqneba, TvalsaCinod daakvirdes da ikvlios fizikuri procesis mimdin-
areoba. internetresursebis gamoyenebas moswavleebi xalisiT ekidebian. es maTi
cifruli kompetenciis gamovlenis kargi saSualebaa. zogjer iseT masalasTan uwevT
Sexeba, rom akvirdebian, rogor aRiqvamen erTsa da imave informacias sxvadasxva
kulturis adamianebi. zogjer ucxoenovani resursis TargmnaSi monawileoben.
amgvari muSaobis procesi SemecnebiTicaa da Tan codnis integrirebis saSualebas
iZleva, mis funqciurad gamoyenebas uwyobs xels. amas ki grZelvadiani da mniSvnelo-
vani miznis Sesrulebamde mivyavarT – nabij-nabij viTardeba laRi da sasargeblo
kompetenciebiT aRWurvili moqalaqe.
maswavleblis wignSi zemoTac aRvniSneT, rom kompleqsuri davalebis, rogorc
Sualeduri miznis, struqturas da misi Camoyalibebis logikas warmoaCens Tematuri
matrica, romelic Tematuri erTeulis dasagegmad gamoiyeneba. Cveni SemoTava-
zebuli kompleqsuri davalebebi Tematur matricaSia Casmuli. ganvixiloT, ra
grafebisagan Sedgeba Tematuri matrica. es maswavlebels gauadvilebs kompleqsuri
davalebis gagebasa da Sesrulebas, moswavleTaTvis Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis
micemas. meore mxriv ki, saSualebas miscems mas, Tavadac Seadginos kompleqsuri
davaleba da Sesabamisi matrica.
matricis pirvel xazSi iwereba is Tema, romlis farglebSic muSavdeba komple-
qsuri davaleba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es aris eleqtrostatika. Semdegi xazi eZRvneba
Tematur mkvidr warmodgenebs. es aris is codna da xedvebi, rac moswavles unda
Camouyalibdes konkretuli Temis Seswavlis Sedegad. maT gverdiT imave xazSi Caw-
erili TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi gamokveTs orientirebs, romlis
garSemoc mimdinareobs swavla-swavlebis procesi Temis Seswavlisas. Temis far-
glebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxebi ki aerTianebs im sakiTxebs, romlebic konkretuli
Temis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da misi Seswavlisas ifareba.

45
 maswavleblis wigni
matricis momdevno striqonebi kompleqsuri davalebebis dasaxelebebs, samizne
cnebebs, qvecnebebs, sakiTxebsa da sakvanZo SekiTxvebs gagacnobT.
Semdeg svetSi unda Caiweros samizne cnebebi da masTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri
warmodgenebi. aq aRiniSneba, fizikis sabazo standartiT gansazRvruli 4 samizne
cnebidan romels miemarTeba kompleqsuri davaleba anu romel samizne cnebis
gaazrebamde miiyvans moswavles kompleqsuri davalebis Sesruleba. aqve aRiniS-
neba samizne cnebasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi – es aris xedva, rac
moswavles uyalibdeba Sesabamisi samizne cnebis Seswavla-gaazrebiT konkretuli
Temis farglebSi. es aris ganzogadebuli debulebebi, romlebic muSavdeba Temis
swavleba-swavlis procesSi.
sakiTxebi/qvecnebebi – grafa gankuTvnilia im sakiTxebis CamosaTvlelad, rom-
lebic ifareba konkretuli kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebiT. sanimuSo kom-
pleqsuri davalebebi moicavs sakiTxebs, romlebic mWidro kavSirSia moswavlis
saxelmZRvaneloSi mowodebul masalasTan.
qvecneba aris samizne cnebis qvesimravle. igi gamomdinareobs samizne cnebidan.
Tuki samizne cneba muSavdeba yvela TemaSi garkveuli formiT, mTeli wlis manZil-
ze (da, saerTod, srul saswavlo procesSi), qvecneba muSavdeba konkretuli Temis
farglebSi.
sakvanZo SekiTxvas upasuxebs konkretuli kompleqsuri davaleba. es aris kiTxva,
romlis amoxsnasac miemarTeba kompleqsuri davalebis nabijebi. sakvanZo kiTxva
isea dasmuli, rom asaxavs qvecnebas.
Tematuri matricis marjvena svetSi mocemulia kompleqsuri davalebis piroba.
aq garkveviTaa aRniSnuli, Tu ra amocanis winaSe dgas moswavle – erTi mxriv, ra
sakiTxebi unda moicvas da, meore mxriv, ra formiT warmoadginos naSromi (model-
is, posteris, kvleviTi naSromis, videorgolis Tu sxva saxiT). xazi gavusvaT, rom
moswavlem unda Seqmnas SemoqmedebiTi produqti, naSromi, romlis saSualebiT daa-
dasturebs Seswavlili sakiTxebis codnas. zogjer fiqroben, rom PPT prezentacia
produqtia. aRvniSnoT, rom is mxolod moswavlis naSromis wardgenis saSualebaa.
am svetSi gamokveTilia kiTxvebi, romlebic unda gadaiWras kompleqsuri davalebis
SesrulebiT. „naSromSi TvalsaCinod da xazgasmiT warmoaCineT~ – es miTiTeba mi-
aniSnebs moswavleebs, ra sakiTxebze unda imsjelon TavianT naSromSi, ra dilemebi
unda gadaWran, ris garSemo unda gamoitanon daskvnebi. maswavleblisTvis ki es aris
Sefasebis kriteriumebi, ris mixedviTac man unda gaaanalizos, ramdenad srulyofi-
lad gaiazra moswavlem samizne cneba da masTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi.
matricis marjvena svetSi „naSromSi TvalsaCinod da xazgasmiT warmoaCineT~
moTxovnis qveS warmodgenili Sefasebis kriteriumebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba mis
marcxena svetSi Caweril samizne cnebebis mkvidr warmodgenebs. Tu moswavle Tavs
gaarTmevs konkretul kriteriums, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom mas samizne cnebis
Sesabamisi, marTebuli mkvidri warmodgena Camouyalibda.
samizne cnebebis mkvidr warmodgenebTan Sefasebis kriteriumebis mWidro kav-
Siris sailustraciod gTavazobT cxrils:

46
maswavleblis wigni
samizne cnebis mkvidri warmodgenebi
(matricis marcxena sveti)
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
materia
1) materiis ori saxis, nivTierebisa da ve-
lis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri sidideebi
damokidebulia:
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da garemo
pirobebze.
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis urTierT-
mdebareobasa da maT mier velis Seqmnis
unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebi
da maTi cvlilebebi aixsneba:
a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis
qaosuri moZraobiT, erTmaneTTan urT-
ierTqmedebiT, maT Soris Sualedebis ar-
sebobiT da samive maTganis cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obieqtebis moZ-
raobiT, sivrculi ganlagebiT da am obi-
eqtebis mier mocemuli velis warmoqmnis
unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri
sidideebis kavSiri erTmaneTTan da
maTi cvlilebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT
da sxva meTodebiT.
energia
1) sistemis Semadgenel sxeulebs maTi
moZraobisa da sxva sxeulebTan urT-
ierTqmedebis gamo, aseve sxeulis Semad- •
geneli nawilakebis moZraobisa da maTi
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis gamo
SesaZlebelia gaaCndeT sxvadasxva saxis
energia, romelic SesaZlebelia gardai-
qmnas erTi saxidan meoreSi.
2) sxeulTa sistemis energiis cvlile-
bas gansazRvravs mis mier (masze gare
Zalebis mier) muSaobis Sesruleba an/da
Tbogadacema, xolo sxeulTa sistemis
mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis (energiis
cvlilebis) siswrafes – mis mier ganvi-
Tarebuli simZlavre.
3) sxeulTa sistemis energiebisa da maTi
cvlilebis damokidebuleba energiebis
cvlilebis gamomwvev mizezebTan Sesa-
Zlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafi-
kulad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (zogadi)
(matricis marjvena svetSi isini zustde-
ba konkretuli kompleqsuri davalebi-
saTvis da mosdevs sityvebs „naSromSi
TvalsaCinod da xazgasmiT warmoaCineT~)
moswavles SeuZlia:
• materiis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri
sidideebis cvlilebis/ucvlelobis
mizezebze msjeloba (mk.w – 1);
• materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvise-
bebisa da maTi cvlilebebis mizeze-
bis dadgena (mk.w – 2);
• materiis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri
sidideebis sxvadasxva formiT (anal-
izurad, grafikulad, diagramebiTa
da sxva..) dakavSireba rogorc erTma-
neTTan, aseve am fizikuri sidideebis
cvlilebebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
(mk.w – 3).
magaliTad:
• daadginos, razea damokidebuli
eleqtrostatikuri velis maxasiaT-
ebeli fizikuri sidideebi;
• aRweros, riT aixsneba eleqtrosta-
tikuri velis Tvisebebi;
• aRweros, rogor SeiZleba eleqtro-
statikuri velis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiris war-
moCena.
• sxeulis/sxeulTa sistemis ener­
giis saxeebisa da maTi urTierTgar­
daqmnebis daxasiaTeba (mk.w – 1);
sxeulis/sxeulTa sistemis energiis
saxeebis cvlilebis mizezebis ga­
analizeba da energiis cvlilebis
siswrafis (simZlavris) daxasiaTeba
(mk.w – 2);
• sxeulis/sxeulTa sistemis ener-
giebis da maTi cvlilebisa da ener-
giebis cvlilebis gamomwvev mizezTa
damokidebulebis aRwera sxvadasxva
formiT: diagramebiT, cxrilebiT,
grafikebiT da a.S.. (mk.w – 3).
47

Zala
1) sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba
raodenobrivad xasiaTdeba fizikuri
sididiT ZaliT da igi SesaZlebelia iyos
oTxi sxvadasxva saxis (gravitaciuli,
eleqtromagnituri, Zlieri, susti). es
urTierTqmedeba yovelTvis ormxrivia
da xorcieldeba uSualo „kontaqtiT"
an velis saSualebiT.
2) sxeulze erTi Zalis an Zalebis tolq-
medis moqmedeba iwvevs am sxeulis
siCqaris cvlilebas an/da mis defor-
macias. Zalis (tolqmedis) moqmedebis
Sedegi ki damokidebulia mis modulze,
mimarTulebaze, modebis wertilze, mo-
qmedebis xangrZlivobaze da sxeulis im
zedapiris farTobze, romelzec es Zala
(tolqmedi) moqmedebs. amasTan Tu gare
Zala awarmoebs wnevas siTxeze an airze,
wneva yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad
vrceldeba.
3) sxeulTa sistemaze moqmedi gare Za-
lebis tolqmedis mniSvneloba gansaz-
Rvravs am sistemis energiisa da impulsis
cvlilebas, xolo myar sxeulze moqmedi
Zalebis tolqmedisa da am Zalebis mo-
mentebis jamis mniSvneloba - sxeulis
wonasworobis pirobas.
4) sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis) mdgo-
mareobis aRmweri parametrebisa da am
mdgomareobis gamomwvevi Zalis (Zalebis)
erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba SesaZle-
belia aRvweroT analizurad, grafiku-
lad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
48
maswavleblis wigni
magaliTad:
• daaxasiaTos energiis saxeebi da
urTierTgardaqmna damuxtuli naw-
ilakis erTgvarovan eleqtrul vel-
Si moZraobisas, Seadaros sxeulis
moZraobas dedamiwis gravitaciul
velSi;
• gaaanalizos erTgvarovan eleq-
trul velSi damuxtuli nawilakis
moZraobisas misi energiis cvli­
lebis mizezebi, Seadaros sxeu-
lis energiis cvlilebis mizezebs
dedamiwis gravitaciul velSi;
• aRweros eleqtrul velSi damuxtu-
li nawilakis moZraobisas misi ener-
giebis da energiis cvlilebis damok-
idebuleba energiebis cvlilebis
gamomwvev mizezebTan, sxvadasxva
formiT: diagramebiT, cxrilebiT,
grafikebiT da a.S.
• sxeulTa Soris urTierTqmedebis
raodenobrivad daxasiaTeba da
urTierTqmedebis bunebis amocnoba
(mk.w - 1);
• sxeulze Zalis moqmedebis Sedegis
aRwera da daxasiaTeba, siTxeebsa da
airebSi wnevis ganawilebis Tavisebu-
rebebze msjeloba (mk.w - 2);
• sxeulis/sxeulTa sistemis energia
- impulsisa da wonasworuli mdgo-
mareobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis
(tolqmedi Zalebisa da momentebis
jamis) Sesaxeb argumentirebuli ms-
jeloba (mk.w - 3);
• sxeulis/sxeulTa sistemis mdgo-
mareobis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bisa da am mdgomareobis gamomwvevi
gareSe Zalebis erTmaneTTan damok-
idebulebis sxvadasxva formiT (di-
agramebiT, cxrilebiT, analizurad
da a.S.) aRwera (mk.w - 4);
magaliTad:
• daadginos, rogor urTierTqmedeben
damuxtuli sxeulebi;
• aRweros, ra Sedegs iwvevs sxeulze
eleqtruli Zalis moqmedeba;
• aRweros, rogor SeiZleba eleqtru-
li Zalis tolqmedis mniSvneloba
gansazRvravdes sxeulis wonaswo-
robas;
• warmoadginos, rogor SeiZleba ele-
qtruli Zalisa da sxeulTa sistemis
maxasiTebeli fizikuri sidideebis
kavSiris Cveneba TvalsaCinod.
maswavleblis wigni

fizikuri procesi • fizikuri procesebis gamomwvevi

1) yvela fizikur movlenas da mis damax-
asiaTebel process ganapirobebs mizezi
da mohyveba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis
dadgena ki mecnierebis mTavari amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis mimdinareobis
aRsawerad, mecnierebi am movlenebis
Sesabamis fizikur procesebs ikvleven.
TiToeuli procesi xasiaTdeba fiziku-
ri sidideebiT, romelTa urTierTdaka-
vSirebiTac SesaZlebelia am procesis
aRwera.
3) fizikuri procesebis maxasiaTebel
fizikur sidideebs Soris an/da am si-
dideebsa da maTi cvlilebis mizezebs
Soris damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia
aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad, di-
agramebiT, cxrilebiT an sxva meTodeb-
iT.
mizezebisa da Sedegebis urTierT-
dakavSireba da maT Sesaxeb argumen-
tirebuli msjeloba (mk.w - 1);
• fizikuri procesebis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis urTierTdakav-
SirebiT am procesis aRwera (mk.w - 2);
• fizikuri procesebis maxasiaT-
ebel fizikur sidideebsa da am
sidideebis cvlilebis mizezebs
Soris damokidebulebis sxvadasxva
formiT (analizurad, grafikulad,
diagramebiT da a.S.) aRwera (mk.w - 3).
magaliTad:
• aRweros, rogor xdeba muxtebis
gadanawileba gavleniT, ra aris am
movlenis mizezi da ra mosdevs mas
Sedegad;
• aRweros, rogor icvleba damuxtu­
li gamtaris potenciali masTan
da­umuxtavi gamtaris miaxloebisas
maTi muxtebisa da potencialebis
urTierTdakavSirebiT;
• aRweros kondensatoris eleqtro­
tevadobis cvlilebis procesi misi
maxasiaTebeli fizikuri sidideebis
maTi cvlilebis mizezebTan damok-
idebulebis TvalsaCinod warmodge-
nis gziT.

kompleqsuri davalebis praqtikulad SesrulebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba

aqvs Tematuri matricis Sua nawils, sadac aqtivobebi da resursebia warmodgeni-
li. pirvel etapze mniSvnelovania, rom moswavlem miiRos detaluri informacia
warmosadgeni produqtis formis Sesaxeb. am etapze gansazRvrulia SekiTxvebi, rac
exmareba maswavlebels, rom moswavles ganumartos, ras niSnavs esa Tu is produqti
(magaliTad, ra aris posteri, an kvleviTi naSromi, an modeli), amavdroulad, misces
miTiTebebi, Tu rogor moamzados igi. aqve moyvanilia bmulebi, sadac maswavlebeli
naxavs da moswavleebsac gaacnobs analogiur produqtebs.
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis meore etapi ramdenime nabijad SeiZleba
gaiweros. es etapi ukve kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarss Seesabameba, kerZod ki,
im kriteriumebs, romlebic marjvena svetSia Camoyalibebuli. aq maswavleblebs
detalurad mivuTiTebT, romeli aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba emsaxureba komple-
qsuri davalebis Sesrulebas. TiToeuli aqtivoba ukavSirdeba moswavlis wignSi
mowodebul masalas, ris aRsaniSnadac vuTiTebT Sesabamis paragrafebs. am gziT
maswavleblebs gauadvildebaT, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli saswavlo masala
miusadagon kompleqsur davalebas. aqve moyvanilia kiTxvebis STambeWdavi Camona-
Tvali, romelTa daxmarebiTac muSavdeba sakiTxi - am kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, maTze
msjelobiT, daskvnebis gamotaniTa da ganzogadebiT pasuxi gaecema marjvena svetSi
gamotanil konkretul Sefasebis kriteriumebs.

49
 maswavleblis wigni
maswavlebels fasdaudebel samsaxurs gauwevs is damatebiTi resursebi, romel-
Tac vTavazobT dasamuSaveblad, raTa srulad moicvan kompleqsuri davaleba. maTi
mravalferovani arCevani SesaZlebels xdis, srulyofilad amowuron kompleqsuri
davalebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebi da Sesabamis samizne cnebaze gavidnen.
bolos ki maswavleblebs vTavazobT rubrikas ganmaviTarebeli SefasebisaTvis. aq
saswavlo muSaobis Sedegebi fasdeba erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis
doneebis Sesabamisad. aqvea rekomendaciebi, rogor mieces moswavles ukukavSiri
imis mixedviT, Tu ra done aCvena davalebis Sesrulebisas. rekomendaciebi moicavs
mimarTvis sxvadasxva variants, rCevebs Sedegis gaumjobesebisaTvis. sagulisxmoa,
rom TiToeuli taqsonomia morgebulia konkretul kompleqsur davalebas.
aqve davZenT, rom SemoTavazebul Tematur matricaSi aRwerili aqtivobebi, war-
modgenili resursebi, kiTxvebis CamonaTvali da Sefasebis rubrika sarekomendacio
xasiaTs atarebs. maswavlebels eZleva sruli Tavisufleba, SemoqmedebiTad miudges
saswavlo process da moswavleebze ukeT morgebulad warmarTos swavla-swavlebis
procesi, kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis CaTvliT.
Tematur matricaSi SemoTavazebuli kompleqsuri davalebebis SesrulebisaTvis
saWiroa konkretuli sakiTxebis Seswavla. am sakiTxebis damuSaveba mimdinareobs
kompleqsuri davalebis erTian platformaze da moswavles materiis Sesaxeb codnas
uRrmavebs, materiis Sesaxeb mis gonebaSi mkvidri warmodgenebis ageba-ganmtkicebas
uwyobs xels. davaleba isea agebuli, rom moswavle Sesaswavl sakiTxebs praqtikuli
gamoyenebis WrilSi ganixilavs - miRebul deklaratiul codnas, proceduruli
codnis konteqstis Sesabamisi amocanebisa da savarjiSoebis SesrulebiT, Tan
ganimtkicebs da Tan sruliad konkretuli gamoyenebiTi miznisaken mimarTavs. amg-
varad, moswavles uyalibdeba mis garemomcvel samyaroze mecnieruli miRwevebisa
da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT msjelobis unari. ZiriTad resursad, cxa-
dia, saxelmZRvanelo gamoiyeneba. kompleqsuri davalebis yovel nabijs saxelmZR-
vanelodan konkretuli resursi Seesabameba, Tumca, amis garda, davalebaSi gamoy-
enebulia damatebiTi resursebic. aseTebia virtualuri laboratoriebi, kvleviTi
davalebebi da instruqciuli videorgolebi. zogierTi maTgani „axali skolis mod-
elis~ farglebSia Seqmnili da yvela maswavleblisa Tu moswavlisaTvis Tanabrad
xelmisawvdomia. maswavlebels ar mouwevs imaze fiqri, rogor gaugzavnos moswavles
kompleqsuri davalebis konkretuli nabijis Sesasruleblad saWiro resursis bmu-
li, radgan aseTi bmulebi moswavlis wignis saTanado paragrafebTanaa miTiTebuli.
amis garda, zogierT kompleqsur davalebas axlavs ucxoenovani vebgverdebidan
mopovebuli aqtualuri informacia Sesaswavl sakiTxze. es masala naTargmnia sa-
gangebod, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos damxmare resursi da warmodgenilia bmulebis
saxiT, Sesabamisi pirvelwyaros miTiTebiT. maTi mizania, daexmaros moswavles
kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi da man ukeT aRiqvas Seswavlili sakiTxebis
aqtualoba Tu mniSvneloba realur cxovrebiseul konteqstSi. aseTi damatebiTi
resursebi mxolod maswavleblis wignSi mivuTiTeT bmulebis saxiT, Sesabamis komp-
leqsur davalebebTan, konkretuli nabijis farglebSi. maswavlebels SeuZlia jer
Tavad gaecnos am resursebs da Semdeg, Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr miawodos moswav-
leebs saWiro dros. aseTia, magaliTad, kompleqsur davalebaSi „superkondensa-
torebi~ resursad gamoyenebuli statia Jurnal „forbsidan~, superavtomobilSi
didi tevadobis kondensatoris Taobaze. qarTul enaze statiidan warmodgenilia
is informacia, rac moswavles kondensatoris energiis gamoyenebaze Seuqmnis war-
50
maswavleblis wigni
modgenas da cxovrebiseul konteqstSi kondensatoris mniSvnelobis aRqmaSi daex-
mareba – swored es nawili exeba uSualod Cvens sakiTxebs. Tu moswavle ufro metiT
dainteresdeba, mas SeuZlia srulad gaecnos originalur teqsts.

resursebi maswavleblisaTvis:

resursebi maswavleblisaTvis:
1) statia „resursi fizikis distanciuri swavlebisTvis~: http://mastsavlebeli.
ge/?p=26056 - aq SeZlebT gaecnoT virtualuri laboratoriis gamoyenebis wess.
URL: https://bit.ly/36vIIqI
QR:

„axali skolis modelis" farglebSi Seqmnili resursebi:

1) kondensatorebi - tevadoba, muxti, energia – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoin-

struqcias, sadac TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili konkretuli kvleviTi davalebis
Sesrulebis procesi da CamotvirToT Word dokumenti https://bit.ly/3ILkIgz, romelSic
SearCevT saWiro nawils da moswavleebs miawodebT, rogorc kvleviT davalebas. am
kvleviT davalebaSi gamoyenebuli virtualuri laboratoriis bmulebi moswavlis
saxelmZRvanelos paragrafebTanac aris miTiTebuli.
es resursebi gamodgeba kompleqsuri davaleba „superkondensatorebis" Sesrulebis
drosac.
URL: https://bit.ly/3wN0vER
https://bit.ly/3ILkIgz
QR:

2) gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoinstruqcias,

sadac TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili liTonis gamtaris agebuleba, muxtebis gadanaw-
ilebis procesi masTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas, eleqtroskopis gavleniT
daeleqtroebis procesi, gamtaris zedapirze muxtis ganawileba. am CanawerSi ganx-
ilulia virtualur laboratoria:
URL: https://bit.ly/3wDZy1h
QR:

51
 maswavleblis wigni
• https://javalab.org/en/electrostatic_induction_en/
URL: https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf
QR:

• https://javalab.org/en/electroscope_en/
URL: https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV
QR:

• https://javalab.org/en/electrostatic_induction_metal_bonding_en/
URL: https://bit.ly/3ir00b9
QR:

• https://javalab.org/en/charge_distribution_on_a_thin_conductive_plate_en/
URL: https://bit.ly/3isQrbG
QR:

3) kulonis kanoni – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoinstruqcias, sadac TvalsaCinodaa

warmodgenili kulonis kanonis Sesaswavli virtualuri laboratoria:
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/coulombs-law/latest/coulombs-law_en.html
am laboratoriis bmuli moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos Sesabamis paragrafTanac aris
miTiTebuli.
URL: https://bit.ly/3D3oFvI
https://bit.ly/3D4r1ur
QR:

52
maswavleblis wigni
4) eleqtroforuli manqana – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoresurss, sadac Tvalsa-
Cinodaa warmodgenili, rogor gamoiyenoT virtualuri eleqtroforuli manqanis
modeli: https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/templateimg.php?s=ele_wim-
shurst&l=en

URL: https://bit.ly/3IHMo5R
https://bit.ly/3iKSCHq
QR:

5) van de graafis generatori – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoinstruqcias, sadac

TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili eleqtrostatikis virtualuri laboratoria:
https://www.vascak.cz/data/android/physicsatschool/template.php?s=elpole_vandegraaff&l=en

URL: https://bit.ly/3JJKoLS
https://bit.ly/3qBXdjG
QR:

am virtualur resursTan erTad Zalian saintereso iqneba am videorgolis gacno-

bac: masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis videogoli, saZiebo fraza „MIT Physics
Demo -- Inducing Dipoles with a Van de Graaff Generator":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=1jP_D0S2CtY&list=RDCMUCEGtvnl-
fAwHya5HvQpl5LeQ&index=9
URL: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N
QR:

6) damuxtvis saxeebi – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT animaciebs, modelirebulia damuxtvis

sxvadasxva meqanizmi: https://bit.ly/3ILkIgz
QR:

53
 maswavleblis wigni
es resursebi ki SeiZleba kompleqsuri davaleba „aqselerometri: kondensatori
realur-virtualur sistemebSi“ Sesrulebis dros gamoiyenoT wina masalis gasax-
seneblad:

1) drekadobis Zala, hukis kanoni – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoinstruqcias, sadac

TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili hukis kanonis sakvlevi virtualuri laboratoria:
https://phet.colorado.edu/ka/simulations/hookes-law
URL: https://bit.ly/3qFr0YZ
https://bit.ly/3qF0I8S
QR:

2) Zala da moZraoba (niutonis kanonebi) – aq SegiZliaT gaecnoT videoinstruqcias,

sadac TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili niutonis pirveli da meore kanonebisa da erTi
wrfis gaswvriv mimarTuli Zalebis Sekrebis Sesaswavli virtualuri laboratoria:
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/forces-and-motion-basics
URL: https://bit.ly/3LiKkTx
https://bit.ly/3LlfSbC
QR:

Zalian saintereso resursebs gvTavazobs masaCusetsis teqnologiuri instituti

videogolebis saxiT. isini SegiZliaT moiZioT YouTobe-ze Semdegi saZiebo frazebis
an bmulebis mixedviT:
1) MIT Physics Demo Rubber and Glass Rods with Tinsel and Balloon
rezinisa da minis Reroebi sulTanTan da buStTan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_IcyJzhoZk
URL: https://bit.ly/3ujo5pN
QR:

2) Charge and Electric Field of a Hollow Conductor

Rru gamtaris muxti da eleqtruli veli
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=LfJywoeIIUI
URL: https://bit.ly/3twxXNS

54
maswavleblis wigni
QR:

3) Surface Distribution of Charge

muxtis zedapiruli ganawileba
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skTCdhBE61Q
URL: https://bit.ly/3NgxtTy
QR:

4) MIT Physics Demo -- Adjustable Capacitor with Dielectric

regulirebadi kondensatori dieleqtrikiT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0n6xLdwaT0&list=RDCMUCEGtvnlfAwHya5HvQpl5Le-
Q&index=1
URL: https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2
QR:

5) MIT Physics Demo -- Faraday's Cage

faradeis galia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqvImbn9GG4&list=PL860B6886A47E5490
URL: https://bit.ly/36ipiFP
QR:

yvela es resursi pirdapir kavSirSia SemoTavazebul kompleqsur davalebebTan.

kompleqsur davalebebSi mocemuli TiToeuli bmulis QR kodis naxva SegiZLliaT

danarTSi Tematuri matricis bolos.

55
56
Tematuri matrica

Tema - eleqtrostatika saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba – 30

Tematuri mkvidri warmodgenebi TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi

1. wertilovani muxtis mier sivrcis raime wertilSi Seqmnili 1. razea damokidebuli wertilovani muxtis mier sivrcis raime
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da potenciali damokidebulia wertilSi Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba da potencia-
mocemuli muxtis ricxviT mniSvnelobasa da manZilze muxtidan li? rogor SeiZleba aRvweroT es damokidebuleba?
sivrcis am wertilamde. es damokidebuleba SeiZleba aRvweroT
analizurad, grafikulad, diagramebiT da sxva meTodebiT. 2. rogor ganisazRvreba ramdenime wertilovani muxtis mier
sivrcis raime wertilSi Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
2. ramdenime wertilovani muxtis mier sivrcis raime wertilSi (potenciali)?
Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba (potenciali) TiToeuli
muxtis mier am wertilSi Seqmnili daZabulobebis geometriuli 3. ra saxis energia aqvs eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebul
jamis (algebruli jamis) tolia. muxts? SeiZleba misgan sxva saxis energiis miReba?

3. eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebul muxts, am velTan urT- 4. rogor ganisazRvreba da razea damokidebuli eleqtrostati-
ierTqmedebis gamo, aqvs potenciuri energia, romelic SeiZleba kuri velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri
gardaiqmnas sxva saxis energiad. energia? rogor SeiZleba aRvweroT es damokidebuleba?

4. eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebuli
muxtis am velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia damok-
idebulia am muxtis ricxviT mniSvnelobasa da am wertilSi
eleqtrostatikuri velis potencialze. es damokidebuleba
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad da sxva
meTodebiT.
5. razea damokidebuli da rogor ganisazRvreba wertilovani
muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia? ra gansaz-
Rvravs am energiis cvlilebas?
6. rogor SeiZleba davagrovoT eleqtruli velis energia da
razea damokidebuli misi sidide?

5. wertilovani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri ener-

gia damokidebulia am muxtebis ricxviT mniSvnelobebsa da maT
Soris manZilze. am energiis cvlilebas gansazRvravs muxtebze
moqmedi gare Zalebis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
maswavleblis wigni
 Tema - eleqtrostatika saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba - 30

6. damuxtul kondensators aqvs eleqtruli velis energia, ro- 7. ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia muxti wertilovan muxtad CavTvaloT?
melic damokidebulia kondensatoris Semonafenebze arsebul rogori bunebisaa wertilovani muxti? rogor urTierTqmedeben
muxtsa da Semonafenebs Soris Zabvaze. wertilovani muxtebi? romeli fizikuri sidide axasiaTebs am urT-
ierTqmedebas da razea is damokidebuli?
7. wertilovan muxtebs Soris urTierTqmedeba eleqtromagni-
turi bunebisaa da xorcieldeba velis meSveobiT. es urTierTq- 8. ra fizikur process iwvevs wertilovan muxtze eleqtruli velis
medeba xasiaTeba fizikuri sididiT - ZaliT - da damokidebulia moqmedeba? razea damokidebuli eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT mux-
maswavleblis wigni

am muxtebis ricxviT mniSvnelobasa da maT Soris manZilze. tis mier SeZenili impulsi (kinetikuri energia)? rogor SeiZleba
aRvweroT es damokidebuleba?
8. wertilovan muxtze eleqtruli velis moqmedeba iwvevs am
muxtis siCqaris cvlilebas, Sesabamisad, eleqtruli velis 9. ra cvlilebebi mimdinareobs iseTi movlenebis dros, rogoricaa
moqmedebiT muxtis mier SeZenili impulsi (kinetikuri energia) sxeulTa daeleqtroeba, ganmuxtva, eleqtruli velis gavleniT
damokidebulia am muxtis ricxviT mniSvnelobaze, moqmedebis sxeulSi (an raime garemoSi) Tavisufali muxtebis gadaadgileba? ra
xangrZlivobasa (damuxtuli nawilakis masaze) da eleqtruli ve- ganapirobebs am movlenebs?
lis daZabulobaze. es damokidebuleba SesaZlebelia aRvweroT
analizurad, grafikulad da sxva meTodebiT. 10. romeli fizikuri sidideebiT xasiaTdeba eleqtruli velis gav-
leniT sxeulSi (an raime garemoSi) Tavisufali muxtebis gadaadg-
9. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba, ganmuxtva, eleqtruli velis ileba? rogor SeiZleba aRvweroT am sidideebis damokidebuleba
gavleniT sxeulSi (an raime garemoSi) Tavisufali muxtebis gareSe velTan?
gadaadgileba fizikuri movlenis magaliTebia, romelTac ga-
napirobebs sxeulisa da misi garemomcveli eleqtruli velis
fizikuri Tvisebebi.

10. eleqtruli velis gavleniT sxeulSi (an raime garemoSi)

Tavisufali muxtebis gadaadgileba xasiaTdeba siCqariT, aCqa-
rebiT da sxva sidideebiT. am sidideebis damokidebuleba gareSe
velTan SesaZlebelia aRvweroT analizurad, grafikulad da
sxva meTodebiT.

57
58
moklevadiani miznebi
kompleqsuri davalebebi samizne cnebebi da qvecnebebi
(dasaxeleba)
1. eleqtrostatikuri gam- materia - eleqtruli veli,
frqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) Zalwirebi, polaruli da arapo-
laruli dieleqtrikebi, diele-
qtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
Zala - eleqtruli Zala, daZab-
uloba.
fizikuri procesi - gamtari da
dieleqtriki eleqtrul velSi,
eleqtrostatikuri induqcia,
polarizacia.
2. faradeis galia materia – eleqtruli veli,
Zalwirebi, polaruli da arapo-
laruli dieleqtrikebi, diele-
qtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
Zala - eleqtruli Zala, daZab-
uloba.
fizikuri procesi – gavleniT
daeleqtroeba, eleqtrostati-
kuri induqcia, eleqtrostati-
kuri dacva (ekranireba).
3. faradeis yinulis saTli materia - elementaruli naw-
ilakebi, eleqtruli veli, myari
nivTiereba.
fizikuri procesi - eleqtro-
statikuri induqcia.
sakiTxebi
• eleqtruli muxti • ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs
• sxeulTa damuxtva eleqtrostatikur movlenebs?
• eleqtruli veli
• superpoziciis principi
• kulonis kanoni
• gamtari eleqtrul velSi
• dieleqtrikebi eleqtrosta-
tikur velSi
• eleqtruli veli
• superpoziciis principi
• gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur
velSi
• dieleqtrikebi eleqtrosta-
tikur velSi
•eleqtruli muxti
• elementaruli nawilakebi
• eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis
kanoni
• eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
• eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
• gamtari eleqtrostatikur
velSi
• gavleniT daeleqtroeba
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi
• aRwevs Tu ara eleqtruli veli
yvela garemoSi?
• rogor SeiZleba eleqtrosta-
tikuri velis gavlenisgan Tavis
dacva?
• rogor SeiZleba faradeis
eqsperimentebis daxmarebiT ga-
varkvioT, imuxteba Tu ara mweri
frenisas da ra niSnisaa mfrinavi
mweris muxti?
• faradeis eqsperimentebis cod-
niT, rogor SeiZleba mocemuli
sididis muxtis saSualebiT didi
maswavleblis wigni
muxtis miReba?
 kompleqsuri davalebebi samizne cnebebi da qvecnebebi
(dasaxeleba)
4. superkondensatorebi materia – eleqtruli veli.
energia – potenciuri energia.
Zala – eleqtruli Zala.
fizikuri procesi –kondensato-
ris damuxtva/ganmuxtva.
sakiTxebi
• erTgvarovani eleqtrostati-
kuri veli
• damuxtuli sxeulis potenci-
uri energia
• eleqtruli velis muSaoba
• potenciali da potencialTa
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi
• ramdenad srulyofilad iqneba
eleqtruli velis energia gamoy-
enebuli, Tu ar gvecodineba misi
dagrovebisa da Senaxvis wesi?
maswavleblis wigni

5. aqselerometri: kondensato- materia - eleqtruli muxti,
ri realur-virtualur siste- protoni, eleqtroni, ioni, ele-
mebSi qtruli veli, gamtarebi da die-
leqtrikebi.
Zala - eleqtruli Zala.
fizikuri procesi - inercia,
Tanabari moZraoba, aCqarebuli
moZraoba, kondensatoris damux-
tva, kondensatoris tevadobis
cvlileba.
sxvaoba
• eleqtrotevadoba
• brtyeli kondensatori, misi
eleqtrotevadoba
• damuxtuli kondensatoris
energia
• niutonis kanonebi • ra iwvevs kondensatoris teva-
• drekadobis Zala dobis cvlilebas?
• eleqtruli muxti • rogor Sevqmna mowyobilobis
• Zabva modeli, romlis saSualebiTac
• eleqtrotevadoba vaCveneb, rom siCqaris cvlileba
• brtyeli kondensatori, SeiZleba kondensatoris teva-
brtyeli kondensatoris ele- dobis cvlilebas davukavSiro?
qtrotevadoba
•dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

59
60
kompleqsuri davaleba „eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli)~

samizne cnebebi da masTan da- sakiTxebi/qvesakiTxebi: eleq-
kavSirebuli mkvidri warmod- truli muxti, sxeulTa damux-
genebi
materia
fiz.sab. 1; fiz.saS. 1
moswavlem unda gaacnobi-
eros, rom:
1) materiis ori saxis, nivTier-
ebisa da velis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebi damok-
idebulia:
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da
garemo pirobebze.
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis
urTierTmdebareobasa da maT
mier velis Seqmnis unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri
Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi
aixsneba:
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi, romelsac kompleqsuri davalebis piro-
pasuxobs davaleba ba / Sefasebis kriteriumebi
tva, eleqtruli veli, super-
poziciis principi, gamtari ele- • ra praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs
qtrul velSi, kulonis kanoni, eleqtrostatikur movlenebs?
dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostati-
kur velSi.
qvecnebebi: eleqtruli muxti,
protoni, eleqtroni, ioni, ele-
qtruli veli, eleqtruli Zala,
gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi: eleqtrostatikuri gam-
I etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis forma frqvevi (Sesasxurebeli)
rogor unda warmovaCino Cemi codna
eleqtrul urTierTqmedebasTan koronavirusis pirobebSi
dakavSirebiT? usafrTxo frenisaTvis avia-
aqtivoba 1: posterze dakvirveba, kompaniebis nawilma ukve axali
msgavseba-gansxvavebaze saubari. wesebi SemoiRo. eqspertebi
moswavleebi aTvaliereben fizikis
saswavlo posterebs (resursi 5) da
msjeloben riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba
isini erTmaneTisgan.
aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi ganixilaven,
ra aris posteri, rogor Seqmnan iseTi
posteri, romelic prezentaciisas
gamoadgebaT da daakmayofilebs amboben, rom registraciisaT-
momxmareblis interess sakiTxis vis saWiro dro sagrZnoblad
mimarT. msjeloben, rogori unda iyos gaizrdeba, vinaidan saWiroa
posteris saboloo prezentacia da ra
nabijebis gadadgmaa saWiro imisaTvis,
rom prezentacia damajerebeli
maswavleblis wigni

gamovides da posteric TvalsaCinod

asaxavdes saWiro informacias.
 a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli naw-
ilakebis qaosurad moZraobiT,
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebiT,
maT Soris Sualedebis arsebo-
biT da samive maTganis cvli-
lebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obi-
eqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi
ganlagebiT da am obieqtebis
mier mocemuli velis warmoqmnis
unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri
erTmaneTTan da maTi cvlilebis
gamomwvev mizezebTan SesaZle-
belia aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT, cx-
rilebiT da sxva meTodebiT
Zala
fiz.saS. 3
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros,
rom:
1) sxeulebs Soris urTierTq-
medeba raodenobrivad xasiaT-
deba fizikuri sididiT ZaliT
da igi SesaZlebelia iyos oTxi
sxvadasxva saxis (gravitaciuli,
eleqtromagnituri, Zlieri,
susti). sxeulebi yovelTvis
ormxrivad urTierTqmedeben,
„kontaqtis" an velis meSveobiT.
61
aqtivoba 3: moswavleebi ecnobian davalebis pirobaSi warmodgenil ufro meti wesis dacva. fren-
eleqtrostatikur sadezinfeqcio gamfrqvevs da mis analogiur ebs Soris gadajdomis pro-
SesaReb gamfrqvevs. cedurebi Seneldeba, radgan
bortze skamebi da zedapirebi
resursi 1: videorgolebi YouTube-dan. saZiebo fraza: „Electrostatic
unda gaiwmindos da sanitaru-
Sprayer"
li zomebi gatardes. am mizniT,
mag.: https://bit.ly/3CYdwMR
TviTmfrinavebSi gamoiyeneben
resursi 2: statia „ra cvlilebebs unda velodoT eleqtrostatikur gamfrqvevs
aviaindustriaSi?" (Sesasxurebeli / sprei). ele-
https://bit.ly/3ttcd5n qtrostatikuri gafrqvevis
maswavleblis wigni
satumroebSi sanitaruli zomebis Taobaze: teqnologia dezinfeqciis
https://bit.ly/3iwzGfr alternatiuli gzaa Sida
resursi 3: statia „rogor SevqmnaT posteri“ sivrceebSi da rekomendebulia
irine nadiraSvili- rogor SevqmnaT posteri | mastsavlebeli.ge. zedapiris sadezinfeqcio sa-
https://bit.ly/3tvyakm SualebaTa ufro erTgvarovani
da qmediTi gamoyenebisTvis,
resursi 4: rogor SevqmnaT posteri
gansakuTrebiT, Znelad misad-
https://bit.ly/3qqx0oc
gom adgilebSi.
resursi 5: fizikis posterebi:
Amazon.com: NewPath Learning Physical Science Posters, Set/5 (Forces/ warmoidgineT, rom Tqven im kom-
Motion, Electricity, Magnetism, Sound, Light) - Laminated, Full-Color, 23" x paniis TanamSromeli xarT, ro-
35" (34-9901) : Office Products melic am inovaciur produqts
an saZiebo fraza Google-Si: Learning Physical Science Posters" warudgens misi moqmedebis prin-
samizne codnis • rogori saxis posteri ginaxavT? ra iyo war- cipiT dainteresebul klien-
(deklaratiuli, modgenili posterze da ramdenad gamoxatavda tebis jgufs. moamzadeT maT-
pirobiseuli, posteri saTqmels? Tvis prezentacia da SeqmeniT
proceduruli) • gamoTqviT mosazreba, rogor SeiZleba posteri, sadac TvalsaCinod da
damzaddes da gaformdes posteri?
konstruirebaze xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
• ras gamoiyenebT, rom Tqveni naSromi ad-
orientirebuli vilad aRsaqmeli iyos?
SekiTxvebi • SegiqmniaT Tu ara posteri?
• ra unda vicodeT posteris Sesaqmnelad?
qvecneba – mode­ • ra nabijebis gadadgma mogiwevT posteris
li, posteri, Sesaqmnelad?
diagrama • rogor asaxavT posterSi Tqveni miznebis
Sesabamis sqematur naxazebs?
• rogor asaxavT posterSi saWiro maTemati-
kur formulebsa da gamosaxulebebs?
62
2) sxeulze erTi Zalis an Zalebis II etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarsi 1) rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi
tolqmedis moqmedeba iwvevs am nabiji-1. rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi da riT aixsneba es movlena? da riT aixsneba es movlena?
sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebas ra gansxvavebaa daumuxtavi da damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis age- ra gansxvavebaa daumuxtavi da
an/da mis deformacias. Zalis bulebaSi da garemomcvel sivrceSi? risi meSveobiT urTierTq- damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis
(tolqmedis) moqmedebis Sedegi medeben damuxtuli wveTebi? (materia 1, 2, 3; Zala 1); agebulebaSi da garemomcvel
ki damokidebulia mis modul- sivrceSi? risi meSveobiT urT-
ze, mimarTulebaze, modebis resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo ierTqmedeben damuxtuli wveTe-
wertilze, moqmedebis xangr- §1.1 ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna bi? (materia 1, 2, 3; Zala 1)
Zlivobasa da sxeulis im zeda- §1.2 sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. 2) rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli
piris farTobze, romelzec eleqtruli veli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis
es Zala (tolqmedi) moqmedebs. Seswavla? romel fizikur si-
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: muxti da kulonis dideebzea damokidebuli da-
amasTan, Tu gare Zala awarmoebs kanoni #teleskola
wnevas siTxeze an airze, wneva muxtul sxeulebs Soris urT-
yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad https://bit.ly/36GIWeE ierTqmedebis Zala? riT hgavs
vrceldeba. da gansxvavdeba is gravitaciuli
resursi 3: YouTube videorgoli saZiebo fraziT MIT Physics Demo urTierTqmedebisgan? ra gansx-
Rubber and Glass Rods with Tinsel and Balloon: vavebaa siTxis daumuxtavi da
3) sxeulTa sistemaze moqme-
damuxtuli wveTebis gafrqvevis
di gare Zalebis tolqmedis https://bit.ly/3ujo5pN
procesebSi? ratom da rogor
mniSvneloba gansazRvravs am resursi 4: susti tkacunis xma damuxtuli sxeulebis Sexebisas icvleba wveTebis qceva sadezin-
sistemis energiisa da impulsis https://bit.ly/3qqx0oc feqcio siTxis wveTebis damuxt-
cvlilebas, xolo myar sxeulze resursi 5: damuxtva SexebiT, xaxuniT, eleqtruli urTierTq- visas? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, 3)
moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedisa medeba
3) riT gansxvavdeba damuxtuli
da am Zalebis momentebis jamis https://bit.ly/3ws51YU
sxeulis garemomcveli sivrce
mniSvneloba - sxeulis wonaswo-
daumuxtavisagan da rogor Sei-
robis pirobas. aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo. gv 16 Zleba eleqtrostatikuri velis
a)polieTilenis mSrali boTli rom mivuaxlovoT qaRaldis pa- aRwera? razea damokidebuli
4) sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis) misi maxasiaTebeli sidideebi?
tar-patara naxevebs, SeaxoT da Semdeg daaSoroT, SesamCnevi iqneba
mdgomareobis aRmweri para- (materia 1)
boTlisa da qaRaldis urTierTmizidva? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT
metrebisa da am mdgomareo-
ase? varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT. 4) ra fizikur process iwvevs
bis gamomwvevi Zalis (Zalebis) damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba
erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba b) boTls rom ramdenjerme swrafad gausv-gamousvaT mSrali xeli
an qaRaldi da Semdeg miuaxlovoT qaRaldis naxevebs, miizidaven damuxtulTan da neitralur-
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal- Tan? ra kavSirSia es procesebi
izurad, grafikulad, diagrame- isini erTmaneTs? axseniT, ratom?
g) CaatareT zemoT moyvanili cdebi. cdebi sibneleSic CaatareT da sadezinfeqcio siTxis damux-
biT, cxrilebiT da sxva meTodeb- tuli wveTebiT dasamuSavebeli
iT. kargad daakvirdiT xaxunisas boTlisa da xelis Sexebis adgilebs.
zedapirebis ukeT dafarvasTan?
ra gesmiT? ras xedavT? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, fiziku-
maswavleblis wigni

ri procesi 1, 2, 3)
 fizikuri procesi aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo. gv. 17-18
fiz.saS. 4
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, a) abreSumis ZafiT sadgamze davkidoT metaluri folgis an qaR-
rom: aldis ori msubuqi masra ise, rom erTmaneTs exebodnen. masrebs
mivuaxlooT polieTilenis damuxtuli boTli da davakvirdeT.
1) yvela fizikur movlenas da b) erTi masra davmuxtoT dadebiTad – SevaxoT da gavusvaT minis
mis damaxasiaTebel process damuxtuli joxi, meore ki uaryofiTad – SevaxoT da gavusvaT
ganapirobebs mizezi da mohyve- ebonitis damuxtuli joxi da davakvirdeT.
ba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis
maswavleblis wigni

dadgena ki mecnierebis mTavari aqtivoba 3: saxelmZRvanelo. gv. 19

amocanaa. amoxsnili amocanis ganxilva: axseniT, erTmaneTze xaxunisas ra-
tom imuxteba gansxvavebuli nivTierebis sxeulebi, erTgvarovani
2) fizikuri movlenebis mimdin- sxeulebi ki ara?
areobis aRsawerad, mecnierebi aqtivoba 4: saxelmZRvanelo. gv. 19
am movlenebis Sesabamis fizikur amocanebis amoxsna, testze muSaoba
procesebs ikvleven. TiToeuli
procesi xasiaTdeba fizikuri aqtivoba 5: damuxteT mcire WurWelSi moTavsebuli penoplastis
sidideebiT, romelTa urTierT- burTulebi polieTilenis parkis an plastmasis joxis daxmarebiT.
dakavSirebiTac SesaZlebelia am daakvirdiT maT qcevas.
procesis aRwera. samizne codnis • sadamde SeiZleba nivTierebis dayofa?
(deklaratiuli, • riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva
3) damokidebuleba fiziku- pirobiseuli, nivTierebis atomebi?
ri procesebis maxasiaTebel proceduruli) • ra SemTxvevaSi amboben sxeulze, rom is dae-
fizikur sidideebs Soris an/da konstruirebaze leqtroebulia?
am sidideebsa da maTi cvlilebis • rogor xdeba sxeulTa daeleqtroeba?
orientirebuli • boTlze xaxunisas, gaigoneT susti tkacani?
mizezebs Soris SesaZlebelia
SekiTxvebi ras daakvirdiT sibneleSi?
aRvweroT analizurad, grafi-
kulad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT • rogor fiqrobT, daimuxta Tu ara po-
an sxva meTodebiT. qvecneba - ele- lieTilenis boTli qaRaldze xaxuniT? ratom
qtruli muxti, fiqrobT ase?
protoni, ele- • axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
qtroni, ioni, • rogor imuxteba mina abreSumze xaxuniT?
eleqtruli urT- • rogor imuxteba eboniti Salze xaxuniT?
• rogor gaarkvevT, ra niSnis muxtiT daimuxta
ierTqmedeba
plastmasi Tmaze gaxaxunebiT?

63
64
• Tqveni azriT, ratom imuxteba sxeulebi
xaxunisas?
• mxolod SexebiT daimuxteba Tu ara sxeule-
bi?
• axseniT, erTmaneTze xaxunisas ratom imux-
teba gansxvavebuli nivTierebis sxeulebi,
erTgvarovani sxeulebi ki ara?
• ris meSveobiT xorcieldeba urTierTqmede-
ba damuxtul sxeulebs Soris?
• urTierTqmedeben Tu ara damuxtuli sxe-
ulebi vakuumSi?
• daeleqtroebuli sxeulis garemomcveli
sivrce gansxvavdeba Tu ara aradaeleqtroebu-
li sxeulis garemomcveli sivrcisagan?
• risi meSveobiT moqmedebs erTi daeleqtroe-
buli masra meoreze?
• ris mixedviT SeiZleba eleqtrul velze
msjeloba?

nabiji 2. rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis

Seswavla? romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtul
sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala? riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba
is gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, 3,)

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§ 1.3 eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi. ele-
qtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni.
§ 1.5 damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba. kulonis kanoni.
§ 1.6 amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.
davalebebi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Sesaswavli grexiTi da
berketis tipis sasworis Seswavlaze.
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: muxti da kulonis
kanoni #teleskola
https://bit.ly/36GIWeE
maswavleblis wigni
 resursi 3: statia: eleqtroba- mistikuri da amoucnobi samyaro.
https://bit.ly/3ueKEMo
resursi 4: kulonis grexiTi saswori
https://bit.ly/36zqXGL
resursi 5: simulaciebi:
kulonis kanoni
https://bit.ly/3D3oFvI
maswavleblis wigni

msoflio mizidulobis kanoni

https://bit.ly/3D4r1ur
resursi 6: grexiTi saswori
https://bit.ly/36zqXGL
https://bit.ly/3ugg6cY

aqtivoba 1: eleqtroskopis damzadeba. saxelmZRvanelo. gv 20. misi

moqmedebis principis axsna. daamzadeT xelsawyo. ivaraudeT, ra
daemarTeba xelsawyos aluminis (qaRaldis) folgis furclebs,
Tu polieTilenis damuxtul boTls gausv-gamousvamT mavTulis
Rru sferos? damuxteT polieTilenis boTli da gausviT mavTulis
sferos, daakvirdiT furclebs.

aqtivoba 2: daamzadeT eleqtroskopi

https://bit.ly/36zrzw3 an YouTube saZiebo striqonSi Cawere saZiebo
fraza electroscope at home da SearCie nebismieri video.
aqtivoba 3: davmuxtoT minis an plastmasis joxi da mivuaxlovoT
daumuxtav eleqtroskops. davakvirdeT, rogor aris damokidebuli
firfitebis gaSlis kuTxe: a) eleqtroskopidan joxis daSorebaze;
b) daeleqtroebuli joxis damuxtvis xarisxze.
aqtivoba 4: gansazRvreT, ra masis sxeuls izidavs dedamiwa im
ZaliT, romliTac ganizideba 1 m-iT daSorebuli ori burTula im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda TiToeulisaTvis 1 k muxtis
miniWeba.

65
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aqtivoba 5: paragrafebis bolos moyvanil amocanebsa da testebze
muSaoba.
aqtivoba 6: daxazeT venis diagrama, sadac naTlad gamoaCenT ele-
qtruli da gravitaciuli Zalebis msgavsebebs da gansxvavebebs.
gadaxazeT da SeavseT cxrili

meqanikuri fizikuri sidide eleqtruli fizikuri sidide

msoflio mizidulobis Zala
F=G m1 m2 /R2
masa m
simZimis Zala mg
gravitaciuli mudmiva
GG=6,67.10–11
samizne codnis • eleqtroskopis sferoze damuxtuli
(deklaratiuli, Reros Sexebisas ras miuTiTebs fur-
pirobiseuli, clebis gaSla?
proceduruli) •riTi gamoirCeva liTonis agebuleba
konstruirebaze dieleqtrikisagan?
orientirebuli •ratom CamoeSva eleqtroskopis fur-
SekiTxvebi clebi sferoze xeliT Sexebisas?
•ra SemTxvevaSi miiCneva sxeulTa sistema
qvecneba - ele- Caketil sistemad?
qtruli muxti, •moifiqreT da aRwereT cda, romliTac
protoni, ele- daadgenT damuxtul sxeulebs Soris
qtroni, ioni, urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebule-
eleqtruli veli, bas maT muxtze.
eleqtruli Zala, •razea damokidebuli or damuxtul sx-
liTonis gamtare- euls Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala?
bi •SesaZlebelia Tu ara nebismieri formisa
da zomis damuxtuli sxeulebis eleqtru-
li urTierTqmedebis aRwera erTi formu-
maswavleblis wigni

liT, maT Soris nebismieri manZilisaTvis?

 • rogori sxeulebis urTierTqmedebas aRw-
ers kulonis kanoni?
• ratom aris kulonis kanonSi naxsenebi
vakuumi?
• damokidebulia Tu ara muxtebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Zala garemos Tvisebeb-
ze?
• rogor aris damokidebuli eleqtruli
Zalis moduli urTierTqmedi muxtebis
maswavleblis wigni

sidideebze? muxtebs Soris manZilze? mux-

tebis niSnebze?
• ra gansxvaveba iqneba gamfrqvevis mier
daumuxtavi da damuxtuli wveTebis ga-
frqvevis procesSi?
• rogor asaxavT damuxtuli da daumuxtavi
wveTebis gafrqvevis suraTs?
• rogori saxis urTierTqmedebaa ga-
frqvevis procesSi damuxtul wveTebs
Soris?
• SeiZleba Tu ara gafrqveuli wveTebis
wertilovan muxtebad miCneva?
• garda eleqtruli urTierTqmedebiT
gamowveuli Zalisa, kidev ra Zalebi moq-
medebs gafrqveul wveTebze?
• rogor auxsniT msmenels, riT aris ukeTe-
si, rom aparatma gafrqvevis procesSi
sadezinfeqcio siTxis damuxtuli wveTebi
gaafrqvios da ara daumuxtavi?
nabiji 3. riT gansxvavdeba damuxtuli sxeulis garemomcveli
sivrce daumuxtavisagan da rogor SeiZleba eleqtrostatikuri
velis aRwera? razea damokidebuli misi maxasiaTebeli sidideebi?
(materia 1)
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§ 2.1 eleqtruli velis daZabuloba. superpoziciis principi
§ 2.2 eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi

67
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resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli veli
da potenciali #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

resursi 3: simulacia „muxti da veli"

https://bit.ly/3qpkl51

aqtivoba 1: gaxseniT simulacia „muxti da veli". SearCieT muxti

ekranis qveda mxares moTavsebuli panelidan da TagviT gadaita-

neT samuSao Sav areze. marjvena zeda kuTxeSi ToliaTi moniSneT
„Electric Field" (eleqtruli veli). Tu moniSnavT „Direction only" (mx-
olod mimarTuleba), ekranze Tqven mier arCeuli muxtis velis
daZabulobis mxolod mimarTulebebs dainaxavT. Tu am ujras ar
moniSnavT, Tqven velis Sesustebis suraTsac dainaxavT TvalsaCi-
nod, muxtidan manZilis zrdis mixedviT. yviTeli feris "Sensors"
gamoiyeneba velis nebismier wertilSi daZabulobis veqtoris
modulisa da mimarTulebis saCveneblad.
simulaciis gamoyenebisaTvis gamogadgebaT videoresursi:
https://bit.ly/3ukJQW6
maswavleblis wigni
 maswavlebels SeuZlia Tavad Seqmnas kvleviTi davaleba am nabijis
miznebisaTvis da amisaTvis gamoiyenos „axali skolis modelis" far-
glebSi Seqmnili resursi, romelsac gaecnoba bmulze: https://bit.ly/3tmCv9c
aqtivoba 2: erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebis mod-
elireba:
saTanado pirobiTi niSnebiT da SeTanxmebiT davxatoT konkretuli velis
suraTi. miRebuli suraTis meSveobiT unda SeiZlebodes Tqma, sad aris
veli Zlieri da sad – susti. agreTve, velis mocemul wertilSi saiT aris
maswavleblis wigni

mimarTuli muxtze moqmedi Zala.

samizne codnis • Tqveni azriT, rogor SeiZleba davadginoT eleqtru-
(deklarati- li velis arseboba?
uli, pirobi- • ra ZaliT moqmedebs eleqtruli veli masSi moTavse-
seuli, proce- bul q muxtze? Seadare Zalas, romliTac dedamiwa
duruli) kon- moqmedebs mis zedapirTan axlos myof sxeulze.
struirebaze • rogoria eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul q muxtze
orientirebu- moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba, Tu es muxti dadebiTia?
li SekiTxvebi uaryofiTia?
• rogori damokidebulebaa q muxtsa da mis mier Se-
qmnili velis romelime wertilSi Setanil sacdel
qvecneba - ele- muxtze moqmed Zalas Soris?
qtruli Zala, • damokidebulia Tu ara sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis
daZab uloba, Sefardeba sacdeli muxtis sidideze? axseniT, ratom
Zalwirebi fiqrobT ase?
• rogor icvleba velis daZabulobis moduli mux-
tidan daSorebis mixedviT? rogor gamoisaxeba ele-
qtruli velis ganawileba sivrceSi TvalsaCinod?
moiyvane magaliTebi.
• Tqveni varaudiT, Caketilia Tu ara eleqtruli ve-
lis Zalwirebi? SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara, rom
Zalwirebma erTmaneTi gadakveTon? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
• Tu liTonis gamtars gare erTgvarovan eleqtro-
statikur velSi movaTavsebT, ra ZaliT imoqmedebs
es veli Tavisufal eleqtronebze? ionebze?
• ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs? ionebs?

69
70
nabiji 4. ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba
damuxtulTan da neitralurTan? ra kavSirSia es procesebi sadez-
infeqcio siTxis damuxtuli wveTebiT dasamuSavebeli zedapirebis
ukeT dafarvasTan? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, fizikuri procesi 1,
2, 3).
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§ 2.3 gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
§ 2.4 dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi. ori saxis dieleqtriki
§ 2.5 dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
resursi 2:
fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli veli gamtarSi
da dieleqtrikebSi #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb
fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: amocanebi #teleskola
amocana daumuxtav Werze mikrul damuxtul buStebze:
https://bit.ly/3NeuNpx
fizikis dro - (fotoefeqtis movlena, fotorezistori misi gamoy-
eneba, eleqtrotevadoba), dieleqtrikis polarizacia t
# eleskola
https://bit.ly/3IwLVn4
resursi 3: https://bit.ly/37S7bHh
resursi 4: muxti da eleqtruli veli Rru gamtaris SigniT - You-
Tube videorgoli „Charge and Electric Field of a Hollow Conductor"
https://bit.ly/3twxXNS
resursi 5: simulacia, liTonis bade
https://bit.ly/3ICm516
resursi 6: eleqtrostatikuri induqcia:
https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf
Warbi muxtis ganawileba gamtar zedapirze:
https://bit.ly/3isQrbG
maswavleblis wigni
 resursi 7: simulacia, gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis agebulebis
modelireba
https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B
resursi 8: simulacia, wylis polaruli molekulebis qceva
https://bit.ly/3IvSjL9
resursi 9: eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi meurneobaSi:
https://bit.ly/3ipuIRE
maswavleblis wigni

resursi 10: statikuri eleqtrobiT Rebva

https://bit.ly/3wsaSgQ

aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 47. pirvel suraTze

liTonis firfitaSi eleqtronebi sqematuradaa
gamosaxuli. Sua suraTze ki – eleqtruli veli.
ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs, Tu firfitas
eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT (mesame suraTi)?
varaudi msjelobiT daasabuTeT.

aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 49. liTonis badis orive mxares

miamagreT Txeli qaRaldis zolebi. damuxteT liTonis bade plas-
tmasis milis gamoyenebiT. mieciT mas sxvadasxva forma: gaWimeT,
morkaleT, mieciT cilindris forma. daakvirdiT furclebis
gadaxras. SeadareT eleqtroskopis furclebis gadaxris movlenas.

aqtivoba 3: wvril nakadad moSvebul wyals miuaxloveT dadebiTad,

Semdeg uaryofiTad damuxtuli sxeuli. daakvirdiT, ras SeamCnevT
da axseniT SemCneuli movlena.

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72
aqtivoba 4: damuxteT penoplastis burTulebi
polieTilenis parkis an plastmasis joxis
daxmarebiT. damuxteT minis sxeuli qaRaldze
xaxuniT. SeafrqvieT, simartivisTvis Tundac
amoavleT minis damuxtuli sxeuli penoplastis
burTulebSi. axseniT miRebuli Sedegi. imsjeleT,
ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa am cdasa da
eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevis moqmedebas
Soris. ramdenad gamodgeba es aqtivoba gamfrqvevis
moqmedebis principis modelirebisTvis? SeecadeT, warmoadginoT
eleqtrostatikuri gafrqveviT dezinfeqciis procesi fizikis
posteris saSualebiT.
samizne codnis • ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs da ionebs,
(deklaratiuli, Tu gamtars gare erTgvarovan eleqtro-
pirobiseuli, statikur velSi movaTavsebT?
proceduruli) • rodemde gagrZeldeba muxtis gadanaw-
konstruirebaze ilebis procesi?
orientirebuli • daimuxteba mTliani gamtari Tu ara?
SekiTxvebi gamtaris romeli ubani daimuxteba? ra
moxdeba am dros, Tu gamtars gavWriT?
qvecneba- ele- • Tu dadebiTad damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis
qtruli veli, Rrubeli neitralur gamtar zedapirs
eleqtruli Zala, uaxlovdeba, rogori muxti aRiZvreba
gamtarebi da die- dasamuSavebel zedapirze?
leqtrikebi • ra Sedegi mohyveba siTxis dadebiTad da-
muxtuli wveTebis miaxloebas neitralur
gamtar zedapirTan?
• rogor nawildeba Warbi muxti, Tu gamtari
damuxtulia? rogor nawildeba Warbi
muxti arawesieri geometriuli formis
sxeulebze?
• ra Sedegi mohyveba siTxis dadebiTad da-
muxtuli wveTebis miaxloebas uaryofiT-
ad damuxtul gamtar zedapirTan?
maswavleblis wigni
 • aRiZvreba Tu ara dieleqtrikis zedapirze
muxti, rodesac dieleqtriki eleqtrul vel-
Si moxvdeba?
• ratom ekvris damuxtuli buSti daumuxtav
kedels an Wers?
• Tu siTxis dadebiTad damuxtuli wveTebis
Rrubeli neitralur dieleqtrik zeda-
pirs uaxlovdeba, rogori muxti aRiZvreba
dasamuSavebel zedapirze?
maswavleblis wigni

• ra Sedegi mohyveba siTxis dadebiTad da-

muxtuli wveTebis miaxloebas neitralur
dieleqtrik zedapirTan?
• polaruli dieliqtrikia wyali Tu arapo-
laruli?
• damuxtuli sxeulis eleqtrul velSi ra
mosdis polaruli dieleqtrikis moleku-
lebs?
• wylis wvrili nakadis damuxtuli sxeu-
lisken miqceul mxares rogori niSnis muxti
aRiZvreba?

maswavleblis SekiTxvebi moswavleebisaTvis kompleqsur davale-

baze muSaobisas da wardgenisas:
• aRwereT, rogor warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi.
• aRwereT Seqmnili produqti.
• ra sakiTxs Seexeba momzadebuli davaleba?
• axseniT, ratom SeqmeniT posteri?
• Tqveni azriT, vin unda dainteresdes Sesrulebuli kompleqsuri
davalebiT da ratom?
• ra dabrkolebebs waawydiT davalebaze muSaobisas?
• ras gaakeTebdiT sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebdeT davalebaze
muSaobas?
• Tqveni azriT, riT hgavs Tqveni naSromi Tanaklaselebis naSromebs
da riT gansxvavdeba maTgan?

73
74
am kompleqsuri davalebisaTvis moviyvanoT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis gazomvisa da ganmaviTarebeli komen-
taris magaliTebi:
miRwevis done (kriteriumi)
abstraqtuli done
• SeuZlia ideebis integrireba
moswavle kompleqsu-
ri davalebis saSualebiT
gamokveTil magaliTebze
dayrdnobiT urTierTdakav-
Sirebulad msjelobs sagnis
farglebSi gamokveTil ramden-
ime/yvela samizne cnebaze. ukav-
Sirebs kompleqsuri davalebis
saSualebiT gamokveTil mocem-
ulobas pirad gamocdilebas da
sxva cxovrebiseul situaciebs.
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi / ar- Zalebis msgavsad, manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulad kle-
sobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac mas
am codnis ganzogadebis / sxva
msgavs magaliTebTan Sedarebis gansxvavebiT, es Zalebi SesaZloa ganzidvis xasiaTisac iyos da
saSualebas aZlevs. ukavSirebs
gansaxilvel sakiTxs sakuTar
pirad gamocdilebas.
moswavles SeuZlia struqturis
ganzogadeba mocemulis/SeTava-
zebulis miRma, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva kuTx-
idan/TvalTaxedviT da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas Seu-
Zlia ganzogadeba, hipoTezis
wamoyeneba, kritika an Teoriis
Camoyalibeba.
aRweriloba komentari
ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gamovitane amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles (gan-
safuZvelze? maviTarebeli Sefasebis mag-
aliTi)?
posteris wardgenidan Cans, rom moswavle flobs masalas sxe- mSvenivrad gaarTviT Tavi
ulTa damuxtvasa da damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebaze, davalebas. Tqveni naSromidan
gamtarebisa da dieleqtrikebis zedapirze muxtis inducirebaze Cans, rom siRrmiseulad gaiaz-
eleqtrul velSi da gaazrebuli aqvs is samizne cnebis konte- reT:
qstSi; kerZod: amJRavnebs codnas, rom damuxtuli sxeulebi rogor imuxteba sxeulebi da
Tavis garemomcvel sivrceSi eleqtrul vels qmnian; SeuZlia riT aixsneba es movlena, risi
meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben
am saxis materiis daxasiaTeba da misi maxasiaTebeli sidideebis
damuxtuli wveTebi, romel
(samizne cneba „Zala~) dakavSireba Semqmnel muxtTan, aseve misi
sxva muxtebze gavlenis aRwera - esmis, rom eleqtrul velSi fizikur sidideebzea damok-
idebuli damuxtul sxeulebs
gansxvavebuli nivTierebebis qceva maT maxasiaTeblebzea damok-
idebuli (samizne cneba „materia"); Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala,
riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba is
amyarebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs gamtarsa da dieleqtrikSi gravitaciuli urTierTq-
gareSe velis gavleniT mimdinare procesebs Soris (samizne cne- medebisgan, rogor SeiZleba
ba „fizikuri movlena/procesi"); samizne cneba „Zalis" fargleb- eleqtrostatikuri velis
Si xsnis, rom damuxtul sxeulebs Soris gravitaciuli mizidvis aRwera, razea damokidebuli
misi maxasiaTebeli sidideebi,
badi da ukontaqto Zalebi moqmedebs, Tumca gravitaciulisgan ra fizikur process iwvevs
damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba
damuxtulTan da neitralur-
mizidvisac; kulonis kanoni wertilovani muxtebisTvis moq- Tan, ra kavSirSia es procesebi
medebs da gafrqveul wveTebs ganixilavs wertilovan muxtebad; sadezinfeqcio siTxis damux-
tuli wveTebiT dasamuSavebe-
li zedapirebis ukeT dafar-
vasTan .
gTxovT, gaixsenoT fizikidan,
piradi cxovrebidan mag-
aliTebi, romlebic modelTan
mimarTebiT gamokveTil ni-
maswavleblis wigni
uansebs ukavSirdeba:
 maTi ganzidvis ZalebiT xsnis gafrqvevis ufro farTo, efeq- • raime sxva movlenas an pro-
tur diapazons, gvixsnis gamtaris da dieleqtrikis zedapirze cess xom ar gagonebT eleq-
muxtis inducirebis process, gvixsnis, ratom ifareba yvela truli muxtebis urTierTq-
mxridan sadezinfeqcio sxnaris wveTebiT dasamuSavebeli zeda- medebisas mimdinare procese-
pirebi, rogor SegviZlia praqtikulad gamoviyenoT mecnieruli bi;
azri da miRweva. • riT gansxvavdeba TqvenTvis
moswavlem statikuri muxtis gamoyenebis ukeT warmosaCenad cnobili materiis sxva saxeebi
moiZia da moiyvana sxva magaliTebic (vTqvaT, avtomobilTa kor- eleqtrostatikuri velisagan,
pusis Rebva, qseroqsis muSaoba, an eleqtrostatikuri filtre- aris Tu ara planetis mizid-
ulobis Zala damokidebuli
maswavleblis wigni

bis muSaoba garemos sawarmoo mavne gamonabolqvisgan dasaca-

mimarTebiTi done
•amyarebs kavSirs ramdenime
ideas Soris
vad), gaaziara magaliTebi sakuTari gamocdilebidan. imaze, Tu sadaa moTavsebuli
sxeuli: haerSi, wyalSi Tu sxva
garemoSi?
• kulonis grexiTi sasworis
garda, rogor gamoiyenebT
sxva mowyobilobas damuxtuli
sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis
Sesaswavlad, muxtis sididisa
da manZilis rolis kvlevis
mizniT?
posteris wardgenisas moswavle sainteresod da SemoqmedebiTad araCveulebrivad gaarTviT
gadmoscems, ra unda vicodeT, rom davinaxoT eleqtrostati- Tavi davalebas. Tqvens Txzu-
kuri gamfrqveviT sargeblobis upiratesobani. aseve, gamokveTs lebaSi gamokveTilia kriteri-
faqtorebs, romlebic eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevis gamoy- umebi:
enebas asabuTebs (kerZod, xsnis, rom damuxtul sxeulebs Soris, • rogor imuxteba sxeulebi da
daumuxtavisgan gansxvavebiT, gravitaciuli mizidvis Zalebis riT aixsneba es movlena, risi
msgavsad, manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulad klebadi da meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben
kontaqtis gareSe Zalebi moqmedebs, Tumca gravitaculisgan damuxtuli wveTebi, romel
gansxvavebiT, es Zalebi SesaZloa ganzidvis xasiaTisac iyos da fizikur sidideebzea damok-
mizidvisac. kargad xsnis, rom kulonis kanoni wertilovani mux- idebuli damuxtul sxeulebs
tebisTvis moqmedebs da gafrqveul wveTebs ganixilavs werti- Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala,
riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba is
lovan muxtebad. maTi ganzidvis ZalebiT xsnis gafrqvevis ufro
gravitaciuli urTierTq-
farTo, efeqtur diapazons). medebisgan, rogor SeiZleba
eleqtrostatikuri velis aR-
wera, razea damokidebuli misi
maxasiaTebeli sidideebi

75
76
multistruqturuli done
• aqvs bevri idea, Tumca ver
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
Tumca, davalebaSi aRaraa ganxiluli erT-erTi kriteriumi, •Tumca, naklebad Cans aqcenti
magaliTad, gare eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebiT gamtaris da kriteriumze - ra fizikur pro-
dieleqtrikis zedapirze muxtis inducirebis procesi, rac cess iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis
gvafiqrebinebs, rom moswavles bolomde kargad ar aqvs gaazre- miaxloeba damuxtulTan da
buli gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis struqturebis daxasiaTeba neitralurTan, ra kavSirSia
es procesebi sadezinfeqcio
da eleqtruli velis gavlena materiis saxeebis - gamtarebisa
siTxis damuxtuli wveTebiT
da dieleqtrikebis - fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis dasamuSavebeli zedapirebis
mizezTa gasaazreblad; ver warmoadgina arsebuli mizez-Sede- ukeT dafarvasTan.
gobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba gamtar da dieleqtrikul gare-
moSi muxtebis gadanawilebis fizikuri procesis aRsawerad da Tu gadaxedavT saxelmZRvane-
dasaxasiaTeblad. los 2.3, 2.4 da 2.5 paragrafebs
da dafiqrdebiT, ra kavSirSia
gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis age-
buleba gare eleqtruli velis
gavlenasTan, ar gagiWirdebaT,
gaiazroT da aRweroT, Tu ra
fizikuri procesi mimdinareobs
gamtarsa da dieleqtrikSi maTi
gare velSi mixvedrisas da ra
mosdevs mas Sedegad.
amis Semdeg girCevT, rom da-
muSavebuli sakiTxi daakav-
SiroT mowodebul resursebTan
da aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi. damuSavebuli masa-
la ki gamoiyenoT Tqveni naambo-
bis dasasabuTeblad.
moswavlem zustad gaigo davalebis arsi da daukavSira mas para- Tqven sworad gaigeT davalebis
grafebSi warmodgenili masala. Tumca, is yuradRebas ar amax- piroba. paragrafebSi mocemuli
vilebs davalebis mTavar ideaze: kerZod, posteris saSualebiT masalac wagikiTxavT da davale-
informacias ver warmogvidgens ise, rom gamoiyenos mecnieru- basTan dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca
li miRwevebi da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebi, gaazrebulad warmoadg- gTxovT, davalebaSi xazgasmiT
gamokveToT, ra kavSirSia ele-
inos materiis saxeebi - veli, gamtarebi da dieleqtrikebi,
qtruli velis daZabuloba am
maTi fizikuri Tvisebebi da cvlilebis mizezebi, ar msjelobs wertilSi moTavsebul muxtze
damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze bune- moqmed eleqtrul ZalasTan da
baSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawe­rad; rogor SeiZleba eleqtruli
maswavleblis wigni
velis TvalsaCinod gamosaxva
amis safuZvelze.
 moswavles aqvs araerTi aso-
ciacia Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, imave
sakiTxTan/mTavar ideasTan da-
kavSirebiT mis mier gadmocemul
ambebs ar aqvs mwyobri, Tanmim-
devruli saxe.
mas SeuZlia ramdenime aspeqtis
ganxilva gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe.
mas SeuZlia CamoTvla, aRwera,
klasificireba, kombinireba;
meTodebis, struqturis gamoy-
eneba; procedurebis Sesrule-
ba, sxv.
77
ver asabuTebs arsebul mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs diele- Tqven sworad gaigeT davalebis
qtrikul garemoSi muxtebis gadanawilebis fizikuri proce- piroba. paragrafebSi mocemuli
sis asaRwerad da dasaxasiaTeblad. masalac wagikiTxavT da davale-
davalebis formac dasaxvewia, kerZod, moswavle aRwers ara basTan dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca
xelsawyos moqmedebis upiratesobas, rogorc es davalebiT gTxovT, davalebaSi xazgasmiT
gamokveToT, ra kavSirSia ele-
moiTxoveba (davalebis I etapi), aramed aJRerebs calkeul
qtruli velis daZabuloba am
winadadebebs sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. wertilSi moTavsebul muxtze
moqmed eleqtrul ZalasTan da
magaliTad:
maswavleblis wigni
rogor SeiZleba eleqtruli ve-
- iazrebs, rom sxeulebis damuxtva SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva- lis TvalsaCinod gamosaxva amis
nairad, magram ver amyarebs kavSirs damuxtvis movlenasa da safuZvelze.
nivTierebis agebulebas Soris
- ambobs, rom rogorc liTonis gamtaris, ise dieleqtrik- amisaTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT
is zedapirze gare eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT aRiZvreba saxelmZRvanelos §2.2. aseve Se-
muxti, magram ver akavSirebs dieleqtrikis agebulebas gare giZliaT gamoiyenoT simulaciu-
eleqtrul velSi dieleqtrikis polarizaciis procesTan ri laboratoriis resursi.
- aRwers eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevis moqmedebas, aCvenebs
SegiZliaT, msmenels isic aux-
sxeulTa damuxtvis cdebs, SeuZlia kulonis kanonze saubari snaT, Tu ra aris saerTo da
da misi gamoyeneba; magram ver akavSirebs damuxtuli sxeulis ganmasxvavebeli wertilovani
garemomcvel sivrceSi Seqmnil eleqtrul vels misi Semqmne- muxtebis urTierTqmedebasa da
li obieqtis TvisebebTan, ver akavSirebs muxtze moqmed Zalas gravitaciuli mizidvis mov-
eleqtruli velis daZabulobasTan. lenebs Soris. amaSi saxelmZR-
vanelos 1.5 da 2.5 paragrafebi
dagexmarebaT.
gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom pos-
teris wardgenisas istoria
saintereso ambis saxiT unda
gadmoices, sadac axsnili iqneba
posterze warmodgenili xel-
sawyos muSaobis mTavari prin-
cipebi, warmoCndeba mecnieruli
codnis gamoyenebis faqtebi ise,
rom is mkiTxvelisTvis/msmenel-
isTvis ufro gasagebi iyos.
78
unistruqturuli done
• aqvs erTi idea
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi
arastruqturirebuli asoci-
acia/warmodgena gansaxilvel
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, misi
msjeloba Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT Semoifargleba
sakvanZo sityvebze an saTaurze
martivi da logikuri reagire-
biT (mag. saTauris perifrazire-
biT)
mas SeuZlia mxolod erTi aspeq-
tis ganxilva da martivi, aSkara
da cxadi kavSirebis damyare-
ba. moswavles SeuZlia termi-
nologiis gamoyeneba, zepirad
gadmocema (gaxseneba), martivi
instruqciebis/algoriTmebis
Sesruleba; perefrazireba,
amocnoba, dasaxeleba an daTvla.
SeZlo Seswavlil sakiTxTagan warmoedgina ramdenime an yvela,
an sxva relevanturi informacia, magram ver daakavSira erTma-
neTTan da, sabolood, am ideebis dakavSirebiT ver axsna faqte-
bi davalebis pirobiT moTxovnil konteqstSi.
moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna posteri, Tumca es Zalian sworad gaigeT
eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevis warmodgenili aRwera zedapi- davalebis piroba, magram
rulia da ar iZleva saSualebas, gagvarkvios movlenis arsSi. Cans, rom Tanmimdevrulad ar
wagikiTxavT saswavlo masala.
moswavles aqvs erTi idea. magaliTad: gTxov, yuradRebiT waikiTxoT:
- ambobs, rom eleqtrostatikur gamfrqvevs iyeneben zedapire-
• rogor urTierTqmedeben
bis sadezinfeqciod, mcenareTa Sesawamlad an zedapirebis
damuxtuli sxeulebi, rogor
SesaRebad da amas damuxtuli sxeulebis mizidvis unari gana­
imuxtebian sxeulebi
pirobebs
• razea damokidebuli damux-
an
tul sxeulTa Soris urTierTq-
- icis, rom damuxtuli sxeulebi miizideba an ganizideba da am-
medebis Zala
itom damuxtuli nawilakebi ukeT faravs dasamuSavebel zeda-
pirs, Tan, SeuZlia damuxtuli sxeulebisTvis kulonis kanonis • ra gansxvavebaa liTonis gam-
Camoyalibeba tarisa da dieleqtrikis age-
an bulebaSi
- daTvalierebuli resursebidan, videorgolebidan gvawvdis
• rogor iqceva liTonis gam-
zogad informacias eleqtrostatikur gamfrqvevze.
tari da rogoria dieleqtrikis
qceva gare eleqtrostatikur
anu SeZlo warmoedgina dasaxelebuli ideebidan erT-erTi an
velSi moTavsebisas
sxva analogiuri idea, magram mxolod erTi.
• daubrundiT paragrafebs: 1.1,
1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5. Seeca-
deT CaataroT saSinao cdebi da
aqtivobebi
Semdeg ki, girCevT, rom Ses-
wavlili sakiTxebi daakavSiroT
mowodebul resursebTan da
aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
maswavleblis wigni
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi.
 prestruqturuli done
• ar aqvs idea
moswavles sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi
informacia.
79
moswavlem ar Seasrula davaleba, ver mixvda, ra aris eleqtro- - gaixseneT, ra gsmeniaT ele-
statikuri gamfrqvevi da rogor SeiZleba misi moqmedebis prin- qtruli urTierTqmedebis
cipis axsna, iyenebs Seusabamo, ararelevantur informacias an/ Sesaxeb. moiZieT informacia
da saerTod acdenilia sakiTxs. mas ar aqvs idea, rogor Seqmnas damuxtuli sxeulebis urT-
posteri da misi demonstrirebisas gasagebad gadmosces damux- ierTqmedebaze, liTonebisa da
tuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis idea. dieleqtrikebis agebulebaze,
saxelmZRvanelodan ixileT
Semdegi paragrafebi: 1.1, 1.2,
1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, Seeca-
maswavleblis wigni
deT CaataroT saSinao cdebi
da aqtivobebi an dafiqrdiT,
saidan SeiZleba gaigoT ufro
meti (mimarTeT mowodebul re-
sursebs, magaliTad, telesko-
lis gakveTils, simulaciebs).
- gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac
damuxtuli sxeulebi urT-
ierTqmedeben. ginaxavT, rogor
ekvris damuxtuli rezinis
buSti kedels an Wers? gamog-
icdiaT mciredi naperwkali
da tkacanis xma sinTetikis
tansacmlis gamoyenebisas
an raime sagnebze Sexebisas?
dagmuxtviaT Tma davarcxnis an
gaSrobis dros?
SeecadeT davaleba am ori
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT
SeasruloT.
80
samizne cnebebi da masTan da-
kavSirebuli mkvidri warmod-
genebi
materia
fiz.sab. 1; fiz.saS. 1 moswavlem
unda gaacnobieros, rom:
1) materiis ori saxis, nivTier-
ebisa da velis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebi damok-
idebulia:
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da
garemo pirobebze.
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis
urTierTmdebareobasa da maT
mier velis Seqmnis unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri
Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi
aixsneba:
kompleqsuri davaleba „faradeis galia~
sakiTxebi/qvesakiTxebi: sakvanZo SekiTxvebi, kompleqsuri davalebis
• eleqtruli veli; romelsac pasuxobs piroba / Sefasebis kriteri-
• superpoziciis principi; davaleba umebi
• gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi; • SeuZlia Tu ara ele-
• dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur qtrul vels yvela
velSi. garemoSi SeRweva?
qvecnebebi:
eleqtruli Zala, daZabuloba, Zalwire-
bi, gavleniT daeleqtroeba, eleqtro-
statikuri induqcia, eleqtrostati-
kuri dacva (ekranireba), polaruli da
arapolaruli dieleqtrikebi, diele-
qtrikuli SeRwevadoba
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi: faradeis galia
I etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis forma 1836 wels
ingliselma
rogor unda warmovaCino Cemi codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakav- fizikosma da
SirebiT? gamomgonebe-
lma maikl
resursi 1: videorgolebi, faradeis galia
faradeim
https://bit.ly/3IBS950 Seqmna
https://bit.ly/3tuSl1x specialuri
MIT Physics Demo -- Faraday's Cage: mowyobiloba
https://bit.ly/36ipiFP eleqtromagni-
turi gamosxive-
resursi 2: faradeis galia da damcavi antistatikuri kombine-
bisgan labora-
zoni
toriis xelsawyoebis
https://bit.ly/3528AtB
dasacavad.
https://bit.ly/3iuT5xy
maswavleblis wigni
 a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis qaosuri moZrao-
biT, erTmaneTTan urTierTq-
medebiT, maT Soris Sualedebis
arsebobiT da samive maTganis
cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obi-
eqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi
ganlagebiT da am obieqtebis
mier mocemuli velis warmoqm-
nis unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri
erTmaneTTan da maTi cvli-
lebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT
Zala
fiz.saS. 3
moswavlem unda gaacnobieros,
rom:
1) sxeulebs Soris urTierTq-
medeba raodenobrivad xasiaT-
deba fizikuri sididiT ZaliT
da igi oTxi sxvadasxva saxisaa
(gravitaciuli, eleqtromagni-
turi, Zlieri, susti). sxeule-
bi yovelTvis urTierTqmede-
ben ormxrivad, uSualo „kon-
taqtiT" an velis meSveobiT.
81
resursi 3: faradeis galiis damzadeba es mowyobiloba aqtualuria
https://bit.ly/37TLQx5 dRemde da mecnieris saxels
atarebs. saubaria faradeis
resursi 4: TviTmfrinavs mexi xSirad ecema. es saSiSia? galiaze.
https://bit.ly/3itCXfJ es damcavi kombinezoni ki
resursi 5: modelireba: maRali Zabvis xazis eleqtri­
kosisTvis Seiqmna, radgan mas
modelireba | https://bit.ly/3wtWnta sadenTan axlos uwevs muSaoba.
es gaxlavT AC maRali Zabvis
resursi 6: ra aris fizika? #teleskola, me-7 wuTidan - ra aris
sadenebTan samuSao damcavi
modeli: https://bit.ly/36yCS7L
tansacmeli: damcavi kostiumi
maswavleblis wigni
aqtivoba 1: resursi 1-is gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebi ganixi- damzadebulia gamtari masalisa
laven videorgolebSi warmodgenil 2 movlenas da msjeloben. da teqstilis boWkos gamoy-
enebiT. is acviaT qvesadguris
aqtivoba 2: resursi 2-is gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebi aRweren, inspeqtorebsa da eleqtroxa-
rogor gamoiyureba faradeis galia da ra msgavseba aqvs mas dam- zis muSakebs, 500KV AC maRali
cav antistatikur kombinezonTan. Zabvis eleqtruli velisgan
dasacavad, akmayofilebs us-
aqtivoba 3: resursi 3-is gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebi msjelo- afrTxoebis (GB/T18136-2008)
ben, rogor SeiZleba daamzadon faradeis galia da ra masala standartebs. maRali Zabvis
dasWirdebaT amisaTvis. sadeni, romlis sigrZe mravali
kilometria, gamorTulic rom
aqtivoba 4: resursi 4-is gacnobis Semdeg moswavleebi msjelo- iyos, sakmaod did statikur
ben, risi codnaa saWiro, rom gaverkveT usafrTxoebis zogierT eleqtrobas agrovebs. msgavsi
aspeqtSi. samosi eleqtroxazis TanamS-
romlebs maRali eleqtruli ve-
lis mavne gavlenisganac icavs.
samizne codnis • ra aris modeli? kompleqti Caketil ekrans qmnis
(deklaratiuli, • raSi gvexmareba raime movlenis modelireba? adamianis sxeulis irgvliv da
• rogor gexmarebaT modeli informaciis ward- eleqtruli velis tansacmlis
pirobiseuli,
genisas? SigniT SeRwevas gamoricxavs. am
proceduruli) tansacmliT xazis eleqtriko-
• ra masala dagWirdebaT faradeis cdebis sade-
konstruirebaze si eleqtrul velSia, magram
monstraciod?
orientirebuli • rogor SeZlebT gamtaris SigniT Tavisufali izolirebuli da saSualeba aqvs
SekiTxvebi eleqtronebis modelirebas? xeliT imuSaos gamtar mowyobi-
qvecnebebi: • rogor SeZlebT eleqtruli velis modelire- lobaze. amrigad, gadamcemi
modeli, posteri, bas? xazis movlaze, vargisianobisa
• ra masala dagWirdebaT faradeis galiis Ses- da efeqturobis gaumjobeseba-
diagrama
aqmnelad?
ze xazis menejeri usafrTxod
zrunavs, momxmareblis momsax-
urebis Seferxebis gareSe.
82
2) sxeulze erTi Zalis an Za-
lebis tolqmedis moqmedeba
iwvevs am sxeulis siCqaris cvl-
ilebas an/da mis deformacias.
Zalis (tolqmedis) moqmedebis
Sedegi damokidebulia mis mod-
ulze, mimarTulebaze, modebis
wertilze, moqmedebis xangr-
Zlivobaze da sxeulis im zeda-
piris farTobze, romelzec
es Zala (tolqmedi) moqmedebs.
Tu gare Zala awarmoebs wnevas
siTxesa an airze, maSin wneva
erTsa da imave doneze yvela
mimarTulebiT erTnairia.
3) sxeulTa sistemaze moqme-
di gare Zalebis tolqmedis
mniSvneloba gansazRvravs am
sistemis energiisa da impulsis
cvlilebas, xolo myar sxeulze
moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedisa
da am Zalebis momentebis jamis
mniSvneloba - sxeulis wonas-
worobis pirobas.
4) sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis)
mdgomareobis aRmweri para-
metrebisa da am mdgomareobis
gamomwvevi Zalis (Zalebis)
erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
II etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarsi Tqveni davalebaa, gamoikvlioT,
nabiji 1: ramdenad mniSvnelovania liTonis gamtarisa da die- ratom araa gare eleqtrostati-
leqtrikis agebulebis Taviseburebebi maTze gare eleqtruli kur velSi moTavsebuli gamtar-
is SigniT eleqtruli veli da
velis gavlenis aRwerisaTvis?
moaxdinoT im procesebis mod-
elireba, gaanalizeba da Sedare-
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo. paragrafebi: ba, romlebic eleqtrostatikur
§1.3 eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi. velSi moTavsebul liTonis gam-
eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni tarsa da dieleqtrikSi xdeba.
§2.1 eleqtruli velis daZabuloba. superpoziciis principi
§2.2 eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi. naxeT videorgoli https://bit.
ly/3ugxIWa da CaatareT msgavsi
cda, moifiqreT, ras gamoi-
yenebT faradeis galiis Ses-
aqmnelad da SeqmeniT faradeis
galia. aCveneT, rom mis SigniT
damuxtuli sxeulis mier Seqm-
nili eleqtrostatikuri veli
marTlac ar moqmedebs galiaSi
moTavsebul sxeulze
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli Seqmnili modelebis saSua­lebiT
xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
veli da potenciali #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r
1) ramdenad mniSvnelovania li-
Tonis gamtarisa da dieleqtrik-
resursi 3: folgis furclebi, mSrali polieTilenis boTli an is agebulebis Taviseburebebi
polieTilenis mili, minis qila TavsaxuriT, gamtari mavTuli, maTze gare eleqtruli velis
izolacia. gavlenis aRwerisaTvis? (mate-
videorgoli - eleqtroskopis damzadeba ria 1, 2).
https://bit.ly/3L3sAvp
resursi 4: simulacia: liTonis da dieleqtrikis agebulebis
modelireba
https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B
maswavleblis wigni
 fizikuri procesi
fiz.saS. 4
moswavlem unda gaacnobi-
eros, rom:
1) yvela fizikur movlenas da
mis damaxasiaTebel process
ganapirobebs mizezi da mohyve- toT eleqtrometri. eleqtrometris Reroze Camocmul sferos
ba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis jer reziniT an plastmasiT SevexoT, Semdeg - liTonis mavTuliT
dadgena ki mecnierebis mTavari da davakvirdeT eleqtrometris isars.
amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis mimdin-
areobis aRsawerad, mecnier-
ebi am movlenebis Sesabamis
fizikur procesebs ikvleven.
TiToeuli procesi xasiaTdeba saTanado pirobiTi niSnebiT da SeTanxmebiT davxatoT konkret-
fizikuri sidideebiT, romel-
Ta urTierTdakavSirebiTac
SesaZlebelia am procesis
aRwera.
3) fizikuri procesebis maxa-
siaTebel fizikur sidideebs
Soris an/da am sidideebsa da
maTi cvlilebis mizezebs So-
ris damokidebuleba SesaZle-
belia aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT,
cxrilebiT an sxva meTodebiT.
83
aqtivoba 1: eleqtroskopis damzadeba. saxelmZRvanelo. gv 20. 2) ra mizezi ganapirobebs
misi moqmedebis principis axsna. daamzadeT xelsawyo. ivaraudeT, eleqtrometris isris gadaxras
ra daemarTeba xelsawyos aluminis (qaRaldis) folgis fur- mis firfitasTan damuxtu-
clebs, Tu polieTilenis damuxtul boTls gausv-gamousvamT li sxeulis miaxloebisas (da
mavTulis Rru sferos? damuxteT polieTilenis boTli da gaus- ara Sexebisas)? risi gavlena
igulisxmeba gavleniT daele-
viT mavTulis sferos, daakvirdiT furclebs.
qtroebis procesSi da raze
aqtivoba 2: cda eleqtroskopiT. saxelmZRvanelo. gv 26. davmux- xdeba gavlenis moxdena? ra
rols asrulebs gavleniT dae-
leqtroebis procesSi TiTis
maswavleblis wigni
Sexeba eleqtroskopis Reroze?
(Zala 1, 2; materia 1, 2; fizikuri
aqtivoba 3: liTonis kristaluri agebulebis TvalsaCino war-
procesi 1, 2).
modgena modelis saxiT (saxelmZRvanelos: gv. 22).
3) ra mizezi ganapirobebs ele-
aqtivoba 4: §2.2 savarjiSoebis amocanebis Sesruleba. qtrostatikur velSi moTavse-
aqtivoba 5: erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebis buli gamtaris SigniT eleq-
modelireba: truli velis arsebobas? ra
msgavsebaa or process Soris
- eleqtrostatikur ekranire-
uli velis suraTi. miRebuli suraTis meSveobiT unda SeiZle-
basa da gavleniT daeleqtroe-
bodes Tqma, sad aris veli Zlieri da sad – susti. agreTve, velis bas Soris? (Zala 1, 2; materia 1,
mocemul wertilSi saiT aris mimarTuli muxtze moqmedi Zala. 2; fizikuri procesi 1, 2)
resursi 6: simulacia „muxti da veli" 4) ra mizezi ganapirobebs
https://bit.ly/3qpkl51 dieleqtrikul garemoSi ele-
aqtivoba 6: gaxseniT simulacia „muxti da veli". qtruli velis Sesustebas
vakuumTan SedarebiT? ratom
ar qreba dieleqtrikis SigniT
gare eleqtrostatikuri veli
srulad, gamtaris msgavsad?
(Zala 1, 2; materia 1, 2; fizikuri
procesi 1, 2).
5) razea damokidebuli ele-
SearCieT muxti ekranis qveda mxares moTavsebuli panelidan da
TagviT gadaitaneT samuSao Sav areze. marjvena zeda kuTxeSi qtrostatikuri velis Zaluri
ToliaTi moniSneT "Electric Field" (eleqtruli veli). Tu moniSnavT maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva gare-
moSi - vakuumSi, sxvadasxvagvar
"Direction only" (mxolod mimarTuleba), ekranze Tqven mier arCeu-
dieleqtrikul garemoSi, gam-
li muxtis velis daZabulobis mxolod mimarTulebebs dainaxavT. taris SigniT da gareT? (Zala
1, 2; materia 1, 2; fizikuri
procesi 1, 2)
84
Tu am ujras ar moniSnavT, Tqven velis Sesustebis suraTsac
dainaxavT TvalsaCinod, muxtidan manZilis zrdis mixedviT.
yviTeli feris "Sensors" gamoiyeneba velis nebismier wertilSi
daZabulobis veqtoris modulisa da mimarTulebis saCveneblad.

simulaciis gamoyenebisaTvis gamogadgebaT videoresursi:

https://bit.ly/3ukJQW6
samizne codnis • rogor nivTierebebs uwodeben gam-
(deklaratiuli, tarebs? riT aris ganpirobebuli am niv-
pirobiseuli, Tierebebis kargi eleqtrogamtaroba?
proceduruli) • gaixseneT, rogori agebuleba aqvs li-
konstruirebaze Tonis gamtars?
orientirebuli • ra aris kristaluri meseri? ra aris
SekiTxvebi ganlagebuli mis kvanZebSi?
• rogor nivTierebebs uwodeben diele-
qvecneba - ele- qtrikebs? riT aris ganpirobebuli am
qtruli Zala, nivTierebebis cudi eleqtrogamtaro-
daZabuloba, Zal- ba?
wirebi, gavleniT • rogoria Tavisufali eleqtronebis
daeleqtroeba, koncentracia liTonSi? dieleqtrikSi?
eleqtrostati- • ra kavSirSia dadebiTi ionebisa da
kuri induqcia, Tavisufali eleqtronebis raodenoba
eleqtrosta- liTonSi?
tikuri dacva • rogor moaxden liTonis gamtaris age-
(ekranireba bulebis modelirebas?
• damuxtulia Tu ara liToni Cveulebriv
mdgomareobaSi?
• ra SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba liToni da-
muxtuli?
• ra aris eleqtroskopi da rogoria misi
moqmedebis principi?
• ras miuTiTebs furclebis gaSla? gamoi-
taneT daskvna SemCneuli movlenidan.
maswavleblis wigni
 • ra moxda mavTulze xelis Sexebisas? ax-
seniT SemCneuli movlena. ras miuTiTebs
es faqti?
• Tqveni varaudiT, ra moxdeba, Tu damux-
tul gamtar sferos iseTsave daumuxtav
sferos SevaxebT?
• ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul sxeuls gam-
tariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
maswavleblis wigni

• Tqveni azriT, damuxtuli da daumuxta-

vi sxeulebis an damuxtuli sxeulebis
erTmaneTTan Sexebisas Seicvleba Tu ara
sxeulebis saerTo muxti? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
• Tqveni azriT, rogor SeiZleba davadgi-
noT eleqtruli velis arseboba?
• ra ZaliT moqmedebs eleqtruli veli mas-
Si moTavsebul q muxtze? Seadare Zalas,
romliTac dedamiwa moqmedebs mis zeda-
pirTan axlos myof sxeulze.
• rogoria eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul q
muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba, Tu es
muxti dadebiTia? uaryofiTia?
• rogori damokidebulebaa q muxtsa da mis
mier Seqmnili velis romelime wertilSi
Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmed Zalas
Soris?
• damokidebulia Tu ara sacdel muxtze
moqmedi Zalis Sefardeba sacdeli muxtis
sidideze? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
• rogor icvleba velis daZabulobis mod-
uli muxtidan daSorebis mixedviT? ro-
gor gamoisaxeba eleqtruli velis ganaw-
ileba sivrceSi TvalsaCinod? moiyvaneT
magaliTebi.

85
86
• Tqveni varaudiT, Caketilia Tu ara
eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi? SesaZleb-
lad migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Zalwirebma
erTmaneTi gadakveTon? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
• Tu liTonis gamtars gare erTgvarovan
eleqtrostatikur velSi movaTavsebT,
ra ZaliT imoqmedebs es veli Tavisufal
eleqtronebze? ionebze?
• ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs? ionebs?

nabiji 2
ra mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtroskopis isris gadaxras mis firf-
itasTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas (da ara Sexebisas)? risi
gavlena igulisxmeba gavleniT daeleqtroebis procesSi da raze
xdeba gavlenis moxdena? ra rols asrulebs gavleniT daeleqtro-
ebis procesSi TiTis Sexeba eleqtroskopis Reroze?
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§1.4 gavleniT daeleqtroeba. eleqtruli muxti da elementaruli
nawilakebi.
resursi 2: simulaciebi:
• eleqtroskopis damuxtva gavleniT:
https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV
• muxtis gadanawileba damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas liTonSi:
https://bit.ly/3ir00b9
resursi 3: xanis akademia: eleqtrostatikuri ekranireba. far-
adeis galia
https://bit.ly/3IyJZKO

aqtivoba 1: gaarCieT amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi, gv. 24: rogor gan-

vsazRvroT sxeulis muxtis niSani ebonitis Reros, maudis naWris
da eleqtroskopis meSveobiT? imsjeleT aRwerili movlenis Tao-
baze. resursi: eleqtroskopi, minisa da ebonitis joxebi, maudis/
maswavleblis wigni

abreSumis naWeri, mSrali polieTilenis boTli

 aqtivoba 2: §1.3-is momdevno saSinao cdis Catareba da Sedegebze
msjeloba. saxelmZRvanelo, gv 25
aqtivoba 3: §1.4 gv 27 izolirebul sadgamze
damagrebuli eleqtrulad neitraluri
liTonis ori sfero erTmaneTs exeba.
sferoebs miuaxloes damuxtuli Rero da
Semdeg sferoebi erTmaneTs daaSores.
damuxtulia Tu ara sferoebi?
maswavleblis wigni

ra niSnis muxtiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

aqtivoba 4: §1.6-is bolos (gv. 36) mocemuli `kiTxvebi, amocanebi,
testebidan~ Sesabamisi amocanebis ganxilva.
mag.: 1,2 da sxva.

samizne codnis • ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu ele-

(deklaratiuli, qtroskopis gamtar sferos miuaxloebT
pirobiseuli, (ar SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul
proceduruli) boTls. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi?
konstruirebaze gaiSleba misi furclebi?
orientirebuli • boTlis moSorebis Semdeg, ra daemarTe-
SekiTxvebi ba furclebs? damuxtuli iyo ele-
qtroskopi?
qvecneba- ele-
• eleqtroskops isev miuaxloeT da-
qtruli Zala,
muxtuli sxeuli da mis Reros SeexeT
daZabuloba,Zal-
TiTiT. ras amCnevT? moaSoreT TiTi.
wirebi, gavleniT
ras amCnevT? moaSoreT eleqtroskops
daeleqtroeba,
damuxtuli sxeuli. ras amCnevT?
eleqtrostatiku-
ri induqcia, ele- • daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxe-
qtrostatikuri ulTan Sexebis gareSe? cda ramdenjerme
dacva (ekranireba) CaatareT. SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb
CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT, axsnaT.

87
88
• ra cvlilebebs ganicdis gamtarebi da-
muxtuli sxeulebis eleqtrul velSi?
axseniT, ratom?
• ra SeamCnieT eleqtroskopis furclebs
damuxtuli boTlis sferosTan miax-
loebisas?
• damuxtulia Tu ara eleqtroskopi? ro-
gor SeamowmebT pasuxis marTebulobas?
• axseniT, ratom gaiSala eleqtroskopis
furclebi damuxtuli sxeulis miax-
loebisas?
• axseniT, ratom CamoeSva eleqtroskopis
furclebi damuxtuli sxeulis moSore-
bisas?
• roca eleqtroskopis sferosTan axlos
damuxtuli boTlia, misi furclebi gaS-
lilia. ra emarTeba furclebs sferos-
Tan TiTis SexebiT? TiTis mocilebis
Semdeg? damuxtulia Tu ara am dros
eleqtroskopi? rogor SeamowmebT
varaudis marTebulobas?
• ra niSnis muxtiT daimuxta ele-
qtroskopi?
• moifiqreT da aRwereT cda, romliTac
daadgenT damuxtul sxeulebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebule-
bas maT Soris manZilze. daasabuTeT
Tqveni mosazrebis marTebuloba da
SeamowmeT cdiT.
maswavleblis wigni
 • eleqtroskopis Reros eleqtronebs
rom SeeZloT, wavidodnen uaryofiT-
ad damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas
kidev ufro Sors?
• gamtaria Tu ara adamianis sxeuli?
• Tu eleqtroskopis Reros masTan miax-
loebul uaryofiTad damuxtul sxeuls
jer ar davaSorebT da TiTs SevaxebT
maswavleblis wigni

eleqtroskopis Reros, miecemaT Tu ara

amiT saSualeba eleqtroskopis Reros
eleqtronebs, rom datovon Rero da
Cvens TiTze gadavidnen? ratom?
• Tu am dros mas jer TiTs movacilebT,
romeli saxis muxtebi aRmoCndeba masze
(Reroze) Warbad?
• Tu axla uaryofiTad damuxtul sxeul-
sac movacilebT, ra moxdeba?
• ra moxda eleqtroskopis liTonis
ReroSi masTan uaryofiTad damuxtuli
sxeulis miaxloebisas?
• rogor, risi saSualebiT imoqmeda
uaryofiTad damuxtulma sxeulma ele-
qtroskopis Reros muxtebze - Cven xom
ar Segvixia is Reroze?
• axseniT gavleniT daeleqtroebis pro-
cesi eleqtroskopis RerosTan dadeb-
iTad damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebis
SemTxvevaSi.

89
90
nabiji 3. ra mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtrostatikur velSi
moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli velis ararsebobas?
ra msgavsebaa am or process - eleqtrostatikur ekranirebasa da
gavleniT daeleqtroebas Soris?

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§2.3 gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
§2.3-is momdevno amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi: damuxtuli burTu-
la gamtari Rru sferos SigniT:
1. daumuxtav Rru gamtar sferos SigniT Seitanes dadebiTad da-
muxtuli burTula.
a. gaCndeba Tu ara muxtebi sferoze?
b. sad iarsebebs eleqtruli veli?
g. ra moxdeba, Tu burTulas mdebareobas SevucvliT?
2. rogor Seicvleba damuxtuli burTulisa da qaRaldis urT-
ierTmizidulobis Zala, Tu liTonis badeTi SemovsazRvravT
a. burTulas? b. qaRalds?
resursi 2: https://bit.ly/37S7bHh
resursi 3: muxti da eleqtruli veli Rru gamtaris SigniT - You-
Tube videorgoli „Charge and Electric Field of a Hollow Conductor"
https://bit.ly/3twxXNS
resursi 4: simulacia, liTonis bade
https://bit.ly/3D1X26a
resursi 5:
• eleqtrostatikuri induqcia:
https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf
• Warbi muxtis ganawileba gamtar zedapirze:
https://bit.ly/3isQrbG
maswavleblis wigni
 aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo. gv.47 suraTze liTonis firfitaSi
eleqtronebi sqematuradaa gamosaxuli. momdevno suraTze ki –
eleqtruli veli. ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs, Tu firfitas
eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT? varaudi msjelobiT daasabuTeT.
maswavleblis wigni

aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 49 liTonis badis orive mxares

miamagreT Txeli qaRaldis zolebi. damuxteT liTonis bade plas-
tmasis milis gamoyenebiT. mieciT mas sxvadasxva forma: gaWimeT,
morkaleT, mieciT cilindris forma. daakvirdiT furclebis
gadaxras. SeadareT eleqtroskopis furclebis gadaxris movle-
nas.
aqtivoba 3: daamzadeT velis „aRmomCeni" mcire sxeuli, arasi-
metriuli, gamoWeriT isris formis - magaliTad, wamlis abebis
SefuTvisagan da dakideT abreSumis Zafze. gaawonasworeT. miuax-
loveT damuxtuli mSrali polieTilenis boTli. sxeuli „miyveba"
boTls. Tu boTls mis irgvliv amoZravebT, sxeuli brunavs Zafze.
Semdeg cariel, mSrali Rru aluminis qilaSi moaTavseT es sxeuli
frTxilad, centrSi, ise, rom kedlebs ar Seexos (ukeTesia, ke-
dlebs Signidan Txeli drekadi muyao gamoakraT. aluminis qilas
xeliT nu daiWerT, izolatorze, magaliTad, xeze moaTavseT da
ise imoqmedeT. SeamowmeT, isev imoqmedebs damuxtuli polieTile-
nis boTli sakidze dakidul „isarze" Tu ara.
aqtivoba SeadareT resurss: videorgoli https://bit.ly/3L33OeQ
aqtivoba 4: erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebis
modelireba, masSi moTavsebuli liTonis gamtaris eleqtronebisa
da ionebis „qcevis" modelireba, inducirebuli eleqtruli velis
Zalwirebis modelireba da gare da Sida velis superpoziciis
modelireba.

91
92
samizne codnis • rogor gamoisaxeba ZalwirebiT erTg-
(deklaratiuli, varovani eleqtrostatikuri veli?
pirobiseuli, • ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs da
proceduruli) ionebs, Tu gamtars gare erTgvarovan
konstruirebaze eleqtrostatikur velSi movaTavsebT?
orientirebuli • rodemde gagrZeldeba muxtis gadanaw-
SekiTxvebi ilebis procesi?
• daimuxteba mTliani gamtari Tu ara?
qvecneba - ele- gamtaris romeli ubani daimuxteba? ra
qtruli Zala, moxdeba am dros, Tu gamtars gavWriT?
daZabuloba, Zal- • rogor moaxdenT gare erTgvarovan
wirebi, gavleniT eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli
daeleqtroeba, liTonis gamtaris SigniT inducirebu-
eleqtrostatiku- li eleqtruli velis modelirebas?
ri induqcia, ele- • risi tolia gamtaris SigniT eleqtru-
qtrostatikuri li velis daZabuloba sabolood?
dacva (ekranireba) • gvaqvs Tu ara eleqtrostatikur velSi
moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtru-
li veli, Tu
a) es gamtari daumuxtavia?
b) es gamtari damuxtulia?
• rogor nawildeba Warbi muxti, Tu gam-
tari damuxtulia? rogor nawildeba
Warbi muxti arawesieri geometriuli
formis sxeulebze?
• gamosaxeT liTonis dadebiTad damux-
tuli sferos daZabulobis wirebi.
• gamosaxeT wertilovani muxtis Zal-
wirebi.
• SeadareT wina 2 erTmaneTs da dawereT
orivesTvis velis daZabulobis gamo-
saTvleli formulebi.
maswavleblis wigni
 • wonasworobaSia Tu ara muxtebi da-
muxtuli gamtaris zedapirze?
• rogor mimarTulebas adgens daZabu-
loba gamtaris zedapirTan?
• daZabulobas rom zedapiris gaswvrivi
mdgenelic hqondes, ra mouvidodaT
muxtebs zedapirze?
• gamosaxeT dadebiTad damuxtuli us-
asrulo sibrtyis eleqtruli velis
maswavleblis wigni

daZabulobis wirebi.

nabiji 4.
• ra ganapirobebs vakuumTan SedarebiT dieleqtrikul garemoSi
eleqtruli velis Sesustebas? ratom ar qreba dieleqtrikis
SigniT gare eleqtrostatikuri veli srulad, gamtaris msgavsad?
• razea damokidebuli eleqtrostatikuri velis Zaluri maxasiaT-
ebeli sxvadasxva garemoSi - vakuumSi, sxvadasxvagvar dieleqtri-
kul garemoSi, gamtaris SigniT da gareT?

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§2.4 dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi. ori saxis dieleqtriki
§2.5. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli veli
gamtarsa da dieleqtrikebSi #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb
resursi 3: simulacia, gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis agebulebis
mode­lirebahttps://bit.ly/3qsmj4B
resursi 4: simulacia, wylis polaruli molekulebis qceva
https://bit.ly/3IvSjL9

resursi 5: videorgoli qarTul enaze: https://bit.ly/3KVFgEl

93
94
SeniSvna: resursi aRebulia „axali skolis modelis" masalebidan.

aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 52, moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTil-

isaTvis:
varaudis gamoTqma eleqtroskopis furclebis gaSlis Taobaze mis
RerosTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas, cdiT dadastureba.

aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 53 cda: damuxtuli eleqtrome-

tris Reroze daamagreT liTonis disko, miuaxloveT daumuxtavi
dieleqtriki, magaliTad, polieTilenis boTli. SeamCnevT, rom
eleqtrometris isari odnav daeSva.

aqtivoba 3: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 55, moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTil-

isaTvis:
varaudis gamoTqma eleqtruli dipolis eleqtrul velSi qcevis
Taobaze. sqematurad gamosaxva.
samizne codnis • ra gansxvavebaa liTonsa da dieleqtrik-
(deklaratiuli, Si Tavisufali eleqtronebis koncen-
pirobiseuli, traciaSi?
proceduruli) • dieleqtrikis eleqtrul velSi moTavse-
konstruirebaze bisas ramdenad sagrZnobi iqneba Tavi-
orientirebuli sufali eleqtronebis gadaadgilebiT
SekiTxvebi gamowveuli efeqti?
• damuxtuli eleqtrometris Reroze
qvecneba - po- damagrebul liTonis diskosTan dau-
laruli da muxtavi dieleqtrikis, magaliTad, po-
lieTilenis boTlis miaxloebisas ele-
arapolaruli
qtrometris isari odnav daeSva. rogor
dieleqtrikebi,
Seicvala jamurad diskos, isrisa da Re-
dieleqtrikuli
ros eleqtruli muxti (ar SevxebivarT)?
SeRwevadoba
• rogor Seicvala diskos eleqtruli
muxti? rogor Seicvala isrisa da Reros
eleqtruli muxti?
maswavleblis wigni
 • ratom gamoiwvia diskos muxtis gadideba da
isrisa da Reros muxtis Semcireba diskosTan
daumuxtavi dieleqtrikis miaxloebam?
• eleqtroskopis damuxtuli diskos mier Seqm-
nilma eleqtrul velma moaxdina Tu ara gavlena
miaxloebul dieleqtrikze? Tavad dieleqtrikma
moaxdina Tu ara gavlena diskos SigniT muxtebis
gadanawilebaze?
maswavleblis wigni

• Seqmna Tu ara eleqtruli veli Tavad diele-

qtrikmac, roca is diskos eleqtrul velSi
aRmoCnda?
• ra aris arapolaruli da polaruli dieleqtri-
ki?
• ra aris eleqtruli dipoli? rogor SegviZlia
warmovadginoT modelis saxiT polaruli die-
leqtrikis molekulebi ?
• rogor mdgomareobaSia molekulebi nivTierebis
SigniT? rogori ganlageba eqnebaT dipolur
molekulebs polarul dieleqtrikSi?
• qmnis Tu ara eleqtrul vels dieleqtrikis Sig-
niT eleqtruli dipolebi?
• ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtrul dipols eleqtrul
velSi movaTavsebT?
• rogor aCvenebT modelze erT dipolze moqmed
Zalebs gare eleqtruli velis mxridan?
• rogor moaxdenT dieleqtrikis eleqtruli di-
polebis qcevis modelirebas eleqtrul velSi
maTi aRmoCenisas?
• ra aris polarizacia?
• yvela dipoli ganlagdeba Tu ara eleqtruli
velis gaswvriv? ratom?

95
96
• rogor gamosaxavT eleqtrul velSi moTavse-
buli dieleqtrikis dipolebis qcevasa da ori-
entirebas dieleqtrikis SigniT, roca is gare
eleqtrul velSia?
• aRiZvreba Tu ara dieleqtrikis zedapirze mux-
ti?
• gveqneba Tu ara eleqtruli veli dieleqtrikis
SigniT?
• riT gansxvavdeba dieleqtrikis polarizaciis
procesi gamtaris mier inducirebuli velis Se-
qmnis procesisagan? ra msgavsebaa am or process
Soris?
• ras gviCvenebs garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwev-
adoba?
• rogor Seicvleba dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli we-
tilovani muxtisa da gamtari damuxtuli sferos
mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba?
• rogor Seicvleba 2 wertilovani muxtis urT-
ierTqmedebis Zala dieleqtrikSi?
• risi tolia haeris dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba?
• mniSvnelovania Tu ara haeris gavlena muxtebis
urTierTqmedebis Zalaze?
• aris Tu ara msoflio mizidulobis Zala damok-
idebuli im garemos Tvisebebze, romelSic urT-
ierTmimzidavi sxeulebia moTavsebuli?
• ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa msoflio mizidulo-
bis kanonsa da kulonis kanons Soris?
maswavleblis wigni
 •
maswavleblis SekiTxvebi moswavleebisTvis kom-
pleqsur davalebaze muSaobisa da wardgenisas:

• aRwereT, rogor warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis

procesi.
• aRwereT Seqmnili produqti.
• ra sakiTxs Seexeba momzadebuli davaleba?
maswavleblis wigni

• axseniT, ratom SeqmeniT faradeis galia?

• Tqveni azriT, vin unda dainteresdes Sesrule-
buli kompleqsuri davalebiT da ratom?
• ra dabrkolebebs waawydiT davalebaze muSao-
bisas?
• ras gaakeTebdiT sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebdeT
davalebaze muSaobas?
• Tqveni azriT, riT hgavs Tqveni naSromi Tanak-
laselTa naSromebs da riT gansxvavdeba maTgan?

97
98
warmogidgenT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis gazomvis magaliTs kompleqsuri davalebisaTvis „faradeis galia"

miRwevis done aRweriloba komentari

(kriteriumi) ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gavakeTe amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles (ganma-
safuZvelze viTarebeli Sefasebis magaliTi)

abstraqtuli done moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna faradeis galiis mod- mSvenivrad gaarTviT Tavi
• SeuZlia ideebis integrireba eli, romlis saSualebiT TvalsaCinod aCvena, rogor nawildeba davalebas. Tqveni naSromidan
Warbi muxti gamtaris zedapirze; gaiazra, rom gamtaris SigniT Cans, rom siRrmiseulad gaiaz-
moswavle kompleqsu- ar arsebobs eleqtruli veli; warmogvidgina analogiuri pro- reT:
ri davalebis saSualebiT cesebi da axsna, rom eleqtrostatikuri induqciis movlena li-
Tonis gamtaris gansakuTrebuli agebulebiTaa ganpirobebuli, - liTonis gamtarisa da diele-
gamokveTil magaliTebze
aseve, sakiTxis ufro zogadi kuTxiT warmosaCenad, axsna die- qtrikis agebulebis Tavisebu-
dayrdnobiT urTierTdakav- leqtrikebis qcevac gare eleqtrul velSi da dieleqtrikuli rebebi maTze gare eleqtruli
Sirebulad msjelobs sagnis garemos gavlena eleqtrostatikur velze. man gansxvavebuli velis gavlenis aRwerisaTvis;
farglebSi gamokveTil ramden- interpretaciiT gadmosca gamtaris zedapirze Warbi muxtis
ime/yvela samizne cnebaze. ukav- ganawilebisa da eleqtroskopis gavleniT daeleqtroebis - gavleniT daeleqtroebis
Sirebs kompleqsuri davalebis procesi (mag.: xeli da eleqtroskopis liTonis sfero erTian procesSi nivTierebisa da ve-
saSualebiT gamokveTil mocem- gamtarad ganixila). sainteresod warmoadgina faradeis galiis lis Tvisebebis roli;
ulobas pirad gamocdilebas da nairsaxeoba - liTonis Rru sfero da ganixila mis SigniT da
sxva cxovrebiseul situaciebs. gareT mTavsebuli damuxtuli sxeulis eleqtruli veli, rome- - eleqtrostatikuri dacvis
lic aseve metad TvalsaCinod gamosaxa. ganixila Rru sferos mTavari aspeqtebi da msgavseba/
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs SigniT arsebuli muxti qmnis Tu ara sferos gareT vels da misi gansxvaveba or process - ele-
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi / ar- sxvadasxva mdebareoba axdens Tu ara mis gareT velze gavlenas. qtrostatikur ekranirebasa
sferos gareT arsebuli muxtis veli TvalsaCinod warmoadgina da gavleniT daeleqtroebas
sobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac mas
Zalwirebis saxiT. Soris;
am codnis ganzogadebis / sxva
msgavs magaliTebTan Sedarebis statiidan Cans, rom moswavle flobs masalas gamtarebisa da - vakuumTan SedarebiT diele-
saSualebas aZlevs. ukavSirebs dieleqtrikebis qcevis Taobaze eleqtrul velSi da gaazrebu- qtrikul garemoSi eleqtruli
gansaxilvel sakiTxs sakuTar li aqvs is samizne cnebis konteqstSi; kerZod: amJRavnebs cod- velis Sesustebis mizezebi da
pirad gamocdilebas. nas, rom eleqtrul velSi am gansxvavebuli nivTierebebis qceva es procesic kargad SeadareT
maT maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli (samizne cneba „materia"), eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul
aseve, eleqtruli velis Zaluri maxasiaTeblis codnas. mag.: liTonis gamtarSi mimdinare
adekvaturad axsenebs terminebs: „eleqtruli Zala", „daZabu- movlenebs;
loba", „Zaluri maxasiaTebeli" (samizne cneba „Zala"), amyarebs
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs gamtarsa da dieleqtrikSi gareSe
velis gavleniT mimdinare procesebs Soris (samizne cneba
maswavleblis wigni

„fizikuri movlena/procesi").
 moswavles SeuZlia struqturis
ganzogadeba mocemulis/SeTava-
zebulis miRma, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva kuTx-
idan/TvalTaxedviT da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
SeuZlia ganzogadeba, hipoTezis
wamoyeneba, kritika an Teoriis
Ca­moyalibeba.
99
moswavlem eleqtrostatikuri dacvis gamoyenebis ukeT war- - razea damokidebuli eleqtro-
mosaCenad moiZia da moiyvana sxva magaliTebic (vTqvaT, TviTm- statikuri velis Zaluri maxas-
frinavebis da avtomobilebis korpusi, mexamridis magaliTi, iaTebeli sxvadasxva garemoSi -
specialuri eleqtrostatikuri samajuri mikrosqemebTan vakuumSi, sxvadasxvagvar die-
muSaobisas, benzinmzidi avtomobilebis specialuri jaWvi, leqtrikul garemoSi, gamtaris
romelic miwas exeba) da sakuTari gamocdilebidan moiyvana SigniT da gareT.
magaliTebi.
gTxovT, gaixsenoT fizikidan,
an piradi cxovrebidan mag-
aliTebi, romlebic modelTan
maswavleblis wigni
mimarTebiT gamokveTil ni-
uansebs ukavSirdeba:
• raime sxva movlenas an
process xom ar gagonebT gam-
taris an dieletrikis SigniT
gare eleqtrostatikur velSi
mimdinare procesebi?
• romel urTierTqmedebas
gagonebT damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedeba, raSia msgavse-
ba da gansxvaveba?
• riT gansxvavdeba TqvenTvis
cnobili materiis sxva saxeebi
eleqtrostatikuri velisagan,
aris Tu ara planetis mizid-
ulobis Zala damokidebuli
imaze, haerSia moTavsebuli
sxeuli, wyalSi Tu sxva raime
garemoSi?
100
mimarTebiTi done modelis wardgenisas moswavle sainteresod da SemoqmedebiTad Tqven araCveulebrivad gaarT-
• amyarebs kavSirs ramdenime gadmoscems, Tu ra unda vicodeT imisaTvis, rom SevZloT ele- viT Tavi davalebas. Tqvens
ideas Soris qtruli velis zemoqmedebisagan Tavis dacva, SevimuSaoT sta- TxzulebaSi gamokveTilia kri-
tikuri eleqtrobisagan dacvis meTodi. modelis wardgenisas teriumebi:
moswavle mwyobrad da Tanmim- gamokveTs faqtorebs, romlebic am mizniT personaluri far- • ramdenad mniSvnelovania
devrulad gadmoscems samizne adeis galiis - damcavi kombinezonis gamoyenebas ganapirobebs liTonis gamtaris agebulebis
cnebasTan dakavSirebul isto- (kerZod, xsnis, rom gare eleqtrul velSi liTonis gamtarebSi Taviseburebebi masze gare ele-
riebs. urTierTdakavSirebu- muxtis gadanawilebis procesi mimdinareobs, cnobili eleqtro- qtruli velis gavlenis aRwer-
lad msjelobs samizne cnebis statikuri induqciis saxeliT, gasagebad xsnis am process, misi isaTvis;
arsobriv maxasiaTeblebze. TvalsaCino warmodgenisaTvis gvitarebs cdas eleqtroskopiT, • ra mizezi ganapirobebs ele-
gamokveTs kompleqsuri gvixsnis, ra saerToa eleqtroskopis gavleniT daeleqtroebis qtrostatikur velSi moTavse-
davalebis Sefasebis krite- processa da eleqtrostatikuri dacvis ideas Soris, gviCvenebs buli gamtaris SigniT eleq-
riumebis saSualebiT gansaz- gamtaris Sida da gare zedapirze muxtis ganawilebis suraTs, truli velis ararsebobas;
Rvrul niuansebs. gvixsnis, rogor SegviZlia gamoviyenoT praqtikulad mecnieru- • ra msgavsebaa or process
li azri da miRweva). Soris - eleqtrostatikur
moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros ekranirebasa da gavleniT dae-
kavSiri ramdenime aspeqts So- Tumca, davalebaSi aRaraa ganxiluli erT-erTi kriteriumi, leqtroebas Soris.
ris, agreTve isic, Tu rogor magaliTad, dieleqtrikis polarizaciis procesi. es gvafiqre- 6) Tumca, naklebad Cans aqcen-
ergeba/Seexameba es aspeqtebi binebs, rom moswavles bolomde kargad ar aqvs gaazrebuli ti kriteriumze - ramdenad
erTmaneTs da qmnis mTels, nivTierebaTa Semadgeneli struqtura, velebis maxasiaTebeli mniSvnelovania dieleqtrikis
mTlianobas. misi naazrevi das- parametrebi da maTi gavlena materiis saxeebis fizikur Tvise- agebulebis Taviseburebebi
truqturebulia da amgvarad, bebsa da maT cvlilebaze, arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSire- masze gare eleqtruli velis
moswavles aqvs imis unari, biT saTanadod ver aRwers da axasiaTebs dieleqtrikul garemo- gavlenis aRwerisaTvis, ra
rom Seadaros, daakavSiros, Si muxtebis gadanawilebis fizikur process. ganapirobebs eleqtruli velis
gaaanalizos, gamoiyenos Teo- Sesustebas dieleqtrikul
ria, axsnas sakiTxi mizezebisa garemoSi vakuumTan SedarebiT,
da Sedegebis kuTxiT. ratom ar qreba dieleqtrikis
SigniT gare eleqtrostati-
kuri veli srulad, gamtaris
msgavsad.
maswavleblis wigni
 multistruqturuli done
• aqvs bevri idea, Tumca ver
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
moswavles aqvs araerTi aso-
ciacia Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, imave
sakiTxTan/mTavar ideasTan da- bi da maTi cvlilebis mizezebi, arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebiT mis mier gadmoce-
mul ambebs ar aqvs mwyobri,
Tanmimdevruli saxe.
mas SeuZlia ramdenime aspeqtis modelis muSaobis princips, rogorc es modelis aRweraSi
ganxilva gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe.
mas SeuZlia CamoTvla, aRwera, magaliTad:
klasificireba, kombinireba;
meTodebis, struqturis gam-
oyeneba; procedurebis Ses-
ruleba, sxv.
101
moswavlem zustad gaigo davalebis arsi da daukavSira mas Tu ixilavT §2.4 da §2.5 saxelm­
paragrafebSi warmodgenili masala. Tumca, is yuradRebas ZRvaneloSi da dafiqrdebiT, ra
ar amaxvilebs davalebis mTavar ideaze: kerZod, modelis kavSirSia dieleqtrikis moleku-
saSualebiT, ver warmoaCens, rom iyenebs mecnierul miRweveb- lis agebuleba gare eleqtruli
sa da kvleviT unar-Cvevebs, raTa daaxasiaTos nivTierebaTa velis gavlenasTan, ar gagiWirde-
Semadgeneli struqtura da imsjelos velebis maxasiaTebel baT, gaiazroT da aRweroT, Tu ra
parametrebze, gaiazros materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebe- fizikuri procesi mimdinareobs
dieleqtrikSi misi gare velSi mix-
kavSirebiT ver aRwers da axasiaTebs muxtebis gadanawilebis vedrisas da ra Sedegi mosdevs mas.
maswavleblis wigni
fizikur process.
amis Semdeg girCevT, rom da-
davalebis formac dasaxvewia, kerZod, moswavle ver aRwers muSavebuli sakiTxi daakavSiroT
mowodebul resursebTan da
unda iyos (amas emsaxureba davalebis I etapi), aramed aJRerebs aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
calkeul winadadebebs sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi, damuSavebuli masala
- iazrebs, rom eleqtrul velSi eleqtronebs SeuZliaT Tavi- ki gamoiyenoT Tqveni naambobis
suflad gadaadgileba, icis maTze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis dasasabuTeblad.
mimarTulebis dadgena, magram ver amyarebs kavSirs konk- Tqven sworad gaige davalebis
retul wertilSi eleqtruli velis daZabulobis veqtoris piroba. paragrafebSi mocemuli
mimarTulebasa da am wertilSi moTavsebul muxtze moqmed masalac wagikiTxavT da davale-
eleqtrul Zalas Soris; basTan dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca,
- ambobs, rom dieleqtriki amcirebs eleqtruli velis daZabu- gTxovT, davalebaSi xazgasmiT
lobas, wers formulebs dieleqtrikuli garemosTvis, magram gamokveToT, ra kavSirSia ele-
ver akavSirebs dieleqtrikul SeRwevadobas gare eleqtrul qtruli velis daZabuloba am
velSi dieleqtrikis polarizaciis procesTan, ver adarebs wertilSi moTavsebul muxtze
gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis qcevas gare eleqtrul velSi; moqmed eleqtrul ZalasTan da
- aRwers faradeis galias, warmoadgens misi damcav moqmede- rogor SeiZleba eleqtruli
bas, aCvenebs cdebs eleqtroskopiT, magram ver akavSirebs mas velis TvalsaCinod gamosaxva amis
eleqtrostatukuri induqciis movlenasTan; ver gamokveTs, safuZvelze.
ra kavSirSia eleqtroskopis induqciiT damuxtvis procesi
gare eleqtrul velSi liTonis gamtaris SigniT mimdinare amisaTvis SegiZliaT mimarToT
procesTan. §2.2-s saxelmZRvaneloSi. aseve Se-
giZliaT gamoiyenoT simulaciuri
Seswavlil sakiTxTagan SeZlo warmoedgina ramdenime an yvela
laboratoriis resursi.
an sxva relevanturi informaciac, magram ver daakavSira erT-
maneTTan da, sabolood, ver axsna faqtebi davalebis pirobiT
moTxovnil konteqstSi.
102
unistruqturuli done
• aqvs erTi idea
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi
arastruqturirebuli asoci-
acia/warmodgena gansaxilvel
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, misi
msjeloba Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT Semoifargle-
ba sakvanZo sityvebze an sa-
Taurze martivi da logikuri
reagirebiT (mag. saTauris
perifrazirebiT)
mas SeuZlia mxolod erTi
aspeqtis ganxilva da martivi,
aSkara da cxadi kavSirebis
damyareba. moswavles SeuZlia
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
zepirad gadmocema (gaxseneba),
martivi instruqciebis/algo-
riTmebis Sesruleba; perefra-
zireba, amocnoba, dasaxeleba
an daTvla.
moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna modeli Tumca, modeliT SegiZliaT, msmenels isic
warmodgenili faradeis galiis aRwera Seicavs mxolod zedapi- auxsnaT, Tu ramdeni saerToa
rul SefasebiT sityvebs da ar iZleva saSualebas, gagvarkvios eleqtroskopis gavleniT dae-
movlenis arsSi. leqtroebisa da eleqtrosta-
tikuri induqciis movlenebs
moswavles aqvs erTi idea: Soris. amaSi saxelmZRvanelos
magaliTad: §1.4 da §2.3 dagexmarebaT.
- ambobs, rom faradeis galias statikuri muxtisgan dacva Seu- gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom
Zlia, SesaZlebelia saubari mis gamoyenebaze Zlieri da eleq- modelis wardgenisas istoria
truli velis gavlenisgan Tavis dasacavad saintereso ambis saxiT unda
gadmoices, sadac axsnili iqneba
an
modelis muSaobis mTavari
- aRwers faradeis galias, icis eleqtruli velis daZabulobis principebi, warmoCenili iqneba
gamosaTvleli formula, SeiZleba sidideebic sworad Caweros mecnieruli codnis gamoyenebis
am formulaSi da ambobs, rom SegviZlia Zlieri velis gavlenis- faqtebi ise, rom is mkiTxvel-
gan Tavis dacva isTvis/msmenelisTvis ufro
an gasagebi iyos.
- daTvalierebuli vebgverdebidan da resursad miwodebuli Tqven Zalian sworad gaigeT
videorgolebidan mohyavs zogadi informacia faradeis gali- davalebis piroba, magram Cans,
aze. rom Tanmimdevrulad ar gaqvT
wakiTxuli saswavlo masala.
anu SeZlo warmoedgina dasaxelebuli ideebidan erT-erTi an gTxovT, yuradRebiT waikiTx-
sxva analogiuri idea, magram mxolod erTi. oT:
• riT gansxvavdeba liTonis
gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis
agebuleba;
• rogor iqceva liTonis gam-
tari da rogoria dieleqtrikis
qceva gare eleqtrostatikur
velSi moTavsebisas;
• daubrundiT paragrafebs: 1.3,
1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, Seeca-
deT Caataro saSinao cdebi da
aqtivobebi.
Semdeg ki, girCevT, rom Ses-
wavlili sakiTxebi daakavSiroT
mowodebul resursebTan da
aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
maswavleblis wigni
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi.
 prestruqturuli done
• ar aqvs idea
moswavles sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi
informacia.
103
moswavlem ar Seasrula davaleba, ver mixvda, ra aris eleq- - gaixseneT, ra gsmeniaT eleq-
tostatikuri ekranireba da rogor SeiZleba faradeis galiis truli velis Sesaxeb. moiZieT
damzadeba, iyenebs Seusabamo, ararelevantur informacias an/ informacia liTonebisa da die-
da saerTod acdenilia sakiTxs. mas ar aqvs idea, rogor Seqmnas leqtrikebis agebulebaze, ele-
modeli da misi demonstrirebisas gasagebad gadmosces ele- qtrostatikur induqciaze, fa-
radeis galiis funqciasa da ga-
qtrostatikuri dacvis idea.
moyenebaze, saxelmZRvanelodan
ixileT Semdegi paragrafebi:
1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, Seeca-
maswavleblis wigni
deT CaataroT saSinao cdebi
da aqtivobebi an dafiqrdiT,
saidan SeiZleba gaigoT ufro
meti (mimarTeT mowodebul re-
sursebs, magaliTad, telesko-
lis gakveTils, simulaciebs).
- gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac
statikuri muxti grovdeba. ra
gsmeniaT, Weqa-quxilis dros
umjobesia manqanaSi darCeT Tu
xes SeafaroT Tavi? ramdenad
saSiSia Weqa-quxili mgzavrebisa
da TviTmfrinavisTvis?
SeecadeT davaleba am ori
faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT
SeasruloT.
104
kompleqsuri davaleba `faradeis yinulis saTli~
samizne cnebebi da masTan sakiTxebi/qvesakiTxebi:
dakavSirebuli mkvidri war- eleqtruli muxti, elementaruli
modgenebi nawilakebi, eleqtruli muxtis mud-
mivobis kanoni, eleqtruli velis
daZabuloba, Zalwirebi, gamtari
eleqtrostatikur velSi, gavleniT
daeleqtroeba.
qvecnebebi:
elementaruli nawilakebi, eleqtru-
li veli, myari nivTiereba, eleqtro-
statikuri induqcia.
kompleqsuri
davalebis piroba / Se-
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi, romel- fasebis kriteriumebi
sac pasuxobs davaleba
• rogor SeiZleba faradeis eqs-
perimentebis daxmarebiT ga-
varkvioT, imuxteba Tu ara mweri
frenisas da ra niSnisaa mfrinavi
mweris muxti?
• faradeis eqsperimentebis cod-
niT, rogor SeiZleba mocemuli
sididis muxtis saSualebiT didi
muxtis miReba?
maswavleblis wigni
 materia
fiz.sab. 1; fiz.saS. 1 moswav-
lem unda gaacnobieros, rom:
1) materiis ori saxis, nivTier-
ebisa da velis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebi damok-
idebulia:
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da
garemo pirobebze.
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis
urTierTmdebareobasa da maT
mier velis Seqmnis unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri
Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi
aixsneba:
a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis qaosuri moZ-
raobiT, erTmaneTTan urT-
ierTqmedebiT, maT Soris
Sualedebis arsebobiT da
samive maTganis cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obi-
eqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi
ganlagebiT da am obieqtebis
mier mocemuli velis warmoqm-
nis unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri
erTmaneTTan da maTi cvli-
lebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
105
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi: faradeis yinulis saTli
I etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis forma
rogor unda warmovaCino Cemi codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakav- agronews.ge statia „bazebi
SirebiT? (BUMBUS) – sasoflo-sameur-
neo kulturebis efeqturi
resursi 1: moZebneT videorgoli youtube - ze saZiebo fraziT
„Museum of Science Faraday Cage Presentation"
https://bit.ly/3qre2O4
maswavleblis wigni
resursi 2: statia (moZebneT am saZiebo fraziT): bazebi - saso-
flo-sameurneo kulturebis efeqturi damamtverianeblebi –
AgroNews.ge
resursi 3: mcenareTa eleqtruli signalebi
https://bit.ly/3KYjIXI
damamtverianeblebi" -gvauw-
resursi 4: videorgoli faradeis yinulis saTlis (saZiebo fraza
yebs, rom futkrebTan erTad,
Faraday's Ice Pail) eqsperimenti. maT SeuZliaT moyvanili saZiebo
bazebi (Bombus terrestris) iT-
fraziT Tavadac SearCion saintereso masala
vlebian mcenareTa erT-erT
https://bit.ly/3udfN2E
saukeTeso damamtverianeble-
resursi 5: muSaobiT daRlili bazi futkrebi yvavilebSi iZineben: bad. zogjer maT specialurad
https://bit.ly/3tuXRS2 amravleben sasoflo-sameur-
muSaobiT daRlili bazi futkrebi yvavilebSi iZineben neo kulturebis dasamtveri-
resursi 6: modelireba: modelireba | CK-12 Foundation (ck12.org) aneblad. 2013 wels ki bristo-
https://bit.ly/3wtWnta lis universitetis mecnierebma
daadgines, rom bazebs SeuZliaT
resursi 7: ra aris fizika #teleskola, me-7 wuTidan - ra aris yvavilebis eleqtruli velis
modeli: aRqma da am grZnobis gamoyeneba
https://bit.ly/36yCS7L neqtris saZieblad. Turme, fa-
aqtivoba 1: moswavleebi ecnobian davalebis pirobaSi warmodgenil radeis eqsperimentis yinulis
saTlis msgavsad, Rru gamtar-
faradeis saTlis istorias, sademonstracio cdas videorgolis
is gamoyenebiT, mecnierebma
saxiT, fotoebs statiidan da usmenen maswavleblis monaTxrobs.
daadgines, rom mfrinav bazebs
namdvilad aqvT dadebiTi mux-
ti. amasTan, maT gazomes, Tu ra
muxts aniWeben bazebi petunias
yvavilebs maTze daSvebisas.
106
fizikuri procesi
fiz.saS. 4
moswavlem unda gaacnobi-
eros, rom:
1) yvela fizikur movlenas da
mis damaxasiaTebel process
ganapirobebs mizezi da mohyve-
ba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis
dadgena ki mecnierebis mTa-
vari amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis
mimdinareobis aRsawerad,
mecnierebi am movlenebis
Sesabamis fizikur procesebs
ikvleven. TiToeuli procesi
xasiaTdeba fizikuri sididee-
biT, romelTa urTierTdaka-
vSirebiTac SesaZlebelia am
procesis aRwera.
3) damokidebuleba fiziku-
ri procesebis maxasiaTebel
fizikur sidideebs Soris an/
da am sidideebsa da maTi cvli-
lebis mizezebs Soris SesaZle-
belia aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT,
cxrilebiT an sxva meTodebiT.
aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi ganixilaven, ra aris modeli, rogor bostonis mecnierebis muzeumSi
Seqmnan iseTi modeli, romelic prezentaciisas gamoadgebaT da tardeba cnobili Sou faradeis
daakmayofilebs momxmareblis interess sakiTxis mimarT. msje- galiisa da van de graafis gen-
loben, rogori unda iyos saboloo prezentacia da ra nabijebis eratoris gamoyenebiT. swored
gadadgmaa saWiro, raTa prezentacia damajerebeli gamovides da faradeis saTlis eqsperimen-
tis ideazea dafuZnebuli van
modelic TvalsaCinod asaxavdes saWiro informacias. ganixilaven,
de graafis generatoris Rru
ra aris Rru gamtari sxeuli da risi gamoyeneba SeiZleba cdaSi. sferul zedapirze didi muxtis
miRebis procesi.
gaecaniT informacias faradeis
yinulis saTlis eqsperimentis
Sesaxeb. daaTvaliereT, rogor
yvavilebs stumroben bazebi.
samizne codnis • ra aris modeli?
SeqmeniT faradeis yinulis
(deklaratiuli, • ginaxavT Tu ara modeli?
saTlis eqsperimentis Tvalsa-
pirobiseuli, • ras aRwerda modeli, romelic Tqven
proceduruli) ginaxavT? Cino modeli da axseniT, rogor
SeiZleba ganisazRvros mis Sida
konstruirebaze • ra funqcia aqvs models?
siRrueSi moxvedrili sxeulis
orientirebuli • ra dagWirdebaT eqsperimentis mod- muxtis niSani.
SekiTxvebi elirebisaTvis?
• rogor SeiZleba modelis sa- naSromi warmoadgineT prez-
qvecneba - eqsperi- SualebiT daasabuToT sakiTxebis entaciis saxiT, sadac asaxuli
menti, modelireba codna? iqneba Tqveni modelis fotoebi
• rogor SeqmniT prezentacias, rome- da naSromSi xazgasmiT warmo-
aCineT:
lic sabolood naSromis gasagebad
wardgenaSi dagexmarebaT? 1) ra fizikur process iwvevs
damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba
da Sexeba neitralur da damux-
tul gamtar sxeulTan? (mate-
maswavleblis wigni
ria 1, 2; fiz. proc. 1,2)
 2) rogor SeiZleba faradeis
„yinulis saTlis" eqsperimen-
tis msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT,
ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli
mfrinavi sxeuli, roca is moZ-
raobis procesSia? (materia 1, 2;
fiz. proc. 1, 2)
3) rogor SeiZleba mocemuli
sididis muxtis saSualebiT Rru
maswavleblis wigni

gamtar sxeulze gacilebiT meti

muxtis dagroveba faradeis
„yinulis saTlis" eqsperimen-
tis mixedviT? (materia 1, 2; fiz.
proc. 1, 2)
II etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarsi
nabiji 1: ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis miax-
loeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo:
§ 1.3. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi.
eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni;
paragrafis bolos moyvanili amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi: rogor
ganvsazRvroT sxeulis muxtis niSani ebonitis Reros, maudis
naWris da eleqtroskopis meSveobiT
§ 1.4. gavleniT daeleqtroeba. eleqtruli muxti da elementa-
ruli nawilakebi
resursi 2: virtualuri laboratoria. eleqtroskopi:
https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV

resursi 3: virtualuri laboratoria. eleqtrostatikuri in-

duqcia:
https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

107
108
aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 20. daamzadeT eleqtroskopi.
ivaraudeT, ra daemarTeba xelsawyos aluminis (qaRaldis) folgis
furclebs, Tu polieTilenis damuxtul boTls gausv-gamous-
vamT mavTulis Rru sferos? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT damuxteT
polieTilenis boTli da gausviT mavTulis sferos, daakvirdiT
furclebs. ras amCnevT? axseniT movlena. SeexeT mavTuls xeliT.
ra daemarTa furclebs? SeecadeT, axsnaT SemCneuli movlena. cda
CaatareT ramdenjerme. gamoitaneT daskvna.
aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 25
a. ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtroskopis gamtar sferos miuax-
loebT (ar SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul boTls ?
b. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi? gaiSleba misi furclebi?
g. boTlis moSorebis Semdeg ra daemarTeba furclebs?
d. damuxtuli iyo eleqtroskopi?
CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi. SemCneuli mov-
lenebi CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT, axsnaT.
e. eleqtroskops isev miuaxloeT damuxtuli sxeuli da mis Reros
SeexeT TiTiT. ras amCnevT?
v. moaSoreT TiTi. ras amCnevT?
q. moaSoreT eleqtroskops damuxtuli sxeuli. ras amCnevT?
T. daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxeulTan Sexebis gareSe?
i. cda ramdenjerme CaatareT.
l. SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT,
axsnaT.
am aqtivobis modelirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenoT virtua-
luri laboratoria - resursi 2, 3

aqtivoba 3: §1.4 gv 27 izolirebul sadgamze damagrebuli eleqtru-

lad neitraluri liTonis ori sfero erTmaneTs exeba. sferoebs
miuaxloes damuxtuli Rero
maswavleblis wigni
 maswavleblis wigni

da Semdeg sferoebi erTmaneTs daaSores. damuxtulia Tu ara

sferoebi? ra niSnis muxtiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
aqtivoba 4: paragrafis bolos da gv. 36-ze mocemuli kiTxvebi, amo-
canebi, testebidan SearCieT da ganixileT proceduruli codnis
gansamtkiceblad.
samizne codnis • rogor imuxteba sxeulebi?
(deklarati- • ratom imuxteba sxeulebi xaxunisas?
uli, pirobi- • mxolod SexebiT daimuxteba Tu ara sxe-
seuli, proce- ulebi?
duruli) kon- • rogor urTierTqmedeben damuxtuli naw-
struirebaze ilakebi da sxeulebi?
orientirebuli • ra daemarTa aluminis folgis furclebs,
SekiTxvebi. mavTulis Rru sferoze damuxtuli boT-
lis Sexebisas? mavTulze xelis Sexebisas?
qvecneba - el-
ementaruli
nawilakebi,
eleqtruli
veli, myari
nivTiereba,
eleqtrostati-
kuri induqcia.

109
110
• ras miuTiTebs eleqtroskopis furclebis
gaSla?
• ra xdeba eleqtroskopis Reroze xeliT Sex-
ebisas da ras miuTiTebs es faqti?
• ra moxdeba, Tu Reroze Camocmul sferos
damuxtuli joxiT SevexebiT? varaudi Seamow-
meT cdiT da axseniT SemCneuli movlena.
• rogor daamzadeT eleqtroskopi? ra
gaiTvaliswineT misi damzadebisas? riT hgavs
da gansxvavdeba is saskolo da videorgoleb-
Si warmodgenili xelsawyoebisgan?
• rogor iyofa nivTierebebi gamtarobis mixed-
viT?
• rogori agebuleba aqvs liTonebs, ra ganap-
irobebs maT karg gamtarobas?
• ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos
iseTsave daumuxtav sferos SevaxebT/davaka-
vSirebT?
• ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos
ufro did daumuxtav gamtar sferos Sevax-
ebT?
• ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sxeuls gam-
tariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT?
• Seicvleba Tu ara damuxtuli/daumuxtavi an
damuxtuli/damuxtuli sxeulebis erTmaneT-
Tan Sexebisas maTi saerTo muxti?
• resursi 2-is mixedviT upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
• ra SeamCnieT eleqtroskopis furclebs
damuxtuli Reros eleqtroskopis TefSTan
miaxloebisas?
maswavleblis wigni
 • damuxtulia Tu ara eleqtroskopi da ro-
gor SeamowmebT amas?
• ratom gaiSala eleqtroskopis furclebi
damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas?
• ratom CamoeSva eleqtroskopis furclebi
damuxtuli sxeulis moSorebisas?
• roca eleqtroskopis TefSTan damuxtuli
Reroa, misi furclebi gaSlilia. ra emarTeba
furclebs sferosTan TiTis SexebiT? damux-
maswavleblis wigni

tulia Tu ara am dros eleqtroskopi da rogor

SeamowmebT amas?
• ra niSniT daimuxta eleqtroskopi, romlis
eleqtrostatikuri induqciis gziT (gavleniT)
dasamuxtad uaryofiTad damuxtuli Rero
gamoiyeneT?
• ra mouva dadebiTad damuxtuli eleqtro-
metris furclebs, Tu mis TefSs uaryofiTad
damuxtul sxeuls miuaxloebT? ratom? Tu
dadebiTad damuxtuls miuaxloebT?
• daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxeul-
Tan Sexebis gareSe?

111
112
nabiji 2. rogor SeiZleba faradeis „yinulis saTlis" eqsperi-
mentis msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT, ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli
mfrinavi sxeuli, roca is moZraobis procesSia?

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§2.1 eleqtruli velis daZabuloba. superpoziciis principi
§2.2 eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi
§2.3. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
§2.3 -is momdevno amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi: damuxtuli burTu-
la gamtari Rru sferos SigniT.

resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli

veli da potenciali #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

resursi 3: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli

veli gamtarSi da dieleqtrikebSi #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

resursi 4: muxtis gadanawileba damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloe-

bisas liTonSi:
https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

resursi 5: simulacia „muxti da veli"

https://bit.ly/3qpkl51

aqtivoba 1: moswavleebi ganixilaven gamtari sferos

zedapirze muxtis ganawilebas da sqematurad
gamosaxaven am ganawilebis suraTs.
msjeloben, rogor SeiZleba es suraTi ufro
TvalsaCinod, sivrculad warmoadginon. rogor
SeuZliaT misi modelireba 3 ganzomilebaSi,
virtualurad an realurad. SesaZloa, romelime
moswavlem icis virtualuri modelirebis raime
programis gamoyenebac.
maswavleblis wigni
 aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi gamosaxaven liTonis dadebiTad damuxtu-
li sferos daZabulobis wirebs, wertilovani muxtis Zalwirebs,
damuxtuli gamtari sferos eleqtruli velis daZabulobas misi
centridan r>R manZilze.
aqtivoba 3: §2.3 -is momdevno amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebis ganxilva:
damuxtuli burTula gamtari Rru sferos SigniT:
1. daumuxtavi Rru gamtar sferos SigniT Seitanes dadebiTad
damuxtuli burTula.
a. gaCndeba Tu ara muxtebi sferoze?
maswavleblis wigni

b. sad iarsebebs eleqtruli veli?

g. ra moxdeba Tu burTulas mdebareobas SevucvliT?
2. rogor Seicvleba damuxtuli burTulas da qaRaldis urTierT-
mizidulobis Zala, Tu liTonis badeTi SemovsazRvravT:
a. burTulas?
b. qaRalds?

aqtivoba 4: moswavleebi ganixilaven gamtari Rru

sferos centrSi moTavsebuli muxtis eleqtrul
vels. msjeloben, ra process iwvevs am muxtis veli
gamtari sferos gamtar fenaSi, aris Tu ara masSi
eleqtruli veli. rogori saxe aqvs da ra qmnis
eleqtrul vels gamtari Rru sferos SigniT da
gareT. sqematurad gamosaxaven am velis ganawilebis suraTs. msje-
loben, rogor SeiZleba es suraTi ufro TvalsaCinod, sivrculad
warmoadginon. rogor SeuZliaT misi modelireba 3 ganzomilebaSi,
virtualurad an realurad. SesaZloa, romelime moswavlem icis
virtualuri modelirebis raime programis gamoyenebac.

aqtivoba 5: moswavleebi ganixilaven gamtari Rru

sferos siRruis SigniT da centrisgan gansxvavebul
wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis eleqtrul vels.
msjeloben, ra process iwvevs am muxtis veli
gamtari sferos gamtar fenaSi, aris Tu ara masSi
eleqtruli veli. rogori saxe aqvs da ra qmnis eleqtrul vels
gamtari Rru sferos gareT. sqematurad gamosaxaven am velis ga-
nawilebis suraTs. msjeloben, rogor SeiZleba es suraTi ufro
TvalsaCinod, sivrculad warmoadginon. rogor SeuZliaT misi
modelireba 3 ganzomilebaSi, virtualurad an realurad. Sesa-
Zloa, romelime moswavlem icis virtualuri modelirebis raime
programis gamoyenebac. adareben wina 2 aqtivobis Sedegebs.

113
114
samizne codnis • ra Zaluri maxasiaTebliT aRiwereba eleq-
(deklaratiuli, truli veli?
pirobiseuli, • Tu eleqtruli velis daZabulobis mimar-
proceduruli) Tuleba cnobilia, rogor vadgenT dadebiT/
konstruirebaze uaryofiT muxtze am velis mxridan moqmedi
eleqtruli Zalis mimarTulebas?
orientirebuli
• rogor moqmedebs gamtaris SigniT arse-
SekiTxvebi bul Tavisufal eleqtronebze eleqtruli
veli?
qvecneba - el- • ra cvlilebebs ganicdis gamtarebi damux-
ementaruli tuli sxeulebis eleqtrul velSi?
nawilakebi, ele- • ratom ar gvaqvs eleqtrostatikur velSi
qtruli veli, moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli
myari nivTiere- veli da rogori cdiT SeiZleba am faqtis
ba, eleqtrosta- dasabuTeba?
tikuri induqcia • eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli
gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli veli ar gvaqvs.
marTebulia Tu ara es mtkiceba damuxtuli
gamtarisTvisac?
• Tu gamtari damuxtulia, rogor nawildeba
Warbi muxti gamtarze? rogor SeiZleba amis
TvalsaCinod Cveneba?

R radiusis Rru gamtari sferos SigniT

moTavsebulia (ara aucileblad centrSi)
patara burTula +Q muxtiT.
8. rogori muxtebi inducirdeba sferoze da
rogoraa ganawilebuli?
9. rogor kuTxes qmnis velis Zalwirebi gam-
taris zedapirTan da riT aixsneba es faqti?
rogor gamoiyureba eleqtruli velis Zal-
wirebi?
10. imoqmedebs Tu ara veli sferos gareT misi
centridan r manZilze moTavsebul +q muxtze?
maswavleblis wigni
 11. rogor gamosaxavT sferos eleqtrul
vels?
12. aris Tu ara eleqtruli muxti gamtari
Rru sferos Sida zedapirze?
13. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba sferos siR-
rueSi moTavsebuli muxtis Zalwirebi?
14. mTlianobaSi neitraluria Tu damuxtuli
gamtari Rru sfero?
15. aris Tu ara eleqtruli veli gamtaris
maswavleblis wigni

fenaSi?
16. aris Tu ara eleqtruli muxti gamtaris
gare zedapirze da rogoraa is ganawilebuli?
17. romeli muxtis mieraa Seqmnili eleqtru-
li veli gamtari Rru sferos gareT?
18. rogor gamosaxavT Q muxtis mqone R radi-
usis gamtari Rru sferos gareT misi centri-
dan r>R manZilze sferos eleqtrul vels? q
muxtze moqmed eleqtrul Zalas?
19. ra moxdeba, Tu burTulas mdebareobas
SevucvliT (§2.3 -is momdevno amocanis amox-
snis nimuSebi)?

nabiji 3: rogor SeiZleba mocemuli sididis muxtis saSualebiT

Rru sxeulze gacilebiT meti muxtis dagroveba da ra xelsawyos
Seqmnas daedo safuZvlad faradeis „yinulis saTlis" eqsperimen-
ti? (fiz. proc. 1, 2)
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo. paragrafebi, sadac muSavdeba Semdegi
sakiTxebi:
§2.3. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
resursi 2: YouTube videorgoli https://bit.ly/37S7bHh
YouTube videorgoli muxti da eleqtruli veli Rru gamtarSi
saZiebo fraziT Charge and Electric Field of a Hollow Conductor
https://bit.ly/3twxXNS

115
116
resursi 3: simulacia, liTonis bade:
https://bit.ly/3D1X26a
resursi 4: damatebiTi muxtis ganawileba sxvadasxva formis
zedapirze:
https://bit.ly/3isQrbG
da muxtis zedapiruli ganawileba
Surface Distribution of Charge
https://bit.ly/3NgxtTy
resursi 5: videorgolebi:
1) faradeis yinulis saTlis (saZiebo fraza Faraday's Ice Pail)
eqsperimenti:
https://bit.ly/3udfN2E
2) faradeis yinulis saTlis eqsperimenti, sqematuri gamosaxviT:
https://bit.ly/3D54NrZ
3) faradeis cda:
https://bit.ly/36emfyA
resursi 6: faradeis werili gamomcemels – yinulis saTlis
eqsperimenti
https://bit.ly/3iQEI6E

aqtivoba 1: moswavleebi kiTxuloben faradeis werils da adare-

ben sakuTar gamocdilebas.

aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 47 pirvel suraTze liTonis

firfitaSi eleqtronebi sqematuradaa gamosaxuli. momdevno
suraTze ki – eleqtruli veli. ra „daemarTebaT" eleqtronebs,
Tu firfitas eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT? varaudi msjelobiT
daasabuTeT.
maswavleblis wigni
 aqtivoba 3: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 49. liTonis badis orive mxares
miamagreT Txeli qaRaldis zolebi. damuxteT liTonis bade ele-
qtroforuli manqanis erT-erT polusTan mierTebiT (SesaZlebe-
lia plastmasis milis gamoyenebiTac). mieciT mas sxvadasxva forma:
gaWimeT, morkaleT, mieciT cilindris forma. daakvirdiT fur-
clebis gadaxras. SeadareT eleqtroskopis furclebis gadaxris
movlenas. kolbies bade - SesaZlebelia fanjris mwerebis badisga-
nac damzaddes an skolis laboratoria gamoviyenoT. maswavlebeli
exmareba moswavleebs paragrafis 4-6 SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemaSi.
maswavleblis wigni

aqtivoba 4: §2.3-is momdevno amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi: damuxtu-

li burTula gamtari Rru sferos SigniT.
am amocanas vukavSirebT situacias, roca damuxtuli gamtari
burTula gamtari Rru sferos Sida zedapirs Seexeba. moswavleebi
gamosaxaven gamtar Rru sferos da mis Sida zedapirze SexebaSi
myof gamtar burTulas. amjerad es ori sxeuli erTian gamtars
warmoadgens. moswavleebi ixseneben, rogor nawildeba Warbi muxti
gamtaris zedapirze da gamosaxaven am mdgomareobaSi burTula+s-
fero gamtaris zedapirze muxtis ganawilebas.
analogiuri midgomiT (rogorc erTiani gamtari), ganixilaven mos-
wavleebi gamtar Rru sferos gare zedapirze damuxtuli gamtari
burTulis Sexebas.
am ori SemTxvevis Sedarebis safuZvelze gamoaqvT daskvna: romel
SemTxvevaSi gadascems Tavis muxts burTula sferos?
aqtivoba 5: gamoiyeneT eleqtroskopi da scadeT CaataroT far-
adeis yinulis saTlis cda. daixmareT videorgolebi.

aqtivoba 6: moswavleebi uyureben resursi 5-is 1) videorgols da

akvirdebian

117
118
a) videorgolSi marjvena Rru cilindrs orjer mianiWes muxti.
orivejer erTnairad gadaixara Tu ara masTan dakavSirebuli
eleqtroskopi da raze miuTiTebs misi gadaxra?
b) moswavleebi iTvlian, ramdenjer gadaaqvT marjvena Rru cilin-
dridan marcxena Rru cilindris gare zedapirze muxti burTulis
saSualebiT da rogoria maTTan dakavSirebuli eleqtroskopebis
isrebis gadaxra. gamoaqvT daskvna, Tu ra faqtze miuTiTebs es.
g) moswavleebi iTvlian, ramdenjer gadaaqvT marjvena Rru cilin-
dridan marcxena Rru cilindris Sida zedapirze muxti burTulas
meSveobiT da rogoria maTTan dakavSirebuli eleqtroskopebis
isrebis gadaxra. gamoaqvT daskvna, Tu ra faqtze miuTiTebs es.

aqtivoba 7: amocanis amoxsna: gansazRvreT muxtis

zedapiruli simkvrive R = 20 sm radiusis gamtari
sferos gare zedapirze, Tu sferos centrSi
mdebareobs izolatoris Reroze damagrebuli
burTula q=50 nk muxtiT. Seicvleba Tu ara sferos
zedapiris muxtis simkvrive sferos SigniT siRrueSi
burTulas mdebareobis Secvlisas? SeadareT es situacia far-
adeis werilis Sinaarss.

aqtivoba 8: amocanis amoxsnis nimuSis ganxilva, gv. 72.

3. Rru gamtari A sfero, romelsac

xvreli aqvs gakeTebuli (nax. 72.1), damux-
tulia dadebiTad da SigniTa zedapiriT
gamtaris meSveobiT SeerTebulia metalis
B burTulasTan. daimuxteba Tu ara B
burTula?
sur.72.1
maswavleblis wigni
 samizne codnis • ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos
(deklaratiuli, iseTsave daumuxtav sferos SevaxebT?
pirobiseuli, • ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos
proceduruli) ufro did daumuxtav gamtar sferos
konstruirebaze SevaxebT?
• ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sxeuls
orientirebuli
gamtariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT?
SekiTxvebi. • Seicvleba Tu ara damuxtuli/daumuxta-
vi an damuxtuli/damuxtuli sxeulebis
maswavleblis wigni

qvecneba- el- erTmaneTTan Sexebisas maTi saerTo

ementaruli muxti?
nawilakebi, ele- • damuxtuli liTonis badiT Catarebuli
qtruli veli, cdis an Sesabamisi videorgolis anal-
myari nivTiere- izis safuZvelze upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
ba, eleqtrosta- • rogor daimuxta gamtari bade?
tikuri induq- • ratom gaiSala zolebi badis orive mx-
cia. ares? ratom ganizida furclebi badis-
agan?
• yvela zoli erTnairad gadaixara badisa-
gan? raze miuTiTebs SemCneuli movlena?
rogor aris muxti ganawilebuli gaW-
imul badeze?
• ra Seicvala, roca bade rkalad moxares?
• aris Tu ara morkaluli bade isev damux-
tuli da Seicvala Tu ara misi muxti?
• rogor gadaixara badisgan morkalu-
li badis gare zedapirze mimagrebuli
zolebi? ratom?
• rogor gadaixara badisgan morkalu-
li badis Sida zedapirze mimagrebuli
zolebi? ratom?
• muxtis rogor ganawilebaze miuTiTebs
morkalul badeze mimagrebuli zolebis
gadaxra?

119
120
• aris Tu ara Warbi muxti damuxtuli gam-
taris Sida zedapirze?
• Tu damuxtuli gamtari iqneba Rru, mis
Sida Tu gare zedapirze ganlagdeba
misTvis gadacemuli Warbi muxti?

me-5 resursis 1) videorgolis analizis sa-

fuZvelze upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
1. ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul patara gamtar
burTulas garedan SevaxebT neitralur an
damuxtul Rru gamtar cilindrs?
2. rogor gadanawildeba burTulis muxti sx-
eulis gare zedapirsa da burTulas Soris?
3. ra moxdeba, Tu imave burTulas neitral-
ur an damuxtul Rru gamtar cilindrs Sida
zedapirze SevaxebT?
4. rogor ganawildeba muxti sxeulis Sida
zedapirsa da burTulas Soris?
5. romel SemTxvevaSi gadadis burTulas
muxti Rru cilindris zedapirze mTlianad -
burTulas garedan Tu Signidan Sexebisas?
6. romel SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba marjve-
na, winaswar damuxtuli cilindris sruli
muxti ganulebuli da mTlianad gadatanili
marcxena cilindrze erTi da imave sawyisi
muxtisa da erTnairi raodenobis gada-
tanebis SemTxvevaSi - burTulas garedan Tu
Signidan Sexebisas?
daxateT 2 SemTxveva: roca burTula Rru
cilindrs garedan exeba da meore - roca
Signidan exeba. warmoidgineT, rom es
mTliani gamtaria, aseTi formiT, rogorc
daxateT, wauSaleT naxats Sexebis sazR-
vari da orive SemTxvevaSi gamosaxeT, ro-
gor ganladgeba Warbi muxti aseTi formis
gamtarze.
maswavleblis wigni
 1. romel SemTxvevaSi darCa burTula War-
bi muxtis gareSe?
2. rodis gadascems burTula cilindrs
Tavis mTlian muxts - Signidan Tu garedan
Sexebisas?
3. rogor SeiZleba gamtarze didi muxtis
dagroveba momavalSi mecnierebis muzeum-
maswavleblis wigni

Si Sous mosawyobad (magaliTad, ix. bosto-

nis mecnierebis muzeumi)?

maswavleblis SekiTxvebi kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas,

aseve, wardgenisas:
• aRwereT, rogor warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi.
• aRwereT Seqmnili produqti.
• ra sakiTxs Seexeba momzadebuli davaleba?
• axseniT, ratom daamzadeT faradeis galia?
• Tqveni azriT, vin unda dainteresdes Sesrulebuli kompleq-
suri davalebiT da ratom?
• ra dabrkolebebs waaawydiT davalebaze muSaobisas?
•ras gaakeTebdiT sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebdeT davalebaze
muSaobas?
• Tqveni azriT, riT hgavs Tqveni naSromi Tanaklaselebis naS-
romebs da riT gansxvavdeba maTgan?

121
122
warmovadginoT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moswavleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia, kompleqsuri davalebis „faradeis yinu-
lis saTli" farglebSi. moviyvanoT moswavlis miRwevis aRwerilobisa da maswavleblis ganmaviTarebeli komentaris magaliTebi:
miRwevis done
(kriteriumi)
abstraqtuli done
• SeuZlia ideebis integrireba
moswavle kompleqsu-
ri davalebis saSualebiT
gamokveTil magaliTebze
dayrdnobiT urTierTdaka-
vSirebulad msjelobs sa-
gnis farglebSi gamokveTil
ramdenime/yvela samizne
cnebaze. ukavSirebs komple-
qsuri davalebis saSualebiT
gamokveTil mocemulobas
pirad gamocdilebas da sxva
cxovrebiseul situaciebs.
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi /
arsobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac miRebuli didi muxtis dagrovebis idea.
mas am codnis ganzogadebis
/ sxva msgavs magaliTebTan
Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs.
ukavSirebs gansaxilvel
sakiTxs sakuTar pirad gamoc-
dilebas.
aRweriloba komentari
ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gavakeTe amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles (ganma-
safuZvelze viTarebeli Sefasebis magaliTi)
moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi; moaxdina faradeis ideis mSvenivrad gaarTviT Tavi davale-
demonstrireba, romlis saSualebiT TvalsaCinod aCvena, ro- bas. Tqveni naSromidan Cans, rom
gor nawildeba Warbi muxti gamtaris zedapirze; gaiazra, rom siRrmiseulad gaiazreT:
Tu damuxtuli sxeuli gamtaris gareT sivrceSia, maSin gam-
taris SigniT misi gansakuTrebuli agebulebis gamo ver aRw- - rogor fizikur process iwvevs
damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba da
evs gare eleqtruli veli; axsna, rom roca damuxtuli sxeuli
Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul
Rru gamtaris Sida sivrceSia, maSin misi eleqtruli velis gamtar sxeulTan;
gavlena gamtaris garsis fenaSi muxtis Tavisufali matare- - rogor SeiZleba faradeis „yinu-
blebis garkveuli saxis gadanawilebas iwvevs da warmoadgina lis saTlis" eqsperimentis msgav-
am procesis TvalsaCino suraTi. si gziT aRmovaCinoT, ra niSnis
muxtiTaa damuxtuli mfrinavi
ganixila, Rru sferos SigniT arsebuli muxti qmnis Tu ara sxeuli, roca is moZraobis pro-
sferos gareT vels da misi sxvadasxva mdebareoba axdens cesSia;
Tu ara mis gareT velze gavlenas. sferos gareT Seqmnili - rogor SeiZleba mocemuli
veli TvalsaCinod warmoadgina Zalwirebis da formulis sididis muxtis saSualebiT Rru
saxiT. moswavlem aRwerili fizikuri procesebis safuZvel- gamtar sxeulze gacilebiT meti
muxtis dagroveba faradeis
ze gasagebad axsna, rogor SeiZleba mfrinavi mweris muxtis
„yinulis saTlis" eqsperimentis
niSnis dadgena an romel fizikur process efuZneba SousTvis
mixedviT.
gTxovT, gaixsenoT fizikidan Tu
piradi cxovrebidan magaliTebi,
romlebic modelTan mimarTebiT
gamokveTil niuansebs ukavSird-
eba:
• raime sxva movlenas an process
xom ar gagonebT gamtaris SigniT
da gare zedapirze statikuri mux-
tis ganawilebis procesebi;
maswavleblis wigni
 miRwevis done
(kriteriumi)
moswavles SeuZlia struqtur-
is ganzogadeba mocemulis/
SeTavazebulis miRma, struq-
turis aRqma mravali sxvadasxva
kuTxidan/TvalTaxedviT da
ideebis gadatana axal sfero-
Si. mas SeuZlia ganzogadeba,
hipoTezis wamoyeneba, kritika
an Teoriis Camoyalibeba.
123
aRweriloba komentari
ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gavakeTe amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles (ganma-
safuZvelze viTarebeli Sefasebis magaliTi)
modelis wardgenisas Cans, rom moswavle flobs masalas • romel urTierTqmedebas gag-
gamtarebis qcevaze eleqtrul velSi da gaazrebuli aqvs is onebT eleqtruli velis zemo-
samizne cnebis konteqstSi; kerZod: amJRavnebs codnas, rom qmedeba damuxtul nawilakebze,
eleqtrul velSi nivTierebaTa qceva maT maxasiaTeblebzea raSia msgavseba da gansxvaveba;
damokidebuli (samizne cneba „materia"); iazrebs, ra aris • ra faqtorebze SeiZleba iyos
damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad didi
maswavleblis wigni
eleqtruli velis Zaluri maxasiaTebeli, mag.: Zalwirebis
muxtis dagrovebas SevZlebT gam-
saSualebiT adekvaturad gamosaxavs eleqtrul vels (sam- tarze?
izne cneba „Zala", „materia"), amyarebs mizez-Sedegobriv kav-
Sirebs gamtarSi gareSe velis gavleniT mimdinare procesebs
Soris (samizne cneba „fizikuri movlena/procesi").
moswavlem gamtaris Sida da gare zedapirze muxtis ganaw-
ilebis ideis gamoyenebis ukeT warmosaCenad moiZia da moi-
yvana sxva magaliTebic (vTqvaT, arasimetriuli da wvetiani
formis gamtarebis magaliTi) da aCvena gansxvavebuli xedva:
gamoTqva mosazreba liTonis Rru gamtaris zedapiris da-
muSavebis xarisxis Taobaze; ivarauda, rom misi zedapiris
nafxaWnebi, Sverilebi an raime sxva saxis defeqti sxvagvar
procesebs gamoiwvevda. man sakuTari gamocdilebidan moiy-
vana magaliTebi.
124
mimarTebiTi done faradeis eqsperimentis modelirebisas, moswavle saintere- araCveulebrivad gaarTviT Tavi
• amyarebs kavSirs ramdenime sod da SemoqmedebiTad gadmoscems, Tu risi gaTvaliswinebaa davalebas. Tqvens TxzulebaSi
ideas Soris saWiro am eqsperimentis praqtikuli aspeqtebis aRsaqmelad, gamokveTilia kriteriumebi:
kerZod ki, rogor SeiZleba mfrinavi mweris muxtis niSnis dad- • rogor fizikur process iwvevs
moswavle mwyobrad da Tanmim- gena am eqsperimentis msgavsi meTodiT. moswavles esmis, rom damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba da
liTonis gamtarTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba am liTonis Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul
devrulad gadmoscems samizne
gamtarSi Tavisufali muxtebis amoZravebis mizezia, damux- gamtar sxeulTan;
cnebasTan dakavSirebul isto- tuli sxeulis eleqtruli velis gavleniT. esmis statikuri • rogor SeiZleba faradeis
riebs. urTierTdakavSirebu- muxtis wonasworobis pirobac da SeuZlia kidec daasabuTos, „yinulis saTlis" eqsperimen-
lad msjelobs samizne cnebis ratomaa magaliTad, damuxtuli sferos eleqtruli velis tis msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT,
arsobriv maxasiaTeblebze. Zalwirebi zedapiris marTobuli. is am codnas akavSirebs Rru ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli
gamokveTs kompleqsuri gamtaris zedapirze mis SigniT arsebuli sxeulis gavleniT mfrinavi sxeuli, roca is moZrao-
davalebis Sefasebis krite- aRZrul muxtTan, SeuZlia damuxtuli sferos velis aRwera da bis procesSia.
riumebis saSualebiT gansaz- codnis moZravi damuxtuli mweris muxtis niSnis gansazRvris Tumca, naklebad Cans aqcenti
Rvrul niuansebs. ideasTan dakavSireba. kriteriumze: rogor SeiZleba
mocemuli sididis muxtis sa-
moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros Tumca, davalebaSi aRaraa ganxiluli erT-erTi kriteriumi, SualebiT Rru gamtar sxeulze
magaliTad, Rru gamtaris Sida zedapirze damuxtuli gamtari gacilebiT meti muxtis dagrove-
kavSiri ramdenime aspeqts So-
burTulis Sexebis gziT, burTulis muxtis mcire porciebiT, ba faradeis „yinulis saTlis"
ris, agreTve isic, Tu rogor rogor miviRoT bevrad didi muxti. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom eqsperimentis mixedviT.
ergeba/Seexameba es aspeqtebi moswavles bolomde kargad ar aqvs gaazrebuli velis max-
erTmaneTs da qmnis mTels, asiaTebeli parametrebi da maTi gavlena materiis saxeebis Tu ixilavT §1.4 da §2.3 saxelmZ-
mTlianobas. misi naazrevi das- fizikur Tvisebebsa da maT cvlilebaze, arsebuli mizez-Se- RvaneloSi da dafiqrdebiT,
truqturebulia da amgvarad, degobrivi kavSirebiT saTanadod ver aRwers da axasiaTebs ra kavSirSia liTonis gamtaris
moswavles aqvs imis unari, liTonis gamtarSi muxtebis gadanawilebis fizikur process. agebuleba gare eleqtruli velis
rom Seadaros, daakavSiros, gavlenasTan, ar gagiWirdebaT, ga-
gaaanalizos, gamoiyenos Teo- iazroT da aRweroT, Tu rogori
ria, axsnas sakiTxi mizezebisa fizikuri procesi mimdinareobs
da Sedegebis kuTxiT. liTonis Rru gamtarSi mis gare
da Sida zedapirze damuxtuli
liTonis burTulas Sexebisas.
maswavleblis wigni
 multistruqturuli done
• aqvs bevri idea, Tumca ver
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
moswavles aqvs araerTi aso-
ciacia Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, imave
sakiTxTan/mTavar ideasTan
dakavSirebiT mis mier gadmoce-
mul ambebs ar aqvs mwyobri,
Tanmimdevruli saxe.
mas SeuZlia ramdenime aspeqtis
ganxilva gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe.
mas SeuZlia CamoTvla, aRwera, ZliaT Tavisuflad gadaadgileba, icis maTze moqmedi ele-
klasificireba, kombinireba;
meTodebis, struqturis gamoy- akavSirebs liTonis gamtarSi mimdinare procesebTan;
eneba; procedurebis Sesrule- - ambobs, rom Warbi muxti gamtaris zedapirze nawildeba, rom
ba, sxv.
125
moswavlem zustad gaigo davalebis arsi da daukavSira mas amis Semdeg girCevT, rom da-
paragrafebSi warmodgenili masala. Tumca, is yuradRebas ar muSavebuli sakiTxi daakav-
amaxvilebs davalebis mTavar ideaze: kerZod, eqsperimentis SiroT mowodebul resursebTan;
modelirebis saSualebiT, ver msjelobs velis maxasiaTebel aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
parametrebze, ver iazrebs materiis saxeebis fizikur Tvise- mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi. damuSavebuli masala
bebsa da maTi cvlilebis mizezebs, arsebuli mizez-Sedego-
ki gamoiyenoT Tqveni naambobis
brivi kavSirebiT ver aRwers da axasiaTebs muxtebis gadanaw- dasasabuTeblad.
ilebis fizikur process. sworad gaige davalebis piroba.
maswavleblis wigni
paragrafebSi mocemuli masalac
davalebis formac dasaxvewia, kerZod, moswavle ver xsnis wagikiTxavT da davalebasTan
eqsperimentis movlenas da misi Sedegis gamoyenebas, aramed dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca, gTxovT
aJRerebs calkeul winadadebebs sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. davalebaSi xazgasmiT gamokve-
ToT, rogor axdens gavlenas
magaliTad: damuxtuli sxeulis eleqtruli
- iazrebs, rom eleqtruli velis gavleniT, eleqtronebs Seu- veli liTonis gamtarSi arse-
bul Tavisufal eleqtronebze,
rogor aRiZvreba Rru liTonis
qtruli Zalis mimarTulebis dadgena, magram am codnas ver
gamtari sferos zedapirze muxti,
Tu mis Sida siRrueSi wertilo-
vani muxti gvaqvs.
gamtaris Sida zedapirze muxti ar gvaqvs, magram ver amyarebs
kavSirs muxtis gadanawilebis processa da am faqts Soris; amisaTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT §1.4
- aRwers faradeis eqsperiments, SeuZlia gamosaxos damuxtu- da §2.3 saxelmZRvaneloSi. aseve
li mcire gamtari burTulis eleqtruli veli, Rru gamtari SegiZliaT gamoiyeno simulaciu-
sferos eleqtruli veli, SeuZlia daweros sferos gareT ri laboratoriis resursi.
raime wertilSi daZabulobis gamosaTvleli gamosaxuleba,
magram ver akavSirebs am codnas moZravi damuxtuli mweris SegiZliaT, msmenels isic aux-
muxtis niSnis gansazRvris ideasTan. snaT, Tu ra gansxvavebaa Rru gam-
taris zedapirs garedan SeaxebT
damuxtul burTulas Tu Sida
Seswavlil sakiTxTagan SeZlo warmoedgina ramdenime an yvela
zedapiridan. amaSi saxelmZRvane-
an sxva relevanturi informaciac, magram ver daakavSira erT- los §2.3 dagexmarebaT.
maneTTan da, sabolood, ver axsna faqtebi davalebis pirobiT
moTxovnil konteqstSi.
126
unistruqturuli done
• aqvs erTi idea
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi arastruq-
turirebuli asociacia/warmodgena
gansaxilvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, misi
msjeloba Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT Semoifargleba sakvanZo sityvebze an
saTaurze martivi da logikuri reagire-
biT (mag. saTauris perifrazirebiT)
mas SeuZlia mxolod erTi aspeqtis ganx-
ilva da martivi, aSkara da cxadi kavSire-
bis damyareba. moswavles SeuZlia termi-
nologiis gamoyeneba, zepirad gadmocema
(gaxseneba), martivi instruqciebis/al-
goriTmebis Sesruleba; perefrazireba,
amocnoba, dasaxeleba an daTvla.
moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, SeZlo gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom modelis ward-
cdis modelireba, Tumca, movlenis aRwera genisas istoria saintereso ambis saxiT
Seicavs mxolod zedapirul SefasebiT si- unda gadmoices, sadac axsnili iqneba mod-
tyvebs da ar iZleva saSualebas, gagvarkvi- elis muSaobis mTavari principebi, warmo-
os movlenis arsSi. Cindeba mecnieruli codnis gamoyenebis
faqtebi ise, rom is mkiTxvelisTvis/msme-
nelisTvis ufro gasagebi iyos.
moswavles aqvs erTi idea:
Tqven Zalian sworad gaigeT davalebis
magaliTad:
piroba, magram Cans, rom Tanmimdevrulad
ar gaqvT wakiTxuli saswavlo masala. gTx-
- ambobs, rom damuxtuli sxeuli garemom-
ovT, yuradRebiT waikiTxoT:
cvel sivrceSi eleqtrul vels qmnis da am
• ra gavlenas axdens liTonis gamtarze
vels sxva damuxtul sxeulebze moqmedeba
masTan miaxloebuli damuxtuli sxeuli;
SeuZlia. gviCvenebs wertilovani muxtis
• rogor nawildeba Warbi muxti liTonis
da Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos
gamtaris gare da Sida zedapirebze;
Seqmnili velis suraTs
• daubrundiT paragrafebs: 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2,
an
2.3. SeecadeT CaataroT saSinao cdebi da
- aRwers faradeis cnobil eqsperiments,
aqtivobebi.
ambobs, rom am qmedebis mravaljer gameo-
rebiT SeiZleba didi muxtis miReba, magram
Semdeg ki, girCevT, rom Seswavlili
movlenas veRar sxnis
sakiTxebi daakavSiroT mowodebul re-
an
sursebTan da aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
- mohyavs zogadi informacia faradeis
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi praqtika-
eqsperimentze daTvalierebuli vebgver-
Si.
debidan da resursad miwodebuli videor-
golebidan
anu SeZlo warmoedgina dasaxelebuli
ideebidan erT-erTi an sxva analogiuri
idea, magram mxolod erTi.
maswavleblis wigni
 prestruqturuli done
•ar aqvs idea
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT ar aqvs relevanturi infor-
macia.
moswavlem ar Seasrula davaleba, ver mix-
vda, ra aris eqsperimentis modelireba da
rogor SeiZleba faradeis cdis Catareba,
iyenebs Seusabamo, ararelevantur infor-
macias an/da saerTod acdenilia sakiTxs.
mas ar aqvs idea, rogor Seqmnas modeli
da misi demonstrirebisas gasagebad
gadmosces mocemuli muxtis saSualebiT
gamtarze bevrad meti muxtis dagrovebis
- gaixseneT, ra gsmeniaT eleqtruli velis Sesax-
eb. moiZieT informacia liTonebis agebulebaze,
eleqtrostatikur induqciaze, gamtaris gare
da Sida zedapirze muxtebis ganawilebaze da am
gamocdilebis praqtikul gamoyenebaze. saxelmZ-
Rvanelodan ixileT Semdegi paragrafebi: 1.3, 1.4,
2.1, 2.2, 2.3. SeecadeT CaataroT saSinao cdebi da
aqtivobebi an dafiqrdiT, saidan SeiZleba gaigoT
ufro meti (mimarTeT mowodebul resursebs, mag-
maswavleblis wigni

aliTad, teleskolis gakveTils, simulaciebs).

idea.
- gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac statikuri muxti
grovdeba. ra gsmeniaT statikuri muxtis Sesaxeb?
naxeT bostonis mecnierebis muzeumis Sous vid-
eorgoli. ra moyveba Weqa-quxils? hgavs Tu ara
SouSi naCvenebi movlena elvas? rogor axerxeben
SouSi aseTi didi muxtis dagrovebas?

SeecadeT davaleba am ori faqtoris gaTvalis-

winebiT SeasruloT.

127
128
kompleqsuri davaleba „superkondensatorebi"

samizne cnebebi da masTan sakiTxebi/qvesakiTxebi: sakvanZo SekiTxvebi, ro- kompleqsuri davalebis

dakavSirebuli mkvidri war- • erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikuri melsac pasuxobs davaleba piroba / Sefasebis krite­
modgenebi veli; 1. ramdenad srulyofilad riumebi
• damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri iqneba eleqtruli velis en-
energia; ergia gamoyenebuli, Tu ar
• eleqtruli velis muSaoba; gvecodineba misi dagrove-
• potenciali da potencialTa sxvaoba; bisa da Senaxvis wesi?
• eleqtrotevadoba;
• brtyeli kondensatori; 2. rogor vaCveno stati-
• brtyeli kondensatoris ele- is meSveobiT, ra fizikur
qtrotevadoba; movlenebsa da kanonzomier-
• damuxtuli kondensatoris energia - ebebs efuZneba kondensato-
eleqtruli velis energia ris idea, ra aris superkon-
densatori da ratom ver
qvecnebebi: cvlis is denis wyaros
• eleqtruli veli;
• potenciuri energia;
• eleqtruli Zala;
• kondensatoris damuxtva/ganmuxtva
materia kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi: superkondensatorebi
fiz.saS.1, 2, 3, 4 I etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis forma
rogor unda warmovaCino sakuTari codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan daka- mecniereba Zalisxmevas ar
moswavlem unda gaacnobi- iSurebs energiis miRebisa da
vSirebiT?
eros, rom: Senaxvis xerxebis mosaZebnad.
rogor davwero statia, sadac mokled da gasagebad aRvwer, Tu ro- marTalia, garkveuli tipis
1) materiis ori saxis, niv-
gor xerxdeba kondensatorSi energiis Senaxva da ratom ar gamodgeba
Tierebisa da velis maxasi-
kondensatori denis wyarod?
aTebeli fizikuri sidideebi
damokidebulia:
resursi 1: superkondensatorebi da axali grafeni-polimeruli
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da
kompozitebi: https://bit.ly/3D3Xwst
garemo pirobebze.
resursi 2: ra aris statia: https://bit.ly/3qrZmOO
maswavleblis wigni
 b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis
urTierTmdebareobasa da maT
mier velis Seqmnis unarze.
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri
Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi
aixsneba:
a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis qaosuri moZ-
raobiT, erTmaneTTan urT-
ierTqmedebiT, maT Soris
Sualedebis arsebobiT da
samive maTganis cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obi-
eqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi
ganlagebiT da am obieqtebis
mier mocemuli velis warmoqm-
nis unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri
erTmaneTTan da maTi cvli-
lebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
129
resursi 3: rogor davweroT kargi statia: dasamuxt akumulatorebSi
https://bit.ly/3L4zuAv SesaZlebelia energiis Senax-
va, magram isini didia da mZime,
resursi 4: rogor davweroT saswavlo-meToduri statia:
amasTan, dasamuxtadac didi dro
rogor davweroT saswavlo-meToduri statia | mastsavlebeli.ge
sWirdebaT. rogorc xSirad am-
https://bit.ly/3IwIcG3
boben, 1 kg-ian eleqtrobatareas
1 kg benzinze bevrad naklebi en-
resursi 5: gaecani statias :
ergiis mocema SeuZlia. kondensa-
MIT-is mecnierebma manaTobeli mcenareebi Seqmnes — gare ga-
torebi ufro swrafad agroveben
maswavleblis wigni
naTebis
energias, magram dasamuxt aku-
SesaZlo alternativa https://bit.ly/3ICAeeu
mulatorebze bevrad naklebs da
swrafadve gamoaTavisufleben
resursi 6: sainformacio-SemecnebiTi teqsti „eleqtromobi- dagrovil energias. superkon-
li" vebportalidan „kargi skola": densatorebs (ultrakondensa-
https://bit.ly/3D7XAaH torebs) bevrad meti energiis
Senaxva SeuZliaT. isini erTob
aqtivoba 1. dabal temperaturazec muSaoben.
moswavleebisTvis kompleqsuri davalebis pirobis gacnoba. isini ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba iq,
sadac SesaZlebelia kinetikuri
aqtivoba 2. energiis eleqtrulad gardaqmna.
statiebze dakvirveba msgavseba-gansxvavebaze saubari. msje- grafenis fuZeze superkondensa-
loba, Tu ra moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes statia. torebis warmoeba misi drekado-
bis, simtkicisa da meti farTobis
aqtivoba 3. rogor iqmneba statia. moswavleebi saubroben sa- mqone Semonafenis Seqmnis Sesa-
kuTar gamocdilebaze, Tu rogori saxis statiebi waukiTxavT, Zleblobis gamo, kargi perspeq-
ra Temaze da ramdenad mkafio da gasagebi yofila statiis tivaa. lamborgini da masaCuset-
Sinaarsi, gamoTqvamen mosazrebas, rogor SeiZleba daiweros da sis teqnologiuri universiteti
gaformdes statia, ras gamoiyeneben, rom maTi naSromi advilad apireben swored aseTi superkon-
aRsaqmeli iyos. densatoris bazaze Seiqmnas Terzo
Millennio lamborginis hibriduli
aqtivoba 4: resursi 1-is gacnoba da msjeloba warmodgenil sistema.
informaciaze Taobaze.
130
energia aseTi koncept avtomobilebi
samizne codnis • wagikiTxavT Tu ara statia?
fiz.saS.1, 2, 3, 4 iyeneben energiis gardaqmnis
(deklaratiuli, • ras exeboda statia, romelic Tqven
moswavlem unda gaacnobi- princips, kinetikuri energiis
pirobiseuli, proce- wagikiTxavT?
eros, rom: rekuperaciis sistemis msgavsad
duruli) konstru- • ra funqcia aqvs statias?
1) sistemis Semadgenel sxe- (KERS - moiZie). am SemTxvevaSi
irebaze orientire- • ra nawilebisgan Sedgeba statia?
ulebs maTi moZraobisa da sxva
buli SekiTxvebi • ra SemTxvevaSi gamova statia sain-
sxeulebTan urTierTqmedebis
tereso?
gamo, aseve sxeulis Semadgene-
qvecneba- kondensa- • ra SemTxvevaSi iqneba statia gauge-
li nawilakebis moZraobisa da
toris damuxtva/gan- bari an uintereso?
maTi erTmaneTTan urTierTq-
muxtva • rogor SeiZleba aigos statia? ro-
medebis gamo SesaZlebelia
gor SeiZleba gaformdes?
hqondeT sxvadasxva saxis
• rogor SeiZleba daiweros statia,
energia, romelic SesaZlebe-
romelSic Tqveni TanatolebisaTvis
lia gardaiqmnas erTi saxidan
sainteresod iqneba moTxrobili kon-
meoreSi. damuxruWebisas gamoyofili
densatorebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb?
energia xmardeba superkonden-
2) sxeulTa sistemis energiis • me-5 resursad warmodgenil stati-
satoris damuxtvas da Semdeg
cvlilebas gansazRvravs mis aSi ratom moixsenieba „kondensato-
es energia, faqtobrivad udana-
mier (masze gare Zalebis mier) ri" brWyalebSi?
kargod, xmardeba avtomobilis
muSaobis Sesruleba an/da • isurvebdiT romelime JurnalSi
aCqarebas, radgan kondensatori
Tbogadacema, xolo sxeulTa Tqveni naSromis gamoqveynebas?
ganmuxtvisas energias ele-
sistemis mier Sesrulebuli • TqveniazriT rogori unda iyos
qtroZravs gadascems.
muSaobis (energiis cvlilebis) korespondenti, romelsac samecnie-
siswrafes - mis mier ganvi- ro- teqnikuri siaxleebis rubrika
SeqmeniT statia, sadac mkiTx-
Tarebuli simZlavre. mihyavs?
vels TvalsaCinod aCvenebT,
3) sxeulTa sistemis ener- rogor xerxdeba kondensatorSi
giebisa da maTi cvlilebis energiis Senaxva da ratom ar
damokidebuleba energiebis gamodgeba kondensatori denis
cvlilebis gamomwvev mize- wyarod. daukavSireT Seswavli-
zebTan SesaZlebelia aRvw- li sakiTxebi moZiebul informa-
eroT analizurad, grafiku- cias da auxseniT mkiTxvels, ra
lad, diagramebiT, cxrilebiT fizikur movlenebsa da kanon-
da sxva meTodebiT. zomierebebs efuZneba konden-
satoris idea da ra rols as-
maswavleblis wigni

rulebs superkondensatorebi.
 fizikuri procesi
fiz.saS.1, 2, 3, 4
moswavlem unda gaacnobi-
eros, rom:
1) yvela fizikur movlenas da
mis damaxasiaTebel process
ganapirobebs mizezi da mohyve-
ba Sedegi. maT Soris kavSirebis
dadgena ki mecnierebis mTa-
vari amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis
mimdinareobis aRsawerad,
mecnierebi am movlenebis
Sesabamis fizikur procesebs
ikvleven. TiToeuli procesi
xasiaTdeba fizikuri sididee-
biT, romelTa urTierTdaka-
vSirebiTac SesaZlebelia am
procesis aRwera.
3) damokidebuleba fiziku-
ri procesebis maxasiaTebel
fizikur sidideebs Soris an/
da am sidideebsa da maTi cvli-
lebis mizezebs Soris SesaZle-
belia aRvweroT analizurad,
grafikulad, diagramebiT,
cxrilebiT an sxva meTodebiT.
131
II etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarsi naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaC-
ineT:
nabiji 1: ra saxis energia aqvs damuxtul sxeuls eleqtro-
statikur velSi da rogor ukavSirdeba am energiis cvlileba 1) ra saxis energia aqvs damux-
eleqtruli velis muSaobas? ra msgavsebaa eleqtrul da grav- tul sxeuls eleqtrostatikur
itaciul velSi sxeulis energiis cvlilebas Soris? velSi da rogor ukavSirdeba am
energiis cvlileba eleqtruli
velis muSaobas? ra msgavsebaa
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo eleqtrul da gravitaciul vel-
§ 2.6 damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri energia erTgvarovan
maswavleblis wigni
Si sxeulis energiis cvlilebas
eleqtrostatikur velSi Soris? (materia 1, 2, 3; energia 1,
§ 2.7 eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali da potencialTa 2, 3, fizikuri procesi 1, 2)
sxvaoba
2) romeli fizikuri movlenebi
rekomendacia: am nabijze muSaobisas, proceduruli codnis udevs safuZvlad kondensatoris
ganmtkicebis mizniT, aqtivobebis saxiT SeiZleba vimuSaoT 1-14 ideas? rogor imuxteba da gani-
amocanebze saxelmZRvanelos 74-e gverdidan. muxteba kondensatori? romeli
fizikuri sidideebi icvleba
da romeli rCeba ucvleli am
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli
dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu ro-
veli da potenciali # # teleskola mel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r idebuli kondensatoris energia?
(energia 1, 2, 3 , fizikuri procesi
resursi 3: virtualuri laboratoria. aq maswavlebels Seu- 1, 2, 3)
Zlia gamoiyenos „axali skolis modelis" farglebSi Seqmnili
resursi: 3) rogor SeiZleba meti energi-
https://bit.ly/3tmCv9c is dagroveba am mowyobilobis
am bmuliT SegiZliaT CamotvirToT kvlevisaTvis saWiro saSualebiT? ratom ver Secvlis
vordisa da eqselis failebi. aseve naxoT videorgoli, sadac is denis wyaros? ra parametrebiT
gaecnobiT virtualuri laboratoriis gamoyenebis wess da xasiaTdeba superkondensatorebi
da ra funqcia akisriaT maT? ra
rekomendaciebs kvlevis warmarTvisaTvis.
ideas efuZneba maTi gamoyeneba
konkretul SemTxvevaSi? (energia
aqtivoba 1: winare codnis gaaqtiureba: moswavles am savar- 1, 2, 3, fizikuri procesi 1, 2, 3)
jiSoSi gravitaciuli da eleqtruli Zalebis Sedareba mou­
wevs.
saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 58. savarjiSo.
132
1. 6.10-5 g masis mtvris namceci uZravadaa or paralelur gamtar damuxtuli
firfitebis eleqtrul velSi (sur. 58.1). gansazRvreT namcecis muxtis niSani
da masze eleqtruli velis mxridan moqmedi Zala.

sur. 58.1

aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 59. moemzadeT Semdegi ga-

kveTilisTvis. kiTxvebi, testi. winare codnis gaaqtiureba:
moswavle gaixsenebs simZimis Zalas da simZimis Zalis muSaobas,
sxeulis potenciur energias gravitaciul velSi

aqtivoba 3: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 61. gravitaciul velSi sxeu-

lis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am sxeulis masasTan aris
Tu ara damokidebuli sxeulis masaze?

aqtivoba 4: cxrilis Sevseba da amis safuZvelze analogiebis

gaazreba.
cxrili SegiZliaT CamotvirToT aq: https://bit.ly/36rs5MC

aqtivoba 5: saxelmZRvanelo, §2.7, gv. 57, 4, 5 kiTxvebze muSaoba

paragrafSi mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT.
dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi eleqtruli velis muSaoba daZabu-
lobis mimarTulebiT dadebiTi muxtis gadaadgilebisas? ra-
tom fiqrobT ase? A=q(φ1-φ2 ) formulidan gamomdinare, rome-
li potencialia meti? ra daskvnas gamoitanT, rogoraa mimar-
Tuli eleqtruli velis daZabuloba - potencialis zrdis Tu
Semcirebis mxares?
maswavleblis wigni
 samizne codnis • ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs sxeulTa siste-
(deklaratiuli, mas energia? potenciuri energia?
pirobiseuli, proce- • aqvs Tu ara energia dedamiwis zeda-
duruli) konstru- piridan aweul sxeuls? rogori?
irebaze orientire- • rogor warmoaCenT TvalsaCinod,
buli SekiTxvebi rom dedamiwis zedapiridan garkveul
simaRleze aweul sxeuls aqvs ener-
qvecneba - eleqtru- gia?
maswavleblis wigni

li veli; potenciuri • rodis asrulebs simZimis Zala

energia; dadebiT/uaryofiT/nulis tol
eleqtruli Zala. muSaobas?
• risi tolia simZimis Zalis muSaoba
Sekrul traeqtoriaze?
• damokidebulia Tu ara simZimis Za-
lis muSaoba traeqtoriis formaze?
• aqvs energia eleqtrul velSi
moTavsebul damuxtul sxeuls?
• rogor ganisazRvreba erTgvaro-
van eleqtrostatikur velSi muxtis
Zalwiris gaswvriv gadaadgilebaze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
• damokidebulia Tu ara is traeqto-
riis formaze?
• ra kavSiria am muSaobasa da muxtis
potenciur energias Soris?
• rogor icvleba damuxtuli sxeu-
lis potenciuri energia, rodesac
veli dadebiT (uaryofiT) muSaobas
asrulebs? kinetikuri? pasuxi daas-
abuTeT

133
134
•gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis muSaoba
Caketil traeqtoriaze, rodesac muxti
sawyis wertilSi brundeba
• rogori velia gravitaciuli? ele-
qtrostatikuri? ratom?
• romel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
idebuli gravitaciul velSi moTavsebu-
li sxeulis potenciuri energia?
• romel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
idebuli eleqtrostatikur velSi
moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri ener-
gia?
• romel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
idebuli gravitaciul velSi moTavsebu-
li sxeulis potenciuri energiis Sefar-
deba am sxeulis masasTan?
• romel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
idebuli eleqtrostatikur velSi
moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri energi-
is Sefardeba am muxtis sididesTan?
• velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebu-
li sxvadasxva muxtisTvis erTi da igivea
Tu ara muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis
potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am muxtis
sididesTan?
• SesaZlebelia Tu ara muxtis velTan
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis
Sefardeba am muxtis sididesTan miviC-
nioT eleqtrostatikuri velis raode-
nobriv maxasiaTeblad am wertilSi? ras
vuwodebT am sidides?
ratom uwodeben mas velis energetikul
maxasiaTebels?
maswavleblis wigni
 • erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi
muxtis Zalwiris gaswvriv gadaadgileba-
ze Sesrulebuli muSaoba rogor gamois-
axeba velis potencialis saSualebiT?
• ra fizikuri sididea erTgvarovan
eleqtrostatikur velSi erTeulovani
muxtis Zalwiris gaswvriv gadaadgileba-
ze Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
• rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs eleq-
maswavleblis wigni

truli velis Zaluri da energetikuli

maxasiaTeblebi?

nabiji 2. romeli fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kon-

densatoris ideas? rogor imuxteba da ganimuxteba kondensa-
tori? romeli fizikuri sidideebi icvleba da romeli rCeba
ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel fizikur si-
dideebzea damokidebuli kondensatoris energia?

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo. paragrafebi, sadac saubaria

sakiTxebze:
§2.8. ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia. wertilovani muxtis potenciali
§2.9. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. potencialTa sxvaobis ga-
zomva
§3.1. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori
§3.4. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia. kondensatoris ga­
moyeneba
rekomendacia: am nabijze muSaobisas, proceduruli codnis
ganmtkicebis mizniT, aqtivobebis saxiT SeiZleba vimuSaoT
amocanebze saxelmZRvanelos 74-78 gverdebidan.

135
136
resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli
# teleskola
veli gamtarSi da dieleqtrikebSi, kondensatori #
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

aqtivoba 1: amocanis ganxilva maswavleblis mxardaWeriT,

mimarTulebis mimcemi, samizne codnis (proceduruli, pirob-
iseuli) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebis daxmare-
biT:
saxelmZRvanelo, § 2.8, kiTxva 9:
10 sm radiusis birTvs gadasces10–7k muxti. gansazRvreT
birTvis zedapiris potenciali da SeadareT birTvis Sida wer-
tilebis potencialebs.

aqtivoba 2: msjeloba maswavleblis mxardaWeriT, mimar-

Tulebis mimcemi, samizne codnis (proceduruli, pirobiseu-
li) konstruirebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebis daxmarebiT:
saxelmZRvanelo, § 2.9 kiTxva 8:
SeadareT eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli gamtarebis A,
B da C wertilebis potencialebi erTmaneTs (sur. 70.1). ax-
seniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
maswavleblis wigni
 aqtivoba 3: gaxseniT bmuli da gamoiyeneT simulacia. daak-
virdiT, muxtis gadanawilebis rogori procesi mimdinareobs
neitralur gamtarSi masTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas.
imsjeleT, rogor aisaxeba neitraluri gamtaris zedapirze aRZ-
ruli muxtis gavlena masTan miaxloebuli, vTqvaT, dadebiTad
damuxtuli gamtaris potencialze.
maswavleblis wigni

https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

aqtivoba 4: gaxseniT bmuli da gamoiyeneT simulacia. daakvir-

diT, rogor nawildeba damatebiTi muxti gamtaris zedapirze.
imsjeleT, rogor Seicvleba gamtaris potenciali masze 2, 3,
4-jer meti muxtis gadacemis SemTxvevaSi
https://javalab.org/en/charge_distribution_on_a_thin_conductive_plate_
en/

aqtivoba 5: gaxseniT Semdegi simulacia:

https://bit.ly/3iLEpud
damuxteT kondensatori batareis saSualebiT. Semdeg moxseniT
Zabvis wyarodan. gadarTeT naTurasTan.

137
138
aqtivoba 6: wina paragrafebidan miRebuli codnis gaxseneba,
yuradRebis gamaxvileba konkretul sakiTxze axali codnis
agebis mizniT:
• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potenciali misi
muxtis gadidebisas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potencialis
Sefardeba mis muxtTan, gamtaris muxtis gadidebisas? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?

saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 79, moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potenciali
(sur. 79.2) misi muxtis gadidebisas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

ganmxoloebuli – sxva sxe­ulebisagan Zalian daSorebuli.

• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potencialis

sur. 79.2
Sefardeba mis muxtTan, gamtaris muxtis gadidebisas?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

aqtivoba 7: saxelmZRvanelo, § 3.1

problemis dasma da gadaWra
maswavleblis mxardaWeriT, msjelobis
mimarTulebis mimcemi, samizne codnis
konstruirebaze orientirebuli
SekiTxvebis daxmarebiT:
Seicvleba Tu ara A gamtaris
eleqtrotevadoba, Tu mas meore,
daumuxtav B gamtars mivuaxloebT ?
maswavleblis wigni
 samizne codnis • rogor urTierTqmedebs mocemuli
(deklaratiuli, manZiliT daSorebuli ori dadebiTi
pirobiseuli, proce- wertilovani muxti erTmaneTze? aqvT
duruli) konstru- Tu ara maT urTierTqmedebis poten-
irebaze orientire- ciuri energia?
buli SekiTxvebi • rogor ganisazRvreba wertilovani
q da Q muxtebis urTierTqmedebis
qvecneba - eleqtru- potenciuri energia, Tu maT Soris
maswavleblis wigni

li veli; po- manZilia R?

tenciuri energia; • dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi erT-
eleqtruli Zala; nairniSniani muxtebis urTierTq-
kondensatoris da- medebis potenciuri energia?
muxtva/ganmuxtva. • rogor icvleba erTnairniSniani
muxtebis urTierTqmedebis poten-
ciuri energia maT Soris manZilis
SemcirebiT?
• rogor gamosaxavT wertilovani
muxtis velis potencials misgan
mocemul manZilze vakuumSi/diele-
qtrikul garemoSi?
• ra niSani eqneba velis mocemul
wertilSi potencials, Tu am velis
Semqmneli muxti uaryofiTia? dadeb-
iTia?
• rogor ganisazRvreba mocemul
wertilSi velis potenciali, Tu veli
Seqmnilia ramdenime muxtiT?
• Tu vels dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebi qmnian, maSin rogor ganisaz-
Rvreba potenciali am velis mocemul
wertilSi?

139
140
samizne codnis • rogor fiqrobT, marTebulia Tu
(deklaratiuli, ara wertilovani muxtis velis poten-
pirobiseuli, proce- cialis formula misgan mocemul man-
duruli) konstru- Zilze Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari
irebaze orientire- sferos potencialisTvis?
buli SekiTxvebi • eleqtruli velis rogori maxasi-
aTebelia daZabuloba? potenciali?
qvecneba - eleqtru- axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
li veli; po- • ra aris ekvipotenciuri zedapiri?
tenciuri energia; • risi tolia ekvipotenciuri zeda-
eleqtruli Zala; piris or wertils Soris potencial-
kondensatoris da- Ta sxvaoba?
muxtva/ganmuxtva. • rogor gansazRvravT ekvipotenci-
ur zedapirze muxtis gadaadgilebi-
sas eleqtruli velis mier Sesrule-
bul muSaobas?
• raze gvaZlevs warmodgenas ekvipo-
tenciuri zedapiris cnebis SemoReba?
• ra kavSirSia velis 2 maxasiaTebeli,
daZabuloba da potenciali erTma-
neTTan?
• rogor ukavSirdeba daZabulobis
mimarTuleba potencialis cvlile-
bas?
maswavleblis wigni
 • iarsebebs Tu ara eleqtruli veli
gamtaris or wertils Soris, Tu am wer-
tilebs gansxvavebuli potenciali aqvT?
rogori mimarTuleba eqneba am vels?
• iarsebebs Tu ara eleqtruli veli
gamtaris or wertils Soris, Tu am wer-
tilebs erTnairi potenciali aqvT?
• rogor SeiZleba praqtikulad gamtar-
maswavleblis wigni

is zedapiris wertilebis potencialis

gamokvleva, raTa davrwmundeT, rom
damuxtuli gamtaris zedapiris yvela
wertils erTi da igive potenciali aqvs?
• rogor nawildeba muxti gamtar-
is zedapirze? rogor SeiZleba amis
dasabuTeba?
• rogor ganawildeba muxti gamtaris
zedapirze, Tu mas gavzrdiT 2, 3, 4-jer?
• ras niSnavs „ganmxoloebuli gamtari"?
•rogor gamoiTvleba ganmxoloebuli
gamtari R radiusiani sferos potencia-
li mis zedapirze?
• rogor Seicvleba misi potenciali, Tu
mas 2, 3, 4-jer met muxts gadavcemT?
• Seicvleba Tu ara am dros muxtisa da
potencialis Sefardeba?
• razea damokidebuli ganmxoloebuli
gamtari sferos eleqtrotevadoba?
• SesaZlebelia Tu ara iseTi gam-
tari sferos damzadeba, romlis ele-
qtrotevadoba 1 faradi iqneba? daasabu-
TeT.

141
142
• Seicvleba Tu ara A (marjvniv, dadebiTad
damuxtuli) gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba,
Tu mas meore, daumuxtav B (marcxniv sura-
Tze) gamtars mivuaxloebT?

+ – + + +
+ – + +
+ B – + A +
+ –
– + +
++ – + + +

sur. 81.2

•Bra fizikuri procesi mimdinareobs B gam-

tarSi, rodesac mas vuaxloebT dadebiTad
damuxtul A gamtars? ar vaxebT.
•B B gamtaris im mxareze, romelic A gamtar-
Tan axlosaa, rogori muxti aRiZvreba?
•dadebiTia Tu uayofiTi potenciali, ro-
melsac B gamtarze inducirebuli uaryof-
iTi muxti qmnis?
•A A gamtaris potencialis rogor cvlile-
bas gamoiwvevs masTan miaxloebul B gam-
taris axlo mxareze inducirebuli uary-
ofiTi muxtis potenciali?
• Seicvala Tu ara am dros A gamtaris mux-
ti?
• Seicvala Tu ara A gamtaris ele-
qtrotevadoba? daasabuTeT.
• rogor ukavSirdeba zemoT ganxilul mov-
lenas didi eleqtrotevadobis xelsawyo-
ebis damzadeba da ra saxelwodebiTaa isini
cnobili?
• risTvis gamoiyeneba kondensatorebi?
maswavleblis wigni
 • ra aris brtyeli kondensatori da
razea misi eleqtrotevadoba damok-
idebuli?
• rogor muxtaven kondensators?
• urTierTqmedeben Tu ara kondensato-
ris Semonafenebis muxtebi? gaaCniaT Tu
ara maT energia urTierTqmedebis gamo?
ra saxis?
maswavleblis wigni

• romeli Zalebi asruleben muSaobas

kondensatoris damuxtvis procesSi?
• ra kavSiria damuxtuli kondensatoris
energiasa da misi damuxtvisas gare Zal-
Ta mier Sesrulebul muSaobas Soris?
• Tu kondensatoris damuxtvis process
ise warmovidgenT, TiTqos muxtis mcire
porciebi erTi Semonafenidan meoreze
gadagvaqvs Tanmimdevrulad, maSin ro-
gor fiqrobT, ra cvlilebas gamoiwvevs
es procesi, rogor Seicvleba damuxtu-
li firfitebis potencialebi? rogor
Seicvleba maTi potencialTa sxvaoba
muxtis erTi firfitidan meoreze yove-
li Semdgomi gadatanisas?
• rogor SeiZleba laboratoriul
pirobebSi aRweril procesze dakvir-
veba? ra kanonzomiereba akavSirebs
kondensatoris muxtis zrdas mis fir-
fitebs Soris Zabvis cvlilebasTan?
• Cans Tu ara virtualur laboratoria-
Si es kanonzomiereba?
• ras udris kondensatoris Semonafen-
ebis jamuri muxti ganmuxtvamde? ax-
seniT.

143
144
• ras udris kondensatoris Semonafenebis
jamuri muxti ganmuxtvis Semdeg?
• arsebobs Tu ara eleqtruli veli damux-
tuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris?
• arsebobs Tu ara eleqtruli veli kon-
densatoris ganmuxtvis Semdeg mis Semon-
afenebs Soris?
• ra Seicvala kondensatoris ganmuxtvi-
sas?
• romeli energiis xarjze gaxurda naTu-
ras spirali da gamosxivda sinaTle?
• kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas misi muxtis
erTi Semonafenidan meoreze gadatanisas
sruldeba Tu ara muSaoba da romeli Za-
lebis mier?
• ra fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli
kondensatoris energia?

nabiji 3. rogor SeiZleba meti energiis dagroveba am mowyo-

bilobis saSualebiT? ratom ver Secvlis is denis wyaros? ra
parametrebiT xasiaTdeba superkondensatorebi da ra funqcia
akisriaT maT? ra ideas efuZneba maTi gamoyeneba konkretul
SemTxvevaSi?
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo:
• §3.4. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia. kondensatoris gam-
oyeneba
resursi 2: superkondensatorebi: aqvs Tu ara maT perspeqtiva?
bmuli: https://bit.ly/3Jrzeem
resursi 3: ra aris „superkondensatorebi" da ras akeTeben isi-
ni Lamborghini-s axal Sián superavtomobilSi?
bmuli: https://bit.ly/3tkqZeC
maswavleblis wigni
 resursi 4: videorgoli superkondensatorebis gamoyenebaze
hhttps://bit.ly/3JG3D9a
maswavleblis wigni

resursi 5: dieleqtrikis Setana kondensatorSi.

YouTube videorgoli saZiebo fraziT:
MIT Physics Demo -- Adjustable Capacitor with Dielectric
https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2

aqtivoba 1: gaxseni Semdegi simulacia da SearCie eleqtroteva-

doba.
https://bit.ly/3iLEpud

CaatareT kvleva - CamotvirTeT faili am bmulidan da gamoikvlieT

kondensatoris firfitebs Soris dieleqtrikis moTavsebiT ga-
mowveuli efeqti: https://bit.ly/3JtuWn0

145
146
samizne codnis • ratom ar SeuZlia kondensators denis
(deklaratiuli, wyaros Secvla?
pirobiseuli, • romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebu-
proceduruli) li damuxtuli kondensatoris energia?
konstruireba- • rodesac batareis Zabvas TandaTan zrdi
ze orientire- 1.5 voltamde, rogor icvleba kondensato-
buli SekiTxvebi ris tevadoba, muxti, energia?
• SeinarCune Zabva 1.5 V (volti - v). Tu jer
qvecneba - ele- Seamcireb, Semdeg ki gazrdi firfitebis
qtruli veli; (Semonafenebis) farTobs: rogor icvleba
potenciuri kondensatoris tevadoba, muxti, energia?
energia; ele- • SeinaCune Zabva 1.5 V (volti - v). gaxseni
qtruli Zala; kontaqti (gadamrTveli) da Caxseni kon-
kondensatoris densatori batareidan. WeSmaritia Tu ara
damuxtva/gan- Semdegi mtkiceba: kondensatoris Zabvis
muxtva. wyarodan moxsna kondensatoris energiis
swraf Semcirebas iwvevs.
•dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba daayene ε=1
da batarea 1,5 volt Zabvaze. Caiwere mux-
tis, energiisa da tevadobis mniSvnelobebi.
dieleqtrikis firfitebs Soris Setanam
rogor Secvala kondensatoris tevadoba,
muxti, energia?
•axla dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba
gazarde 3.5-mde. dieleqtrikis firfitebs
Soris Setanam rogor Secvala kondensato-
ris tevadoba, muxti, energia?

resursebis gacnobis Semdeg, ra informacia

gaxda SenTvis cnobili:
maswavleblis wigni
 • ramden xans inarCuneben muxts avtomo-
bilSi gamoyenebuli superkondensatorebi?
ramdeni xani sWirdeba superkondensatore-
bis damuxtvas?
• ra mizniT gamoiyeneba isini da rogor
SemTxvevebSi?
• SeuZliaT Tu ara maT Secvalon batareebi
da ratom?
• rogori tevadoba aqvT superkondensa-
maswavleblis wigni

torebs?
• gamoTvaleT fotoze warmodgenili su-
perkondensatoris energia (resursi 2-dan)

• romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebu-

li kondensatoris tevadoba?
• rogor aRweven aseTi didi tevadobis kon-
densatoris Seqmnas?
• ratom aqvT superkondensatorebs didi
masa da gabaritebi?
• rogor gamoTvliT energias, romelsac
superkondensatori agrovebs?
• ratom aris statiaSi (resursi 3) sityva
„ufaso", romelic energias exeba, brWyaleb-
Si?
• ra sakiTxs wamoWridiT miRebuli infor-
maciis safuZvelze?

147
148
SekiTxvebi moswavleebisaTvis kompleqsur davalebaze muSao-
bisas an misi wardgenisas:

• aRwereT, rogor warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi;

• aRwereT, ra produqti SeqmeniT;
• ra sakiTxs Seexeba Tqvens mier momzadebuli davaleba?
• axseniT, ratom SeqmeniT statia?
• Tqveni azriT, vin unda dainteresdes Sesrulebuli kompleqsu-
ri davalebiT da ratom?
• ra dabrkolebebs waawydiT davalebaze muSaobisas?
• ras gaakeTebdiT sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebdeT davalebaze
muSaobas?
• Tqveni azriT, riT hgavs Tqveni naSromi Tanaklaselebis naS-
romebs da riT gansxvavdeba maTgan?
maswavleblis wigni
 axla ki warmovadginoT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis moswavleTa Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomia kompleqsuri davalebisTvis „su-
perkondensatorebi". moviyvanoT moswavlis miRwevis aRwerilobisa da maswavleblis ganmaviTarebeli komentaris magaliTebi
am davalebis farglebSi:
miRwevis done
(kriteriumi)
abstraqtuli done
• SeuZlia ideebis integrireba
moswavle kompleqsu-
ri davalebis saSualebiT
gamokveTil magaliTebze
dayrdnobiT, urTierTdaka-
vSirebulad msjelobs sa-
gnis farglebSi gamokveTil
ramdenime/yvela samizne
cnebaze. ukavSirebs komple-
qsuri davalebis saSualebiT
gamokveTil mocemulobas
pirad gamocdilebas da sxva
cxovrebiseul situaciebs.
149
aRweriloba komentari
maswavleblis wigni
ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gavakeTe amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles (ganmavi-
safuZvelze Tarebeli Sefasebis magaliTi)
moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna statia, romelSic Tqven mSvenivrad gaarTviT Tavi
TvalsaCinod aCvena, rogor xdeba inaxeba kondensatorSi ener- davalebas. naSromidan Cans, rom
gia da ratom ar gamodgeba kondensatori denis wyarod. gadmos- siRrmiseulad gaiazreT:
ca gansxvavebuli interpretaciiT (mag.: damuxtuli kondensa-
• kondensatoris mniSvneloba,
tori simbolurad wyliT savse WurWlis saxiT warmoadgina da
rogorc eleqtruli energiis
misi ganmuxtvisas miRebuli energia WurWlidan wylis gadmosx-
dagrovebisa da Senaxvis sa-
mas Seadara; am wylis potenciuri energiiT frTiani borblis
Sualebis, aseve, ra aris konden-
brunvasTan gaavlo paraleli kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas
satoris energia (misi Semonafen-
miRebuli energiis axsnisas). kondensatoris ganmuxtvis Semdeg
ebis muxtebis urTierTqmedebis
kondensatoris eleqtruli velis gaqroba warmoaCina, rogorc
energia);
materiis ZiriTadi Tviseba - gamudmebiT icvlebodes da gar-
• rogor da ra asrulebs muSao-
daiqmnebodes (am SemTxvevaSi xilulad mogvevlinos, Tundac,
bas kondensatoris Semonafenze,
naTuris naTebis saxiT).
muxtis dagrovebis procesSi;
rogor da ratom izrdeba am
dros Semonafenebs Soris poten-
cialTa sxvaoba;
150
moswavles siRrmiseulad
aqvs gaazrebuli sakiTxis
arsi / arsobrivi maxasiaT-
eblebi, rac mas am codnis
ganzogadebis / sxva msgavs
magaliTebTan Sedarebis sa-
Sualebas aZlevs. ukavSirebs
gansaxilvel sakiTxs sakuTar
pirad gamocdilebas.
moswavles SeuZlia struq-
turis ganzogadeba mocemu-
lis/SeTavazebulis miRma,
struqturis aRqma mravali
sxvadasxva kuTxidan/Tval-
TaxedviT da ideebis gadatana
axal sferoSi. mas SeuZlia
ganzogadeba, hipoTezis wam-
oyeneba, kritika an Teoriis
Camoyalibeba.
statiidan Cans, rom moswavle flobs masalas kondensatoris • rogor da ra asrulebs muSaobas
mier energiis dagroveba-SenaxvasTan dakavSirebiT da gaaz- kondensatoris ganmuxtvis pro-
rebuli aqvs is samizne cnebis konteqstSi; kerZod: amJRavnebs cesSi;
codnas, rom eleqtrul velSi muxtis energia damokidebulia • ra saxis energia aqvs damuxtul
velisa da muxtis maxasiaTeblebze, Tumca, Tu imave wertil- sxeuls eleqtrostatikur velSi
Si muxti araa, maSin potenciali am wertilSi mxolod velis da rogor ukavSirdeba am energi-
Semqmneli muxtiT da garemo materiiT ganisazRvreba (samizne is cvlileba eleqtruli velis
cneba „materia"); avlens eleqtruli velis Zaluri da ener- muSaobas.
getikuli maxasiaTeblebis codnas, mag.: adekvaturad axsen-
ebs terminebs: „eleqtruli Zala", „daZabuloba", „Zaluri/ gTxovT, gaixsenoT fizikidan, an
energetikuli maxasiaTebeli" (samizne cneba „Zala"), amyarebs piradi cxovrebidan magaliTebi,
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs Semonafenze muxtis dagrovebasa romlebic statiaSi gamokveTil
da potencialTa sxvaobis zrdis procesebs Soris (samizne niuansebs ukavSirdeba:
cneba „fizikuri movlena/procesi"). • raime sxva movlenas an process
xom ar gagonebT kondensatoris
moswavlem kondensatoris energiis gamoyenebis ukeT war- damuxtvis da ganmuxtvis procesi?
mosaCenad moiZia da moiyvana sxva magaliTebic (vTqvaT, • romel urTierTqmedebas gag-
saqalaqo avtobusebi) da sakuTari gamocdilebidan moiyva- onebT damuxtuli sxeulebis
na kondensatoris mniSvneloba kompiuteris SigniT an sxva urTierTqmedeba, raSia msgavseba
teqnikaSi. da gansxvaveba?
• riT gansxvavdeba kondensatoris
saSualebiT energiis dagrove-
ba-Senaxva da gamoyeneba TqvenT-
vis cnobili energiis sxva gar-
daqmnebisagan?
maswavleblis wigni
 mimarTebiTi done moswavle sainteresod da SemoqmedebiTad gadmoscems sta- araCveulebrivad gaarTviT Tavi
tiaSi, Tu ra unda vicodeT eleqtruli velis energiis sa- davalebas. Tqvens TxzulebaSi
• amyarebs kavSirs ramdenime gamokveTilia kriteriumebi:
Tanadod gamosayeneblad, rogor SevimuSaoT misi dagrove-
ideas Soris • ra saxis energia aqvs eleqtrul
bisa da Senaxvis wesi. mis statiaSi gamokveTilia faqtorebi,
romlebic ganapirobebs am mizniT kondensatoris gamoy- velSi moTavsebul damuxtul sx-
moswavle mwyobrad da Tanmim- euls da rogor icvleba misi energia
enebas (kerZod, xsnis, rom gravitaciuli potenciuri en-
devrulad gadmoscems samizne eleqtrul velSi, ra msgavsebaa ele-
ergiis msgavsad, eleqtrul velSi damuxtul sxeuls aqvs qtrul da gravitaciul vels Soris;
cnebasTan dakavSirebul isto-
velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia; muSaobis • rogor da ramdeni xniT inaxavs
riebs. urTierTdakavSirebu-
Sesrulebis Sedegad es energia SesaZlebelia Seicvalos da
maswavleblis wigni

lad msjelobs samizne cnebis kondensatori energias da razea

sxva saxis energiad gardaiqmnas; kondensatoris firfitebze damokidebuli mis mier energiis
arsobriv maxasiaTeblebze.
muxtis dasagroveblad saWiroa muSaobis Sesruleba, anu en- dagrovebis unari, ratom ver Secv-
gamokveTs kompleqsuri
ergiis daxarjva da ganmuxtvisas kondensatoris firfitebs lis is denis wyaros.
davalebis Sefasebis krite-
Soris eleqtruli velis energia SegviZlia gamoviyenoT). Tumca, naklebad Cans aqcenti krite-
riumebis saSualebiT gansaz-
Rvrul niuansebs. riumze - rogor davadginoT, romel
Tumca, davalebaSi aRaraa ganxiluli erT-erTi kriteriu- fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli
mi, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom moswavles bolomde kargad ar kondensatoris energia da rogor
moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros SeiZleba meti energiis dagroveba am
aqvs gaazrebuli kavSiri eleqtruli velis muSaobasa da
kavSiri ramdenime aspeqts So- mowyobilobis saSualebiT.
damuxtuli kondensatoris energias Soris, kondensatoris
ris, agreTve isic, Tu rogor Tu ixilavT saxelmZRvanelos §3.1,
ganmuxtvis dros misi muxtis erTi Semonafenidan meoreze
ergeba/Seexameba es aspeqtebi §3.4 paragrafebs da dafiqrdebiT,
gadatanisas.
erTmaneTs da qmnis mTels, ra kavSirSia eleqtruli velis mier
mTlianobas. misi naazrevi das- Sesrulebuli muSaoba kondensa-
truqturebulia da amgvarad, toris energiasTan kondensatoris
moswavles aqvs imis unari, ganmuxtvis dros misi muxtis erTi
rom Seadaros, daakavSiros, Semonafenidan meoreze gadatanisas,
gaaanalizos, gamoiyenos Teo- ar gagiWirdebaT, daadginoT, Tu
ria, axsnas sakiTxi mizezebisa romel fizikur sidideebzea damok-
da Sedegebis kuTxiT. idebuli damuxtuli kondensatoris
energia.

amis Semdeg girCevT, rom damuSavebu-

li sakiTxi daakavSiroT mowodebul
resursebTan da aRweroT, rogor
gamoiyeneba mecnieruli codna da
miRwevebi praqtikaSi. damuSavebuli
masala ki gamoiyenoT Tqveni naambo-
bis dasasabuTeblad.

151
152
multistruqturuli done
• aqvs bevri idea, Tumca ver
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
moswavles aqvs araerTi aso-
ciacia Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, imave
sakiTxTan/mTavar ideasTan
dakavSirebiT mis mier gad-
mocemul ambebs ar aqvs mwyo-
bri, Tanmimdevruli saxe.
mas SeuZlia ramdenime aspeq-
tis ganxilva gancalkevebu-
lad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris
gareSe. mas SeuZlia CamoTvla,
aRwera, klasificireba, kom-
binireba; meTodebis, struq-
turis gamoyeneba; procedure-
bis Sesruleba, sxva.
moswavlem zustad gaigo davalebis arsi da daukavSira mas Tqven sworad gaigeT davalebis
paragrafebSi warmodgenili masala. Tumca, is yuradRebas ar piroba. paragrafebSi mocemuli
amaxvilebs davalebis mTavar ideaze: kerZod, ver ayalibebs masalac wagikiTxavT da davale-
statias ise, rom mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi un- basTan dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca,
ar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT, imsjelos eleqtrul da kinetikur gTxovT, davalebaSi xazgasmiT
energiebze, maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebsa da Sedegebze, gamokveToT, ra kavSirSia eleq-
raTa axsnas kondensatoris mier energiis Senaxvisa da gamoy- truli velis mier Sesrulebuli
enebis procesi. muSaoba kondensatoris ener-
giasTan, risTvis sruldeba es
davalebis formac dasaxvewia, kerZod, moswavle gadmogvcems muSaoba kondensatoris ganmux-
ara ambavs, rogorc es statiaSi unda iyos (amas emsaxureba tvisas, aseve gTxovT, yuradReba
davalebis I etapi), aramed aJRerebs calkeul winadadebebs miaqcioT, Tu ra asrulebs muSao-
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT. bas kondensatoris damuxtvisas,
magaliTad: raze ixarjeba am dros energia.
- iazrebs, rom eleqtrul velSi muxts aqvs potenciuri energia amisaTvis SegiZlia ixiloT
da wers mis gamosaTvlel gamosaxulebas, asrulebs gamoTvlas, saxelmZRvanelos: §3.1, §3.4
magram ver amyarebs kavSirs konkretul wertilSi eleqtruli
velis potencialsa da am wertilSi moTavsebuli muxtis poten-
ciur energias Soris SegiZliaT, mkiTxvels isic
- ambobs, rom eleqtruli veli asrulebs muSaobas da wers Sesa- auxsnaT, Tu ratom ver Secvlis
bamis formulas, magram ver akavSirebs mas damuxtuli sxeulis kondensatori denis wyaros.
potenciuri energiis cvlilebasTan
- aRwers kondensators, mohyavs misi tevadobis gamosaTvleli gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom sta-
formula, magram ver akavSirebs mas kondensatoris energias- tiaSi istoria saintereso ambis
Tan; ver gamokveTs, ra kavSirSia kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas saxiT unda gadmoices, raTa is
misi muxtis erTi Semonafenidan meoreze gadatanisas eleqtru- mkiTxvelisTvis ufro gasagebi
li velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba kondensatoris energias- iyos.
Tan.
moswavlem SeZlo Seswavlil sakiTxTagan warmoedgina ramden-
ime an yvela, an sxva relevanturi informacia, magram ver daaka-
vSira erTmaneTTan da, sabolood, am ideebis dakavSirebiT ver
axsna faqtebi davalebis pirobiT moTxovnil konteqstSi.
maswavleblis wigni
 unistruqturuli done moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna statiis msgavsi erTab- Zalian sworad gaigeT davalebis
zaciani Txzuleba, Tumca, es teqsti Seicavs mxolod zedapir- piroba, magram Cans, rom ar gaqvT
• aqvs erTi idea
ul SefasebiT sityvebs. wakiTxuli saswavlo masala. gTx-
ovT, yuradRebiT waikiTxoT:
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi
moswavles aqvs erTi idea:
arastruqturirebuli asoci-
magaliTad: • ra aris eleqtruli velis ener-
acia/warmodgena gansaxilvel
gia; rogori velia kondensatoris
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, misi
- ambobs, rom eleqtruli veli asrulebs muSaobas, e,i. SesaZle- Semonafenebs Soris;
msjeloba Sesaswavl sakiTx-
belia saubari eleqtrul energiasa da mis gamoyenebaze da amis • ra energia aqvs damuxtul kon-
maswavleblis wigni

Tan dakavSirebiT Semoi-

gakeTeba SeuZliaT kondensatorebs densators;
fargleba sakvanZo sityve-
an •ra kavSirSia kondensatoris
bze an saTaurze martivi da
- aRwers kondensators, mohyavs misi energiis gamosaTv- ganmuxtvis dros misi muxtis erTi
logikuri reagirebiT (mag.
leli formula, SeiZleba sidideebic sworad Caweros am for- Semonafenidan meoreze gadatani-
saTauris perifrazirebiT);
mulaSi da ambobs, rom SegviZlia es energia gamoviyenoT sas eleqtruli velis mier Ses-
mas SeuZlia mxolod erTi
an rulebuli muSaoba kondensato-
aspeqtis ganxilva da martivi,
- mohyavs daTvalierebuli vebgverdebidan da resursad ris energiasTan;
aSkara da cxadi kavSirebis
miwodebuli videorgolebidan zogadi informacia superkon- • romel fizikur sidideebzea
damyareba. moswavles SeuZlia
densatorebze damokidebuli damuxtuli kon-
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
densatoris energia ix. §3.4
zepirad gadmocema (gaxsene-
anu SeZlo warmoedgina dasaxelebuli ideebidan erT-erTi an
ba), martivi instruqciebis/
sxva analogiuri idea, magram mxolod erTi. Semdeg ki, girCevT, rom Ses-
algoriTmebis Sesruleba;
wavlili sakiTxebi daakavSiroT
perefrazireba, amocnoba,
mowodebul resursebTan da
dasaxeleba an daTvla.
aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi.

153
154
prestruqturuli done
• ar aqvs idea
moswavles sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT ar aqvs relevanturi
informacia.
moswavlem ar Seasrula davaleba, ver mixvda, ra aris eleq- - gaixseneT, ra gsmeniaT energiis
truli velis energia da rogor SeiZleba misi miReba/Senaxva, Sesaxeb. moiZieT informacia ele-
iyenebs Seusabamo, ararelevantur informacias an/da saerTod qtruli velis energiaze, konden-
acdenilia sakiTxs. mas ar aqvs idea, rogor daweros statia ise, satoris funqciasa da gamoyene-
rom mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebad gadmosces eleqtruli velis baze. saxelmZRvanelodan ixileT
energiis Senaxvis/gamoyenebis idea kondensatoris saSualebiT. paragrafebi: 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1,
3.4 an dafiqrdiT, saidan SeiZle-
ba gaigoT ufro meti (mimarTeT
mowodebul resursebs, magaliT-
ad, teleskolis gakveTils).
- gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac
eleqtrul energias jer agrovebT
da Semdeg iyenebT. magaliTad,
ramden xans grZeldeba eleqtro-
saparsis damuxtvis procesi? an
eleqtromobili saidan iRebs
moZraobisaTvis saWiro energias
da ramden xans grZeldeba misi
damuxtva? ramden xans hyofnis mas
es energia, rom imoZraos? gamogi-
yenebiaT Tu ara fotos gadaRebi-
sas mfeTqavi naTura? ramden xans
iyenebs is eleqtrul energias?
SeecadeT davaleba am ori faqto-
ris gaTvaliswinebiT SeasruloT.
maswavleblis wigni
 kompleqsuri davaleba „aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi".

am davalebaze muSaobisas moswavle swavlobs axal masalas kondensatorsa da mis eleqtrotevadobasTan dakavSirebiT. cxadia, mos-
wavles uCndeba kiTxva, raSi gamoiyeneba kondensatorebi. mas jer ar aqvs Seswavlili eleqtrobis Tema da ver vamuSavebT kondensatoris
eleqtrul wredebSi gamoyenebaze. Tumca, moswavles sabazo safexurze naswavli aqvs niutonis kanonebi da drekadobis Zala. mas SeuZlia
gansazRvros aCqareba niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT da gaiazros, rom zambaraze mibmuli tvirTis moZraobisas horizontalur
zedapirze tolqmedi Zala swored drekadobis Zalaa, romlis sididesac zambaris sixiste da wanacvleba ganapirobebs. amgvarad, mas
SeuZlia aCqareba am sidideebTan daakavSiros da gamoitanos daskvna, rom masalis cnobili sixistisa da wanacvlebis codniT SesaZle-
belia aCqarebis sidideze msjeloba.
maswavleblis wigni

swored aq viyenebT aqselerometris ideas imisaTvis, rom axali codna wina safexurze miRebul codnasTan davakavSiroT: Tu moZ-
rav masas brtyeli kondensatoris erT firfitas davukavSirebT, es firfitac, cxadia, Seicvlis mdebareobas uZravad dafiqsirebuli
firfitebis mimarT da, amgvarad, firfitebs Soris manZilis cvlileba swored drekadobis Zalis sidides daukavSirdeba, rac aCqarebis
sidideze saubris saSualebas mogvcems. Tavis mxriv, kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZilis cvlileba kondensatoris tevadobis
da masTan Zabvis cvlilebas gamoiwvevs. amdenad, Zabvis cvlilebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iqneba siCqaris cvlilebaze msjeloba.

damatebiTi informacia maswavleblisaTvis: am suraTebze warmodgenilia

MEMS - mems (mikroeleqtromeqanikuri sistema). pirvel suraTze naCvenebia,
rogor SeiZleba kondensatoris dakavSireba zambaraze moZrav meqanikur
sistemasTan. meore suraTze ki zambara sxva drekadi masaliT aris Secvli-
li. meore suraTze daxrili xazebiT daStrixuli zedapirebi damagrebulia.
maT Soris horizontaluri nawili ki drekadia da moZraobs. daexmareT mos-
wavleebs, mieciT miTiTeba, rom SeZlon meqanikuri sistemis eleqtrulTan
dakavSireba. auxseniT, rom es yvelaferi mikrozomebSia damzadebuli da
sistemis saxelwodebac Sesabamisia. davalebis nabijebis Tanmimdevruli
Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi maT ar gauWirdebaT aqselerometris modelireba
da misi moqmedebis principis axsna.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom am davalebis miznebisTvis zedmiwevniT morgebuli

resursia teleskolis gakveTilebi „fizikis dro". misi bmuli miTiTebulia
kompleqsuri davalebis Sesabamis nabijTan.

155
156
samizne cnebebi da masTan sakiTxebi/qvesakiTxebi: sakvanZo SekiTxvebi, ro- kompleqsuri davalebis piroba/Se-
dakavSirebuli mkvidri war- niutonis kanonebi, drekado- melsac pasuxobs davaleba fasebis kriteriumebi
modgenebi bis Zala, eleqtruli muxti, • ra iwvevs kondensatoris
Zabva, eleqtrotevadoba, tevadobis cvlilebas?
brtyeli kondensatori, • rogor Sevqmna mowyo-
brtyeli kondensatoris ele- bilobis modeli, romlis
qtrotevadoba saSualebiTac vaCveneb, rom
qvecnebebi: inercia, Tana- siCqaris cvlileba SeiZleba
bari moZraoba, aCqarebuli kondensatoris tevadobis
moZraoba, drekadobis Zala, cvlilebas davukavSiro?
kondensatoris damuxtva,
eleqtruli veli, kondensa-
toris tevadobis cvlileba
materia kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi:
fiz.sab. 1; fiz.saS. 1 I etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis forma
moswavlem unda gaacnobi- rogor unda warmovaCino Cemi codna Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
eros, rom: dakavSirebiT?
aqtivoba 1: moswavleebi ecnobian davalebis pirobas da war-
1) materiis ori saxis, nivTier- modgenil videorgolebs.
ebisa da velis maxasiaTebeli aqtivoba 2: moswavleebi ganixilaven, ra aris modeli, rogor
fizikuri sidideebi damok- Seqmnan iseTi modeli, romelic prezentaciisas gamoadge-
idebulia: baT da daakmayofilebs momxmareblis interess sakiTxis
a) nivTierebis gvarobasa da mimarT. msjeloben, rogori unda iyos saboloo prezenta- aqselerometri:
garemo pirobebze. cia da ra nabijebis gadadgmaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom prez- kondensatori realur-virtualur
b) velis Semqmneli obieqtebis entacia damajerebeli gamovides. msjeloben, rogor gamoi- sistemebSi
urTierTmdebareobasa da maT yeneben davalebis Sesrulebisas simulaciur laboratori- (aqselerometri - L. Accelero Gk. Me-
mier velis Seqmnis unarze. aze agebul kvlevebs. treō: „avaCqareb" da „vzomav" - moZrao-
bis aCqarebis an Senelebis gasazomi
2) materiis saxeebis fizikuri resursi 1: YouTube videorgoli - aqselerometri avtomo- xelsawyo (TviTmfrinavSi, avtomo-
Tvisebebi da maTi cvlilebebi bilebis dinamikuri moZraobis analizatorSi: Sensor types bilSi da sxva)).
aixsneba: (1/4): MEMS accelerometer https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N
maswavleblis wigni
 a) nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis qaosuri moZrao-
biT, erTmaneTTan urTierTq-
medebiT, maT Soris Sualedebis
arsebobiT da samive maTganis
cvlilebiT;
b) velis warmomqmneli obi-
eqtebis moZraobiT, sivrculi
ganlagebiT da am obieqtebis
resursi 2: YouTube videorgoli - aqselerometri mobilur mZRolis mxardaWeris sistemebi
telefonSi: ufro da ufro ixveweba. iqmneba
https://bit.ly/3uhDpmU teqnologiebi, romlebic aaxloebs
realur da virtualur situaciebs:
resursi 3: modelireba: modelireba | CK-12 Foundation (ck12. https://bit.ly/3urPWUW
org) https://bit.ly/3wtWnta https://bit.ly/36F1U5l
Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT Sesa-
resursi 4: ra aris fizika #teleskola, me-7 wuTidan - ra aris
Zlebeli xdeba avtomobilebis vir-
modeli: tualuri testireba. virtualuri
maswavleblis wigni

https://bit.ly/36yCS7L satesto garemo sxvadasxva sagzao

mier mocemuli velis warmo-
qmnis unariT.
3) materiis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidideebis kavSiri
erTmaneTTan da maTi cvli-
lebis gamomwvev mizezebTan
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
samizne codnis • ra aris modeli?
(deklaratiuli, • ginaxavT Tu ara modeli?
pirobiseuli, • ras aRwerda modeli, romelic Tqven
proceduruli) ginaxavT?
konstruireba- • ra funqcia aqvs models?
ze orientire- • ra dagWirdebaT xelsawyos modelire-
buli SekiTxvebi bisaTvis?
• rogor SeiZleba modelis saSualebiT
qvecneba - kvle- daasabuToT sakiTxebis codna?
va, modelireba • rogor SeqmniT prezentacias, romel-
ic sabolood Tqveni naSromis gasagebad
wardgenaSi dagexmareba?
• rogor asaxavT Tqvens naSromSi sim-
ulaciur laboratoriaSi Catarebul
kvlevebs?
• rogori saxiT warmoadgenT prezenta-
ciaSi sademonstracio amocanebs?
pirobasa da scenarze informaci-
is Segrovebis saSualebas iZleva.
virtualuri testireba gamoiyeneba
avtomaturi marTvis, magaliTad,
parkirebisas daxmarebis funqciis
Sesamowmeblad, an marTvis virtu-
aluri gamocdisaTvis realuri
satesto avtomobiliT.
qvemoT moyvanili videorgoli
aqselerometris funqcias war-
mogidgenT, romelic am kompaniis
ADMA (Automotive Dynamic Motion
Analyzer - avtomobilebis dina-
mikuri moZraobis analizatori)
sistemaSia integrirebuli. es MEM
(mikroeleqtromeqanikuri) sensori
Sedgeba Sefasebis sistemisa da
mikromeqanikuri savarcxlisebri
struqturisagan. es firfitebi,
romlebic savarcxlis kbilebs
gvagonebs, qmnian kondensatorebs,
romelTa tevadoba „kbilebs" Soris
manZilzea damokidebuli. avtomobi-
lis siCqaris cvlilebisas cisferi
feriT warmodgenili „savarcxeli"
garkveul mxares gadaixreba. am
cvlilebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia
avtomobilis aCqarebis gansazRvra:

157
158
Zala II etapi: kompleqsuri davalebis Sinaarsi aqselerometri avtomobilebis
fiz. saS. 3 dinamikuri moZraobis analiza-
moswavlem unda gaacnobi- nabiji 1. ras aris eleqtrotevadoba da ra faqtorebi ganap- torSi:
eros, rom: irobebs brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis cvlile- https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N
bas? aqselerometri mobilur tele-
1) sxeulebs Soris urTierTq- fonSi:
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
medeba raodenobrivad xasiaT- https://bit.ly/3uhDpmU
§3.1. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori
deba fizikuri sididiT ZaliT
§3.2. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba
da igi oTxi sxvadasxva saxisaa naxeT videorgolebi, sadac
§3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi
(gravitaciuli, eleqtromag- warmodgenilia, Tu ra aris
nituri, Zlieri, susti). sxe- resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtruli movlenebi: eleqtruli aqselerometri, gamokveTeT
ulebi yovelTvis urTierTq- veli gamtarsa da dieleqtrikebSi, kondensatori # # teleskola maTgan TqvenTvis saWiro infor-
medeben ormxrivad, uSualo https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb macia, daukavSireT Seswavlil
„kontaqtiT" an velis . sakiTxebs, aqtivobebs, amocanebs,
resursi 3: tevadobis kvleva virtualur laboratoriaSi
meSveobiT. kvlevebs; moifiqreT da SeqmeniT
resursi Seqmnilia „axali skolis modelis" farglebSi da xel-
modeli, romliTac moaxerxebT,
misawvdomia yvela dainteresebuli pirisTvis:
2) sxeulze erTi Zalis an Za- axsnaT aqselerometris muSaobis
https://bit.ly/3L3d5Ul
lebis tolqmedis moqmedeba principi. saWiro axsna-ganmarte-
iwvevs am sxeulis siCqaris resursi 4: YouTube videorgoli brtyeli kondensatoris ele- ba, Catarebuli samuSaos Sedege-
cvlilebas an/da mis defor- qtrotevadobis kvleva: "MIT Physics Demo -- Adjustable Capacitor bi warmoadgineT prezentaciis
macias. Zalis (tolqmedis) moq- with Dielectric" saxiT.
medebis Sedegi damokidebulia https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2
mis modulze, mimarTulebaze, naSromSi xazgasmiT warmoaCineT:
modebis wertilze, moqmedebis aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 79 moemzadeT Semdegi ga- 1) ras aris eleqtrotevadoba da
xangrZlivobasa da sxeulis im kveTilisTvis. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs brtye-
zedapiris farTobze, romel- wina paragrafebidan miRebuli codnis gaxseneba, yuradRebis li kondensatoris eleqtroteva-
zec es Zala (tolqmedi) moq- gamaxvileba konkretul sakiTxze axali codnis agebis mizniT: dobis cvlilebas? (materia 1, 2, 3,
medebs. Tu gare Zala awarmoebs • rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potenciali misi fizikuri procesi 1, 2)
wnevas siTxesa an airze, maSin muxtis gadidebisas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
wneva erTsa da imave doneze • rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potencialis 2) rogor icvleba kondensatorTa
yvela mimarTulebiT erT- Sefardeba mis muxtTan, gamtaris muxtis gadidebisas? axseniT, tevadoba aqselerometris moZra-
nairia. ratom fiqrobT ase? vi nawilis mdebareobis cvlilebi-
sas, Tu:
maswavleblis wigni
 3) sxeulTa sistemaze moqme-
di gare Zalebis tolqmedis
mniSvneloba gansazRvravs am
sistemis energiisa da impul-
sis cvlilebas, xolo myar sxe-
ulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqme-
disa da am Zalebis momentebis
jamis mniSvneloba - sxeulis
wonasworobis pirobas.
4) sxeulis (sxeulTa sistemis) aqtivoba 4: saxelmZRvanelo, kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi. gv.
mdgomareobis aRmweri para- 90
metrebisa da am mdgomareobis
gamomwvevi Zalis (Zalebis) • samizne cod-
erTmaneTTan damokidebule-
ba SesaZlebelia aRvweroT
analizurad, grafikulad, di-
agramebiT, cxrilebiT da sxva
meTodebiT.
159
aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, §3.1 a) aqselerometris kondensato-
problemis dasma da gadaWra maswavleblis mxardaWeriT, msje- ris moZravi firfita uZravi fir-
lobis mimarTulebis mimcemi, samizne codnis konstruirebaze fitebis mimarT imgvarad gadaadg-
orientirebuli SekiTxvebis daxmarebiT: ildeba, rom maTi urTierTgadam-
• Seicvleba Tu ara A gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba, Tu mas meore, faravi farTobi ar icvleba?
daumuxtav B gamtars mivuaxloebT?
aqtivoba 3: davadginoT, raze aris damokidebuli brtyeli kon-
densatoris eleqtrotevadoba. CavataroT cda.
maswavleblis wigni
• rogor nawildeba muxti gamtaris zeda- b) aqselerometrSi kondensatoris
nis (deklara- pirze? rogor SeiZleba amis dasabuTeba? Semonafenebs Soris manZili ucv-
tiuli, pirob- • rogor ganawildeba muxti gamtaris zeda- lelia, magram dieleqtrikis fena
iseuli, proce- pirze, Tu mas gavzrdiT 2, 3, 4- jer? maT Soris imgvarad moZraobs, rom
duruli) kon- • ras niSnavs „ganmxoloebuli gamtari"? kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris
struirebaze • rogor gamoiTvleba ganmxoloebuli gam- sivrces nawilobriv avsebs?
orientirebuli tari R radiusiani sferos potenciali mis
SekiTxvebi. zedapirze?
• rogor Seicvleba misi potenciali, Tu mas
qvecneba - ele- 2, 3, 4-jer met muxts gadavcemT?
qtruli veli, • Seicvleba Tu ara am dros muxtisa da po-
brtyeli kon- tencialis Sefardeba?
densatoris da- • razea damokidebuli ganmxoloebuli gam- (fizikuri procesi 1, 2, 3)
muxtva, brtye- tari sferos eleqtrotevadoba?
li kondensato- • SesaZlebelia Tu ara iseTi gamtari SeniSvna: ganixileT mowyobilo-
ris tevadobis sferos damzadeba, romlis eleqtroteva- bis mxolod erTi nawili, rogorc
cvlileba. doba 1 faradi iqneba? daasabuTeT. naxatebzea.
160
fizikuri procesi
fiz.saS.1, 2, 3, 4
moswavlem unda gaacnobi-
eros, rom:
1) yvela fizikur movlenas
da mis damaxasiaTebel pro-
cess ganapirobebs mizezi da
mohyveba Sedegi. maT Soris ka-
vSirebis dadgena ki mecniere-
bis mTavari amocanaa.
2) fizikuri movlenebis
mimdinareobis aRsawerad,
mecnierebi am movlenebis
Sesabamis fizikur procesebs
ikvleven. TiToeuli pro-
cesi xasiaTdeba fizikuri
sidideebiT, romelTa urT-
ierTdakavSirebiTac SesaZle-
belia am procesis aRwera.
3) damokidebuleba fizikuri
procesebis maxasiaTebel
fizikur sidideebs Soris
an/da am sidideebsa da maTi
cvlilebis mizezebs Soris
SesaZlebelia aRvweroT anal-
izurad, grafikulad, dia-
gramebiT, cxrilebiT an sxva
meTodebiT.
• Seicvleba Tu ara A (marjvniv, dadebiTad 3) romeli fizikuri sidideebis
damuxtuli) gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba, Tu mas cvlileba udevs safuZvlad kon-
meore, daumuxtav B (marcxniv suraTze) gamtars densatoris gamoyenebas aqseler-
mivuaxloebT? ometrSi? romel fizikur kanonebsa
da movlenebze/procesebzea dam-
yarebuli aqselerometris muSaoba
da rogor ukavSirdeba es movlenebi
erTmaneTs aqselerometris muSao-
bisas? (Zala 1, 2, fizikuri procesi
1, 2, 3)
• ra fizikuri procesi mimdinareobs B gamtar-
Si, rodesac mas vuaxloebT dadebiTad damux-
tul A gamtars? ar vaxebT.
• B gamtaris im mxareze, romelic A gamtarTan
axlosaa, rogori muxti aRiZvreba?
• dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi potenciali, romel-
sac B gamtarze inducirebuli uaryofiTi muxti
qmnis?
• A gamtaris potencialis rogor cvlilebas
gamoiwvevs masTan miaxloebuli B gamtaris axlo
mxareze inducirebuli uaryofiTi muxtis po-
tenciali?
• Seicvala Tu ara am dros A gamtaris muxti?
• Seicvala Tu ara A gamtaris eleqtrotevado-
ba? daasabuTeT.
• rogori velia brtyeli kondensatoris Semon-
afenebs Soris? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
• Tu kondensatoris Semonafenebze muxts gava-
didebT orjer, samjer da a.S. maSin Semonafenebs
Soris rogor Seicvleba Zabva?
maswavleblis wigni
 • Tqveni varaudiT, Semonafenis muxtis Sefar-
deba Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan aris Tu ara
damokidebuli Semonafenis muxtze? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?
• rogor icvleba kondensatoris eleqtroteva-
doba Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
• rogor icvleba kondensatoris eleqtroteva-
doba Semonafenebis urTierTgadamfaravi far-
maswavleblis wigni

Tobis SemcirebiT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

• rogor icvleba kondensatoris eleqtroteva-
doba Semonafenebs Soris minis dieleqtrikis
SetaniT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
• sxva erTnair pirobebSi spilenZisa da aluminis
kondensatorebs erTnairi eleqtrotevadoba
aqvT?

nabiji 2. rogor icvleba kondensatorTa tevadoba aqselero-

metris moZravi nawilis mdebareobis cvlilebisas, Tu:

a) aqselerometris kondensatoris
moZravi firfita uZravi firfitebis
mimarT imgvarad gadaadgildeba, rom
maTi urTierTgadamfaravi farTobi ar
icvleba? (ix. videorgoli, resursi:
aqselerometri avtomobilebis dinamikuri moZraobis analiza-
torSi: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

161
162
b) aqselerometrSi kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris manZili
ucvlelia, magram dieleqtrikis fena maT Soris imgvarad moZraobs,
rom kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris sivrces nawilobriv avsebs?
g) aqselerometrSi kondensatoris Semonafenebi uZravia da maT
Soris dieleqtrikis fena maTi sibrtyis paralelurad moZraobs?
SeniSvna: ganixileT mowyobilobis mxolod erTi nawili, rogorc
naxatebzea.

resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§3.3. kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri da Sereuli
SeerTeba
§3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi

resursi 2: fizikis dro - eleqtrotevadobis gamoyeneba Tana-

medrove teqnologiebSi; tevaduri sensorebi; Touchscreen - muSao-
bis principi; aqselerometri #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3tzyLBA

resursi 3: virtualuri laboratoria

https://bit.ly/3N9J337

resursi 4: virtualuri laboratoria

https://bit.ly/3L7l1nr

resursi 5: kondensatorTa SeerTebis kvleva virtualuri labo-

ratoriis gamoyenebiT:
https://bit.ly/3JpI7W1
resursi Seqmnilia „axali skolis modelis" farglebSi da xelmis-
awvdomia yvela maswavleblisaTvis.

resursi 6: YouTube videorgoli. sensorebis saxeebi - Sensor types

(1/4): MEMS accelerometer:
https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 85

C1 da C2 tevadobis ori kondensatori gamtarebiT erTmaneTTan
ise SevaerToT, rogorc suraTzea gamosaxuli, maSin erTnairad
iqneba Tu ara kondensatorebis marcxena (marjvena) firfitebis
maswavleblis wigni

potencialebi? axseniT, ratom?

 aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi. gv. 95, N
8, 23, 24...

aqtivoba 3: saxelmZRvanelo, § 3.5, amocana 5

samizne codnis • erTnairia Tu ara Zabva sxvadasxva teva-

(deklaratiuli, dobis kondensatorebze maTi mimdevrobiT
pirobiseuli, (paraleluri) SeerTebisas? pasuxi daasabu-
proceduruli) TeT.
maswavleblis wigni

konstruirebaze • rogor ganmartavT kondensatorTa bata-

reis eleqtrotevadobas?
orientirebuli
• erTnairia Tu ara muxti sxvadasxva teva-
SekiTxvebi. dobis kondensatorebze maTi mimdevrobiT
(paraleluri) SeerTebisas? pasuxi daasabu-
qvecneba- iner- TeT.
cia, Tanabari • risi tolia Zabva sxvadasxva tevadobis
moZraoba, aCqare- kondensatorebis batareaze maTi parale-
buli moZraoba, luri (mimdevrobiT) SeerTebisas?
brtyeli konden- • risi tolia muxti sxvadasxva tevadobis
satoris tevado- kondensatorebis batareaze maTi mimdevro-
bis cvlileba. biT (paraleluri) SeerTebisas?
• rogor gamoTvliT sxvadasxva tevadobis
kondensatorebis batareis tevadobas maTi
mimdevrobiT (paraleluri) SeerTebisas?
• rogor gamoiTvleba 2 erTnairi tevadobis
kondensatoris mimdevrobiTi SeerTebiT
miRebuli batareis tevadoba?
• rogor gamoTvliT imave batareis tevado-
bas, Tu pirveli kondensatoris firfitebs
Soris manZili ramdeniTac Semcirda, im-
deniTve gaizarda manZili meore konden-
satoris firfitebs Soris? es SemTxveva
damuxruWebas Seesabameba Tu aCqarebas?
• rogor gamosaxavT sqematurad aqselero-
metris kondensatorTa batareas Tanabari
da aCqarebuli moZraobis dros?

163
164
nabiji 3. romeli fizikuri sidideebis cvlileba udevs safuZvlad
kondensatoris gamoyenebas aqselerometrSi? romel fizikur
kanonebsa da movlenebze/procesebzea damyarebuli aqselero-
metris muSaoba da rogor ukavSirdeba es movlenebi erTmaneTs
aqselerometris muSaobisas?
resursi 1: saxelmZRvanelo
§3.3. kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri da Sereuli
SeerTeba
§3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi
resursi 2: fizikis dro - dinamika: niutonis pirveli, meore, masame
kanoni #teleskola
https://bit.ly/3L6GZa1
resursi 3: statia „deformacia. drekadobis Zala"
https://bit.ly/3qwD2Uf
resursi 4: YouTube videorgoli Sensor types (1/4): MEMS acceler-
ometer
https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N
resursi 5: YouTube videorgoli „How accelerometer works? | Working
of accelerometer in a smartphone | MEMS inside accelerometer" – „rogor
muSaobs aqselerometri? aqselerometris muSaoba smartfonSi.
mems (mikroeleqtromeqanikuri sistema) aqselerometrSi":
https://bit.ly/3iLYy3j
resursi 6: YouTube videorgoli „Smartphone sensors – accelerom-
eter" - es resursi gviCvenebs, marTlac aris Tu ara Tanamedrove
aqselerometrSi zambara da masa gamoyenebuli, Tu silikonisgan
damzadebuli savarcxlisebri struqturaa Seqmnili, romlis erT
nawils moZraoba SeuZlia.
https://bit.ly/3tzJSKO
resursi 7: simulaciuri laboratoria. kondensatori
https://bit.ly/3iLEpud
aqtivoba 1: saxelmZRvanelo, gv 94-dan amocana 6 ganxilva
aqtivoba 2: saxelmZRvanelo, kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi. gv. 95,
N 8, 23, 24
maswavleblis wigni
 aqtivoba 3: moswavleebi msjeloben, rogor Seqmnan modeli.
SeniSvna: damxmare masala maswavleblisaTvis win uZRvis mocemul
kompleqsur davalebas

samizne codnis • ra SemTxvevaSi inarCunebs sxeuli siCqa-

(deklaratiuli, res?
pirobiseuli, • ra SemTxvevaSi icvleba sxeulis siCqare?
proceduruli) • rogor gamoiTvleba aCqareba?
• ra Zalebi imoqmedebs m masis tvirTze,
maswavleblis wigni

konstruirebaze
romelic k sixistis zambarazea mibmuli,
orientirebuli
Tu sistema Tanabrad moZraobs?
SekiTxvebi.

qvecneba - in-
ercia, Tanabari
moZraoba, aCqa-
rebuli moZrao-
ba, drekadobis • ra Zalebi imoqmedebs m masis tvirTze,
Zala, kondensa- romelic k sixistis zambarazea mibmuli,
toris tevadobis Tu sistema a aCqarebiT moZraobs?
cvlileba. • rogor gamosaxavT tvirTis aCqarebas?
• rogor SeiZleba SevqmnaT brtyeli kon-
densatori, romlis erTi firfita uZravi
iqneba, meore ki tvirTTan erTad imoZ-
ravebs?
• Seicvleba Tu ara aseTi kondensatoris
firfitebs Soris manZili Tanabari moZ-
raobisas? maTi urTierTgadamfaravi far-
Tobi? tevadoba?
• Seicvleba Tu ara aseTi kondensatoris
firfitebs Soris manZili aCqarebuli
moZraobisas? maTi urTierTgadamfaravi
farTobi? tevadoba?
• rogor SevqmnaT sami firfitiT konden-
satorTa iseTi batarea, rom aCqarebuli
moZraobisas mxolod Sua firfitam wain-
acvlos?

165
166
es pasuxi mxolod maswavleblis wignisTvisaa:

mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi, maswavleblis mx-

ardaWeriT, mowyobilobis Seqmnis gzas moifiqre-
ben, pasuxoben kiTxvebs:

• rogor warmoadgenT sqematur naxazze kondensa-

torTa aseT batareas?
• vTqvaT, m masis tvirTma siCqaris cvlilebis gamo
x manZiliT wainacvla. rogor gamoTvliT mis aCqa-
rebas?
• ramdeniT wainacvlebs am dros tvirTTan dakav-
Sirebuli firfita?
• rogor Seicvleba kondensatorTa firfitebs
Soris manZili?
• ratom da rogor Seicvleba kondensatorTa teva-
dobebi?
• rogor Seicvleba batareis tevadoba?
• vTqvaT, batarea CaTulia mudmivi Zabvis wyaros-
Tan. tevadobis cvlilebasTan erTad, Seicvleba Tu
ara Zabva batareaze? TiToeul kondensatorze?
sruli muxti? muxti TiToeul kondensatorze?
maswavleblis wigni
 • rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara aCqarebis
dakavSireba kondensatorTa tevadobebis cvlile-
basTan?
• rogor fiqrobT, zambaris nacvlad sxva drekadi
masalis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia?
• rogor axsniT Tanamedrove aqselerometrebSi
gamoyenebul savarcxlisebr stuqturas?
• rogor axsniT aqselerometris muSaobis prin-
cips?
maswavleblis wigni

• romel movlenebzea dauZnebuli aqselerometris

muSaobis proncipi?

maswavleblis SekiTxvebi moswavleebisTvis kompleqsuri

davalebis Sesrulebisa da wardgenisas:
• aRwereT, rogor warimarTa davalebaze muSaobis procesi.
• aRwereT Seqmnili produqti.
• ra sakiTxs Seexeba momzadebuli davaleba?
• axseniT, ratom SeqmeniT modeli?
• Tqveni azriT, vin unda dainteresdes Sesrulebuli kompleqsuri
davalebiT da ratom?
• ra dabrkolebebs waawydiT davalebaze muSaobisas?
• ras gaakeTebdiT sxvagvarad, axla rom iwyebdeT davalebaze
muSaobas?
• Tqveni azriT, riT hgavs Tqveni naSromi Tanaklaselebis naS-
romebs da da riT gansxvavdeba maTgan?

167
168
gTavazobT erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Sedegebis miRwevis taqsonomias da maswavleblis ganmaviTarebeli komentarebis magaliTebs,
aqselerometrze kompleqsuri davalebis farglebSi:
miRwevis done
(kriteriumi)
abstraqtuli done
• SeuZlia ideebis integrireba
moswavle kompleqsuri davale­
bis saSualebiT gamokve­T il
magaliTebze dayrdnobiT
urTierTdakavSirebulad
msjelobs sagnis farglebSi
gamokveTil ramdenime/yvela
samizne cnebaze. ukavSirebs
kompleqsuri davalebis sa-
SualebiT gamokveTil mocemu-
lobas pirad gamocdilebas da
sxva cxovrebiseul situaciebs.
moswavles siRrmiseulad aqvs
gaazrebuli sakiTxis arsi / ar-
sobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, rac mas
am codnis ganzogadebis / sxva
msgavs magaliTebTan Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. ukavSirebs
gansaxilvel sakiTxs sakuTar
pirad gamocdilebas.
aRweriloba komentari
ra gaakeTa moswavlem (magaliTi) da ra daskvna gamovitane amis ra rCeva miveci moswavles? (ganma-
safuZvelze? viTarebeli Sefasebis magaliTi)
modelis wardgenidan Cans, rom moswavle flobs masalas kon- mSvenivrad gaarTviT Tavi davale-
densatorebsa da maTi tevadobis cvlilebaze; kondensatorebis bas. Tqveni naSromidan Cans, rom
siRrmiseulad gaiazreT:
batareis muxtis, Zabvis, tevadobis kavSirze TiToeuli konden-
satoris muxtTan, tevadobasTan, ZabvasTan; SeuZlia niutonis • ras aris eleqtrotevadoba da ra
faqtorebi ganapirobebs brtyeli
kanonebis gamoyeneba; esmis tolqmedi Zalis raoba da SeuZlia
kondensatoris eleqtrotevado-
hukis kanonis gamoyeneba.
bis cvlilebas
• romeli fizikuri sidideebis
mas Seswavlili sakiTxebi samizne cnebis konteqstSi aqvs gaaz- cvlileba udevs safuZvlad kon-
rebuli. kerZod: amJRavnebs codnas, rom aCqarebis gamoTvla densatoris gamoyenebas aqseler-
tolqmedi Zalisa da masis saSualebiT SeiZleba; SeuZlia tolq- ometrSi, romel fizikur kanonebsa
medi Zalis gansazRvra (samizne cneba „Zala"), misi dakavSireba da movlenebze/procesebzea dam-
gamomwvev mizezTan. amyarebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs konden- yarebuli aqselerometris muSaoba
satorsa da kondensatorebis batareaSi tevadobis, muxtis, Zabvis da rogor ukavSirdeba es movlen-
ebi erTmaneTs aqselerometris
cvlilebis mimdinare procesebs Soris (samizne cneba „fizikuri
muSaobisas
movlena/procesi"); kerZod, xsnis, rom SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos
aCqareba niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT, tolqmedi Zala ki • rogor icvleba kondensatoris
tevadoba aqselerometris moZravi
SeiZleba hukis kanoniT ganisazRvros, risTvisac masalis dreka-
nawilis mdebareobis cvlilebisas.
di Tvisebebis garda wanacvlebis codnaa saWiro. xsnis, rogor
unda dakavSirdes wanacvleba kondensatoris firifitebs Soris gTxovT, gaixsenoT fizikidan, an
manZilis cvlilebasTan, romelic Tavis mxriv, kondensatoris piradi cxovrebidan magaliTebi,
eleqtrotevadobasa da, Sesabamisad, masze Zabvis mniSvnelobis romlebic modelTan mimarTebiT
cvlilebas ukavSirdeba). aRwers, rogor SegviZlia praqtikulad gamokveTil niuansebs ukavSirdeba:
gamoviyenoT mecnieruli azri da miRweva. • raime sxva movlenas an process
xom ar gagonebT aqselerometris
muSaobisas mimdinare procesebi?
maswavleblis wigni
 moswavles SeuZlia struqturis
ganzogadeba mocemulis/SeTava-
zebulis miRma, struqturis
aRqma mravali sxvadasxva kuTx-
idan/TvalTaxedviT da ideebis
gadatana axal sferoSi. mas
SeuZlia ganzogadeba, hipoTezis
wamoyeneba, kritika an Teoriis
Camoyalibeba.
mimarTebiTi done
• amyarebs kavSirs ramdenime
ideas Soris
moswavle mwyobrad da Tanmim-
devrulad gadmoscems samizne
cnebasTan dakavSirebul isto-
riebs. urTierTdakavSirebulad
msjelobs samizne cnebis arso-
briv maxasiaTeblebze. gamokveTs
kompleqsuri davalebis Sefase-
bis kriteriumebis saSualebiT
gansazRvrul niuansebs.
moswavles SeuZlia gaiazros ka-
vSiri ramdenime aspeqts Soris,
agreTve isic, Tu rogor ergeba/
Seexameba es aspeqtebi erTmaneTs
da qmnis mTels, mTlianobas. misi
naazrevi dastruqturebulia da
amgvarad, moswavles aqvs imis un-
ari, rom Seadaros, daakavSiros,
gaaanalizos, gamoiyenos Teo-
ria, axsnas sakiTxi mizezebisa da
Sedegebis kuTxiT.
169
moswavlem meqanikur sistemaSi eleqtrulis gamoyenebis ukeT • riT gansxvavdeba TqvenTvis cno-
warmosaCenad moiZia da moiyvana sxva magaliTebic (vTqvaT, bili sxva procesebi davalebaSi
smartsaaTebsa an smartfonebSi CamontaJebuli sxvadasxva sen- ganxiluli procesebisagan? Sesa-
sori, magaliTad giroskopi, moZraobis sensori. an gaiazra, rom Zlebelia Tu ara msgavsi midgomiT
adamianis meqanikuri moZraobis gadatana virtualur sivrceSi, sxva meqanikuri sidideebis eleq-
trulTan dakavSireba?
magaliTad, kompiuteruli TamaSebis dros, ver moxerxdeba meqa-
nikuri movlenis eleqtruli signalis enaze „Targmnis" gareSe,
risTvisac aucilebelia eleqtruli xelsawyoebis miznobrivi
gamoyeneba mecnieruli miRwevisa da azris safuZvelze), gaazi-
maswavleblis wigni
ara magaliTebi sakuTari gamocdilebidan.
modelis wardgenisas moswavle sainteresod da SemoqmedebiTad araCveulebrivad gaarTviT Tavi
gadmoscems, ra unda vicodeT, meqanikur sistemaSi konden- davalebas. Tqvens TxzulebaSi
satoris gamoyenebisaTvis. aseve, gamokveTs faqtorebs, rom- gamokveTilia kriteriumebi:
lebic kondensatoris mikro meqanikur sistemaSi gamoyenebas • ras warmoadgens eleqtroteva-
asabuTebs (kerZod, xsnis, rom SesaZlebelia gamoisaxos aCqareba doba da ra faqtorebi ganap-
niutonis meore kanonis gamoyenebiT, tolqmedi Zala ki SeiZle- irobebs brtyeli kondensatoris
ba hukis kanoniT ganisazRvros, risTvisac masalis drekadi eleqtrotevadobis cvlilebas
Tvisebebis garda, wanacvlebis codnaa saWiro. xsnis, rogor • romeli fizikuri sidideebis
unda dakavSirdes wanacvleba kondensatoris firifitebs Soris cvlileba udevs safuZvlad kon-
manZilis cvlilebasTan, romelic Tavis mxriv, kondensatoris densatoris gamoyenebas aqseler-
eleqtrotevadobas ukavSirdeba). ometrSi, romel fizikur kanoneb-
sa da movlenebze/procesebzea
damyarebuli aqselerometris
muSaoba da rogor ukavSirdeba es
movlenebi erTmaneTs aqselerome-
tris muSaobisas.
Tumca, naklebad Cans aqcenti kri-
teriumze - rogor icvleba kon-
densatoris tevadoba aqselero-
metris moZravi nawilis mdebareo-
bis cvlilebisas.
170
Tumca, davalebaSi araa ganxiluli erT-erTi kriteriumi, magaliT- ixileT saxelmZRvanelos 3.2, 3.3,
ad, rogor icvleba kondensatoris tevadoba aqselerometris moZ- paragrafebi da dafiqrdiT, ra ka-
ravi nawilis mdebareobis cvlilebisas, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom vSirSia kondensatorTa batareis
moswavles bolomde kargad ar aqvs gaazrebuli firfitebs Soris sruli tevadoba TiToeulis teva-
manZilis cvlilebis an firfitebs Soris sivrcis dieleqtrikiT dobasTan. gamoiyeneT simulaciu-
nawilobriv Sevsebis gavlena fizikur procesze - kondensato- ri laboratoria da gamoikvlieT,
ris eleqtrotevadobis cvlilebze; ver warmoadgina arsebuli rogor icvleba batareis tevadoba
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba mudmivi Zabvis wayro- erT-erTi kondensatoris teva-
sTan mimdevrobiT da paralelurad CarTuli kondensatorebis dobis cvlilebiT. yuradReba
batareaSi mimdinare fizikuri procesis aRsawerad da dasaxasi- dauTmeT amocanebs: §3.5, amocana
aTeblad. 2, 5, 6, gaavleT paraleli me-8 amo-
canasTan, gv. 95, amocanebTan N 23,
24 - gv. 96-dan.

amis Semdeg ar gagiWirdebaT, ga-

iazroT da aRweroT, Tu rogor
icvleba kondensatoris tevadoba
aqselerometris moZravi nawi-
lis mdebareobis cvlilebisas da
Zabvis rogori cvlileba mosdevs
mudmivi Zabvis qselSi mimdev-
robiT CarTul kondensatorze
mis firfitebs Soris manZilis
cvlilebiT gamowveul tevadobis
cvlilebas.

amis Semdeg girCevT, rom da-

muSavebuli sakiTxi daakavSiroT
mowodebul resursebTan da
aRweroT, rogor gamoiyeneba
mecnieruli codna da miRwevebi
praqtikaSi. damuSavebuli masala
ki gamoiyenoT Tqveni naambobis
dasasabuTeblad.
maswavleblis wigni
 multistruqturuli done
• aqvs bevri idea, Tumca ver
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan
moswavles aqvs araerTi aso-
ciacia Sesaswavl sakiTxTan
mimarTebiT, Tumca, imave sakiTx-
Tan/mTavar ideasTan dakavSire-
biT mis mier gadmocemul ambebs
ar aqvs mwyobri, Tanmimdevruli
saxe.
mas SeuZlia ramdenime aspeqtis
ganxilva gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe.
mas SeuZlia CamoTvla, aRwera,
klasificireba, kombinireba;
meTodebis, struqturis gamoy-
eneba; procedurebis Sesrule-
ba, sxv.
171
moswavlem zustad gaigo davalebis arsi da daukavSira mas para- Tqven sworad gaigeT davalebis
grafebSi warmodgenili masala. Tumca, is yuradRebas ar amax- piroba. paragrafebSi mocemuli
masalac wagikiTxavT da davale-
vilebs davalebis mTavar ideaze: kerZod, modelis saSualebiT
basTan dagikavSirebiaT, Tumca
informacias ver warmogvidgens ise, rom gamoiyenos mecnieruli
miRwevebi da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebi, gaazrebulad warmoadginos gTxovT, davalebaSi xazgasmiT
gamokveToT, ra kavSirSia brtyeli
fizikuri procesebi - sxeulis siCqaris cvlileba, kondensato-
kondensatoris Semonafenebze
ris eleqtrotevadobis cvlileba da maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi, ar Zabvis cvlileba kondensatoris
msjelobs sxeulTa urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze bune- eleqtrotevadobis cvlilebas-
baSi mimdinare procesebis aRsawerad; ver asabuTebs arsebul Tan, rodesac is mimdevrobiTaa
maswavleblis wigni
mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli konden- CarTuli meore kondensatorTan
satorebis eleqtrotevadobisa da Zabvis cvlilebis fizikuri mudmivi Zabvis wredSi.
procesis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad. amisaTvis SegiZlia ixiloT saxel­
mZRvanelos 3.2, 3.3, 3.5 paragrafe-
davalebis formac dasaxvewia, kerZod, moswavle aRwers ara bi. aseve SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
xelsawyos moqmedebis ideas, rogorc es davalebiT moiTxove- simulaciuri laboratoriis re-
ba (davalebis I etapi), aramed aJRerebs calkeul winadadebebs sursi da CaataroT kvleva simu-
laciur laboratoriaSi.
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.
- SegiZliaT, msmenels isic aux-
magaliTad: snaT, ra kavSirSia kondensatoris
- iazrebs, rom kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis cvlileba firfitebs Soris manZilis cvli-
SesaZlebelia firifitebs Soris manZilis SecvliT, magram ver leba drekadi sxeulis wanacvle-
akavSirebs amas firfitebze muxtisa an/da Zabvis cvlilebasTan basTan, romelTanac moZravi masaa
- ambobs, rom moZrav masas SeiZleba davukavSiroT kondensatoris dakavSirebuli. amaSi mowodebuli
moZravi firfita, gvixsnis, rom am firfitis miaxloeba/daSoreba resursebi da saxelmZRvanelos 3.2
kondensatoris uZrav firfitasTan gamoiwvevs kondensatoris da 3.3 paragrafebi dagexmarebaT.
tevadobis cvlilebas, magram veRar akavSirebs kondensatoris gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom naS-
firfitebs Soris manZilis cvlilebas drekadi sxeulis wanacv- romis wardgenisas istoria saint-
lebasTan, romelTanac moZravi masaa dakavSirebuli. ereso ambis saxiT unda gadmoices,
sadac axsnili iqneba modeliT
warmodgenili xelsawyos muSaobis
mTavari principebi, gamovlindeba
mecnieruli codnis gamoyenebis
faqtebi ise, rom is mkiTxvelisT-
vis/msmenelisTvis ufro gasagebi
iyos.
172
unistruqturuli done moswavlem gaigo davalebis arsi, Seqmna aqselerometris modeli, Zalian sworad gaigeT davalebis
Tumca misi muSaobis principis aRwera zedapirulia da ver gvix- piroba, magram Cans, rom Tanmim-
• aqvs erTi idea
snis meqanikur mowyobilobaSi kondensatoris gamoyenebis ideas. devrulad ar wagikiTxavT saswav-
lo masala. gTxovT, yuradRebiT
moswavles aqvs mxolod erTi
moswavles aqvs erTi idea. magaliTad: waikiTxoT an moisminoT:
arastruqturirebuli asoci-
- ambobs, rom aqselerometrs iyeneben avtomobilebis gamosacde- • gasaxsenebeli, gasameore-
acia/warmodgena gansaxilvel
lad virtualur realobaSi an smartfonebSi, rom is moZravi da beli masala, romelic mogawo-
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, misi
damagrebuli nawilebisgan Sedgeba deT statiebis da teleskolis
msjeloba Sesaswavl sakiTx-
an gakveTilebis saxiT
Tan dakavSirebiT Semoifar-
- icis, rom kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba SeiZleba mocemuli • rogor icvleba brtyeli kon-
gleba sakvanZo sityvebze an
formuliT gamoTvalos da erkveva kidec, razea is damokidebuli densatoris eleqtrotevadoba
saTaurze martivi da logiku-
an firifitebs Soris manZilis cvli-
ri reagirebiT (mag. saTauris
- daTvalierebuli resursebidan, videorgolebidan gvawvdis lebisas da rogor aisaxeba es cvl-
perifrazirebiT)
zogad informacias kondensatorsa da aqselerometrze ileba TiToeulis Zabvaze
• gasameorebeli masalidan, Tu
mas SeuZlia mxolod erTi as-
anu SeZlo warmoedgina dasaxelebuli ideebidan erT-erTi an sxva rogor ganisazRvreba aCqareba niu-
peqtis ganxilva da martivi,
analogiuri idea, magram mxolod erTi. tonis meore kanonis mixedviT
aSkara da cxadi kavSirebis
• rogor icvleba brtyeli kon-
damyareba. moswavles SeuZlia
densatoris eleqtrotevadoba
terminologiis gamoyeneba,
firifitebs Soris dieleqtrikis
zepirad gadmocema (gaxsene-
Setanisas
ba), martivi instruqciebis/
• daubrundiT paragrafebs:
algoriTmebis Sesruleba;
3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5 SeecadeT CaataroT
perefrazireba, amocnoba,
kvleviTi samuSao virtualur lab-
oratoriaSi

Semdeg ki, girCevT, rom Seswavlili

sakiTxebi daakavSiroT mowodebul
resursebTan da aRweroT, rogor
gamoiyeneba mecnieruli codna da
miRwevebi praqtikaSi.
maswavleblis wigni
 prestruqturuli done moswavlem ar Seasrula davaleba, ver mixvda, ra aris
aqselerometri da rogor SeiZleba misi moqmedebis
• ar aqvs idea
principis axsna, iyenebs Seusabamo, ararelevantur
informacias an/da saerTod acdenilia sakiTxs. mas
moswavles sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar
ar aqvs idea, rogor Seqmnas modeli da misi demon-
aqvs relevanturi informacia.
strirebisas gasagebad gadmosces kondensatoris,
rogorc eleqtruli komponentis mikro meqanikur
sistemaSi gamoyenebis idea.
173
- gaixseneT, ra gsmeniaT kondensatoris
Sesaxeb. moiZieT informacia konden-
satoris eleqtrotevadobaze, gaix-
seneT, ra movlenaa inercia, ras exeba
niutonis kanonebi. saxelmZRvanelodan
ixileT Semdegi paragrafebi: 3.1, 3.2,
3.3, 3.5, SeecadeT SeasruloT kvleviTi
davalebebi virtualuri laboratori-
is gamoyenebiT. an dafiqrdiT, saidan
maswavleblis wigni
SeiZleba gaigoT ufro meti (mimarTeT
mowodebul resursebs, magaliTad,
teleskolis gakveTils, simulaciebs).
- gaixseneT, rogor „motrialdeba"
smartfonis ekranic, roca Tqven Tvi-
Ton smartfons moabrunebT. gsmeniaT,
rogor gamocdian realur avtomo-
bilebs virtualurad? gsmeniaT raime
aCqarebis an sxva sensorebis Taobaze?
rogor fiqrobT, ra aris saWiro vid-
eoTamaSebSi moTamaSis moZraobebis
virtualur sivrceSi gadasatanad?
SeecadeT davaleba am ori faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT SeasruloT.
 maswavleblis wigni

ელექტროსტატიკური გამფრქვევი
I ეტაპი
რესურსი 1
ელექტროსტატიკური გამფრქვევი:
https://bit.ly/3CYdwMR

რესურსი 2

სტატია: „რა სიახლეს უნდა ველოდოთ

ავიაინდუსტრიაში“: https://bit.ly/3ttcd5n

სასტუმროებში სანიტარული ზომების თაობაზე:

https://bit.ly/3iwzGfr

რესურსი 3

სტატია: „როგორ შევქმნათ პოსტერი?“:

https://bit.ly/3tvyakm

რესურსი 4

როგორ შევქმნათ პოსტერი: https://bit.ly/3u9cwRS

II ეტაპი
ნაბიჯი 1, რესურსი 2
მუხტი და კულონის კანონი, ტელესკოლა:
https://bit.ly/36GIWeE

რესურსი 3
YouTube ვიდეორგოლი საძიებო ფრაზით MIT Physics Demo
Rubber and Glass Rods with Tinsel and Balloon:
https://bit.ly/3ujo5pN

რესურსი 4
სუსტი ტკაცუნის ხმა დამუხტული სხეულების შეხებისას:
https://bit.ly/3qqx0oc

რესურსი 5

დამუხტვა შეხებით, ხახუნით, ელექტრული

ურთიერთქმედება: https://bit.ly/3ws51YU

174
maswavleblis wigni

ნაბიჯი 2
რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები : მუხტი და კულონის კანონი
#ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/36GIWeE

რესურსი 3
სტატია: ელექტრობა – მისტიკური და ამოუცნობი სამყარო:
https://bit.ly/3ueKEMo

რესურსი 4

კულონის გრეხითი სასწორი: https://bit.ly/36zqXGL

რესურსი 5

სიმულაციები: კულონის კანონი: https://bit.ly/3D3oFvI

მსოფლიო მიზიდულობის კანონი: https://bit.ly/3D4r1ur

რესურსი 6

გრეხითი სასწორი: https://bit.ly/36zqXGL

გრეხითი სასწორი: https://bit.ly/3ugg6cY

აქტივობა 2

ელექტროსკოპის დამზადება: https://bit.ly/36zrzw3

ნაბიჯი 3, რესურსი 2

ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი და

პოტენციალი, ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

რესურსი 3

სიმულაცია „მუხტი და ველი“: https://bit.ly/3qpkl51

175
 maswavleblis wigni

აქტივობა 1

ვიდეორესურსი სიმულაციის გამოსაყენებლად:

https://bit.ly/3ukJQW6

რესურსი კვლევითი დავალების შესაქმნელად:

https://bit.ly/3tmCv9c

ნაბიჯი 4
რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი გამტარში და
დიელექტრიკებში, ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

ელექტრული მოვლენები: ამოცანები, ტელესკოლა

ამოცანა დაუმუხტავ ჭერზე მიკრულ დამუხტულ ბუშტებზე:
https://bit.ly/3NeuNpx

დიელექტრიკის პოლარიზაცია, ტელესკოლა:

https://bit.ly/3IwLVn4

რესურსი 3

https://bit.ly/37S7bHh

რესურსი 4
მუხტი და ელექტრული ველი ღრუ გამტარის შიგნით:
https://bit.ly/3twxXNS

რესურსი 5
სიმულაცია, ლითონის ბადე:
https://bit.ly/3ICm516

რესურსი 6

ელექტროსტატიკური ინდუქცია:
https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf

ჭარბი მუხტის განაწილება გამტარ ზედაპირზე:

https://bit.ly/3isQrbG

176
maswavleblis wigni

რესურსი 7
სიმულაცია, გამტარისა და დიელექტრიკის აგებულების
მოდელირება: https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B

რესურსი 8

სიმულაცია, წყლის პოლარული მოლეკულების ქცევა:

https://bit.ly/3IvSjL9

რესურსი 9

ელექტროსტატიკური გამფრქვევი მეურნეობაში:

https://bit.ly/3ipuIRE

რესურსი 10

სტატიკური ელექტრობით ღებვა:

https://bit.ly/3wsaSgQ

ფარადეის გალია
დავალების ტექსტი

https://bit.ly/3ugxIWa

I ეტაპი, რესურსი 1
ვიდეორგოლები, ფარადეის გალია:
https://bit.ly/3IBS950
https://bit.ly/3tuSl1x
https://bit.ly/36ipiFP

რესურსი 2
ფარადეის გალია და დამცავი ანტისტატიკური
კომბინეზონი:
https://bit.ly/3528AtB
https://bit.ly/3iuT5xy

რესურსი 3

ფარადეის გალიის დამზადება:

https://bit.ly/37TLQx5

რესურსი 4

თვითმფრინავს მეხი ხშირად ეცემა. ეს საშიშია?:

https://bit.ly/3itCXfJ

177
 maswavleblis wigni

რესურსი 5
მოდელირება:

https://bit.ly/3wtWnta

რესურსი 6
რა არის ფიზიკა, ტელესკოლა, მე-7 წუთიდან - რა არის
მოდელი:

https://bit.ly/36yCS7L

II ეტაპი
ნაბიჯი 1, რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი და
პოტენციალი #ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

რესურსი 3

ელექტროსკოპის დამზადება:
https://bit.ly/3L3sAvp

რესურსი 4

ლითონის და დიელექტრიკის აგებულების მოდელირება:

https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B

რესურსი 6

სიმულაცია „მუხტი და ველი“:

https://bit.ly/3qpkl51

აქტივობა 6

ვიდეორესურსი სიმულაციის გამოსაყენებლად:

https://bit.ly/3ukJQW6

ნაბიჯი 2, რესურსი 2

ელექტროსკოპის დამუხტვა გავლენით:

https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV

მუხტის გადანაწილება დამუხტული სხეულის

მიახლოებისას ლითონში: https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

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რესურსი 3

ხანის აკადემია: ელექტროსტატიკური ეკრანირება.

ფარადეის გალია: https://bit.ly/3IyJZKO

ნაბიჯი 3, რესურსი 2

https://bit.ly/37S7bHh

რესურსი 3

მუხტი და ელექტრული ველი ღრუ გამტარის შიგნით:

https://bit.ly/3twxXNS

რესურსი 4

სიმულაცია, ლითონის ბადე: https://bit.ly/3D1X26a

რესურსი 5

ელექტროსტატიკური ინდუქცია:
https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf

ჭარბი მუხტის განაწილება გამტარ ზედაპირზე:

https://bit.ly/3isQrbG

აქტივობა 3

ვიდეორგოლი: https://bit.ly/3L33OeQ

ნაბიჯი 4, რესურსი 2

ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი გამტარსა

და დიელექტრიკებში #ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

რესურსი 3

სიმულაცია, გამტარისა და დიელექტრიკის აგებულების

მოდელირება: https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B

რესურსი 4

სიმულაცია, წყლის პოლარული მოლეკულების ქცევა:

https://bit.ly/3IvSjL9

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რესურსი 5

ვიდეორგოლი ქართულ ენაზე: დიელექტრიკის

პოლარიზაცია: https://bit.ly/3KVFgEl

ფარადეის ყინულის სათლი

I ეტაპი, რესურსი 1

ვიდეორგოლი: https://bit.ly/3qre2O4

რესურსი 3

მცენარეთა ელექტრული სიგნალები, როგორ იზიდავენ

მცენარეები დამმტვერავებს: https://bit.ly/3KYjIXI

რესურსი 4

ფარადეის ყინულის სათლის ექსპერიმენტი:

https://bit.ly/3udfN2E

რესურსი 5

მუშაობით დაღლილი ბაზი ფუტკრები ყვავილებში

იძინებენ: https://bit.ly/3tuXRS2

რესურსი 6

მოდელირება:
https://bit.ly/3wtWnta

რესურსი 7

რა არის ფიზიკა #ტელესკოლა, მე-7 წუთიდან - რა არის

მოდელი: https://bit.ly/36yCS7L

ნაბიჯი 1, რესურსი 2

ვირტუალური ლაბორატორია. ელექტროსკოპი:

https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV

რესურსი 3

ვირტუალური ლაბორატორია. ელექტროსტატიკური

ინდუქცია: https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

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ნაბიჯი 2, რესურსი 2

ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი და

პოტენციალი, ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

რესურსი 3

ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი გამტარში და

დიელექტრიკებში, ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

რესურსი 4

მუხტის გადანაწილება დამუხტული სხეულის

მიახლოებისას ლითონში: https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

რესურსი 5

სიმულაცია „მუხტი და ველი“: https://bit.ly/3qpkl51

ნაბიჯი 3, რესურსი 2

ვიდეორგოლი: https://bit.ly/37S7bHh

ვიდეორგოლი მუხტი და ელექტრული ველი ღრუ

გამტარში: https://bit.ly/3twxXNS

რესურსი 3

სიმულაცია, ლითონის ბადე: https://bit.ly/3D1X26a

რესურსი 4

დამატებითი მუხტის განაწილება სხვადასხვა ფორმის

ზედაპირზე: https://bit.ly/3isQrbG

მუხტის ზედაპირული განაწილება: https://bit.ly/3NgxtTy

რესურსი 5
ფარადეის ყინულის სათლის ექსპერიმენტი:
https://bit.ly/3udfN2E
https://bit.ly/3D54NrZ
ფარადეის ცდა: https://bit.ly/36emfyA

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რესურსი 6

ფარადეის წერილი გამომცემელს:

https://bit.ly/3iQEI6E

სუპერკონდენსატორები
I ეტაპი, რესურსი 1
სუპერკონდენსატორები და ახალი გრაფენი-პოლიმერული
კომპოზიტები: https://bit.ly/3D3Xwst

რესურსი 2

რა არის სტატია: https://bit.ly/3qrZmOO

რესურსი 3

როგორ დავწეროთ კარგი სტატია: https://bit.ly/3L4zuAv

რესურსი 4
როგორ დავწეროთ სასწავლო-მეთოდური სტატია:
https://bit.ly/3IwIcG3

რესურსი 5
MIT-ის მეცნიერებმა მანათობელი მცენარეები შექმნეს:
https://bit.ly/3ICAeeu

რესურსი 6
საინფორმაციო-შემეცნებითი ტექსტი „ელექტრომობილი“
ვებ-პორტალიდან „კარგი სკოლა“: https://bit.ly/3D7XAaH

ნაბიჯი 1, რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები : ელექტრული ველი და
პოტენციალი, ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3JvXn3r

რესურსი 3
რესურსი ელექტრული ველის შესახებ:
https://bit.ly/3tmCv9c

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აქტივობა 4
ანალოგიების ცხრილი:
https://bit.ly/36rs5MC

ნაბიჯი 2, რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი გამტარში და
დიელექტრიკებში, კონდენსატორი, ტელესკოლა:
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb
აქტივობა 3

სიმულაცია: https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

აქტივობა 4

სიმულაცია: https://bit.ly/3isQrbG

აქტივობა 5

სიმულაცია: https://bit.ly/3iLEpud

ნაბიჯი 3, რესურსი 2

სუპერკონდენსატორები: აქვს თუ არა მათ პერსპექტივა?:

https://bit.ly/3Jrzeem

რესურსი 3
რა არის „სუპერკონდენსატორები“ და რას აკეთებენ ისინი
Lamborghini-ს ახალ Sián სუპერავტომობილში?:
https://bit.ly/3tkqZeC

რესურსი 4

ვიდეორგოლი სუპერკონდენსატორების გამოყენებაზე:

https://bit.ly/3JG3D9a

რესურსი 5
დიელექტრიკის შეტანა კონდენსატორში:
https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2

აქტივობა 1

სიმულაცია:
https://bit.ly/3iLEpud

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ჩაატარეთ კვლევა:
https://bit.ly/3JtuWn0

აქსელერომეტრი
ეტაპი I, რესურსი 1
ვიდეორგოლი - აქსელერომეტრი ავტომობილების
დინამიკური მოძრაობის ანალიზატორში:
https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N
რესურსი 2
აქსელერომეტრი მობილურ ტელეფონში:
https://bit.ly/3uhDpmU

რესურსი 3

მოდელირება: https://bit.ly/3wtWnta

რესურსი 4
რა არის ფიზიკა #ტელესკოლა, მე-7 წუთიდან - რა არის
მოდელი: https://bit.ly/36yCS7L

ამოცანის პირობა:

https://bit.ly/3urPWUW

https://bit.ly/36F1U5l

აქსელერომეტრი ავტომობილების დინამიკური მოძრაობის

ანალიზატორში: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

აქსელერომეტრი მობილურ ტელეფონში:

https://bit.ly/3uhDpmU

ეტაპი II
ნაბიჯი 1, რესურსი 2
ელექტრული მოვლენები: ელექტრული ველი გამტარსა და
დიელექტრიკებში, კონდენსატორი, ტელესკოლა:
https://bit.ly/3IxsJpb

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რესურსი 3
ტევადობის კვლევა ვირტუალურ ლაბორატორიაში:
https://bit.ly/3L3d5Ul

რესურსი 4
ვიდეორგოლი ბრტყელი კონდენსატორის
ელექტროტევადობის კვლევა: https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2

ნაბიჯი 2

აქსელერომეტრი ავტომობილების დინამიკური მოძრაობის

ანალიზატორში: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

ნაბიჯი 2, რესურსი 2
ელექტროტევადობის გამოყენება თანამედროვე
ტექნოლოგიებში; ტევადური სენსორები; Touchscreen -
მუშაობის პრინციპი; აქსელერომეტრი, ტელესკოლა:
https://bit.ly/3tzyLBA
რესურსი 3

ვირტუალური ლაბორატორია: https://bit.ly/3N9J337

რესურსი 4

ვირტუალური ლაბორატორია: https://bit.ly/3L7l1nr

რესურსი 6

ვიდეორგოლი სენსორების სახეები: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

ნაბიჯი 3, რესურსი 2
დინამიკა: ნიუტონის პირველი, მეორე, მასამე კანონი,
ტელესკოლა: https://bit.ly/3L6GZa1

რესურსი 3

სტატია „დეფორმაცია. დრეკადობის ძალა“:

https://bit.ly/3qwD2Uf

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რესურსი 4

ვიდეორგოლი სენსორების სახეები: https://bit.ly/3ivIC4N

რესურსი 5
„როგორ მუშაობს აქსელერომეტრი? აქსელერომეტრის
მუშაობა სმარტფონში. მემს (მიკროელექტრომექანიკური
სისტემა) აქსელერომეტრში“: https://bit.ly/3iLYy3j

რესურსი 6
ვიდეორგოლი სენსორები მობილურ ტელეფონებში -
აქსელერომეტრი: https://bit.ly/3tzJSKO

რესურსი 7

სიმულაციური ლაბორატორია. კონდენსატორი:

https://bit.ly/3iLEpud

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giorgi gedeniZe
eTer lazaraSvili

fizika
moswavlis wigni

X klasi

I semestri

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros mier 2022 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022

1′187
 moswavlis wigni
giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

fizika X

moswavlis wigni

I semestri

gamomcemloba inteleqti

Tbilisi, 2022

pirveli gamocema

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

maia merabiSvili

wignis kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2022

ISBN 978-9941-31-468-1 © giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, 2022

1882
maswavleblis wigni

2′189
 moswavlis wigni

Sinaarsi

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi.................................................. 5

ra aris fizika............................................................................................................. 6

I Tavi. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.............................. 12

§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna................................... 14

§ 1.2. sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

eleqtruli veli.................................................................................................. 17

§ 1.3. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da aragamtarebi.

eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni......................................................... 21

§ 1.4. gavleniT daeleqtroeba. eleqtruli muxti da

elementaruli nawilakebi................................................................................ 26

§ 1.5. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

kulonis kanoni..................................................................................................... 30

§ 1.6. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi............................................................................... 33

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 36

II Tavi. eleqtruli veli................................................................................ 39

§2.1. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba. superpoziciis principi................... 39

§2.2. eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi..................................................... 44

§2.3. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi.............................................................. 48

§2.4. dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi.

ori saxis dieleqtriki...................................................................................... 53

§2.5. dieleqtrikis polarizacia. dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba............... 56

§2.6. damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri energia erTgvarovan

eleqtrostatikur velSi.................................................................................. 60

§2.7. eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali

da potencialTa sxvaoba................................................................................... 62

1903
maswavleblis wigni

3′191
 moswavlis wigni

§2.8. ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri

energia. wertilovani muxtis potenciali.................................................. 66

§2.9. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi. potencialTa sxvaobis gazomva............ 69

§2.10. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi.............................................................................. 71

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 74

III Tavi. eleqtrotevadoba............................................................................. 80

§3.1. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori............................................ 80

§3.2. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba .......................................... 83

§3.3. kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi, paraleluri da

Sereuli SeerTeba ............................................................................................... 86

§3.4. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia. kondensatoris

gamoyeneba ............................................................................................................. 89

§3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi............................................................................ 92

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi................................................................................. 95

§3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna................................................................................. 99

cdebi, cdebi, cdebi.................................................................................................. 100

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli amocanebisa da testebis pasuxebi............... 102

testebi......................................................................................................................... 102

amocanebis pasuxebi.................................................................................................. 103

saganTa saZiebeli...................................................................................................... 106

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (ZiriTadi terminebi da cnebebi)........................... 107

1924
maswavleblis wigni

4′193
 moswavlis wigni

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi

paragrafis
nomeri F q
q0 =k l2
• SeiZleba Tu ara sidide miviRoT velis mocemul wertilSi eleq­

truli velis maxasiaTeblad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

paragrafis
§1.7. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
saxelwodeba superpoziciis principi

individualuri

samuSao 1. ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul sxeuls gamtariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
didma ingliselma mecnierma maikl faradeim (1791-
1867) Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmad, damux-
tuli sxeulebi an nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben im
49-e gverdis eleqtruli velis meSveobiT, romelsac damuxtuli
nawilakebi qmnian.
me-3 suraTi
SemdgomSi eleqtruli velis arseboba eqsperimentiT
daasabuTes.
sur. 49.3

wyvilebad
muSaoba

2. daadgineT, rogori damokidebulebaa q muxtsa da mis mier Seqmnili velis
romelime wertilSi Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmed Zalas Soris?

jgufebad 
muSaoba 3. mizanSewonilad migaCniaT Tu ara mudmivi Zabvis wredSi gamoviyenoT
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatorebi?
informacia
suraTis 4. daakvirdiT suraTs da isau­
b­
r eT, ra informacias iRebT
mixedviT suraTidan.

5. ori erTnairi liTonis damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze mux-

amocanebi tebi Tanabrad nawildeba.
logikuri
msjelobis
gamoyenebiT vici, rom:

wertilovani muxtebi ewodeba nebismieri formis iseT damuxtul sx-

vici, rom eulebs, roca maTi zoma mcirea im manZilTan SedarebiT, romelzec maTi
moqmedeba ganixileba.
savarjiSo

problemu- savarjiSo
ri SekiTxva, 1. dedamiwis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa 100 n/k. ra ZaliT moqmedebs es
dasafiqrebe-
veli sxeulze, romlis muxti 10–6 k-is tolia?
li amocana,
romelic
momdevno moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis
gakveTilis
a. ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtroskopis gamtar sferos miuaxloebT (ar
Temas Seexeba
SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul boTls (sur. 25.1)?
b. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi? gaiSleba misi furclebi?
cda, eqsperi-
menti kvle­
vis unarebis
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
Camosa­
yalibeblad, CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi.
msjelobisa e. SemCneuli movlenebi CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT, axsnaT.
da daskvnis
gamosatanad

1945
maswavleblis wigni

5′195
 moswavlis wigni

ra aris fizika

fizika materiis bunebas, struqturas, Tvisebebs Seiswavlis - dawyebuli umcire-

si elementaruli nawilakebidan, erTiani samyaroTi damTavrebuli. fizika moicavs
eqsperimentebs da Teorias. am mecnierebaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs gamoyenebiT
kvlevas, rac teqnologiebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. fizika bevri sxva disci-
plinis safuZvelia da mTavar rols asrulebs sxvadasxva industriaSi.

ras niSnavs fizikaze dafuZnebuli industria?

fizikaze dafuZnebuli industria aerTianebs
ekonomikis im seqtorebs, romelTa arsebobisTvis
fizikis codnisa da miRwevebis gamoyeneba gadamwyve-
tia. aseT industriebSi komerciuli miznebi fizikis
Teoriebze dayrdnobiT miiRweva. amdenad, aseT dargeb-
Si, metwilad, fizikis mcodne TanamSromlebs asaqmeben.
fizikaze dafuZnebul msxvil industriaTa Sorisaa:
nedli navTobis da bunebrivi airis mopoveba, kompiu-
terebis, eleqtronuli da optikuri produqciis
warmoeba, eleqtroenergiis, airis, orTqlis da kondi-
cirebuli haeris miwodeba. fizikis gareSe warmoud-
genelia samrewvelo (samacivro, inertuli, saizola-
cio) airebisa da cecxlgamZle Tu Tbosaizolacio
sur. 6.1
masalebis warmoeba. fizikas udidesi wvlili Seaqvs
medicinisa da farmacevtuli warmoebis ganviTarebaSic.
evropis ekonomikaSi fizikis disciplinis wvlili 28 qveynis magaliTze gaanal-
izda. gamovlinda, rom fizikaze dafuZnebuli mrewveloba mniSvnelovnad uwyobs
xels calkeuli qveynebisa da, sabolood, mTlianad evropis ekonomikis zrdas. cno-
bisTvis, evropis fizikaze dafuZnebuli industriebis yovelwliurma Semosavalma
2011-2016 wlebSi 4.40 trilion evros gadaaWarba. (wyaro: https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.
eps.org/resource/resmgr/policy/eps_pp_physics_ecov5_abs.pdf – „fizikis mniSvneloba
evropis ekonomikaSi" – ekonomikisa da biznesis kvlevis centris mier momzadebuli
analizi evropis fizikis sazogadoebisaTvis).
gagacnobT fizikis ramdenime miRwevas, romelsac Tanamedrove kacobrioba
warmatebiT iyenebs.

eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi

eleqtrostatikur meTods iyeneben avtomobilebis Sesa­

Rebad, sxvadasxva publikaciisa da teqstis dasabeWdad,
mcenareebis Sesawamlad. eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi ga-
moiyeneba zedapirebis dezinfeqciisTvis, rac gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuri gaxda koronavirusTan brZolisas. aseTi meTodiT
sur. 6.2
gafrqvevisas sadezinfeqcio siTxe yvela mxri­dan faravs
dasamuSavebel zedapirs.

1966
maswavleblis wigni

marTalia, fizikas moswavleebi wina klasebSic swavlobdnen, magram mainc upriani

iqneba, erTad isaubroT sagnis mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebaze. aRniSnoT fizikis
kvlevis sagani da kvlevis meTodebi; gamoyoT fizikis dargebi da maTi Seswavlis
mimarTulebebi; gamokveToT sferoebi, sadac fizikis mecnierebis gamoyenebiT gansa-
kuTrebuli warmatebebia miRweuli. elaparakeT maT, rogor awydebian yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi fizikur movlenebs da fizikis miRwevebs.
Sesaval paragrafSi ramdenime Zalian mniSvnelovani miRwevis Sesaxeb giambobT,
romelTa xorcSesxma fizikis gamoyenebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. am miRwevebma arseb-
iTad Secvales kacobrioba. maTze saubriT moswavleebs daanaxebT Sesaswavli sagnis
praqtikul aspeqts - amgvari Sinaarsis danaxva Tanamedrove axalgazrdebisaTvis
Zalian mniSvnelovania, motivaciis amaRlebisa da swavlis survilis gasaCenad. ami-
tom gverds nu auvliT am aspeqtebis xazgasmas.
yuradReba gaamaxvileT fizikis kavSirze sxva mecnierebebTan da erTobliv
mecnierul miRwevebze.
ecadeT, interaqtiuri gakveTili CaataroT. garda imisa, rom bavSvebs informa-
cias miawvdiT, maTganac moismineT, ras fiqroben fizikaze, rogorc mecnierebaze;
ra codna darCaT wina wlebidan; ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben sagans. SesaZlebelia,
TviTonac flobdnen informacias fizikis praqtikul gamoyenebasa da miRwevebze.
kargi iqneba, Tu am informacias klaselebs gauziareben.

6′197
 moswavlis wigni

haeris gamwmendi eleqtrostatikuri filtrebi

haeris gamwmendi eleqtrostatikuri filtrebi praqtiku-

lad yvela industriaSi gamoiyeneba. 2020 wels maTi global-
uri bazari 6.6 miliard dolarad Sefasda. savaraudod, 2030
wlisTvis es cifri 10 miliard dolars miaRwevs. aseT fil-
trebs awarmoeben iseTi msxvili kompaniebi, rogoricaa Gen-
eral Electric, Mitsubishi Power, Siemens AG. globaluri bazris
zrda am mimarTulebiT ganapiroba industrializaciis tempis
swrafma matebam ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad ekonomikebSi.
saavtomobilo, samrewvelo warmoebis, eleqtrosadgurebidan sur. 7.1
da sxva seqtorebidan gamoTavisuflebuli mavne gamonabolqvi
yoveldRiurad abinZurebs haers. amitom haeris xarisxis marTvam arsebiTi mniSvn-
eloba SeiZina ekologiis dasacavad.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi mkacr SezRudvebs aweseben, raTa Semcirdes naxSiror-
Jangis, azotis oqsidebisa da nawilakebis gamonabolqvi. amave mizezma biZgi misca
ganaxlebadi wyaroebis gamoyenebas energiis gamomuSavebis mizniT. am sferos swrafi
ganviTarebac SeuZlebeli iqneboda fizikis miRwevebis gamoyenebis gareSe.

mzis panelebi

1839 wels frangma fizikosma edmond beke­

relma, gamtar xsnarSi liTonis eleqtrodebi-
sgan damzadebul elementze eqsperimentire-
bisas, aRmoaCina fotoeleqtruli efeqti.
TiTqmis 50 wlis Semdeg, 1883 wels, amerikelma
gamomgonebelma Carlz fricma Seqmna pirveli
moqmedi selenis mzis elementi - es aris dRe-
vandeli teqnologiis mTavari winamorbedi. sur. 7.2
1905 wels ainStainma gamoaqveyna naSromi fo-
toefeqtisa da sinaTlis energiis Sesaxeb. meoce saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi mzis
panelebi kosmosur aparatebSi gamoiyenes. amerikis prezidentis, jimi karteris
iniciativiT, 1979 wels, TeTri saxlis saxuravze mzis 32 paneli daamontaJes, wylis
gasacxeleblad.
2006 wels aSS-Si amoqmedda mzis energiis sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti
(ITC – Investment Tax Credit). aSS-s mzis energiis industria gaizarda 10000%-ze
metiT – Seiqmna asobiT aTasi samuSao adgili da sferoSi miliardobiT dolaris
investicia Caido.

astrofizika

Cveni uaxloesi varskvlavi – mze – udides gavlenas axdens planetTSorisi sivr-

cis, dedamiwis magnitosferosa da planetis sasicocxlo pirobebze.
mzis atmosferoSi mimdinare aqtiuri procesebidan yvelaze energetikuli mov-
lenaa koronuli masis amofrqveva, romelic miiReba mzis gvirgvinSi dakidebuli

1987
maswavleblis wigni

7′199
 moswavlis wigni
plazmis Rrublebis – protuberancebis – ar-
amdgradobis Sedegad. am dros miliardobiT
tona amofrqveuli nivTiereba moemarTeba
planetTSoris sivrceSi, xolo dedamiwasTan
Sejaxebisas iwvevs magnitur qariSxlebs. es
movlena uaryofiTad moqmedebs telesakomu-
nikacio sistemebze, xelovnur Tanamgzavrebsa
da cocxal organizmebze. es amofrqvevebi sur.8.1. SDO (Solar Dynamics Observatory
gansazRvravs kosmosur aminds da dedamiwaze – mzis dinamikis observatoria
mzis mavne gavlenas. amitom mzeze mimdinare
aqtiuri procesebis prognozireba Zalian
mniSvnelovania.
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis mecniereb-
ma, evropel kolegebTan erTad, aRweres mzis
koronuli masis amofrqvevis gamomwvevi mov-
lena. mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, protuber-
ancidan plazmis burTulakebis vardna – e.w.
koronuli wvima – iwvevs maT aramdgradobas
da, Sesabamisad, koronuli masis amofrqvevebs. sur. 8.2. STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Rela-
es aRmoCena amofrqvevebis prognozirebis tions Observatory – mzisa da dedamiwis
unikalur saSualebas iZleva: koronuli wvi- kosmosuri sivrcis observatoria

mis dawyebasa da protuberancis mdgradobaze

dakvirvebiT, amofrqvevis prognozireba winas-
war xdeba SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, aRmoCena
Sefasda rogorc samecniero garRveva kosmo-
suri amindis winaswarmetyvelebis sakiTxSi.
qarTveli mecnierebis daskvna daefuZna
monacemTa analizs, romlebic mopovebulia
kosmosuri misiebis – SDO-sa (sur. 8.1) da
STEREO-s (sur. 8.2) farglebSi. statia am aR-
sur. 8.3. mzis erT-erTi pirveli
moCenis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda maRalreitingul
foto, gadaRebuli STEREO-s
saerTaSoriso JurnalSi Astronomy & Astrophys- mier 4/12/2006
ics (astronomia da astrofizika). kosmosuri
amindis prognozireba ESA-s (evropis kosmosuri saagento) axali misiis, Solar
Orbiter-is da dedamiwaze mdebare did teleskopebze dagegmili momavali dakvirve-
bebiT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.

CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research – birT-

vuli kvlevebis evropuli sabWo): teqnologiebi da
samecniero miRwevebi

birTvuli kvlevebi medicinaSi jer kidev 1970-iani

wlebidan gamoiyeneba, rodesac CERN-is mecnierebma
wvlili Seitanes PET (pozitronul-emisiuri tomogra-
sur. 8.4
fi) mowyobilobebis adreul kvlevebSi. dRes CERN-is
unikaluri eqspertiza da teqnologiebi gamoiyeneba
samedicino diagnostikasa da TerapiaSi.

2008
maswavleblis wigni

8′201
 moswavlis wigni

oqros standarti onkologiaSi – ra

aris PET/CT kvleva?

PET/CT (pet kate) anu pozitron-emi-

siuri tomografia birTvuli medicinis
kvlevis meTodia, romelic kibos diag-
nostirebisTvis gamoiyeneba. am maRalte-
qnologiuri sistemiT kombinirebulad
ori kvleva – pozitron-emisiuri da kom­ sur. 9.1
piuteruli tomografia – tardeba. amgvari
diagnostireba simsivnis gavrcelebis
yvelaze zust anatomiur suraTs iZleva. misi saSualebiT umciresi zomis sim-
sivnis aRmoCenac ki SesaZlebelia. amdenad, onkologiaSi PEPET/CT kvleva oqros
stan­dartadaa aRiarebuli. masze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba mkurnalobis taqtika
an fasdeba Catarebuli mkurnalobis Sedegi. kvleva saqarTveloSic tardeba – aR-
mosavleT evropasa da postsabWoTa sivrceSi pirveli cifruli PET/CT aparati
swored TbilisSi daidga.

kibos mkurnaloba ionebiT 2011 wlidan

adronuli Terapia simsivnis mkurnalobis meTodia. Tuki tradiciuli radia-

ciuli Terapia fotonebiT dasxivebas iyenebs, rac wrfivi amaCqarebliT miiReba,
adronuli Terapia mkurnalobs protonebiTa
da naxSirbadis ionebiT. am meTods warmatebiT
iyenebs onkologiuri adronuli Terapiis
erovnuli centri (CNAO – National Center for On-
cological Hadrontherapy) italiaSi, paviaSi. aq amaC-
qarebeli SeimuSava da aawyo CERN-ma, intensiuri
kvlevebis safuZvelze 1995 wlidan. meTodze
muSaobda multidisciplinuri gundi, romelic
aerTianebda eqimebs, fizikosebs, biologebsa
da inJinrebs. fizikosTa Sroma da kompetencia sur. 9.2
saWiro gaxda Semdegi mimarTulebiT: magnitebis
gamoyeneba, radiosixSiris gazomva da regulire-
ba, gamosxivebis diagnostika da sxva.
CERN-i TanamSromlobs wamyvan dawesebulebebTan evropaSi kibos kvlevisa da
mkurnalobis mimarTulebiT, raTa metad ganaviTaros teqnologia da masze da-
fuZnebuli Terapiuli meTodebi.

didi xnis win dakarguli rafaelis tilo

CERN-is teqnologiuri miRwevebi sxva sferoebSic gamoiyeneba. nawilakebis

fizikis ganviTarebam mkvlevrebs saSualeba misca daemowmebinaT xelovnebis nimuSis
avTenturoba maTi kompoziciis meSveobiT, sakvlevi obieqtis dazianebis gareSe.
uaxlesi magaliTia tiloze Sesrulebuli „madona CviliT~ (kerZo koleqciidan).
2020 wels naxatis identificireba SeZlo Cexurma startapma InsightART. man gamoiyena
uaxlesi robotuli rentgenis skaneri RToo, romelic Sedgeba rentgenis wyarosa da

2029
maswavleblis wigni

9′203
 moswavlis wigni
Timepix fotonebis deteqtorebisgan da
SeuZlia rentgenis speqtroskopiuli su-
raTebis gadaReba. kompaniis eqspertebma
Seiswavles rentgenis sxvadasxva talRis
sigrZeze gadaRebuli 11 maRali garCeva-
dobis suraTi. maT SeZles daenaxaT saRe-
bavis elementaruli Semadgenloba da
mieRoT ufro zusti informacia naxatis
Sesaxeb. InsightART-ma moipova 2020 wlis
jildo „ArtTech Prize 2020" – CERN-is sur. 10.1
teqnologiis rolis aRiareba saxelovne-
bo servisebSi. jildo emsaxureba kompa-
niebis waxalisebas, danergon mecniereba da teqnologiebi xelovnebis sferoSi.

Sedevri Tu ostaturi gayalbeba?

didi albaTobiT, am kiTxvas upasuxebs

CERN-isa da INFN-is (italiis birTvuli
fizikis erovnuli instituti) TanamSrom-
lobis proeqti. proeqtis mizania nawi­
lakebis kompaqturi amaCqareblis Seqmna,
romelic metad xelmisawvdoms gaxdis
PIXE elementaruli analizis teqnikis
gamoyenebas da Seamcirebs mis maRal Ri-
rebulebas. PIXE analizi tardeba mTel sur. 10.2
msoflioSi, laboratoriebSi, xelovnebis
nimuSebis istoriisa da avTenturobis
Sesaswavlad. axali MACHINA mowyobiloba – kompaqturi amaCqarebeli xelovnebis
nimuSebis kvlevisaTvis – bevrad ufro patara iqneba, rac muzeumebsa da biznesebs
misi gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems. mcire zomis gamo, misi transportireba Ses-
aZlebeli iqneba da gamodgeba im nimuSebisTvis, romlebic transportirebas ar
eqvemdebareba.

ratom surT fizikis swavla da ramdenad rTulia is?

arsebobs stereotipi, rom fizikis swavla rTulia. sinamdvileSi, es bevrad

ufro martivia, vidre warmogvidgenia. fizika arsebiTad swored im pasuxebis Ziebaa,
romlebic adamianis gonebas saukuneebis manZilze mosvenebas ar aZlevda. upirveles
yovlisa, is miznad isaxavs samyaros da misi ucnauri fenomenebis axsnas da gagebas.
adamianis goneba cnobismoyvareobisa da dakvirvebis safuZvelze svams kiTxvebs,
romlebsac misi azrovneba mogvianebiT ufro momwifebul kiTxvebad ayalibebs,
rac kacobriobas WeSmaritebis Ziebisken ubiZgebs da kiTxvebze saocari pasuxebiT

20410
maswavleblis wigni

10′205
 moswavlis wigni
sruldeba. ufro xSirad ki am process axali pasuxebisa da axali sakiTxebis
wamoWra mohyveba xolme.
fizikas kidev erTi stereotipi ukavSirdeba - TiTqos is ufro kacebis mecnierebaa
da qalebs misi daufleba uWirT, an TiTqos qalebis adgili am mecnierebaSi ar aris.
es Zalian mcdari Sexedulebaa. drom aCvena, rom qalebi aranakleb warmatebebs
aRweven. pirvelad es stereotipi polonuri warmoSobis frangma fizikosma da
qimikosma, orgzis nobelis premiis laureatma maria kiurim (1867-1937) daarRvia -
aseTi warmateba araTu qal mecnierTa Soris, zogadad, mecnierebaSic aRsaniSnavia.
kargia, rom dRes amgvari SemzRudveli Sexeduleba sustdeba da ufro da ufro
meti qali interesdeba fizikiTa Tu sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT. maTi
aRmoCenebi ki saTanado adgils ikavebs mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
fizikis Sesaswavlad garkveuli Zalisxmevaa saWiro. unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom aucileblad dagWirdebaT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, kompiuteruli
teqnologiebis, inJineriis da sxva sferoebSi garkveva, raTa SeZloT fizikis Te-
oriebis gacnobiereba da maTi praqtikuli gamoyeneba.

wyaro:
https://kt.cern/
https://bit.ly/3wwV38E

20611
maswavleblis wigni

11′207
 moswavlis wigni

I Tavi
damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedeba

am TavSi gaixsenebT da gaecnobiT:

 nivTierebis Sedgenilobas;
 molekulas, atoms, eleqtrons, protons;
 damuxtuli sxeulebis urTi­ erT­qmedebas, kulonis kanons;
 eleqtroskops;
 eleqtrul vels, velis daZabulobas da superpoziciis princips;
 eleqtrobis gamtarebs da aragamtarebs;
 muxtis mudmivobis kanons;
 gavleniT daeleqtroebas;
 eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaobasa da potencials;
 brtyel kondensators da mis gamoyenebas;
 amocanebis amoxsnis meTodebs.

20812
maswavleblis wigni

sanam uSualod masalis axsnaze gadaxvalT, mokled mimoixileT am TavSi warmod-

genili saswavlo masala, rac, principSi, mTel semestrs moicavs. winaswar SeuqmeniT
moswavleebs erTgvari molodini – ras miaRweven, ras iswavlian, romel samizne
cnebebs daeuflebian da ra mkvidri warmodgenebi CamouyalibdebaT.

Semdeg koncetrirdiT eleqtruli energiis saWiroebasa da gamoyenebis sferoe-

bze, isaubreT im mecnierebze, romlebsac eleqtrobis Teoriisa da praqtikis gan-
viTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT.

12′209
 moswavlis wigni

dRes civilizebuli adamianis cxovreba eleqtruli energiis gareSe war-

moudgenelia. eleqtrul energiasTanaa dakavSirebuli radiomimRebis, tele-
fonis, televizoris, kompiuteris, sxvadasxva saxis eleqtruli Zravis muSaoba.
sxva saxis energiasTan SedarebiT, eleqtrul energias mravalgvari upi-
ratesoba aqvs: igi martivad gardaiqmneba meqanikur, siTbur, qimiur, sinaT-
lisa da sxva saxis energiebad. erTi da imave denis wyarodan energia SeiZleba
sxvadasxva momxmarebelma miiRos. magaliTad, SeiZleba erTdroulad vamuSaoT
televizori, uTo, naTura, macivari, mtversasruti da a.S. eleqtruli energia
SeiZleba gadavceT Zalian Sor manZilze, Zalian mcire droSi, mcire danakarge-
biT. eleqtruli energiis gadacemisa da moxmarebisas garemo ar binZurdeba.
fotoebze gamosaxulia zogierTi mecnieri, romlebsac eleqtrobis Teori-
isa da praqtikis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT.

benjamin franklini alesandro volta andre mari amperi kristian erstedi

(1706-1790) (1745-1827) (1775-1836) (1777-1851)

georg omi maikl faradei jozef henri gustav kirhofi

(1787-1854) (1791-1867) (1797-1878) (1824-1887)

jeims maqsveli Tomas edisoni nikola tesla hainrix herci

(1831-1879) (1847-1931) (1856-1943) (1857-1894)

davaleba

daiyaviT jgufebad da moipoveT informacia am mecnierebisa da maTi naS-

zadeT sakiTxi gakveTilze warsadgenad.
romebis Sesaxeb. moam­

21013
maswavleblis wigni

13′211
 moswavlis wigni

§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

testi
1. Zala aris:
a. sxeulis inertulobis zoma;
b. sidide, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze;
g. skalaruli sidide;
d. sidide, romlis moqmedebiTac sxeuli moZraobs Tanabrad;
e. muSaobis Sesrulebis unari.
2. Zalis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia:
a. 1 niutoni (1 n); b. 1 kilogrami (1 kg);
g. 1 kiloniutoni (1 kn); d. 1 jouli (1 j). e. 1 grami (g).
3. masa aris:
a. sxeulis inertulobis zoma;
b. sidide, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze;
g. veqtoruli sidide;
d. sxeulze moqmedi Zalisa da aCqarebis namravli;
e. sxeulis siCqaris cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
4. Tu 2 kg masis sxeulis siCqare 1 wm-Si 4 m/wm-iT icvleba, maSin masze moq-
medi Zalebis tolqmedis moduli aris:
a. 0,5 n; b. 1 n; g. 4 n; d. 8 n; e. 2 n.
5. ori sxeulidan TiToeulis masis sam-samjer gadidebiT da maT centrebs
Soris manZilis samjer SemcirebiT, maTi urTierTmizidvis Zalis moduli:
a. ar icvleba; b. izrdeba 9-jer;
g. mcirdeba 9-jer; d. mcirdeba 81-jer; e. izrdeba 81-jer.
6. molekula Sedgeba:
a. sxeulebisgan; b. wylisgan; g. atomebisgan; d. nivTierebisgan;
e. neitronebisagan.
7. atomi Sedgeba:
a. mxolod atombirTvisgan; b. mxolod eleqtronebisgan;
g. mxolod protonebisgan;
d. atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod neitronebisgan.
8. atombirTvi Sedgeba:
a. atomebisgan; b. protonebisa da neitronebisgan;
g. protonebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
d. neitronebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod protonebisgan.
9. protoni, eleqtroni da neitroni:
a. damuxtuli nawilakebia; b. daumuxtavi nawilakebia.
g. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da eleqtroni;
d. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da neitroni;
e. damuxtulia mxolod eleqtroni.
10. protoni da eleqtroni:
a. erTmaneTs izidaven; b. erTmaneTs ganizidaven;
g. ar urTierTqmedeben; d. erTmaneTs mxolod wyalSi izidaven;
e. zogjer izidaven, zogjer ganizidaven.
11. Tanabrad moZrav vagonSi Sveulad axtomis Semdeg davxtebiT:
a. iq, saidanac avxtiT;
b. axtomis adgilidan win, vagonis moZraobis mimarTulebiT;

21214
maswavleblis wigni
testis pasuxi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
b a a d e g d b g a b

§1.1. moswavleebs gaaxsenebs im codnas, rac axali masalis gasagebad da asaTviseb-

lad gamoadgebaT. es aseve aris resursi kompleqsuri davalebis – eleqtrostatiku-
ri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 1-is Sesasruleblad. kerZod, moswavleebs
amzadebs imisaTvis, rom Seasrulon pirveli davaleba, aCvenon, rom SeuZliaT Tavi
gaarTvan pirvel Sefasebis kriteriums: rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi da riT aixsneba
es movlena? ra gansxvavebaa daumuxtavi da damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis agebulebaSi
da garemomcvel sivrceSi? risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben damuxtuli wveTebi? (ma-
teria 1, 2, 3; Zala 1). darwmundiT, rom moswavleebs SeuZliaT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis
gacema da gaazrebuli aqvT saxelmZRvanelos me-15 gverdze mocemuli ganmartebebi,
am codnis daxmarebiT ki SeuZliaT aRniSnuli kriteriumis dakmayofileba.

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

14′213
 moswavlis wigni
g. axtomis adgilidan ukan, vagonis moZraobis sapirispirod;
d. xan iq, saidanac avxtiT, xan – win;
e. xan iq, saidanac avxtiT, xan – ukan.
12. zeviT moZravi liftis damuxruWebisas liftSi sxeulebze moqmedi
simZimis da sayrdenis reaqciis Zalebidan:
a. N>mg; b. N<mg; g. N=mg; d. N=2mg; e. N=mg/2;
13. 3kg masis nivTieri wertilis koordinatis droze damokidebulebis
x=4–3t+t2 formulis meSveobiT vadgenT: sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolq-
medis modulia:
a. 9 n; b. 12 n; g. 3 n; d. 1,5 n; e. 6 n.
14. Tavisuflad vardnili sxeulis aCqareba dedamiwis zedapiridan dedamiwis
radiusis tol simaRleze:
a. mcirdeba 2-jer; b. izrdeba 2-jer; g. mcirdeba 4-jer;
d. izrdeba 4-jer; e. ar icvleba.
15. Tu horizontaluri zedapiridan 300-iani kuTxiT gasrolili sxeuli 2wm-
Si daeca, maSin misi sawyisi siCqaris moduli yofila:
a. 15 m/wm; b. 10 m/wm; g. 5 m/wm; d. 20 m/wm; e. 1 m/wm.

gaiRrmaveT codna qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT,

fiqriT da azrovnebiT gagiadvildebaT testebze swori pasuxebis gacema.

sidides, romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze, Zala ewode-

ba. Zalis moqmedebiT icvleba sxeulis siCqare.
masa sxeulis inertulobis zomaa. inertuloba Tvisebaa, romelic yvela
sxe­uls axasiaTebs. igi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: raime sididiT sxeulis siCqaris
Sesac­vlelad saWiroa, masze sxva sxeulis moqmedeba grZeldebodes garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi. rac metia es dro, miT ufro inertulia sxeuli. masis
erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1 kilogrami (1 kg).
niutonis meore kanoni – aCqareba, romliTac moZraobs sxeuli, tolia masze
moqmedi Zalisa da sxeulis masis Sefardebis: = m ⇒ =m , gegmilebiT Fx=max.
Zalis erTeulad SI-Si miRebulia 1 niutoni (1 n). es aris Zala, romelic
1 kg masis sxeuls 1 m/wm2 aCqarebas aniWebs. 1 n = 1 kg.m/wm2.
ori sxeuli urTierTmiizideba ZaliT, romlis moduli pirdapirpropor-
ciulia maTi masebis namravlisa da ukuproporciulia maT Soris manZilis kva-
dratisa: F=G mM , (1) sadac m da M urTierTmimzidavi nivTieri wertilebis an
R2
sferos formis sxeulebis masebia, R – maT centrebs Soris manZili, G=6,67.10–11
n.m2/kg2 – gravitaciuli mudmiva, F – mizidulobis Zalis moduli.

nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan – atomebisa da molekulebisagan.

molekula Sedgeba atomebisagan, atomi – atombirTvisa da eleqtronebisagan,
atombirTvi – protonebisa da neitronebisagan.

protons, neitrons da eleqtrons elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben.

protonisa da eleqtronis muxts ki – elementarul muxts.

protoni da eleqtroni erTmaneTs izidaven. protoni protons ganizidavs,

eleqtronic ganizideba eleqtronisagan. am saxis ur­TierTqmedebas eleqtruli
urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, xolo aseTi urTierTqmedebis mqone nawilakebs

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maswavleblis wigni
testis pasuxi

12 13 14 15
b e g d

15′215
 moswavlis wigni
– damuxtuli. protoni da eleqtroni damuxtuli nawilakebia. protoni
damuxtulia dadebiTad, eleqtroni – uaryofiTad. maTi muxtebi moduliT
tolia da 1,6.10–19 k-ia. 1 kuloni (1 k) muxtis erTeulia SI-Si. neitroni eleq­
trulad neitraluri nawilakia.

atomebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba protonebis, neitronebisa da eleq­

tronebis raodenobiT. atomi eleqtrulad neitraluria.

rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons, miiReba dadebiTi ioni, rodesac

miierTebs – uaryofiTi ioni.

atomis modeli:
https://bit.ly/3Lcfmg2

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

polieTilenis mSrali boTli rom mi-

uaxlooT qaRaldis patar-patara naxevebs,
SeaxoT da Semdeg daaSoroT, SesamCnevi iqne-
ba boTlisa da qaRaldis urTierTmizidva?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? (sur. 16.1)
varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

boTls rom ramdenjerme swrafad gausv-

ga­mousvaT mSrali xeli an qaRaldi da Semdeg
miuaxlooT qaRaldis naxevebs, miizi­ daven
isini erTmaneTs? axseniT, ratom? sur. 16.1

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

CaatareT zemoT moyvanili cdebi. cdebi sibneleSic CaatareT da kargad

daakvirdiT xaxunisas boTlisa da xelis Sexebis adgilebs. ra gesmiT? ras xedavT?
SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb CawereT da moamzadeT sakiTxi gakveTilze
warsadgenad.

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maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

aucileblad CaatarebineT moswavleebs cdebi. sasurvelia, Tu maT gakveTilzec

CaatarebT, miT ufro, rom maTi Sesruleba gansakuTrebul momzadebasa da xel-
sawyoebs ar saWiroebs. erTi mxriv, maTze dakvirvebiTa da Sedegebze dayrdnobiT
gagiadvildebaT momdevno paragrafis axsna. meore mxriv, moswavleebi mtkicebule-
bebze dayrdnobiT, gaazrebulad daeuflebian codnas. mesamec, es cdebi esadageba
kompleqsuri davalebis – eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji
1-iT gaTvaliswinebul 1-el aqtivobas da emsaxureba pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis
Sesrulebas (rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi da riT aixsneba es movlena? ra gansxvavebaa
daumuxtavi da damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis agebulebaSi da garemomcvel sivrceSi?
risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben damuxtuli wveTebi?).

16′217
 moswavlis wigni
• ra SeamCnieT sibneleSi boTlze xelis swrafad gasma-gamosmisas?
rato­m moxda ase?

§ 1.2. sxeulTa damuxtva. damuxtuli sxeulebis

urTierTqmedeba. eleqtruli veli


1. warmogidgeniaT Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba eleqtruli energiis
gareSe?
eleqtruli movlenebi jer kidev qristeSo- qarva aris gaqvavebuli fisi
bamde VII saukuneSi iyo cnobili, magram maTi wiwvovani xisa, rome­lic xarob-
praqtikuli gamoyeneba, ZiriTadad, XIX saukuni- da dedamiwaze mravali aseuli
dan daiwyo da Zalian swrafad ganviTarda. aTasi wlis winaT.
sityva `eleqtroba~ warmodgeba berZnuli
sityvisagan `eleqtron~, rac qarvas niSnavs.
Soreul warsulSi berZenma swavlulebma
SeamCnies, rom qarva Salze xaxunis Sedegad
iZens sxvadasxva sxeulis mizidvis unars.
aseTi Tvisebis sxeulze amboben, rom igi dae-
leqtroebulia. aseTive Tvisebas iZens minis
Rero abreSumze (an qaRaldis furcelze)
xaxunis Sedegad.
kvleva-ZiebiT davadgineT: polieTilenis
boTlma qaRaldze xaxunis Semdeg miizida
furclis naxevebi (sur. 17.1). sur. 17.1


2. boTlze xaxunisas, gaigoneT susti tkacani? ras daakvirdiT sibneleSi?
3. rogor fiqrobT, daimuxta Tu ara polieTilenis boTli qaRaldze xa­
xuniT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidides eleqtruli

muxti uwodes, daeleqtroebul sxeulebs ki – damuxtuli.
abreSumisa da minis xaxuniT minaze miRebul muxts dadebiTi uwodes, xolo
Salisa da ebonitis xaxuniT ebonitze miRebul muxts – uaryofiTi.


4. Tqveni azriT, ratom imuxteba sxeulebi xaxunisas?
5. daimuxteba Tu ara sxeulebi mxolod SexebiT?
CavataroT cdebi: abreSumis ZafiT sadgamze davkidoT
metaluri folgis an qaRaldis ori msubuqi masra ise,
rom erTmaneTs exebodnen (sur. 17.2). masrebs mivuaxlooT
polieTilenis damuxtuli boTli da davakvirdeT.


6. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.

sur. 17.2

21817
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad.
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. dakvirvebis, aRweris, codnis, gagebis, gamoyenebis, analizis unarebis
ganviTareba.
. sxeulTa damuxtvaze dakvirveba.

1. dRes civilizebuli adamianis cxovreba eleqtruli energiis gareSe

warmoudgenelia. eleqtrul energiasTanaa dakavSirebuli radiomimRebis,
telefonis, televizoris, kompiuteris, mobiluri telefonis, sxvadasxva saxis
eleqtruli Zravasa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa muSaoba.
2. polieTilenis mSral boTlze mSrali xelis (qaRaldis) swrafad gasma-ga-
mosmisas ismis susti tkacani da sibneleSi naperwklebic kargad Cans.
3. polieTilenis boTli daimuxta, radgan man SeiZina sxvadasxva sxeulis
mizidvis unari.
4,5. sxvadasxva nivTi­
ere­
bisagan damza­
de­
buli sxeulebi eleqtrovdeba maTi
urTierTSexebisas. maT erTmaneTze mxolod imitom axaxuneben, rom ga­zardon
im kontaqtebis raodenoba, saidanac xdeba eleqtronebis gadasvla erTi sxe-
ulidan meoreze, ris Sedegadac sxeulebi ufro metad imuxteba.
xaxuniT sxeulebis damuxtva aixsneba erTi sxeulidan meoreze eleqtronebis
gadasvliT. viciT, atomSi eleqtronebi brunavs atombirTvis garSemo. maT
orbitaze akavebs eleqtruli (kulonuri) mizidulobis Zala. sxvadasxva atomSi
es Zala gansxvavebulia, amitom gansxvavebuli nivTierebis atomebis miaxloebisas
molekuluri urTierTqmedebis radiusze (r≈10-10m) nakleb manZilze, is atomebi,
romelTa birTvTan eleqtronebis mizidulobis Zala metia, waarTmevs da
miierTebs meore sxeulis eleqtronebs. amgvarad, erT sxeulze aRmoCndeba
eleqtronebis siWarbe, igi imuxteba uaryofiTad, meoreze –
eleqtronebis nakleboba, igi imuxteba dadebiTad. maSasadame,
sxeulebi mxolod SexebiTac imuxtebian.
6. masrebi boTlisken amoZravdeba da masTan SexebisTanave
ganizideba misgan da erTmaneTisganac (sur. 17′.1). ase imitom
moxda, rom masrebma boTlisagan miiRo Tanasaxeliani muxti.
erTnairniSnianma muxtebma ganizida erTmaneTi. sur. 17′.1

17′219
 moswavlis wigni
erTi masra (sur. 18.1) davmuxtoT dadebiTad – SevaxoT
da gavusvaT minis damuxtuli joxi, meore ki – uaryof-
iTad – SevaxoT da gavusvaT ebonitis damuxtuli joxi
da davakvirdeT.


7. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.

mopirdapire niSnis muxtebis mqone sxeulebi yovelTvis sur. 18.1

miizidavs erTmaneTs. sxeulebi, romelTac Tanasaxeliani
muxti aqvT, erTmaneTs ganizidavs. es daskvna marTebulia maSin, rodesac sxeulTa
zomebi gacilebiT naklebia maT Soris manZilze.
gavarkvioT, risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedebs ori da­ eleq­troebuli sxe­ uli.
iqneb ha­eriT? cde­bi gviCve­nebs, rom daeleq­tro­ebuli sxe­­ulebi vakuum­Sic
urTi­ er­ Tqme­
deben. maSa­
sa­
dame, damuxtul sxeulebs Soris aris raRac, risi
meSve­obiTac xorci­eldeba es urTi­erTqmedeba.
gamoCenilma ingli­selma fiziko­sebma maikl faradeim (1791-1867 ww.) da jeimz
klerk maqsvelma (1831-1879 ww.) iva­ r audes, rom daeleq­t roebuli sxeulis
garemom­cveli sivrce gan­sxvavdeba ara­daeleq­tro­ebuli sxe­ulis gare­mom­cveli
sivrcisagan.
da­eleq­troebuli sxe­ulis an nawi­lakis irgvliv sivrceSi ar­se­bobs eleq­
truli veli. damuxtuli nawila­ kebi da sxeulebi velis meSve­ obiT urTi­
erTqmedeben.
Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli ve­ li moqmedebs masSi Setanil eleq­ trul
muxtze, eleqtruli Zala ewo­ deba.
18.2, a da b suraTebze gamo­ saxuli daeleqtroebuli masrebi qmni­ an eleq­
trul vels. erTi masris mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli moqmedebs meoreze,
meoris mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli ki – pirvelze. rogorc yovelTvis,
sxeulebi urTierTqmedeben.

a b
sur. 18.2

eleqtruli veli materiis saxea, romelic gansxvavdeba nivTiere­

bi­
sagan.
eleqtruli velis arsebobaze SeiZ­
leba vimsjeloT mxolod misi moq­ medebis
mixedviT.

sxeulTa damuxtva:

https://bit.ly/3Ng81gZ

https://bit.ly/3qqx0oc

22018
maswavleblis wigni

7. SevamCnevT, masrebi erTmaneTs izidavs (sur. 18′.2).

mopirdapire niSnis muxtebma miizida erTmaneTi.

sur. 18′.2

§1.2-c aris resursi kompleqsuri davalebis – eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi

(Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 1-is Sesasruleblad da pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis
dasaZlevad (rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi da riT aixsneba es movlena? ra gansxvavebaa
daumuxtavi da damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis agebulebaSi da garemomcvel sivrceSi?
risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben damuxtuli wveTebi?). Tu moswavle Tavs gaarT-
mevs kriteriums, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom mas samizne cnebis Sesabamisi, marTebuli
mkvidri warmodgena Camouyalibda.
moswavleebTan erTad CaatareT cda (gv. 17-18) da maTTan erTad ganmarteT das-
muli SekiTxvebi. es cdebi esadageba kompleqsuri davalebis – eleqtrostatikuri
gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 1-iT gaTvaliswinebul me-2 aqtivobas da emsax-
ureba pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis Sesrulebas (rogor imuxtebian sxeulebi da
riT aixsneba es movlena? ra gansxvavebaa daumuxtavi da damuxtuli siTxis wveTebis
agebulebaSi da garemomcvel sivrceSi? risi meSveobiT urTierTqmedeben damuxtu-
li wveTebi?). paragrafSi mocemuli kiTxvebi isea Camoyalibebuli, rom emsaxureba
Sesabamisi samizne cnebebis konstruirebas (moyvanilia matricis Sua svetSi, pirveli
nabijis aqtivobebis Semdeg). swored amitom maTze pasuxebs mivyavarT kompleqsuri
davalebis Sesrulebisaken.

18′221
 moswavlis wigni

vici, rom:

eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebel fizikur sidides eleqtruli

muxti uwodes, daeleqtroebul sxeulebs ki – damuxtuli.
da­eleq­troebuli sxe­ulis an nawi­lakis irgvliv sivrceSi ar­se­bobs
eleqtruli veli. damuxtuli nawila­ kebi da sxeulebi velis meSve­
obiT
urTi­erTqmedeben.

Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli ve­li moqmedebs masSi Setanil eleq­trul

muxtze, eleqtruli Zala ewo­
deba.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. axseniT, erTmaneTze xaxunisas ratom imuxteba gansxvavebuli nivTie­

rebis sxeulebi, erTgvarovani sxeulebi ki – ara?

amoxsna
xaxuniT sxeulebis damuxtva aixsneba eleqtronebis gadasvliT erTi sxe­
ulidan meoreze. nebismier atomSi birTvis garSemo mbrunav eleqtronebs
akavebs birTvis mizidulobis Zala. sxvadasxva atomSi eleqtronis orbitaze
Semakavebeli Zalis moduli gansxvavebulia. sxvadasxva sxeulis erTmaneTze mi-
Werisas atomi, romlis birTvi eleq­ tronebs meti ZaliT izidavs, vidre meore
nivTierebis atomi, waarTmevs savalento eleqtronebs da miierTebs. amgvarad,
erT sxeulze aRmoCndeba eleqtronebis siWarbe da igi imuxteba uaryofiTad,
meoreze – eleqtro­ nebis nakleboba. is imuxteba dadebiTad. damuxtvisas sxe­
ulebs Soris sakontaqto farTobis gasadideblad iyeneben xaxuns. amgvarad,
sxeulebi imuxteba ara xaxunis, aramed maTi mWidro kontaqtis gamo.
erTgvarovani sxeulebi xaxuniT ar imuxtebian, radgan orive sxeulSi birT-
vTan eleqtronebis Semakavebeli Zalebi tolia, ris gamoc erTi sxeulidan
meoreSi Warbi eleqtronebi ar gadadis.

savarjiSo

1. arsebobs Tu ara atomi, ro­ melSic ar aris dadebiTad da uar­ yofiTad

damuxtuli nawilakebi?
2. atomis romeli nawilia dade­ biTad damux­tuli da romeli uaryo­ fiTad?
3. atomis Semadgeneli romeli nawilakebi atarebs dadebiT da romeli
uaryofiT muxts?
4. aris Tu ara atombirTvSi eleqtrulad neitraluri nawilakebi?
5. atomSi rogori Tanafardobaa protonebisa da eleqtronebis raodenobebs
Soris?
6. arsebobs Tu ara atomis birTvi, romlis muxti protonis muxtze naklebia?

22219
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad.

am gverdze mocemuli amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi, aseve savarjiSos SekiTxvebi

esadageba kompleqsuri davalebis - eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebe-
li) – nabiji 1-iT gaTvaliswinebul me-3 da me-4 aqtivobebs da emsaxureba pirveli
Sefasebis kriteriumis Sesrulebas.
Tu gakveTilebs aRniSnuli sqemiT miyvebiT, cdebs CaatarebT da paragrafSi
dasmul kiTxvebs moswavleebTan erTad upasuxebT, amiT dafaravT kompleqsuri
davalebis – eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 1-iT gaT-
valiswinebul SekiTxvebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac muSavdeba pirveli Sefasebis
kriteriumi. es ki ubiZgebs moswavles samizne cnebisa da Sesabamisi mkvidri warmod-
genebis Camoyalibebamde.

1. 2. aseTi atomi ar arsebobs. atomi Sedgeba dadebiTi atombirTvisa da mis garSemo

mbunavi eleqtronebisgan. eleqtronis muxti uaryofiTia.
3. protons aqvs dadebiTi, xolo eleqtrons – uaryofiTi muxti.
4. atombirTvSi protonebTan erTad aris eleqtrulad neitraluri nawilakebi –
neitronebi.
5. erTmaneTis tolia.
6. ar arsebobs.

19′223
 moswavlis wigni
testi
1. moZebneT mcdari mtkiceba:
a. protoni protons ganizidavs; b. protoni eleqtrons ganizidavs;
g. protoni eleqtrons miizidavs; d. eleqtroni eleqtrons ganizidavs.
2. ramdeni eleqtroni dakarga sxeulma, Tu misi muxtia 8.10-10 ku­loni?
a. 5.1029 eleqtroni; b. 1,5.1010 eleqtroni;
g. 5.109 eleqtroni; d. 2.1029 eleqtroni.
3. atomi:
a. damuxtulia dadebiTad; b. damuxtulia uaryofiTad;
g. eleqtrulad neitraluria;
d. zogjer dadebiTadaa damuxtuli, zogjer – uaryofiTad.

mavTulis Rru
moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis sfero

Tavsaxuri
sur. 20.1-is mixedviT daamzadeT xelsawyo.
plastilini
ivaraudeT, ra daemarTeba xelsawyos aluminis spilenZis
(qa­Raldis) folgis furclebs, Tu polieTilenis an aluminis
damuxtul boTls gausv-gamousvamT mavTulis mavTuli
Rru sferos?
aluminis
folgis
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? furceli

sur. 20.1

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

damuxteT poli­
eTi­
lenis boTli da gausviT mavTulis sferos, daak­
virdiT
furclebs.

ras amCnevT? axseniT movlena.

SeexeT mavTuls xeliT. ra dae­marTa furclebs? SeecadeT, axsnaT SemCneuli

movlena. cda Caata­
reT ramdenjerme. gamo­
itaneT daskvna.

22420
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad.

testis pasuxi

1 2 3
b g g

moswavleTa didi nawili amzadebs eleqtroskops da warmatebiT iyenebs cdebis

Casatareblad.
eleqtruli velis Seswavla garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. velis
cnebis gageba droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba.
aucilebelia, Tvalyuri vadevnoT, rogor atareben gamokvlevebs. radgan
vfiqrobT, maTi xarisxianad Catareba masalis Segnebulad aTvisebas uwyobs xels.
amasTan, eleqtroskopis damzadeba moiazreba rogorc kompleqsuri davalebis
– eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 2-is 1-eli aqtivoba.
es aqtivoba, erTi mxriv, aris mosamzadebeli samuSao momdevno paragrafisaTvis,
romelic ganixilavs eleqtroskopis muSaobis princips, Seiswavlis eleqtrobis
gamtarebsa da eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanons. am sakiTxebis gaazreba aucile-
belia aRniSnuli nabijis Sesasruleblad, amitom §1.3 Sesabamisi nabijis resursad
(resursi 1) saxeldeba. am masalis damuSavebiT, meore Sefasebis kriteriumi muSa-
vdeba (rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Seswavla? romel
fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtul sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis
Zala? riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba is gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan? (materia
1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, 3).
eleqtroskopis damzadeba da misi moqmedebis principis axsna aseve mniSvnelovani
nabijia sxva 2 kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad:
- „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 1, aqtivoba 1 moswavleebs daexmareba pirveli Se-
fasebis kriteriumis daZlevaSi (ramdenad mniSvnelovania liTonis gamtarisa da
dieleqtrikis agebulebis Taviseburebebi maTze gare eleqtruli velis gavlenis
aRwerisaTvis?).
- „faradeis yinulis saTli~ – nabiji 1, aqtivoba 1 moswavleebs daexmareba
pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis daZlevaSi (ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli
sxeulis miaxloeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).

20′225
 moswavlis wigni
• ra daemarTa aluminis folgis furclebs, mavTulis Rru sferoze
damuxtuli boTlis Sexebisas?
• mavTulze xelis Sexebisas?

§ 1.3. eleqtroskopi. eleqtrobis gamtarebi da

aragamtarebi. eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni

Tqven mier damzadebul xelsawyos eleqtroskopi warmodgeba be­r­Znuli

eleq­troskops uwodeben. qarxnuli sityvebidan ηλεκτρον (`eleq­tron~) da
wesiT dam­ z adebuli eleqtroskopi skopew (`skopeo~). `skopeo~ niSnavs dak-
gamosaxulia 21.1 suraTze. gavaana­ virvebas, aRmo­Cenas.
lizoT saSinao cdebSi Sem­Cneuli
movlenebi. mavTulis sferoze damux­ tu­
li boTlis SexebiT da masze gasmiT
metaluri folgis furclebi gaiSala.

1. raze miuTiTebs furclebis gaSla?
2. gamoitaneT daskvna SemC­
neuli movlenidan.
3. ra moxda mavTulze xelis Se­xe­
bisas? axseniT SemCneuli movlena.
4. ras miuTiTebs es faqti?
1
4
5 2
2 1
4 2
1
3 5
3

a b
a b
sur. 21.1. 1. liTonis burTula; sur. 21. 2. 1aluminis msubuqi isari;
2. liTonis Rero; 2. liTonis Rero­;
3. metaluri folgis zolebi; 3. liTo­nis kor­pusi;
4. liTonis CarCo; 4. eboni­tis sacobi.
5. plastmasis sacobi. 5. brunvis RerZi.

aRwereT 21.1, b suraTze gamo­sa­

xuli cda.
21.2, a suraTze gamosaxulia eleq­­
tros­ kopis nairsaxeoba, romel­sac eleq­
trometrs uwodeben. moqmedebis prin­ cipis mixedviT, eleqtrometrsa da ele-
qtroskops Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris. isari damuxtvamde vertikalur
mdeba­reobaSia.


5. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, isris masaTa centri isris brunvis RerZis
zeviTaa Tu qveviT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra moxdeba, Tu Reroze Camocmul sferos damuxtuli joxiT SevexebiT?
varaudi SeamowmeT cdiT da axseniT SemCneuli movlena.

CavataroT cdebi: davmuxtoT eleqtrometri. eleqtrometris Reroze Camoc-

mul sferos jer re­ziniT an plastmasiT SevexoT, Semdeg – li­Tonis mavTuliT
da davakvirdeT eleqtro­metris isars.

22621
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad.

nivTierebebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian moculobis erTeulSi Tavisufali

damuxtuli nawilakebis raodenobiT da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva eleqtrul
Tvisebebs amJRavneben. am Tvisebebis mixedviT, nivTierebebi iyofa gamtarebad,
naxevargamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad.
cdebi, romlis gareSec daeleqtroebis procesis Seswavla Zalian Znelia,
saxelmZRvaneloSi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili. logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis
mizniT, sakiTxis Seswavlas kiTxva-pasuxis meTodis gamoyenebiT vaxdenT.
paragrafSi axsnilia daeleqtroebis meqanizmi da muxtis mudmivobis kanoni.
bunebrivia, kontaqtisas ramdeni eleqtronic akldeba erT sxeuls, imdeni
emateba meores.
vayalibebT muxtis mudmivobis kanons: Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis nebismieri
urTierTqmedebisas am sistemis yvela nawilakis muxtis algebruli jami mudmivi
rCeba.

1. furclebis gaSla _ maTi ganzidva _ miuTiTebs furclebis erTi

da imave niSnis muxtiT damuxtvas.

2. SemCneuli movlenidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: muxti boTlidan gadaeca

mavTulis sferos, Rerosa da furclebs.

3,4. mavTulze xelis Sexebisas eleqtroskopis furclebi CamoeSva,

es misi ganmuxtvis maCvenebelia. eleqtroskopis muxti Cvenma sxeulma
gaatara da miwaSi gadavida.

5. daumuxtavi eleqtrometris isari Sveul mdebareobaSia. es imas

miuTiTebs, rom isris masaTa centri RerZis qveviTaa.

6. Tu Reroze Camocmul sferos damuxtuli joxiT SevexebiT, sfero,

Rero da isari daimuxtebian. isari ganizideba Rerosagan, igi miT meti
kuTxiT gadaixreba, rac ufro metadaa damuxtuli.

21′227
 moswavlis wigni


7. ras amCnevT? SemCneuli movlenidan gamoitaneT daskvna.

eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT, nivTie­ rebebs yofen gamtarebad, naxe-

vargamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad (aragamtarebi, izola­ torebi).
kargi gamtaria yvela liToni, nia­ dagi, marilisa da mJavas wyal­xsnarebi da
sxva; kargi izolatorebia: faifuri, eboniti, mina, rezini, abreSumi, kaproni,
plastmasebi, navTi, sufTa wyali, haeri (airebi) da sxva.
22.1 suraTze gamosaxulia gamta­ rebi­
sa
da dieleqtrikebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi
magaliTi.
eleqtrobis gamta­robis mixedviT, naxe-
vargamtarebs Sualeduri adgili uWiravs
gamtarebsa da aragamtarebs Soris. naxe­
vargamtarebia: siliciumi, germaniumi,
se­leni da sxva. naxevarga­mtarebiT damza­
debulia iseTi mowyobi­ lobebi, romlebic
mzis energias uSu­ alod eleqtrul ener-
giad gar­daqmnian. maT udidesi praqtikuli
gamo­yeneba aqvT (sur. 22.2). sur. 22.1. eleqtruli energia gam-
tarebiT gadaecema. izolatorebi
liTons kristaluri agebuleba aqvs. gamtarebs ar aZlevs saSualebas, erT-
kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebulia maneTs Seexos, xels uSlis denis miwaSi
ionebi. isini warmoiqmneba atomebisagan gadinebas.
eleqtronebis mowyvetis Sedegad (sur.
22.3). eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufal
eleqtronebs uwodeben. isini qaosurad moZraoben da iseve Tavisuflad
gadaadgildebian liTonis mTel moculobaSi, rogorc airSi airis molekulebi.
liTonisagan gansxvavebiT, dieleqtrikSi eleqtronebsa da atombirTvs Soris
kavSiri ufro Zlieria, amitom atomebisagan mowyvetas eleqtronebis mcire
raodenoba axerxebs.
dieleqtrik sufris marilis kristalSi mesris kvanZebSi Na+-isa (natriumis)
da Cl–-is (qloris) ionebia. kristalis Seqmnis procesSi Tavisufali ionebi ar
warmoiqmneba (sur. 22.4).

sur. 22.4
sur. 22.3. liTonis kristaluri
sur. 22.2 meseri

aRmoCnda, rom nivTierebaSi muxtis gada­ mtanebi Tavisufali damuxtu-

li nawi­lakebia. moculobis erTeulSi maTi gansxvavebuli raodenobis gamo
nivTie­rebebs sxvadasxva eleqtro­gam­taroba aqvT.

22822
maswavleblis wigni

7. SevamCnevT, liTonis mavTuliT Sexebisas eleqtrometri ganimuxteba,

reziniT da plastmasiT Sexebisas ki – ara.

§1.3-Si mniSvnelovani masala muSavdeba, rac, faqtobrivad, eleqtrostatikis

safuZvelia. amitom aq ganxiluli sakiTxebis Seswavla-gaazrebas gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba dauTmeT. miT ufro, rom es sakiTxebi moswavleebs aucileblad dasWir-
debaT ramdenime kompleqsuri davalebis Sesasruleblad:
- eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 2, resursi 1 - meore
Sefasebis kriteriumis dasamuSaveblad (rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedebis Seswavla? romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtul
sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala? riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba is gravitaciuli
urTierTqmedebisgan? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, 3)
- „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 1, resursi 1 - pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis dasa-
Zlevad (ramdenad mniSvnelovania liTonis gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis agebulebis
Taviseburebebi maTze gare eleqtruli velis gavlenis aRwerisaTvis?).
- „faradeis saTli~ – nabiji 1, resursi 1 - pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis ga-
dasaWrelad (ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloeba da Sexeba
neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).
ar gamotovoT da aucileblad CaatareT gv. 21-is boloSi moyvanili cda da SemC-
neuli movlenis safuZvelze, moswavleebTan erTad, gamoitaneT daskvnebi. aseve,
ganixileT, rogori agebuleba aqvs liTons, rogor gamoisaxeba liTonis kristaluri
meseri. es aqtivobebi esadageba kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji
1-is aqtivobebs 2-3. maTi saTanadod damuSavebiT, moswavleebi daZleven pirveli Se-
fasebis kriteriums (ramdenad mniSvnelovania liTonis gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis
agebulebis Taviseburebebi maTze gare eleqtruli velis gavlenis aRwerisaTvis?).

22′229
 moswavlis wigni
liTonis 1 sm3 moculobaSi 1022÷1023 Ta­­­vi­­sufali eleqtronia, dieleq­trikSi
– 108÷1010, xolo naxevar­ tarSi – 1013÷1014 Tavisufali eleq­
gam­ troni.
dadgenilia, damux­tuli gamtari sfe­ros zedapirze muxtebi Tanabrad nawil­
deba.


8. Tqveni varaudiT, ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos iseTsave
daumuxtav sferos SevaxebT?

Tu meore daumuxtavi sfero pir­velze didia, maSin masze muxtis naxe­

varze
meti gadava. rac ufro di­dia sxeuli, romelsac damuxtul sxeuls Seaxeben,
muxtis ufro didi nawili gadava masze.


9. ra moxdeba, Tu damuxtul sxeuls gamtariT dedamiwasTan SevaerTebT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.

buli e. w. damiweba – muxtis de­

am movlenazea damyare­ damiwaze gada­
cema.


10. Tqveni azriT, damuxtuli da daumuxtavi sxeulebis an damuxtuli sx-
eulebis erTmaneTTan Sexebisas Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulebis saerTo muxti?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

sxe­
ulTa daeleq­troeba emor­Cileba eleqtruli muxtis mud­mivobis ka­
nons.
es kanoni marTe­
bulia sxeulTa iseTi sistemisaTvis, romel­ Sic gare­dan ar
Sedis da romli­danac gareT ar gamodis damuxtuli nawilakebi.
sxeulTa aseT sistemas Caketili sistema ewodeba.
Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis ne­bismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sis­
temis
yvela nawilakis mux­tis al­gebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
muxtis mudmivobis kanoni maTematikurad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
q1+q2+...+qn=const, sadac q1,q2, ..., qn nawilakTa muxtebia.


11. daasruleT winadadeba: kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu Caketil
sistemaSi raime mi­
zeziT gaCnda dadebiTad damux­
tuli nawi­
laki...

eleqtroskopi:
https://bit.ly/3NgwmTV
gamtarebi da izolatorebi:
https://bit.ly/3qsmj4B

vici, rom:

eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT, nivTie­ rebebs yofen gamtarebad,

naxevargamtarebad da dieleqtrikebad (aragamtarebi, izola­
torebi).

23023
maswavleblis wigni

8. Tu damuxtul gamtar sferos iseTsave daumuxtav sferos SevaxebT, maSin

muxtebi ise ganawildeba, rom orive sfero erTnairad daimuxteba.

9. dedamiwis sfero gacilebiT didia masze arsebul sxeulebTan SedarebiT.

amitom dedamiwasTan Sexebisas damuxtuli sxeuli TiTqmis mTlianad gadascems
mas Tavis muxts da es sxeuli, praqtikulad, eleqtrulad neitraluri gaxdeba.

10. sxeulebis saerTo muxti ar Seicvleba, ramden damuxtul nawilaksac

dakargavs erTi sxeuli, imdens SeiZens meore.

11. kanonidan gamomdinareobs, Tu Caketil sistemaSi raime mizeziT gaCnda

dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki, imavdroulad warmoiqmneba uaryofiTad
damuxtulic, romlis moduli dadebiTi muxtis tolia.

23′231
 moswavlis wigni

Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis ne­bismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sis­temis

yvela nawilakis mux­tis al­gebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.
eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufal eleq­
tronebs uwodeben.
nivTierebaSi muxtis gada­
mtanebi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawi­
lakebia.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. rogor ganvsazRvroT sxeulis muxtis niSani ebonitis Reros, maudis

naWris da eleqtroskopis meSveobiT? pasuxi davasabuToT.

amoxsna

maudze xaxuniT ebonitis Rero davmuxtoT uaryofiTad. Semdeg ebonitis Rero

gavusvaT eleqtroskopis burTulas. eleqtroskopi daimuxteba uaryofiTad, misi
furclebi gaiSleba. damuxtuli eleqtroskopis burTulas Soridan nel-nela
mivuaxlooT sxeuli, romlis muxtis niSnis gagebac gvinda. Tu eleqtroskopis
furclebs Soris kuTxe Semcirebas daiwyebs, maSin sxeuli damuxtuli yofila
dadebiTad, Tu kuTxe gaizrdeba, maSin – uaryofiTad.
marTlac, uaryofiTad damuxtuli eleqtroskopis burTulasTan miaxloebu-
li dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeuli izidavs eleqtronebs. Sedegad, burTulas
is mxare, romelic sxeulTan axlosaa, ufro metad daimuxteba uaryofiTad,
eleqtroskopis furclebze ki eleqtronebis Warbi raodenoba Semcirdeba,
amitom furclebs Soris kuTxe Semcirdeba.
analogiuri msjelobiT daadgineT: Tu sxeuls aqvs uaryofiTi muxti, maSin
misi miaxloeba eleqtroskopTan gamoiwevs furclebs Soris kuTxis gadidebas.

savarjiSo

1. dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeuli ganmuxtes. marTebulia Tu ara gamoTqma:

sxeulSi ar aris damuxtuli nawilakebi?
troni dakarga, gansazRvreT miRebuli ionis
2. heliumis atomma erTi eleq­
muxti.
3. liTiumis atomma erTi eleq­troni miierTa. gansazRvreT miRebuli ionis
muxti.
4. gansazRvreT, ramdeni eleqtroni, protoni da neitronia wylis eleq­
trulad neitralur molekulaSi?
5. azotis 10 000 birTvSi 1,4 . 10 5 nuklonia (protonebsa da neitronebs
nuklonebs uwodeben). ramdeni eleq­ tronia azotis atomSi, Tu mis birTvSi
neitronebis raodenoba protonebis raodenobis tolia?

23224
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad.

yuradRebiT gaarCieT am gverdze moyvanili amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi. imsjeleT

aRweril movlenaze. es mniSvnelovania kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis galia~
– nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad. amitom aris es amocana Setanili Tematur matricaSi,
rogorc am nabijis miznis misaRwevad Sesasrulebeli aqtivoba.

savarjiSos pasuxebi:
1. ar aris marTebuli. sxeulSi damuxtuli nawilakebis kolosaluri raodenobaa.
2. miRebuli ionis muxti eleqtronis muxtis modulis 1,6.10-19 k-is tolia.
3. miRebuli ionis muxti eleqtronis muxtis modulis -1,6.10-19 k-is tolia.
4. 10 eleqtroni; 10 protoni; 8 neitroni.
5. 7.

24′233
 moswavlis wigni
testi
1. uaryofiTi ioni miiReba, Tu:
a. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime protoni;
b. atomSi raime mizeziT protonebis raodenoba Semcirdeba;
g. atomi miierTebs erT an ramdenime eleqtrons;
d. atomSi raime mizeziT gaizrdeba neitronebis raodenoba.
2. wyalbadis atomSi aris:
a. erTi protoni;
b. erTi eleqtroni;
g. erTi protoni da ori eleqtroni;
d. ori protoni da erTi eleqtroni;
e. erTi protoni da erTi eleqtroni.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

a. ivaraudeT, ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtroskopis gamtar sferos miuaxloebT (ar

SeaxebT) polieTilenis damuxtul boTls (sur. 25.1)?
b. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi? gaiSleba misi furclebi?
g. boTlis moSorebis Semdeg, ra daemarTeba furclebs?
d. damuxtuli iyo eleqtroskopi?

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi.

SemCneuli movlenebi CawereT rveulSi da Seeca-
deT, axsnaT.
e. eleqtroskops isev miuaxloeT damuxtuli +
+
sxeuli da mis Reros SeexeT TiTiT. ras amCnevT? +
+
v. moaSoreT TiTi. ras amCnevT?
z. moaSoreT eleqtroskops damuxtuli sxeuli.
ras amCnevT?
T. daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxeulTan
Sexebis gareSe?
i. cda ramdenjerme CaatareT.
k. SemCneuli movlenebis Sesaxeb CawereT rveulSi sur. 25.1
da SeecadeT, axsnaT.

23425
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad.

testis pasuxi
1 2
g e

25-e gverdze momdevno gakveTilisTvis mosamzadebeli kiTxvebi da mecnieruli

kvleva-Zieba, erTi mxriv, amzadebs niadags axali masalis asaxsnelad, rac saga-
kveTilo procesisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. meore mxriv ki, emsaxureba kompleqsuri
davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 2-is Sesrulebas. amitom kargi iqneba, Tu
moswavleebs daainteresebT da imuSaveben aRniSnul sakiTxebze. am gziT, pasuxi
gaecema kompleqsuri davalebis meore Sefasebis kriteriums, rac Sesabamis samizne
codnas Camoayalibebs (ra mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtroskopis isris gadaxras mis
firfitasTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas (da ara Sexebisas)? risi gavlena
igulisxmeba gavleniT daeleqtroebis procesSi da raze xdeba gavlenis moxdena?
ra rols asrulebs gavleniT daeleqtroebis procesSi TiTis Sexeba eleqtroskopis
Reroze?).
am masalis damuSaveba aseve gamogadgebaT kidev erTi kompleqsuri davalebis -
„faradeis yinulis saTli" - nabiji 1-ze samuSaod, riTac moswavleebi pasuxs gasce-
men pirvel Sefasebis kriteriums (ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis
miaxloeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom am aqtivobebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia virtualuri lab-
oratoriiTac, Semdeg bmulebze (miTiTebulia Sesabamis kompleqsur davalebebSi):
https://javalab.org/en/electroscope_en/
https://javalab.org/en/electrostatic_induction_metal_bonding_en/

Semdeg paragrafSi kvleva-ZiebaSi miRebuli Sedegebi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli.

25′235
 moswavlis wigni
• daimuxta eleqtroskopi damuxtul sxeulTan Sexebis gareSe?

§ 1.4. gavleniT daeleqtroeba. eleqtruli muxti da

elementaruli nawilakebi


1. daakvirdiT 26.1 suraTebs. ra cvlilebebs ganicdis gamtarebi damuxtuli
sxeulebis eleqtrul velSi? axseniT, ratom?

sur. 26.1

gavaanalizoT mecnierul kvleva-ZiebaSi SemCneuli movlenebi.


2. ra SeamCnieT eleqtroskopis furclebs damuxtuli boTlis sferosTan
miaxloebisas?
3. damuxtulia Tu ara eleqtroskopi? rogor SeamowmebT pasuxis
marTebulobas?
4. axseniT, ratom gaiSala eleqtroskopis furclebi damuxtuli sxeulis
miaxloebisas?

am movlenas gavleniT daeleq­

troeba anu eleqtrostatikuri induqcia
ewodeba.

5. axseniT, ratom CamoeSva eleqtroskopis furclebi +
+
+
damuxtuli sxeulis moSorebisas? +

6. roca eleqtroskopis sferosTan axlos damuxtuli

boTlia, misi furclebi gaSlilia (sur. 26.2). ra
emarTeba furclebs sferosTan TiTis SexebiT? TiTis
mocilebis Semdeg?
7. damuxtulia Tu ara am dros eleqtroskopi?
rogor SeamowmebT varaudis marTebulobas? sur. 26.2
8. ra niSnis muxtiT daimuxta eleqtroskopi?
9. moifiqreT da aRwereT cda, romliTac daadgenT damux­ tul sxeulebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebulebas maT Soris manZilze. daasabuTeT
Tqveni mosazrebis marTebuloba da SeamowmeT cdiT.

23626
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad.
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad

gavleniT daeleqtroebis Seswavlas kiTxva-pasuxis meTodiT, gamoTqmuli

varaudebiTa da maTi eqsperimentulad Semowmebis gziT vaxdenT. kvleva-Ziebis
kargad Catareba sakiTxis Segnebulad aTvisebis garantiaa.
• eleqtroskopi daimuxta damuxtul sxeulTan Sexebis gareSe.

§1.4.-Si warmodgenili masala aris ZiriTadi resursi kompleqsuri davalebis –

„faradeis galia~ – nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad. am resursis saTanadod aTvisebiT,
moswavleebi SeZleben daamuSaon davalebis meore Sefasebis kriteriumi (ra mizezi
ganapirobebs eleqtroskopis isris gadaxras mis firfitasTan damuxtuli sxeulis
miaxloebisas (da ara Sexebisas)? risi gavlena igulisxmeba gavleniT daeleqtroebis
procesSi da raze xdeba gavlenis moxdena? ra rols asrulebs gavleniT daeleqtro-
ebis procesSi TiTis Sexeba eleqtroskopis Reroze?).
aseve, am paragrafis masalaze dayrdnobiT, moswavleebi daamuSveben kompleqsuri
davalebis – „faradeis yinulis saTli~ – pirvel Sefasebis kriteriums, ris gamoc
es paragrafi am davalebis resursad saxeldeba (ra fizikur process iwvevs damux-
tuli sxeulis miaxloeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).

1. dadebiTad (uaryofiTad) damuxtuli sxeuli miizidavs (ganizidavs)

eleqtronebs. gamtaris is mxare, romelic sxeuliskenaa, daimuxteba uaryofiTad
(dadebiTad), uSoresi _ dadebiTad (uaryofiTad). am movlenas eleqtrostatikuri
induqcia an gavleniT daeleqtroeba ewodeba.
2. eleqtroskopis furclebi gaiSala.
3. eleqtroskopi damuxtuli ar aris. amaSi davrwmundebiT, Tu eleqtroskops
movaSorebT damuxtul boTls. furclebi CamoeSveba.
4. eleqtroskopis Rero da masze daxveuli mavTulis sfero gamtarebia.
maTSi Tavisufali eleqtronebis raodenoba sakmaod didia. sferosTan,
vTqvaT, dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebiT, eleqtronebi sxeulisken
gadainacvleben, sfero uaryofiTad daimuxteba, Rero da furclebi ki _
dadebiTad. amitom furclebi gaiSleba.
kidev erTxel gavusvaT xazi, rom am dros eleqtroskopi eleqtrulad
neitraluria. igi gavleniTaa daeleqtroebuli.

gagrZeleba Semdge gverdze

26′237
 moswavlis wigni


A B C
10. izolirebul sadgamze damag­ rebuli
eleqtrulad neitra­ l uri liTonis ori
sfero erTmaneTs exeba. sferoebs miuaxlo­
es damuxtuli Rero (sur. 27.1) da Semdeg
sferoebi erT­ maneTs daaSores. damux­tulia
Tu ara sfero­ ebi? ra niSnis mux­
tiT?
pasuxi daasabuTeT. sur. 27.1

gavixsenoT zogierTi sakiTxi da miRebuli codnisa da logikuri msjelobis

gamoyenebiT, gamovitanoT daskvnebi.
XX saukunis mecnierebam uamravi dakvir­vebiTa da cdiT sabolood daa­sabuTa
azri, rom nivTiereba Sedgeba Zalian mcire nawilakebisagan. isini ganuwyvetliv,
qaosurad moZraoben da urTierTqmedeben. es nawilakebia molekulebi da
atomebi.

atomi (berZnuli) – niSnavs

ganuyofels.

molekula (laTinuri) – niS-

navs mcire masas.

daaxloebiT 2500 wlis win, berZen swavluls demokritoss ernst rezerfordi

miaCnda, rom sxeulebi Sedgeba umciresi, TvaliT uxilavi
nawilakebisagan – atomebisagan (1871-1937)

gamoCenilma ingliselma fizikosma ernst rezerfordma mravalgzis Catare-

buli cdebis safuZvelze daadgina, rom
I. atomi Sedgeba atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisagan.
Semdeg daadgines atombirTvis rTuli agebuleba. igi Sedgeba Zalian mcire
masis nawilakebisagan – protonebisa da neitronebisagan.
atomebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba protonebis, neit­ronebisa da eleq­
tronebis raodenobiT.


1. gaecaniT cxrils.
isaubreT, ra informacias iRebT cxrilidan.

masa muxti 1 kuloni (1k)

neitroni 1,675.10-27 kg eleqtrulad neitraluria – muxtis er-

Teulia SI-Si
protoni 1,672.10-27 kg +1,6.10-19 k
eleqtroni 9,1.10-31 kg -1,6.10-19 k

23827
maswavleblis wigni
5. radgan eleqtroskopi damuxtuli ar iyo, amitom damuxtuli Reros
moSorebisas misi furclebi CamoeSva.
6,7. sferosTan TiTis SexebiT dedamiwidan Cveni sxeulis gavliT eleqtroskopze
eleqtronebi gadava. igi daimuxteba uaryofiTad. furclebi CamoeSveba.
furclebi CamoSvebuli darCeba TiTis aRebis Semdegac. magram gaiSleba, rodesac
sferos damuxtul boTls movaSorebT. es imis maCvenebelia, rom eleqtroskopi
damuxtulia.

8. eleqtroskopi damuxtulia uaryofiTad.

9. damuxtul sxeulebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala

mcirdeba (ix. §1.5, sur. 24.1).

10. dadebiTad damuxtuli Rero izidavs eleqtronebs. A sferodan

eleqtronebis nawili gadava B-ze. A sfero daimuteba dadebiTad, B _
uaryofiTad. daSorebis Semdeg sferoebi damuxtuli darCeba. B sferos muxtis
moduli A sferos muxtis tolia.

daakvirdiT sur. 27.1-s da gaeciT dasmul kiTxvebs pasuxi, moswavleebTan er-

Tad, msjelobiTa da sakiTxis gaazrebiT. esec erT-erTi aqtivobaa kompleqsuri
davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad. am msjelobis gamoy-
enebiT, moswavleebi SeZleben daamuSaon davalebis meore Sefasebis kriteriumi (ra
mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtroskopis isris gadaxras mis firfitasTan damuxtuli
sxeulis miaxloebisas (da ara Sexebisas)? risi gavlena igulisxmeba gavleniT dae-
leqtroebis procesSi da raze xdeba gavlenis moxdena? ra rols asrulebs gavleniT
daeleqtroebis procesSi TiTis Sexeba eleqtroskopis Reroze?).
aseve, es davaleba Setanilia kompleqsur davalebaSi – „faradeis yinulis saT-
li~ – rogorc nabiji 2-is me-3 aqtivoba. (ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli
sxeulis miaxloeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).

1. protoni da eleqtroni damuxtuli nawilakebia. protoni dadebiTad aris

damuxtuli, eleqtroni _ uaryofiTad. maTi muxtebi moduliT tolia da udris
1,6.10-19 k. neitroni eleqtrulad neitraluria.
neitronis masa da protonis masa TiTqmis erTmaneTis tolia. eleqtronis
masa protonis an neitronis masaze ≈1840-jer ufro mcirea.

27′239
 moswavlis wigni
II. atombirTvSi protonebis raodenoba atomSi eleqtronebis raodenobis
tolia.

2. cxrilis da I-II winadadebebis gamoyenebiT, gamoitaneT daskvna – atomi:

a. damuxtulia dadebiTad; b. damuxtulia uaryofiTad;
g. daumuxtavia; d. zogjer damuxtulia dadebiTad, zogjer – uaryof-
iTad.
III. rodesac atomi kargavs an miierTebs eleqtrons, miiReba ioni.
3. cxrilis da I, II, III winadadebebis gamoyenebiT, gamoitaneT daskvna:
rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons:
a. miiReba dadebiTi ioni; b. miiReba uaryofiTi ioni;
g. miiReba zogjer dadebiTi, zogjer ki – uaryofiTi ioni;
d. miiReba sxva atomi.

IV. damuxtuli nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben eleqtruli ZaliT, ro-

melic gacilebiT aRemateba msoflio mizidulobis (gravitaciul)
Zalas. magaliTad, ori eleqtroni erTmaneTs ganizidavs ZaliT, ro-
melic ≈4,2.1042-jer aRemateba maTi gravitaciuli mizidulobis Zalas.

V. Tanasaxeliani muxtis nawilakebi ganizideba, sxvada­sxva­saxeliani

muxtis nawilakebi miizideba.

4. cxrilis da IV-V winadadebebis gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom:

a. protoni protons izidavs; b. protoni eleqtrons izidavs;
g. protoni eleqtrons ganizidavs; d. protoni da eleqtroni ar urT-
ierTqmedeben.

VI. Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis nebismieri urTierTqmedebisas am

sistemis yvela nawilakis muxtis algebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.

5. VI winadadebis gamoyenebiT, gamoitaneT daskvna:

ori damuxtuli sxeulis Sexebisas, Tu orive sxeuli gani­
muxta, maSin
am sxeulebis saerTo muxti
a. Semcirda; b. gaizarda; g. ar Seicvala;
d. jer Semcirda, Semdeg gaizarda.

6. VI winadadebis gamoyenebiT, gamoitaneT daskvna:

Tu eleqtrulad neitraluri ori sxvadasxva zomis sxeulis Sexebisa da
dacilebis Semdeg orive sxeuli damuxtuli aRmoCnda, maSin:
a. am sxeulebs aqvT erTnairi niSnis toli muxtebi;
b. am sxeulebs aqvT sapirispiro niSnis moduliT toli muxtebi;
g. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli metia patara sxeulis muxtis modulze;
d. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli naklebia patara sxeulis muxtis mo­
dulze.

gavleniT daeleqtroeba:
https://bit.ly/3tuo6bf

24028
maswavleblis wigni

swori pasuxebi

2 3 4 5 6

g a b g b

28′241
 moswavlis wigni

vici, rom:

atomi Sedgeba atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisagan.

atombirTvSi protonebis raodenoba atomSi eleqtronebis raodenobis
tolia.
rodesac atomi kargavs an miierTebs eleqtrons, miiReba ioni.

davaleba

gaecaniT 29.1 suraTze gamosaxul mgrZnobiare, ara­ tol­mxrian berketian

saswors. saswori Sedgeba danayo­febiani CarCosagan (1). skalis nulovan danay-
ofTan damagrebul RerZze (2) brunva SeuZlia patara WoWonaqs (3). WoWonaqze
mimagrebulia msubuqi isari – aratolmxriani berketi (4). isris horizonta-
lur mdebareobaSi gaCereba SesaZlebelia moZravi sapirwoneTi (5). WoWonaqze
amagreben izolatorze damagrebul metalis msubuq burTulas (6) (sur. 29.1).
Tu liTonis damuxtul burTulaze marjvnidan imoqmedebs Zala (vTqvaT, sxva
damuxtuli burTulidan), maSin sasworis wonasworoba dairRveva. isari zeviT
aiwevs. isari horizontalur mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba moviyvanoT cnobili masis
moRunuli patara firfitis (7) meSveobiT (sur. 29.2, 29.3).
burTulaze moqmedi F Zalis modulis gasagebad davweroT berketis wonas-
l2
worobis piroba: F.l1=mgl2 ⇒ F=mg l . (*)
1

isari WoWonaqi
1 2 l2
5

4 3 l1 A B
7
sur. 29.3. isari da A bu­
r­T ula WoWonaqzea dama­
6 grebuli. A da B burTu­
A
lebis urTierTqmedebisas
WoWO o naqi Semobrundeba,
isari zeviT aiwevs.

B C

sur. 29.1. sur. 29.2

suraTze gamosaxuli A, B da C liTonis burTulebi erTnairia da izola-

torzea moTavsebuli.
gavanaxevroT A burTulis muxti (Se­va­­
xoT, iseTive daumuxtav burTulas)
da cda ga­vimeoroT.
rogor Seicvleba burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala muxtebisa da maT
Soris manZilis cvlilebisas?
truq­
SeecadeT, egeb analogiuri an ukeTesi kons­ ciis mgrZno­
biare saswori
daam­zadoT.

24229
maswavleblis wigni
rCevebi cdebis Casatareblad:

eleqtrostatikaSi cdebis warmatebiT Casatareblad:

1. saWiro xelsawyoebis izolatorebi sapniani wyliT kargad gawmindeT da
gaaSreT.
2. cdebi CaatareT kargad ganiavebul oTaxSi.
3. uSualod cdis Catarebis win gaaSreT xelsawyoebi.
4. im Reroebs, romelTa damuxtvac gsurT, gaukeTeT niSani, rom yovelTvis
erTi da imave boloTi daikavoT xelSi.
5. bevri demonstraciisTvis damiwebaa saWiro.
amisaTvis gamoiyeneT wyalgayvanilobis metalis mili. gaTbobis milebis ga-
moyeneba SedarebiT cud Sedegs iZleva.
damiwebisaTvis ar gamoiyenoT gazis milebi.
6. eqperimentators xelebi sufTa da mSrali unda hqondes.
7. cdebis Catarebisas eqsperimentatori xelsawyoebTan Zalian axlos ar
unda iyos.
8. eleqtruli xelsawyoebi unda SeinaxoT daxurul karadaSi, sibneleSi.

29′243
 moswavlis wigni

§ 1.5. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedeba.

kulonis kanoni

daakvirdiT 30.1 suraTs.

1. aRwereT 30.1 su­­

raTze gamosaxuli si­
tuacia.

A

sur. 30.1

2. rogor icvleba damuxtuli A sxeulisa da msubuqi burTulebis

urTier­Tqmedebis Za­la maT Soris man­Zilis gadidebiT? pasu­xis marTebuloba
ganamtkiceT msjelobiT.
3. rogor SevamciroT liTonis A sxeulis muxti orjer?
4. ra moxdeba, Tu A sxeulis muxts sapirispiro niSnis muxtiT SevcvliT?
5. moifiqreT da aRwereT cda, romliTac daadgenT damuxtul sxeulebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis damokidebulebas maT muxtze. daasabuTeT
Tqveni mosazrebis marTebuloba da SeamowmeT cdiT.

or damuxtul sxeuls Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis

moduli damokidebulia sxeulebis damuxtvis xarisxze,
maT formasa da sxeulebs Soris manZilze. dadginda, rom
SeuZlebelia martivi formulis miReba, romelic aRwerda
eleqtrul urTierTqmedebas nebismieri SemTxvevisaTvis.
magram iseTi damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis
aRwera, romelTa zomebi gacilebiT naklebia maT Soris
manZilze, martivi aRmoCnda.
wertilovani muxtebi ewodeba nebismieri formis
iseT damuxtul sxeulebs, roca maTi zoma mcirea im
manZilTan SedarebiT, romelzec maTi moqmedeba ga-
nixileba.
ori uZravi wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis
kanoni 1785 wels eqsperi­mentulad daadgina frangma Sarl kuloni
fizikosma Sarl kulonma (1736-1806).
am kanons kulonis kanoni uwodes da igi eleqtrostatikis ZiriTadi kanonia.
vakuumSi ori wertilovani uZravi damuxtuli sxeulis urTierTqmedebis
Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia mux­ tebis modulTa namravlisa da
ukupro­porciulia maT Soris manZilis kvad­­ratisa. es Zala mimarTulia mux-
tebis Semaer­Tebeli wrfis gaswvriv, muxtebidan gareT Tanasaxeliani muxtebi-

24430
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad.

saswavlo miznebi
. saazrovno (gamoyenebis, analizis, sinTezis) da kvlevis unar-Cvevebis (da-
kvirveba dagegmva) ganviTareba.
. damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis kanonis dadgena.

1. suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTad damuxtuli burTulisa da Zafze da-

kidebuli erTnairi burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi. burTulebs erTnairi
muxtebi aqvs. isini erTmaneTisgan ganizideba.
2. damuxtul sxeulebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT maTi urTierTqmedebis
Zala mcirdeba.
suraTidan kargad Cans, rom damuxtuli A sxeulidan yvelaze metad daSo-
rebuli burTulis Sveulidan gadaxris kuTxe yvelaze mcirea.
3. liTonis sxeulis muxti orjer rom SevamciroT, saWiroa, igi SevaxoT
iseTive zomisa da formis gamtar neitralur burTulas. maSin A sxeulis muxti
Tanabrad ganawildeba TiToeulze.
4. Tu A sxeulis muxts sapirispiroTi SevcvliT, maSin Zafze dakidebul
burTu­ lebze moqmedi eleqtruli ganzidvis Zala Seicvleba mizidvis ZaliT.
burTulebi Sveulidan sapirispiro mxares gadaixrebian.

5. SevaxoT liTonis burTulas A (sur. 30.1) izolatorze damagrebuli iseT-

ive zomisa da formis gamtari neitraluri burTula da Semdeg davaciloT. A
burTulis muxti orjer Semcirdeba. davakvirdeT Zafze dakidebul burTulebs.
SevamCnevT, maTi Sveulidan gadaxris kuTxe Semcirdeba, rac damuxtuli sxeulebis
urTierTqmedebis Zalis Semcirebaze miuTiTebs. SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna:
damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala damokidebulia maT muxtebze.
sxeulebis muxtis SemcirebiT urTierTqmedebis Zala mcirdeba.

30′245
 moswavlis wigni
saTvis da muxtebisaken – sapirispiro
12 + + 21
niSnis muxtebisaTvis (sur.31.1). msgavs 1 2
Zalebs centruli Zalebi ewodeba.
niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad, + –
1 12 21 2
12
=– 21 . sur. 31.1
Tu muxtebis modulebs aRvniSnavT
|q1| da |q2|-iT, maT Soris manZils ki –
r-iT, kulonis kanoni Semdegnairad daiwereba:
|q |.|q |
F=k 1 2 2 , (1)
r
sadac k proporciulobis koeficientia. k ricxobrivad im Zalis modulis
tolia, romliTac urTierTqmedeben erTeulis toli muxtebi, roca maT
Soris manZili erTeulis tolia. misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba damokidebulia
formulaSi Semavali fizikuri sidideebis erTeulebis arCevaze da eqsperimen-
tulad ganisazRvreba. dadgenilia, rom SI-Si k=9.109 n.m2/k2.
miRebulia, k koeficienti SI-Si Caiweros Semdegi saxiT:

1 . 1 k2
k= (2) (2) ⇒ e0= =8,85.10–12 . 2 .
4pe0 4pk nm
e0-s eleqtruli mudmiva ewodeba.
e0 berZnuli –
(2)-is gaTvaliswinebiT, (1) Semdeg saxes miiRebs: ikiTxeba `epsilon~
|q1|.|q2|
F= . (3)
4pe0r2
SemdegSi formulebis Caweris simartivisaTvis gamoviyenoT (1) Canaweri.


6. imsjeleT, mgrZnobiare sasworis meSveobiT, rogor SeamowmebT kulonis
kanonis marTebulobas?

7. gansazRvreT, ra masis sxeuls izidavs dedamiwa im ZaliT, romliTac

ganizideba 1 m-iT daSorebuli ori burTula im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SesaZlebeli
iqneboda TiToeulisaTvis 1 k muxtis miniWeba.

sworad Catarebuli gamoTvlebiT miviRebT, sxeulis masa 900 000 tonaa.­


8. rogori warmodgena SegeqmnaT, 1 k muxti Zalian didia? SesaZleblad
migaCniaT Tu ara gamtar sferos, romlis diametri ramdenime metria, 1 k
muxti mivaniWoT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

kulonis kanoni:
https://bit.ly/3D3oFvI
gravitaciuli mizidva:
https://bit.ly/3D4r1ur

24631
maswavleblis wigni
§1.5 dasaxelebulia rogorc resursi 2 kompleqsuri davalebis – eleqtrosta-
tikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad, radgan aq muSa-
vdeba meore Sefasebis kriteriumi. am gverdze me-7 amocana ganixileba, rogorc amave
nabijis Sesasrulebeli me-4 aqtivoba. sxva damatebiT resursebTan erTad, romlebic
kompleqsur davalebaSia miTiTebuli, es masala mWidrod ukavSirdeba me-2 davalebis
Sesrulebas (rogor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Seswavla?
romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtul sxeulebs Soris urTierTq-
medebis Zala? riT hgavs da gansxvavdeba is gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan?
(materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1, 2, 3).

6. gavawonasworoT saswori, romelzedac liTonis msubuqi burTulaa mim-

agrebuli. burTulas SevaxoT meore damuxtuli burTula da davaSoroT 2-3 sm-
iT. sasworis wonasworoba dairRveva. isari zeviT aiwevs, radganac erTsaxeliani
muxtebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs. aRvadginoT sasworis wonasworoba (8) sapirwonis
gadaadgilebiT da ganvsazRvroT me-(7) burTulaze moqmedi Zala. Semdeg Sevam-
ciroT erT-erT burTulis muxti orjer. amisaTvis SevaxoT mas mesame iseTive
daumuxtavi burTula. sasworis wonasworoba dairRveva. aRvadginoT sasworis
wonasworoba da ganvsazRvroT me-(7) burTulaze moqmedi Zala. aRmoCndeba, rom
igi orjer Semcirdeba. Tu cdas gavimeorebT da muxts oTxjer SevamcirebT,
Zalac oTxjer Semcirdeba. urTierTqmedebis Zalis manZilze damokidebulebis
dasadgenad, isev Zlierad davmuxtoT orive burTula da ganvsazRvroT maTi
urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebisas. cdebis Sede-
gebis analiziT davadgenT kulonis kanonis marTebulobas.

7. Zala, romliTac ganizideba burTulebi, ganvsazRvroT kulonis kanonidan:

|q 1 ||q 2 |
F=k . (*) (*): F=9.109 n.
R2
F
m= formuliT ganvsazRvravT im sxeulis masas, romelsac dedamiwa izi­
g
davs F ZaliT.
m=9.108 kg=9.105 t.

8. SeuZlebelia, sxeuls, romlis diametri ramdenime metria, gadavceT 1

k muxti. erTmaneTis ganzidvis gamo damuxtuli nawilakebi ver SeCerdeba sx-
eulze. bunebaSi ar arsebobs sxva Zala, romelsac SeeZlo mocemul pirobebSi
gaewonasworebina kulonuri ganzidva.

31′247
 moswavlis wigni
vici, rom:

wertilovani muxtebi ewodeba nebismieri formis iseT damuxtul sxe­

ulebs, roca maTi zoma mcirea im manZilTan SedarebiT, romelzec maTi
moqmedeba ganixileba.
vakuumSi ori wertilovani uZravi damuxtuli sxeulis urTierT­
qmedebis Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia mux­ tebis modulTa nam-
ravlisa da ukupro­porciulia maT Soris manZilis kvad­­
ratisa.
1 k2
eleqtruli mudmiva e0= =8,85.10–12 . 2 .
4pk nm

I. liTonis ori erTnairi damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze

muxtebi Tanabrad nawildeba.
II. Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis nebismieri urTierTqmedebisas am
sistemis yvela nawilakis muxtis algebruli jami mudmivi sididea.

kulonis kanonidan da am winadadebebidan gamomdinareobs:

1. Tu raRac manZiliT daSorebuli liTonis ori erTnairi burTula,

romelTa muxtebia q da 5q, erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave manZiliT
daaSores, maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
a. 1,25-jer gaizarda; b. 1,25-jer Semcirda; g. 1,8-jer gaizarda;
d. 1,8-jer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

kulonis kanonidan da I-II winadadebebidan gamomdinareobs:

2. Tu raRac man­ZiliT daSorebuli liTonis ori erTnairi burTula,

romelTa muxtebia q da –5q, erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave manZiliT
daaSores, maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:

a. 1,25-jer gaizarda; b. 1,25-jer Semcirda;. g. 1,8-jer gaizarda;

d. 1,8-jer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

davaleba

kulonma ori damuxtuli sxeulis ur­Tier­

Tqme­debis kanoni daadgina grexiTi sasworis
meSveobiT (sur. 32.1). moipoveT informacia,
rogor aRmoaCina kulonma eleqtrostatikis
ZiriTadi kanoni.
SeiswavleT grexiTi sasworis moqmedebis
principi. daadgineT, ra problemis winaSe idga
kuloni cdebis Catarebisas da rogor gadawyvi-
ta es problema.
moamzadeT masala gakveTilze warsadgenad.
sur. 32.1. es suraTi kulonis
statiidanaa aRebuli.

24832
maswavleblis wigni

gakveTilis procesSi moswavlem unda SeZlos:

• suraTis mixedviT Seafasos, rogor aris damokidebuli damuxtuli sx-
eulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala maT Soris manZilze da gamoTqvas varaudi
am Zalis muxtis sidideze damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
• gaacnobieros wertilovani muxtis arsi.
• Teoriulad aRweros, rogor gamoiyenebs mgrZnobiare saswors kulonis
kanonis marTebulobis dasadgenad.
moswavles unda Seeqmnas warmodgena 1 k muxtis sidideze.

swori pasuxebi:
1 2
g b

damatebiTi masala

erTnairi niSnis muxtis nawilakebi ganizideba, sxvadasxva niSnis muxtis naw-

ilakebi miizideba.
am WeSmarit debulebas xSirad azogadeben damuxtuli sxeulebisTvisac maSin,
rodesac erTnairi niSnis muxtiT damuxtulma sxeulebma SeiZleba erTmaneTi
miizidos an ganizidos. isic SesaZlebelia, rom maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala
nulis toli aRmoCndes.
marTlac, vTqvaT, dadebiTad damuxtuli ori gamtari sferodan erTis muxti
gacilebiT metia meorisaze (sxeuli dadebiTadaa damuxtuli maSinac, rode-
sac erTi eleqtroni aklia. maSin pirveli sxeulis eleqtronul velSi meore
sxeuli gavleniT daimuxteba pirvelis uaxloes mxares uaryofiTad, uSores
mxares – dadebiTad. meore sxeuli mTlianobaSi dadebiTad aris damuxtuli.
magram pirveli sxeulis dadebiT muxtTan meores uaryofiTiO muxti ufro
axloa. amitom maTi mizidulobis Zalis moduli SeiZleba dadebiTi muxtebis
ganzidvis modulze meti aRmoCndes. am SemTxvevaSi erTnairniSniani muxtis
sxeulebi erTmaneTs miizidavs.

grexiTi sasworis Sesaxeb davalebis mosamzadeblad moswavleebs gamoadgebaT

kompleqsur davalebaSi - eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji
2-is Sesasruleblad miTiTebuli resursi 4 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHrN5Al-
wkRQ) da resursi 6 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHrN5AlwkRQ; https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=-t8iFe5CcbY). am resursebis gamoyenebisa da davalebis Sesrulebis
gziT, moswavleebi SeZleben gadaWran am kompleqsuri davalebis me-2 amocana (ro-
gor SeiZleba damuxtuli sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis Seswavla? romel fizikur
sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtul sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala? riT
hgavs da gansxvavdeba is gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebisgan? (materia 1, 2, 3, Zala 1,
2, 3). aRniSnuli kriteriumis daZleva ki mianiSnebs imas, rom moswavleebs Sesabamis
samizne cnebasTan mimarTebiT swori mkvidri warmodgenebi CamouyalibdaT.

32′249
 moswavlis wigni

§ 1.6. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. dadebiTad damuxtuli A burTula dakidebulia Zafze

metalis B burTulis maxloblad (ix. sur. 33.1) gazomvebma
aCvenes, rom burTulebis eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis Zala
nulis tolia. damuxtulia TUu ara B burTula?
amoxsna
B burTula damuxtuli rom ar iyos, masze imoqmedebda A B
eleqtruli mizidvis Zala A burTulas mxridan (ise, rogorc
daumuxtav qaRaldis nawilakebs izidavs damuxtuli sxeuli). B sur. 33.1.
burTula uaryofiTad rom iyos damuxtuli, maSin eleqtruli
mizidvis Zala kidev ufro didi iqneboda. B burTula dadebiTadaa damuxtuli.
A burTulas eleqtrul velSi igi gavleniT imuxteba. uaryofiTad imuxteba
is mxare, romelic A-kenaa (masze moqmedebs eleqtruli mizidvis Zala A-dan),
xolo A-dan daSorebuli – dadebiTad (masze eleqtruli ganzidvis Zala mo-
qmedebs) am Zalebis tolqmedi ki nulis tolia.

2. liTonis ori erTnairi patara burTula damuxtulia, Sesabamisad,

–3,2 mkk da 9,6 mkk muxtebiT. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da daaSores 1
m-iT. gansazRvreT burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala.
amoxsna
burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Za­ lis moduli
?
.
|q | |q | .
nm 2

moc:. q1=–3,2 mkk=–3,2.10-6 k F=k 3 2 4 , (1) sadac k =9.109 2 , q 3 da q 4 bur-

r k
q =9,6 mkk=9,6.10-6 k
2 Tulebis muxtebia Sexebis Semdeg.
orive burTulis saerTo Q muxti Q=q1+q2. (2)
muxtis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad, orive burTulis saerTo muxti ar icvleba.
amitom, radgan burTulebi erTnairia, saerTo muxti maTze Tanabrad ganawil-
Q
deba da TiToeulze iqneba q3=q4= . (3)
2
q1+q2 |q1+q2|2
(2) (3) ⇒ q3=q4= . (4) (4) (1) ⇒ F=k . (*)
2 4R2
(*): F≈92,2.10-3 n.
radgan burTulebs erTnairi niSnis muxti eqnebaT, amitom isini erTmaneTs
ganizidaven.

3. wylis or erTnair wveTs aqvT TiTo-TiTo zedmeti eleqtroni. gansaz-

RvreT wveTebis radiusebi, Tu maTi eleqtruli ganzidvis Zala gawonas-
worebulia gravitaciuli mizidvis ZaliT. mocemulia eleqtronis muxti,
gravitaciuli mudmiva, wylis simkvrive da kulonis kanonSi proporciulobis
koeficientis mniSvneloba SI-Si.
amoxsna

25033
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

gaarCieT §1.6-Si moyvanili amocanebi. amoxsnis nimuSebi dagexmarebaT da moswav-

leebsac samagaliTod gamoadgebaT. Seswavlili masalis gaazrebiTa da sanimuSo
amoxsnebze dayrdnobiT, amuSaveT moswavleebi damatebiT amocanebzec. amisaTvis
gTavazobT kiTxvebisa da amocanebis variantebs 36-e gverdze. aqvea testic, roml-
iTac SeamowmebT paragrafebis SeswavliT dauflebul procedurul codnas (kom-
pleqsuri davaleba – eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 2,
aqtivoba 5).
aRniSnuli aqtivobebis srulad CatarebiT amowuravT im masalas, rac moswavleebs
kompleqsuri davalebis me-2 nabijis Sesasruleblad sWirdebaT. amiT ki gaiyvanT
maT Sesabamis samizne cnebaze. saxelmZRvaneloSi damuSavebuli masaliT upasuxebT
aseve am nabijis Sesasruleblad gamokveTil SekiTxvebs (moyvanilia matricis Sua
svetSi, me-2 nabijis aqtivobebis Semdeg), romlebic orientirebulia samizne cne-
bebis konstruirebaze.

33′251
 moswavlis wigni
? r wveTebs Soris eleqtruli ganzidvis Zalis moduli
moc:. e=1,6.10-19 k aRvniSnoT F1-iT, gravitaciuli mizidvis – F2-iT, maSin
F1=F2. (1)
n.m2
G=6,7.10-11
F1=k e 2 . (2) F2=G m2 . (3)
2 2
kg2
r=103 kg/m3 R R
4
m=r pr3 . (4)
n.m2 3
k=9.109 2 16 m2
k 9ke2
(2),(3)∧(4) (1) ⇒ ke2=G 9 R2 r2p2r6 ⇒ r6= . (*)
16Gr2p2
(*): r≈7,6.10–5 m.

4. uZravi 10–9 k muxtis garSemo moduliT mudmivi siCqariT brunavs

uaryofiTad damuxtuli burTula. gansazRvreT burTulis q muxtis far-
doba mis m masasTan, Tu brunvis radiusi 2 sm-ia, xolo brunvis kuTxuri
siCqare – 3 rad/wm.
amoxsna
? q/m niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad, F=ma, (1)
moc:. q0=10 -9
k q 0q
sadac F=k . (2) a=w2R. (3)
R2
R=2sm=0,02 m qq q w2R3
(2)∧(3) (1) ⇒ k 0 2 =mw2R ⇒ = . (*)
w=3 rad/wm R m kq0
n.m2 q 9.(0,02)3
k=9.109 2 (*): = . 9. –9 ≈ 8.10–6 k/kg.
k m 9 10 10

5. m=0,4g masis ori erTnairi burTula Camokidebulia erT wertilSi

damagrebul l=1m sigrZis Zafebze. damuxtvis Semdeg burTulebi erTmaneTs
daSorda R=9 sm-iT. gansazRvreT TiToeuli burTulis muxti da Zafis daWi­
mulobis Q Zala.
amoxsna

erT-erT burTulaze moqmedi simZimis, A

Zafis daWimulobis da eleqtruli Zalebi ga-
mosaxulia 34.1 suraTze.
radgan burTulebi wonasworobaSia, masze moq­ l a
medi Zalebis jami nulis tolia, e.i.
B C
+ + =0 ⇒ + =- . (1)
es imas niSnavs, rom simZimisa da eleqtruli
R a
Zalebis jami moduliT tolia Tokis daWimulobis ′
sur. 34.1
Zalisa da mis sapirispirodaa mimarTuli:
- ≡ ′. (2)
suraTze gamosaxuli `ZalTa~ samkuTxedidan:
F
F=Q′sina. (3) mg=Q′cosa. (4) (3)∧(4) ⇒ =tga . (5)
mg
R
2 R
kuTxe a mcirea, amitom tga ≈ sina= = . (6)
l 2l

25234
maswavleblis wigni

34′253
 moswavlis wigni
F R
(6) (5) ⇒ = . (7)
mg 2l
kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, F=k q 2 .
2
(8)
R
(8) (7) ⇒ q= mgR3 . (*)
2kl
mg mg
radgan Q=Q′, amitom (4) ⇒ Q= cosa ⇒ Q= . (9)
1–sin2a

(6) (9) ⇒ Q= mg 2mgl . (**)

⇒ Q=
R2
1– 2 4l –R
2 2
4l
(*): q=10–8 k. (**): Q=4.10–3 n.

6. boris Teoriis Tanaxmad, wyalbadis atomi Sedgeba protonisa da mis

garSemo mbrunavi eleqtronisagan. eleqtronis orbitis radiusi r=0,5.10–10 m.
eleqtronis muxti |e|=1,6.10–19 k, masa m1=9,1.10–31 kg, protonis masa m2=1,7.10–27kg.
ganvsazRvroT:
a. eleqtrostatikuri Zala, romliTac protoni da eleqtroni urTierTq-
medeben;
b. ramdenjer aRemateba es Zala msoflio mizidulobis Zalas?
g. eleqtronis siCqare orbitaze moZraobisas;
d. eleqtronis kinetikuri energia.

amoxsna

a. kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, eleqtronisa da protonis urTierTqmedebis

e2 . 2
eleqtrostatikuri Zala: F1=k r2 (*), sadac k=9.109 n m2 .
k
mm
b. niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanonis Tanaxmad: F2=G 12 2 (**).
r
F1 ke2 n.m2
(*)∧(**) ⇒ = , (**) sadac G=6,67.10 –11
.
F2 Gm1m2 kg2

g. eleqtrons protonis irgvliv wriul orbitaze brunvisas centriskenul

aCqarebas aniWebs (*) formuliT gansazRvruli Zala.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad:
v2
F1=m1a. (1) a= . (2)
r
m 1 v2 F1r
(1) (1) ⇒ F1= r ⇒ v= m1 . (***)

m1v2
d. Ekin= . (****)
2
varskvlavian formulebSi CasviT ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da gansazRvreT
saZiebeli sidideebi.

25435
maswavleblis wigni

35′255
 moswavlis wigni

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi

1. Seicvleba Tu ara dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeulis masa TiTiT Se­ xebisas?

uaryofiTad damuxtulis masa?
A B C
2. izoli­rebul sadgarze damag­rebuli uaryofiTad
damux­tuli ori A da BB liTonis sfero erTmaneTs
exeba (sur. 36.1). rogor SeZlebT uar­ yo­fi­
Tad da-
muxtuli Reros gamoye­ nebiT B sferos muxti jer
Seamci­roT, Semdeg gaxadoT eleqtru­lad neitra­luri
da bolos dadebiTad damux­toT? pasuxi ganamtkiceT
msje­lobiT.
sur. 36.1
3. gansazRvreT, romeli ato­ mis birTvis muxtia
7,52.10–18 k.

4. toli muxtis ori sxeuli erTmaneTs ganizidavs 0,9n ZaliT. gansazRvreT

Warbi eleqtronebis raodenoba TiToeul sxeulze, Tu maT Soris manZili 8sm-ia.

5. ori Rrublis eleqtruli muxti, Sesabamisad, 20 da –30 k-ia. maT Soris

saSualo manZili 30 km-is tolia. ra ZaliT urTierTqmedeben Rrublebi?

6. muxtebs Soris manZili 2-jer gaadides. ramdenjer unda Seicvalos erT-er-

Tis muxti, rom urTierTqmedebis Zala igive darCes?

7. ori erTnairi patara gamtari burTula, romelTa Soris manZili 10 sm-

ia, miizidebian 5,0.10-5 n ZaliT. Tu burTulebs erTmaneTs SevaxebT da Semdeg
imave manZiliT davaSorebT, urTierTqmedebis Zala 4.105 n-is toli gaxdeba.
gansazRvreT burTulebis muxtebi.

8. 0,2m-iT daSorebuli ori erTnairi patara, damuxtuli burTula miizideba

4.10–3 n ZaliT. burTulebis Sexebis da imave manZiliT daSorebis Semdeg maT
erTmaneTi ganizides 2,25.10–3 n ZaliT. gansazRvreT burTulebis muxti Sexebamde.

9. daamtkiceT, rom Tu liTonis ori erTnairi burTula damuxtulia erT-

nairniSniani sxvadasxva sididis muxtiT, maSin maTi Sexebis Semdeg winandel
manZilze daSorebisas urTierT­ qmedebis Zala aucileblad gaizrdeba da miT
ufro mniSvnelov­ nad, rac metia gansxvaveba muxtis sidideebs Soris.

10. 90 da -10 nk muxtebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia 4 sm-iT. sad unda mo-

vaTavsoT mesame muxti, rom igi wonasworobaSi iyos?

11. wesieri eqvskuTxedis wveroebze erTmaneTis miyolebiT moTavsebulia +q,

-+q, +q, -q, -q, -q muxtebi. gansazRvreT eqvskuTxedis centrSi moTavsebul +q
muxtze moqmedi Zala, Tu eqvskuTxedis gverdis sigrZe a-s tolia.

12. 25 nk muxtis (TiToeuli) ori nawilaki, romlebic erTmaneTisgan 24 sm-

iTaa daSorebuli, qmnis eleqtrostatikur vels. ra ZaliT moqmedebs es veli
2 nk muxtze, romelic TiToeuli muxtisagan 15 sm-iTaa daSorebuli, Tu velis
Semqmneli muxtebi erTnairniSniania? sxvadasxvaniSniania?

25636
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

aq moyvanili amocanaTagan zogierTi (mag.: 1 da 2) saWiroa, rom moswavleebma sa-

Tanadod daZlion kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 2. kargad
gaarCieT relevanturi savarjiSoebi da imsjeleT, raTa damuSavdes davalebis meore
Sefasebis kriteriumi (ra mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtroskopis isris gadaxras mis
firfitasTan damuxtuli sxeulis miaxloebisas (da ara Sexebisas)? risi gavlena
igulisxmeba gavleniT daeleqtroebis procesSi da raze xdeba gavlenis moxdena?
ra rols asrulebs gavleniT daeleqtroebis procesSi TiTis Sexeba eleqtroskopis
Reroze?).
am amocanebis amoxsna aseve waadgebaT moswavleebs meore kompleqsur davalebaze –
„faradeis yinulis saTli~ – muSaobisas. kerZod, pirveli Sefasebis kriteriumis
gadasaWrelad (nabiji 1, aqtivoba 4: ra fizikur process iwvevs damuxtuli sxeulis
miaxloeba da Sexeba neitralur da damuxtul gamtar sxeulTan?).

1. TiTiT Sexebisas sxeuli ganimuxteba. dadebiTad damuxtul sxeulze eleqtromebi

gadava. misi masa izrdeba; uaryofiTad damuxtulis mcirdeba.
2. sferosTan Reros TandaTan miaxloebiT B sferos muxti daiwyebs Semcirebas
– eleqtronebi gadavlen A-ze. igi. gaxdeba eleqtrulad neitraluri, Semdeg ki
daimuxteba dadebiTad.
3. birTvis muxti: q=q0N, (1) sadac q0=1,6.10-19 k protonis muxtia. N – birTvSi pro-
tonebis raodenoba. (1)⇒ N=q/q0. (*) (*) ⇒ N=47. mendeleevis perioduli sistemi-
dan vadgenT: esaa vercxlis atomis birTvi.
q2
4. sxeulebis ganzidvis Zala: F=k 2 . (1) q=q0N, (2) sadac sadac q0=1,6.10-19 k eleqtronis
R
n.m2
muxtis modulia, N – sxeulze Warbi eleqtronebis raodenoba, k= 9.109 2 – pro-
k
porciulobis koeficienti. (1)∧(2)⇒ N= qR F . (*) (*): N=5.1012.
k
0
q .q
5. Rrublebis urTierTmizidulobis Zalis moduli: F=k 1 2 2 . (*): F=6 kn.
R
6. kulonis kanonidan davadgenT: erT-erTi muxti 4-jer unda gaizardos.
7. ixileT gv. 33 meore amocanis amoxsna. 5,5.10–9 k; -1,1.10-9 k.
8. ixileT gv. 33 meore amocanis amoxsna. ≈ ±2,67.10–7 k; ≈ ±0,67.10–7 k.

10. muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze –10 nk muxtidan 1 sm-ze.

4kq2
11. .
a2
12. 24 mkn; 32 mkn.

36′257
 moswavlis wigni
9. burTulebis muxtebi Sexebamde iyos q1 da q2. maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis
q .q
moduli Sexebamde aris: F=k 1 2 2 . (1)
R

radgan burTulebi erTnairia Sexebis Semdeg maTze muxtebi Tanabrad ganawildeba.

muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad Sexebis Semdeg TiToeuli burTulis muxti:
q 1+ q 2 (q . q )2
q= , (2) xolo maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala: F2=k 1 22 . (3) unda davamtkicoT,
2 4R
rom F2>F1. (4)
(1)∧(3) (4)⇒

(q1+q2)2 q 1. q 2 q12+ 2q1q2+ q22

k > k ⇒ > q1q2 ⇒ q12– 2q1q2+ q22 ⇒ (q1– q2)2 >0. (5)
4R2 R 2
4

radgan (5) formula marTebulia q1 da q2 muxtebis nebismieri mniSvnelobisTvis,

amitom liTonis ori erTnairi, erTnairi niSnis muxtiT damuxtuli burTulebis
urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli maTi Sexebisas da Semdeg winandel manZilze daS-
orebisas yovelTvis izrdeba.

10. ? x vTqvaT mesame muxti D wertilSi q 2 muxtidan x manZilzea

moc.: q1=90 nk moTavsebuli. muxtze moqmedi Zalebi gamosaxulia 36′.1 su-
q2=-10 nk raTze.
l=4.10-2 m q l q
1 2

A B D
q1. q q2. q
F1=F2. (1) F1=k . (2) F2=k . (3)
(l+x)2 x2
kq . q kq . q
(2)∧(3) (1) ⇒ 1 2 = 22 ⇒ q1x2=q2(l+x)2 . (*)
(l+x) x

ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis CasmiT (*) formulaSi da misi amoxsniT miviRebT x=1 sm.

25836′′
maswavleblis wigni

36′′′259
 moswavlis wigni
testebi

1. dadebiTi ioni miiReba, Tu:

a. atomSi raime mizeziT protonebis raodenoba gaizrdeba;
b. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime eleqtroni;
g. atomSi raime mizeziT neitronebis raodenoba gaizrdeba;
d. atoms moscildeba erTi an ramdenime protoni.

2. atomi:
a. damuxtulia dadebiTad;
b. damuxtulia uaryofiTad;
g. eleqtrulad neitraluria;
d. zogjer dadebiTadaa damuxtuli, zogjer – uaryofiTad.

3. ori gansxvavebuli nivTierebis dieleqtrikis erTmaneTze xaxunisas:

a. orive sxeuli dadebiTad imuxteba;
b. orive sxeuli uaryofiTad imuxteba;
g. erTi sxeuli dadebiTad imuxteba, meore - uaryofiTad;
d. arcerTi sxeuli ar imuxteba.

4. romeli mtkicebaa marTebuli:

a. sivrceSi yovelTvis arsebobs eleqtruli veli, miuxedavad imisa, masSi aris
damuxtuli nawilaki Tu ara;
b. damuxtuli sxeulebi vakuumSic urTierTqmedeben;
g. eleqtruli veli arsebobs mxolod dadebiTad damuxtuli sxeulebis irgvliv;
d. damuxtuli sxeulis maxloblad eleqtruli velis moqmedeba sustia, Sors
ki – Zlieri.

5. marTebuli mtkicebaa:
a. liTonSi ionebi ganlagebulia kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi;
b. 1 sm3 moculobis dieleqtrikSi 108÷1010 Tavisufali eleqtronia;
g. damuxtuli da daumuxtavi gamtari sferoebis Sexebisas im sferoze aRmoCndeba
meti muxti, romlis radiusic metia;
d. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba emorCileba eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanons;
e. yvela mtkiceba marTebulia.

6. minis mSrali Rero xaxuniT SeiZleba:

a. daimuxtos mxolod dadebiTad;
b. daimuxtos mxolod uaryofiTad;
g. daimuxtos mxolod dadebiTad an uaryofiTad;
d. daimuxtos dadebiTadac, uaryofiTadac, an ar daimuxtos .

26037
maswavleblis wigni

1 2 3 4 5 6
b g g b e d

37′261
 moswavlis wigni
7. izolirebul sadgamze damagrebuli eleqtrulad A B C
neitraluri liTonis ori sfero erTmaneTs exeba
(sur. 38.1). sferoebs miuaxloes damuxtuli Rero da
Semdeg sferoebi erTmaneTs daaSores, ris Sedegadac:
a. orive sxeuli eleqtrulad neitraluri darCa;
b. orive sxeuli daimuxta dadebiTad;
g. orive sxeuli daimuxta uaryofiTad;
d. A sxeuli daimuxta dadebiTad, B – uaryofiTad; sur. 38.1

e. A sxeuli daimuxta uaryofiTad, B – dadebiTad.

8. wertilovan muxtebs Soris manZilis 2-jer gadidebiT maTi urTierTqmedebis

Zalis moduli:
a. orjer izrdeba; b. oTxjer izrdeba;
g. orjer mcirdeba; d. oTxjer mcirdeba; e. ar icvleba.

9. raRac manZiliT daSorebuli q da 5q muxtebis ori burTulis Sexebisas da

Semdeg imave manZiliT daSorebisas maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
a. 1,25-jer gaizarda; b. 1,25-jer Semcirda;
g. 1,8-jer gaizarda; d. 1,8-jer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

10. or wertilovan muxts Soris manZilis da TiToeulis muxtis or-orjer ga-

didebiT maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
a. gaizrdeba 16-jer; b. gaizrdeba orjer;
g. ar Seicvleba; d. Semcirdeba 2-jer; e. Semcirdeba 16-jer.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

vTqvaT, eleqtruli veli Seqmnilia q wertilovani

muxtiT (sur. 38.2). B
velis erTsa da imave A wertilSi q muxtidan l man-
Zilze rigrigobiT movaTavsoT iseTi mcire q0, 2q0, 3q0 q + + q0
C A
da a.S. eleqtruli muxtebi, romlebic praqtikulad
ar cvlis q muxtis eleqtrul vels.
sur. 38.2
a. romel muxtze moqmedebs eleqtruli veli meti
ZaliT? axseniT, ratom?

b. A wertilSi Setanil muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis Sefardeba am mux-

tis sididesTan aris Tu ara damokidebuli muxtze? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

g. erTnairi iqneba Tu ara es sidide velis sxva B, C, ... wertilebisaTvis?

d. SeiZleba Tu ara es sidide miviRoT velis mocemul wertilSi eleqtruli

velis maxasiaTeblad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

26238
maswavleblis wigni

7 8 9 10
d d g g

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

38′263
 moswavlis wigni

II Tavi. eleqtruli veli

F q sidide miviRoT velis mocemul wertilSi
q0 =k l2
• SeiZleba Tu ara
eleqtruli velis maxasiaTeblad? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§2.1. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.

superpoziciis principi
didma ingliselma mecnierma maikl faradeim (1791-1867) Camoayaliba hipo-
Teza, romlis Tanaxmad, damuxtuli sxeulebi an nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben
im eleqtruli velis meSveobiT, romelsac damuxtuli nawilakebi qmnian.
SemdgomSi eleqtruli velis arseboba eqsperimentiT daasabuTes.
eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa, imoqmedos eleqtrul muxtebze
ZaliT.
Zalas, romliTac erTi damuxtuli nawilakis an sxeulis eleqtruli veli
moqmedebs meore damuxtul nawilaksa an sxeulze, eleqtruli Zala ewodeba.


1. Tqveni azriT, rogor SeiZleba davadginoT eleqtruli velis arseboba?

gavaanalizoT kvleva-ZiebiT miRebuli Sedegebi: vTqvaT, eleqtruli veli

Seqmnilia q werti­lovani muxtiT (sur. 39.1). velis erTsa da imave wer­tilSi q
muxtidan R manZilze rigrigobiT movaTavsoT q0, 2q0, 3q0 da a.S. sacdeli muxtebi.

R
+
sacdeli muxti – wertilovani, iseTi mcire q0
eleqtruli muxti, romelic praqtikulad
+
ar cvlis Sesaswavl eleqtrul vels. q sur. 39.1


2. daadgineT, rogori damokidebulebaa q muxtsa da mis mier Seqmnili
velis romelime wertilSi Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmed Zalas Soris.
3. damokidebulia Tu ara sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis Sefardeba sac-
deli muxtis sidideze? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

radgan velSi Setanil sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zala am muxtis pirdapir­

proporciulia, amitom Zalis fardoba sacdel muxtTan ar aris damokidebuli
sacdeli muxtis sidideze, velis mocemuli wertilisaTvis mudmivi sididea da
vels axasiaTebs im wertilSi, sadac sacdeli muxtia moTavsebuli.
am fardobas eleqtruli velis daZabuloba ewodeba. aRvniSnoT igi -Ti.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

=q . (1) (1) ⇒ =q0 . (2)

0

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba fizikuri sididea, romelic tolia ve-

lis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalisa da am
muxtis Sefardebisa.
daZabulobis mimarTuleba emTxveva dadebiT muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTu­
lebas.

26439
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

1. eleqtruli velis arseboba SeiZleba davadginoT masSi moTavsebul mux-

tze moqmedebis mixedviT.

2. kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, velis mocemul wertilSi Setanil sacdel

muxtze moqmedi Zala sacdeli muxtis pirdapirproporciulia.

3. radgan sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zala am muxtis pirdapirproporciulia,

amitom Zalis fardoba sacdel muxtTan ar aris damokidebuli sacdel mux-
tze, velis mocemuli wertilisaTvis mudmivi sididea da vels axasiaTebs im
wertilSi, sadac sacdeli muxtia moTavsebuli.

§2.1. aris resursi ramdenime kompleqsuri davalebisTvis:

- eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 3-is Sesasruleblad,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, miemarTeba Sefasebis mesame kriteriumis damuSavebas (riT
gansxvavdeba damuxtuli sxeulis garemomcveli sivrce daumuxtavisagan da rogor
SeiZleba eleqtrostatikuri velis aRwera? razea damokidebuli misi maxasiaTebeli
sidideebi?).
- „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 1-is Sesasrulebel resursad, raTa pasuxi gaeces am
davalebis pirvel Sefasebis kriteriums (ramdenad mniSvnelovania liTonis gam-
tarisa da dieleqtrikis agebulebis Taviseburebebi maTze gare eleqtruli velis
gavlenis aRwerisaTvis?).
- „faradeis yinulis saTli~ – nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad, meore Sefasebis krite-
riumis gadawyvetisas (rogor SeiZleba faradeis „yinulis saTlis" eqsperimentis
msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT, ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli mfrinavi sxeuli, roca
is moZraobis procesSia?).

39′265
 moswavlis wigni
F
E= q formulidan ⇒ daZabulobis erTeulia 1 n/k.
0
Semdeg davamtkicebT, rom 1 n/k = 1 v/m.
kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalis moduli
|q|.|q0| |q|
F= k . (3) (3) (1) ⇒ E= k 2
R 2
R
. (4) q A
EA=k
rA2
am formuliT ganisazRvreba wertilovani B q
EB=k 2
muxtis mier Seqmnili velis daZabu­lobis moduli rB
rA rA=2.rB
4. daakvirdiT 40.1 suraTs da
isau­b­
reT, ra informacias iRebT EB=4.EA
q
suraTidan.
sur. 40.1

misgan R manZilze.
Tu sivrcis mocemul wertilSi eleqtrul vels qmnis q1, q2 ... qn nawilakebi,
maSin am wertilSi moTavsebul uZrav q0 muxtze moqmedi Zala
= + +...+ , (5) sadac =q0 ,
1
=q0
2
, ...
2 n
=q0 n
TiToeuli muxtidan

q0-ze moqmedi Zalaa, xolo =q – jamuri Zala. CavsvaT TiToeuli (5)-Si ⇒

q0 =q0 1
+q0 2
+...+q0 n
⇒ = 1
+ 2
+...+ n
. (6)
amgvarad, Tu veli Seqmnilia ramdenime muxtiT, superpozicia –
maSin velis mocemul wertilSi jamuri velis daZabu- zeddebas niSnavs.
loba tolia calkeuli muxtebis velebis daZabulobaTa
jamisa. aseT Sekrebas xSirad geometriuls uwodeben.
amaSi mdgomareobs velebis superpoziciis principi.
velebis zeddebisas isini gavlenas ar axdenen er­T­maneTze. TiToeuli mux-
ti mocemul wertilSi damoukideblad qm-
nis eleqtrul vels, miuxedavad imisa, mis
maxloblad aris Tu ara sxva damuxtuli 2

sxeulebi.
a
ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxveva, ro­ desac +q1
eleq­t ru­l vels A wertilSi qmnis ori A 1

wertilovani dadebiTi q1 da q2 muxti (sur. +q2 sur. 40.2

40.2). suraTze, Sesabamisad, 1 da 2 aris q1
da q2 muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli
velis daZa­buloba.


5. ra aris 40.2 suraTze?
6. 40.3 suraTis mixedviT, gan­sazRvreT TiToeuli muxtisa da jamuri velis
daZabulobis mo­dulebi, Tu erTi danayofi aris 1 v/m.

paralelogramis diagonalis sigrZe Sei- 2

Zleba ganvsazRvroT formuliTac: a

E= E12 + E22 + 2E1E2cosa , (7) A

+q1
1

sadac a aris kuTxe da daZabulobebs sur. 40.3

1 2
+q2
Soris.
26640
maswavleblis wigni

4. q wertilovani muxtis eleqtrul velSi q muxtidan A wertili orjer

ufro Sors aris, vidre B wertili. B wertilSi eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
moduli oTxjer metia, vidre A wertilSi. q muxti uaryofiTia.

5. 17.2 suraTze = 1
+ 2
, sadac 1
da 2
, Sesabamisad, q1 da q1 muxtebis
mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobebia.

6. E1=7 v/m; E2=5 v/m; E=11 v/m.

40′267
 moswavlis wigni


7. dawereT, rogor saxes miiRebs (7)
formula, rodesac 1 da 2 veqtorebs
Soris kuTxe a. α=0; b. α=900; g. α=1800.
Sedegi gamosaxeT rveulSi suraTiT.
8. rveulSi daxazeT, rogori mimar-
Tuleba eqneba veqtors (sur. 40.3),
rodesac q2 muxti uaryofiTia.
9. isaubreT, ra informa­
cias iRebT
sur. 41.1
41.1 suraTidan.

gaecaniT zogierTi eleqtruli velis daZabulobis mniSvnelobas (sur. 41.2).

wyalbadis atomis bi­r­­

Tvis mier Seqmni­l­i ele- daZabuloba eleqtrul
qtruli ve­l i­s daZab- naTuraSi 10000 n -ia.
uloba mi­s­gan orbitis k velis daZabuloba, rom-
dedamiwis mier Seqmni-
ra­d i­­u sis tol 0,5 .10 -10 lis drosac normaluri
li eleqtruli velis
m manZilze daax­lo­ebiT atmosferuli wnevisas
daZabuloba mis zeda-
6.1011 n -ia. haerSi naperwkali Cnde-
pirTan 130 n -ia.
k ba 3 000 000 n -ia. k
k

sur. 41.2

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba:

https://bit.ly/3JDxBub

vici, rom:

damuxtuli sxeulebi an nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben im eleqtruli

velis meSveobiT, romelsac damuxtuli nawilakebi qmnian.
eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa, imoqmedos eleqtrul muxtebze
ZaliT.
Zalas, romliTac erTi damuxtuli nawilakis an sxeulis eleqtruli
veli moqmedebs meore damuxtul nawilaksa an sxeulze, eleqtruli Zala
ewodeba.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba fizikuri sididea, romelic tolia
velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul sacdel muxtze moqmedi Zalisa
da am muxtis Sefardebisa.
Tu veli Seqmnilia ramdenime muxtiT, maSin velis mocemul wertilSi
jamuri velis daZabuloba tolia calkeuli muxtebis velebis daZabulo-
baTa jamisa. es velebis superpoziciis principia.

26841
maswavleblis wigni

7. a. E=E1+E2; b. E= E12+E22 ; g. E=|E1–E2|.

2 1
2

1 1

8. ix. sur. q1 1

-q2
2

9. q1 da q2 aris velis Semqmneli muxtebi. orive muxti dadebiTia da tolia.

A, B da C wertilebSi gamosaxulia TiToeuli velis da rezultaturi velis
daZabulobis veqtorebi.
muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze, muxtebs Soris, A wertilSi jamuri velis
daZabuloba nulis tolia. A wertili Sua wertilia. B wertili muxtebis Se-
maerTebel wrfeze muxtebidan erT mxares mdebareobs, amitom orive velis
daZabulobis veqtors erTi mimarTuleba aqvs. B wertili q1-dan ufro Sors
aris, vidre q2-dan, Sesabamisad, -is moduli ufro mcirea, vidre
1
-is. rezu-
2

ltaturi velis -is moduli E1-is da E2-is jamis tolia da imave mxares aris
B

mimarTuli. C wertili ar mdebareobs muxtebis SemaerTebel wrfeze, amitom

1
-sa da 2
-s sxvadasxva mimarTuleba aqvs. jamuri velis daZabuloba ganisaz-
Rvreba paralelogramis wesiT.

B
1 2
+q1 +q2
+q1 A +q2 1 2

EA=0, roca =– EB=0, roca 1

=– 2
1 2

gakveTilis procesSi moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom damuxtuli sxeule-

bi an nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben eleqtruli velis meSveobiT. eleqtruli
velis dasaxasiaTeblad iseTi sidide unda SemovitanoT, romelic velis moce-
mul wertilSi Setanili muxtis sidideze ar iqneba damokidebuli. daZabuloba
veqtoruli sididea. mocemul adgilas erTdroulad ramdenime muxtis mier
Seqmnili veli SeiZleba arsebobdes da sruli daZabuloba tolia calkeuli
velebis daZabulobaTa jamisa.

41′269
 moswavlis wigni

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. 30 sm-iT daSorebul A da B wertilebSi A B

damag­rebulia q1=10 nk da q2=20 nk wertilo- D q1 C q2
vani muxtebi. gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis sur. 42.1
daZabu­loba A da B wertilebis SemaerTebeli
wrfis C da D wertilebSi, romlebic 10 sm-iT arian daSorebulni A wert-
ilidan (sur. 42.1).
amoxsna
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba C
wertilSi C= 1+ 2, (1) 1
′ D A 2 1 B
sadac da aris q 1 da q 2 q1 C q2
1 2 ′
2
muxtebis mier C wertilSi Seqmni- sur. 42.2
li ve­lis daZabulobebi (sur. 42.2).
radgan 1 da 2 erTi wrfis gaswvriv
urTier­Tsapirispirodaa mimarTuli, ami­tom maTi tolqmedis moduli
Ec=|E2–E1|. (2)
tolqmedi mimarTulia E1 da E2-dan udidesisaken.
q1 q2
E 1= k , (3) E 2= k , (4)
(AC) 2 (AB–AC) 2

q2 q1
(3)∧(4) (2) ⇒ E C = k – . (*) (*): Ec=4500 v/m.
(AB–AC)2 (AC)2

D wertilSi eleqtruli velis daZabuloba D

= ′1+ ′2, (5) sadac ′1 da ′2
aris q1 da q2 muxtebis mier D wertilSi Seqmnili velis daZabulobebi, romleb-
sac erTnairi mimarTuleba aqvT (sur. 42.2). D
veqtorsac iseTive mimarTuleba
aqvs da misi moduli ED=E′1+E′2. (6)

q1 q2
E′1=k , (7) E′2= k . (8)
(AD) 2 (AB+AD)2
q1 q2
(7)∧(8) (6) ⇒ ED= k (AD)2 + (AB+AD)2 . (**)

(**): ED=10125 n .
k

savarjiSo

1. dedamiwis eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa 100 n/k. ra ZaliT moqmedebs es

veli sxeulze, romlis muxti 10–6 k-is tolia?
2. muxtidan 5sm manZilze eleqtruli velis daZabulobaa 1,5.105 n/k. gansaz-
RvreT muxtis mniSvneloba.

27042
maswavleblis wigni

F
1. E= ⇒ F=Eq (*). (*): F=10-4 n.
q
q
2. E= k 2 ⇒ q= ER (*).
2
(*): q≈4,2.10–8 k.
R k

42′271
 moswavlis wigni
3. gansazRvreT dedamiwis muxti, Tu eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mis zeda-
pirTan 100n/k-is tolia, CaTvaleT, rom dedamiwis radiusi 6000km-ia.
4. wertilovani muxtis eleqtruli velis daZabuloba misgan 1m manZilze
32n/k-ia. gansazRvreT velis daZabuloba muxtidan 8m-ze.

testi
1. mocemul wertilSi ori wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobis
moduli TiToeulis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobis modulze:
a. yovelTvis metia; b. yovelTvis naklebia;
g. SeiZleba meti iyos, SeiZleba – naklebi, SeiZleba – erT-erTis toli;
d. yovelTvis nulia.

2. liTonSi muxtis gadamtania Tavisufali:

a. dadebiTi ionebi; b. uaryofiTi ionebi;
g. eleqtronebi; d. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebi;
e. eleqtronebi da uaryofiTi ionebi.

3. erTgvarovan velSi gamtaris moTavsebisas gamtaris maxloblobaSi veli:

a. erTgvarovani rCeba; b. araerTgvarovani xdeba;
g. ispoba; d. orjer Zlierdeba.

4. Tu eleqtruli velis romelime wertilSi moTavsebul 2.10–9 muxtze veli mo-

qmedebs 4.10–8 ZaliT, maSin velis am wertilSi daZabulobis modulia:
a. 200 n ; b. 150 n ; g. 20 n ; d. 15 n ; e. 10 n .
k k k k k

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

xilulia Tu ara eleqtruli veli? rogoria sxvadasxva muxtis, aseve gansx-

vavebuli formisa da zomis sxeulebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli veli?
am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa, SevimuSaoT iseTi meTodi, rom sa-
Tanado pirobiTi niSnebiT da SeTanxmebiT davxatoT konkretuli velis suraTi.
miRebuli suraTis meSveobiT unda SeiZlebodes Tqma, sad aris veli Zlieri da
sad – susti. agreTve, velis mocemul wertilSi saiT aris mimarTuli muxtze
moqmedi Zala.

27243
maswavleblis wigni
q
3. E= k 2 ⇒ q= ER (*).
2
(*): q≈4.105 k.
R k

q q ER2
4. E2= k R 2 (1). E1= k R 2 ⇒ q= k (2).
2 1

E1R12
(2) (1) ⇒ E2= k (*). (*): E2=0,5 n/k.
R22

testi
1 2 3 4
g g b g

43′273
 moswavlis wigni
• xilulia Tu ara eleqtruli veli? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 2.2. eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi

sivrceSi eleqtruli velis TvalsaCinod war-

mosadgenad maikl faradeim SemoiRo eleqtruli A

velis Zalwirebis cneba.

I. velis wertilebze gamaval uwyvet wirebs, B
romelTa mxebi mis yovel wertilSi daZabulobis
veqtors emTxveva, eleqtruli velis daZabulo- A
bis wirebi anu Zalwirebi ewodeba (sur. 44.1). B

II. daZabulobas velis mocemul wertilSi sur. 44.1

dadebiT muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba
aqvs.

1. 44.2 suraTze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva damuxtuli sxeulis velis daZabu-

lobis wirebi. rogori muxti aqvT im sxeulebs, romlebic aseT vels qmnian?

+Q1 -Q3
+Q2
+Q -Q

C
a b g d

–Q
+Q +Q -Q
D +Q +Q
E

+Q M +Q

e z T i
v
sur. 44.2

III. Zalwirebs atareben iseTi sixSiriT, rom farTobis erTeulze gamavali

Zalwirebis raodenoba ricxobrivad daZabulobis modulis tolia.

2. III winadadebis gamoyenebiT da 44.2, b suraTze gamosaxuli wertilo-

vani muxtis velis Zalwirebis ganawilebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
muxtidan daSorebis mixedviT velis daZabulobis moduli:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba.
d. jer izrdeba, Semdeg mcirdeba; eE. jer mcirdeba, Semdeg izrdeba.
3. III winadadebis da 44.3 suraTze gamosaxuli daZabu-
lobis wirebis mixedviT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
daZabulobis wirebis mimarTulebiT (sur. 44.3) velis
daZabulobis moduli:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba. d. jer izr-
deba, Semdeg mcirdeba; e. jer mcirdeba, Semdeg izrdeba. sur. 44.3

27444
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. klasifikaciis, komunikaciis, logikuri msjelobis gamoyenebiT daskvnebis
gamotanis unarebis ganviTareba.
. eleqtruli velis grafikuli gamosaxva

1.
uary- dadebiT- ori ori dadebiT- uaryofiTad ori tolad ori toli
ofiTad ad da- Tanasaxe­ sapiris­pi­ro ad da- da­muxtul da sa- erTnairi
damuxtul muxtul liani mux- niSnis bur­ muxtul fir­fi­tas pirispirod niSniT
burTulas burTulas tis bur- Tulebs firfitas damuxtul damuxtul
Tulebs firfitebs firfitas

g a,b e d v z T i

testi
2 3
b a

§2.2. aris resursi kompleqsuri davalebebisTvis:

- eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Sesasxurebeli) – nabiji 3-is Sesasruleblad,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, miemarTeba Sefasebis mesame kriteriumis damuSavebas (riT
gansxvavdeba damuxtuli sxeulis garemomcveli sivrce daumuxtavisagan da rogor
SeiZleba eleqtrostatikuri velis aRwera? razea damokidebuli misi maxasiaTebeli
sidideebi? (materia 1).
am da saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanili sxva masalis damuSavebiT, aseve, kompleqsuri
davalebis etapzebze SemoTavazebuli resursebis gamoyenebiT, moswavleebi Se-
Zleben upasuxon kompleqsuri davalebis - eleqtrostatikuri gamfrqvevi (Ses-
asxurebeli) – nabiji 4-is Sesasruleblad dasmul SekiTxvebs, romlebic samizne
cnebis konstruirebiskenaa orientirebuli (moyvanilia matricis Sua svetSi, me-4
nabijis aqtivobebis qvemoT.
- „faradeis galia" – nabiji 1-is Sesasruleblad. xolo paragrafis bolos moyvanili
amocanebi - amave nabijis me-4 aqtivobaa. amdenad, girCevT, yuradRebiT daamuSaoT
rogorc paragrafSi dasmuli kiTxvebi, aseve sanimuSo amocanebi. am gziT, moswav-
leebi daZleven kompleqsuri davalebis Sefasebis pirvel kriteriums (ramdenad
mniSvnelovania liTonis gamtarisa da dieleqtrikis agebulebis Taviseburebebi
maTze gare eleqtruli velis gavlenis aRwerisaTvis?). moswavleebi SeZleben upa-
suxon samizne cnebis konstruirebaze orientirebul kiTxvebs (moyvanilia matricis
Sua svetSi, davalebis nabiji 1-is aqtivobaTa Semdeg).
- „faradeis yinulis saTli~ – nabiji 2-is Sesasruleblad, riTac moswavleebi ga-
iazreben Sefasebis meore kriteriums (rogor SeiZleba faradeis „yinulis saTlis"
eqsperimentis msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT, ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli mfrinavi
sxeuli, roca is moZraobis procesSia?).

44′275
 moswavlis wigni

IV. eleqtrul vels, romelSic daZabuloba sivrcis yvela wertilSi

erTnairia, erTgvarovani ewodeba.
4. III-IV winadadebebis da 45.1 suraTis mixedviT SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom
Tu Zalwirebi paraleluria da erTmaneTisagan to­ li
manZilebiTaa daSorebuli, maSin aseTi eleqtruli veli
a. erTgvarovania. daZabuloba yvelgan erTnairia; sur. 45.1
b. araerTgvarovania. Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT daZabu-
loba izrdeba;
g. araerTgvarovania. Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT daZabuloba mcirdeba.
d. araerTgvarovania. Zalwirebis mimarTulebis mixedviT, daZabuloba jer
izrdeba, Semdeg mcirdeba;
e. erTgvarovania. Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT daZabuloba jer mcirdeba,
Semdeg izrdeba.


5. Tqveni varaudiT, Caketilia Tu ara eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi?
6. SesaZleblad migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Zalwirebma
erTmaneTi gadakveTon? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? q

7. gansazRvreT, 10-8 k muxtidan ra manZilze iqneba

eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 10-9 n/k-ze naklebi.
sur. 45.2
8. 45.2 suraTze gamosaxulia moduliT toli da
sapiri­spiro niSnis muxtebis liTonis ori burTula
da sacdeli q muxti. rveulSi sqematurad gamosax-
eT sacdel muxtze gamavali daZabulobis wiri da
axseniT, ratom aqvs mas aseTi konfiguracia.
9. 45.3 suraTze ori gamtari Rru sferoa gamo-
saxuli. isini izolatorebzea moTavsebuli.
rogor miviRoT maTze Tanasaxeliani moduliT
toli muxtebi? pasuxi daasabuTeT. sur. 45.3

Zalwirebi:
https://bit.ly/3LawgM0

vici, rom:

velis wertilebze gamaval uwyvet wirebs, romelTa mxebi mis yovel

wertilSi daZabulobis veqtors emTxveva, eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
wirebi anu Zalwirebi ewodeba.
daZabulobas velis mocemul wertilSi dadebiT muxtze moqmedi Zalis
mimarTuleba aqvs.
Zalwirebs atareben iseTi sixSiriT, rom farTobis erTeulze gamavali
Zalwirebis raodenoba ricxobrivad daZabulobis modulis tolia.
eleqtrul vels, romelSic daZabuloba sivrcis yvela wertilSi erT-
nairia, erTgvarovani ewodeba.

27645
maswavleblis wigni

4. swori pasuxia a.
5. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi Sekruli araa, isini iwyeba dadebiTi mux-
tebidan da mTavrdeba uaryofiTze. rodesac uaryofiTi muxti suraTze ar aris
gamosaxuli, maSin is Zalian Sors aris da Zalwiri masze bolovdeba.

6. eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebi uwyveti wirebia da erTmaneTs ar

kveTen. Zalwirebma erTmaneTi rom gadakveTon, maSin gadakveTis wertilSi mas
erTi gansazRvruli mimarTuleba ar eqneba, rac SeuZlebelia.

q kq 9 . 10 9. 10 –8
7. formulidan E = k . ⇒ r= E
=
10 –8
= 3 . 10 5 (m).
r2
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 10-9 n/k-ze naklebi iqneba muxtidan 300 km-ze
met manZilebze.
1
8. daZabulobis wiri gamosaxulia suraTze. am wiris 2

nebismier wertilSi mxebi emTxveva am wertilSi eleqtru-

li velis daZabulobis mimarTulebas. igi ganisazRvreba
2
TiToeuli muxtis mier am wertilSi Seqmnili daZabulo-
baTa SekrebiT.

9. mcire zomis, izolatorze moTavsebuli damuxtuli sxeuli SevitanoT

erT-erTi sferos SigniT (ise, rom sferos ar SevexoT). sfero gavleniT daimux-
teba. sfero davamiwoT (SevexoT TiTiT). sfero damuxtuli darCeba. amoviRoT
sferodan damuxtuli sxeuli da igive operacia CavataroT meore sferoze.

gakveTilis proceSi moswavle ixsenebs:

• eleqtruli velis grafikulad gamosaxvis wess.
• dakvirvebiT adgens, romeli suraTi romel damuxtul burTulas an fir-
fitas Seesabameba.
• logikuri msjelobis gamoyenebiT gamoaqvs daskvnebi eleqtruli velis
Sesaxeb.
• Rebulobs monawileobas diskusiaSi da gamoTqvams varauds Zalwirebis
konfiguraciaze.
• gamosaxavs daZabulobis wirs gakveTilSi ganxiluli magaliTebisgan
gansxvavebul SemTxvevaSi.

45′277
 moswavlis wigni

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. eleqtruli muxti Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli R-radiusian wvril

rgolze q wiriTi simkvriviT (q muxti sigrZis erTeulze). gansazRvreT
eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba rgolis centrSi, aseve rgolis si-
brtyisadmi mis centrSi aRmarTuli marTobis im wertilSi, romelic H
simaRlezea rgolis sibrtyidan.
amoxsna

davyoT rgoli n tol nawilebad ise, rom SegveZlos TiToeuli nawilis

nivTier wertilad CaTvla. rgolis TiToeul nawilze moTavsdeba q/n muxti,
romelic SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc wertilovani. yoveli ori aseTi di-
ametrulad mopirdapire elementi rgolis centrSi qmnis moduliT tol da
mimarTulebiT sapirispiro daZabulobebs. amitom eleqtro-
D X
statikuri velis daZabuloba rgolis O centrSi nulis
tolia. velis daZabuloba A wertilSi
A a

= +
1 2
+...+ n
,
l
H
sadac 1, 2, ... n, aris TiToeuli wertilovani muxtis
mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobebi A wertilSi (sur 46.1).
R Y
q
E1= E2=...=En=k 2 , (1)
nl sur. 46.1

sadac l manZilia wertilovani muxtidan A wertilamde,

k=9.109 nm2/k2.

E= Ex2 + Ey2 + Ez2 . (2)

q
Ex=E1cosa+E2cosa...+Encosa = k cosa. (3)
l2
Ey=E1y + E2y + ... + Eny=0. (4) Ez=E1z + E2z + ... + Enz=0. (5)
q
(3), (4)∧(5) (2)-Si ⇒ E = k cosa . (6)
l2
H
suraTidan l 2 = R 2 + H 2 . (7) cosa = l . (8)

qH
(7), (8) (6)-Si ⇒ E= k 3 .
R2+H2
aseTia velis daZabulobis moduli A wertilSi. radgan rgolze muxti
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli, amitom simetriis gamo rgolis TiToeuli wertilovani
muxtis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobaTa tolqmedi A wertilSi mimarTulia
X RerZis Tanxvdenilad.

savarjiSo

1. +q da +9q muxtebs Soris manZili 8sm-ia. pirveli muxtidan ra manZiliTaa

daSorebuli wertili, sadac velis daZabuloba nulis tolia?
2. vertikalurad mimarTul erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebulia
mtvris nawilaki, romlis masaa 10–9 g da muxti 3,2.10–17 k. gansazRvreT velis

27846
maswavleblis wigni
savarjiSoebis amocanebis amoxsna:

q
1. F1=F2. (1) F1= k . (2)
x2 2 1

9q +q 9q
F2= k ⇒ (l–x)2 = 9x2 ⇒ l2–2xl+x2=9x2 ⇒ x
(l–x)2
l
8x2+2lx–l=0. (4) sur. 46′.1

–16± 256+4.8.64
(4) 8x2+2.8.10–2x–64.10–4=0 ⇒ x= ⇒ x=2 sm.
16

46′279
 moswavlis wigni
daZabuloba, Tu mtvris nawilakze moqmedi simZimis Zala gawonasworebulia
eleqtruli velis ZaliT.
3. gansazRvreT erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, Tu masSi ele-
qtroni moZraobs 3,2.1013 m/wm2 aCqarebiT.

testi
1. daZabulobis wirebis mimarTu­lebiT (sur.47.1) eleqtru-
li velis daZabu­lobis moduli:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba;
g. ar icvleba; d. jer izrdeba, Semdeg ar icvleba. sur. 47.1

2. rodesac veli Seqmnilia q1 da q2 uaryofiTi muxtebiT,

maSin muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfis A wertilSi (sur.47.2)
q1 q2 A
jamuri velis:
sur. 47.2
a. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marjvniv;
b. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marcxniv;
g. daZabuloba nulia; 2
d. daZabulobis mimarTulebaze calsaxa pasuxis gacema 3 1

SeuZlebelia.
A
3. rodesac veli Seqmnilia sapirispiro niSnis q1 da q2 mux-
4 7

tebiT, maSin muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfis Sua wertilSi

aRmarTuli marTobis A wertilSi (sur.47.3) jamuri velis: 5 6

a. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marjvniv; q1 q2

b. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marcxniv; sur. 47.3
g. daZabuloba nulia;
d. daZabulobis mimarTulebaze calsaxa pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

47.4 suraTze liTonis firfitaSi sqematurad gamosaxulia eleqtronebi. 47.5

suraTze ki – eleqtruli veli.

1. ra `dae­ma­­r­­Te­­baT~ eleq­­tro­nebs, Tu firfitas eleq­trul velSi movaTavsebT

(sur. 47.6)? varaudi msjelobiT daasabuTeT.

sur. 47.4 sur. 47.5 sur. 47.6

28047
maswavleblis wigni
2. ? E mtvris nawilakze moqmedi Zalebi
moc.: m=10–9 g gamosaxulia suraTze
q=3,2.10–17 k
mg=F. (1) F=qE. (2)

mg
(2) (1) ⇒ mg=qE ⇒ E= q . (*) sur. 47′.1

(*): E=3.105 n/m.

3. ? E niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad:

moc.: a=3,2.10–9 m/wm2 F
a= m . (1) sadac F=eE. (2)
m=9,1.10–31 kg eE am
(2) (1) ⇒ a= m ⇒ E= e . (*)
e=1,6.10–19 k
(*): E=182 n/k.

testi
1 2 3
b b a

1. eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT qaosurad moZravi eleqtronebi velis sa-

pirispirod daiwyeben moZraobas. firfitaSi aRiZvreba deni.

mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis rubrikaSi mowodebuli davaleba kompleqsuri davalebis

– „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 3-is erT-erTi aqtivobaa. is kargad aris gaSlili mom-
devno paragrafSi - §2.3, romelic amuSavebs gamtarebs eleqtrostatikur velSi.
imave savarjiSos iyenebs „faradeis yinulis saTlis~ nabiji 3-is aqtivoba sakiTxSi
CasaRrmaveblad.

47′281
 moswavlis wigni
• ra daemarTebaT eleqtronebs, Tu firfitas (sur. 47.4) eleqtrul velSi
(sur. 47.5) movaTavsebT (sur. 47.6)? varaudi msjelobiT daasabuTeT.

§ 2.3. gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi

ra moxdeba liTonis gamtaris ele-

qtrostatikur velSi moTavse­ bisas?
eleqtrostatikuria veli, Tu mas
`uZravi~ muxtebi qmnis.
am SekiTxvaze swori pasuxis gasa­
cemad, gavixsenoT, rom:

I. liTonis gamtari Sedgeba kris­ sur. 48.1

ta­
l uri mesris kvanZebSi ganla­
gebuli `uZravi~ – bmuli dadebiTi
ionebisa da qaosurad moZravi Tav-
isufali eleqtronebisagan (sur. 48.1).

II. eleqtruli veli dadebiT muxtze moqmedebs ZaliT, romelsac eleqtru-

li velis daZabulobis mimarTuleba aqvs, uaryofiT muxtze – daZabulobis
sapirispiro.

2. I da II winadadebidan gamomdinareobs, rom:

Tu liTonis firfitas eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT (sur. 48.2),
maSin eleqtronebi qaosur moZraobasTan erTad daiwyeben mimarTul
moZraobas da firfitis marcxena mxare:
a. daimuxteba dadebiTad; b. daimuxteba uaryofiTad; g. eleqtrulad
neitraluri darCeba; d. jer daimuxteba dadebiTad, Semdeg – uary-
ofiTad; e. jer daimuxteba uaryofiTad, Semdeg – dadebiTad.

miiReba situacia, romelic sqematurad 48.2 suraTzea

gamosaxuli. punqtiriT gamosaxulia gadanawilebuli mux-
tebis mier `Seqmnili~ velis Zalwirebi.

III. Tu veli Seqmnilia ramdenime muxtiT, maSin velis

mocemul wertilSi sruli daZabuloba tolia calkeuli
muxtebis velebis daZabulobaTa jamisa.

sur. 48.2

3. III winadadebis gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom:

eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT (sur. 49.1) eleqtruli
veli:
a. ar arsebobs; b. arsebobs da mimarTulia marjvniv;
g. arsebobs da mimarTulia marcxniv; d. arsebobs. gamtaris Suamde
mimarTulia marjvniv, Semdeg – marcxniv; e. arsebobs. gamtaris Suamde
mimarTulia marcxniv, Semdeg – marjvniv.

28248
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. komunikaciis, varaudis gamoTqmis, logikuri msjelobiT daskvnebis gamot-
anis, eqsperimentis Catarebis da analizis unarebis ganviTareba.
. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul gamtarze da gamtaris zedapirze muxtis
ganawilebaze dakvirveba.

testi
2 3
b a

§1.9. aris ZiriTadi resursi kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji

3-is Sesasruleblad. paragrafi moicavs masalas, romelze dayrdnobiTac pasuxi
gaecema kompleqsuri davalebis mesame Sefasebis kriteriums (ra mizezi ganapirobebs
eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli velis ararse-
bobas? ra msgavsebaa am or process – eleqtrostatikur ekranirebasa da gavleniT
daeleqtroebas Soris?).

amasTan, es paragrafi aris resursi meore kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis

yinulis saTli~ – nabiji 2-is gadasaWrelad (rogor SeiZleba faradeis „yinulis
saTlis~ eqsperimentis msgavsi gziT aRmovaCinoT, ra niSnis muxtiTaa damuxtuli
mfrinavi sxeuli, roca is moZraobis procesSia?). amave paragrafis masala moswav-
leebs gamoadgebaT imave kompleqsuri davalebis me-3 nabijis dasaZlevadac (rogor
SeiZleba mocemuli sididis muxtis saSualebiT Rru sxeulze gacilebiT meti muxtis
dagroveba da ra xelsawyos Seqmnas daedo safuZvlad faradeis „yinulis saTlis"
eqsperimenti?).

48′283
 moswavlis wigni
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: eleqtrostatikur velSi moTav­
se­
bu­li gamtaris SigniT jamuri velis daZabuloba
nulis tolia (sur. 49.1).
es daskvna marTebulia eleqtrul velSi moTavsebu-
li rogorc damuxtuli, ise daumuxtavi gamtarisaTvis.
damux­tuli gamtaris SigniT Warbi muxti ar arsebobs.
davadginoT, rogor nawildeba Warbi muxti gamtarze.
CavataroT cda: davmuxtoT liTonis bade. amisaTvis sur. 49.1
bade SevaerToT eleqtroforuli manqanis erT-erT
polusTan da eleqtroforuli manqana moviyvanoT mo-
qmedebaSi.
gavWimoT bade da davakvirdeT qaRaldis Txel
zolebs, romlebic badeze erTi boloTia miwebebuli
(sur. 49.2).

4. ras amCnevT? ratom ganizida furclebi badisagan?
5. yvela zoli erTnairad gadaixara badisagan?
raze miuTiTebs SemCneuli movlena, rogor aris liTonis
izolatori
bade
ganawilebuli muxti gaWimul badeze?

movxaroT bade rkalad da davak­­ virdeT qaRald-

is zolebs. Seva­
m­
CnevT, zolebi badis gare zedapirze
kidev ufro gaiSleba, xolo Sida zedapirze CamoeSveba
(sur. 49.3).


6. ratom moxda ase? cda CaatareT ramden­
jerme,
sur. 49.2
SeecadeT axs­
naT SemCneuli movlena.

cdis Sedegebis analiziT SeiZ­ l eba gamovitanoT

daskvna: Warbi muxti nawil­ deba damuxtuli gamtaris
mxolod gare zedapirze. gamtaris SigniT ar aris arc
Warbi muxti da arc eleqtruli veli.
didi zomis gamtari sibrtyis, aseve damuxtuli gam-
tari sferos zedapirze muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli,
Tu is sakmaod aris daSorebuli sxva sxeulebisgan.
rogoraa muxti ganawilebuli araswori formis sxe­
ulebze? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad CavataroT
cda: movxaroT damuxtuli bade sxvadasxva radiusis
rkalebad. SevamCnevT, qaRaldis zolebis gadaxra badidan sur. 49.3
iqaa meti, sadac metia badis gare zedapiris simrude,
e.i. naklebia badis simrudis radiusi. aseT adgilebSi
muxtebi erTmaneTTan ufro mWidrodaa ganlagebuli
da maT maxloblad, sxeulis gareT, didia eleqtruli
velis daZabuloba (sur. 49.4).
damuxtuli sxeulis zedapirze eleqtruli muxtis
ganawileba xasiaTdeba fizikuri sididiT – muxtis
zedapiruli simkvriviT.
sur. 49.4

28449
maswavleblis wigni
am gverdis masalis damuSaveba esadageba kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis
galia~ – nabiji 3-is me-2 aqtivobas. amitom detalurad ganixileT, ra mouvaT liTo-
nis badeze damagrebul qaRaldis zolebs badis sxvadasxva formisTvis (gaWimuli,
morkaluri da sxva). am sakiTxebis gaazreba emsaxureba kompleqsuri davalebis mesame
Sefasebis kriteriumis daZlevas.
amave masalas gamoiyenebT kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis yinulis saTli~
– nabiji 3-is aqtivobebze muSaobisas, raTa safuZvlianad daamuSaoT mesame Sefase-
bis kriteriumi (rogor SeiZleba mocemuli sididis muxtis meSveobiT Rru sxeulze
gacilebiT meti muxtis dagroveba da ra xelsawyos Seqmnas daedo safuZvlad far-
adeis „yinulis saTlis" eqsperimenti?).

4. Tanasaxeliani muxtebiT damuxtuli bade da qaRaldis zolebi erTmane-

Tisagan ganizidebian.

5. cda gviCvenebs: qaRaldis zolebi gaWimuli badidan yvelgan erTnairi

kuTxiT gadaixara. es miuTiTebs, rom badis orive zedapirze muxti Tanabrad
nawildeba.

6. SemCneuli movlena miuTiTebs: radgan liTonis badis Sida zedapirma qa-

Raldis zolebi ar ganizida, igi damuxtuli ar aris. gare zedapirma zolebi
kidev ufro ganizida. es imas niSnavs, rom misi muxti gaizarda. maSasadame,
muxti Sida zedapiridan gare zedapirze gadavida.

49′285
 moswavlis wigni
muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive aris gamtaris muxtis Sefardeba im zeda-
piris farTobTan, romelzec muxtia ganawilebuli.
Tu q muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli S zedapirze, maSin s= q , (1)
S
sadac s aris muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive, romlis erTeulis dasaxeleba SI-
Si aris 1 k/m2.
daakvirdiT 50.1 da 50.2 suraTebs.

R +q
R

sur. 50.3. dadebiTad damuxtuli

sur. 50.1. liTonis dadebi­
Tad sur. 50.2. wertilovani usasrulo sibrtyis eleqtruli
damuxtuli sferos daZabu- muxtis Zalwirebi. velis daZabulobis wirebi sib­
lobis wirebi. rtyis marTobuli wrfeebia.

radgan damuxtuli gamtari sferos eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi sferos

gareT isevea ganawilebuli, rogorc wertilovani muxtis Zalwirebi (sur. 50.1,
50.2), damuxtuli gamtari sferos eleqtruli velis daZabuloba misi centri-
q
dan r>R manZilze SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT E = k , (2) formuliT, sadac q aris
r2
sferos eleqtruli muxti. sferos SigniT r<R velis daZabuloba nulis tolia.
R – sferos radiusia.
damuxtuli usasrulo sibrtyis mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba ganisaz-
Rvreba formuliT E = s , roca s>0, Zalwirebi sibrtyidan `gamodis~ (sur.
2e0
50.3), roca s<0 – `Sedis~.
damuxtuli gamtaris (aseve eleqtrul velSi mo­ Tav­
sebuli gamtaris) zeda-
pirze muxtebi wo­ nas­
worobaSia. muxtebi gamtaris gaswvriv ar gada­ ad­gildeba.
amitom Zalwirebi yovelTvis damuxtu-
li gamtaris zeda­pi­ris mar­Tobia (sur. mar

50.4,a). es rom ase ar iyos (sur. 50.4,b),

mx
maSin daZabulobis veq­t oris gam- + +
taris zedapiris mxebi ( mx) mdgenelis a b

moqmedebiT, ze­dapiruli mux­tebi mxebis sur. 50.4

gas­w vriv ganuwyvetliv imoZravebda.
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad,
es SeuZ­ lebelia, amitom mx=0, e.i. Zalwirebi zedapiris marTobia.

7. isaubreT, ra informacias iRebT 50.5

suraTidan.

sur. 50.5

28650
maswavleblis wigni

7. erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi gamtaris moTavsebisas gamtaris zedapiris

maxloblad veli araerTgvarovani xdeba. eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi
gamtaris zedapiris marTobia.

50′287
 moswavlis wigni

eleqtrostatikuri induqcia:
https://bit.ly/3ir00b9

vici, rom:

eleqtrostatikur velSi moTav­

se­
bu­
li gamtaris SigniT jamuri eleq-
truli velis daZabuloba nulis tolia.

Warbi muxti nawil­

deba damuxtuli gamtaris mxolod gare zedapirze.
gamtaris SigniT ar aris arc Warbi muxti da arc eleqtruli veli.

muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive aris gamtaris muxtis Sefardeba im zeda-

piris farTobTan, romelzec muxtia ganawilebuli.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. daumuxtav Rru gamtar sferos SigniT Seitanes dadebiTad damuxtuli

burTula.
a. gaCndeba Tu ara muxtebi sferoze?
b. sad iarsebebs eleqtruli veli?
g. ra moxdeba, Tu burTulas mdebareobas SevucvliT?
amoxsna
a. dadebiTad damuxtuli burTulis gavleniT sferos Sida zedapiri daimuxteba
uaryofiTad, gare zedapiri – dadebiTad.
b. radgan damuxtulia sferos orive zedapiri, amitom eleqtruli veli iarse-
bebs sferos SigniTac da gareTac.
g. burTulis mdebareobis SecvliT, eleqtruli veli Seicvleba mxolod sferos
SigniT.

2. rogor Seicvleba damuxtuli burTulis da qaRaldis urTierTmizidu-

lobis Zala, Tu liTonis badeTi SemovsazRvravT:
a. burTulas? b. qaRalds?
amoxsna
a. damuxtuli burTulis koncentruli liTonis badiT SemosazRvriT araferi
Seicvleba. burTula da bade moqmedeben, rogorc burTulis centrSi moTavsebuli
muxti.
b. burTulis da qaRaldis urTierTmizidulobis Zala nuli gaxdeba, radgan
qaRaldi moxvdeba `faradeis cilindrSi~, romlis SigniT eleqtruli veli ar
arsebobs. axla erTmaneTs miizidavs burTula da bade.

savarjiSo

1. 51.1 suraTze damuxtuli burTulebis

eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis ori suraTia
gamosaxuli. riT gansxvavdeba velis Semqmneli
muxtebi erTmaneTisagan?
sur. 51.1

28851
maswavleblis wigni

yuradRebiT gaarCieT am gverdze moyvanili amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi. maTi mniS-

vneloba imaSic gamoixateba, rom amocanebi dasaxelebulia resursad kompleqsuri
davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 3-is SesrulebisaTvis. maTze msjelobiT,
moswavleebi SeZleben kompleqsuri davalebis mesame Sefasebis kriteriumis gadaW-
ras (ra mizezi ganapirobebs eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT
eleqtruli velis ararsebobas? ra msgavsebaa am or process – eleqtrostatikur
ekranirebasa da gavleniT daeleqtroebas Soris?).

amavdroulad, es masala moswavleebs gamoadgebaT kompleqsuri davalebis - „fa-

radeis yinulis saTli~ – me-2 nabijis me-3 aqtivobis Sesasruleblad.

1. velis Semqmneli muxtebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba niSniT da moduliT.

marcxena burTula uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli da misi moduli naklebia marjvena
burTulis modulze.

51′289
 moswavlis wigni
2. 52.1 suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTad damuxtuli patara bur­Tula da liTonis
firfita. daxazeT Zalwirebis suraTi.

3. dadebiTad damuxtuli mtv­ris namceci Tanabrad nela vardeba. rogor Seicv-

leba namcecis moZraoba, Tu mis qvemoT liTonis daumuxtav firfitas movaTavsebT
(sur. 52.2)?

sur. 52.2
sur. 52.1

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

ra aris gamosaxuli 52.3 suraTze?

damuxtulia Tu ara eleqtroskopi?

axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

ivaraudeT, rogor Seicvleba eleqtroskopis furclebis urTierTmdebareoba,

Tu sferos daumuxtav polieTilenis boTls miuaxloebT (sur. 52.4)?

sur. 52.3 sur. 52.4

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

cdebiT daadgineT Tqveni hipoTezis marTebuloba. SeecadeT axsnaT SemCneuli

movlenebi.

29052
maswavleblis wigni
2. ix. sur. 52′.

3. namcecis muxti iwvevs liTonis firfitis gavleniT

damuxtvas (firfitis zeda mxare uaryofiTad imuxteba).

amis gamo namcecze imoqmedebs qveviT mimarTuli eleq-

truli Zala da namcecis siCqare daiwyebs gadidebas.

sur. 52′

suraTze TviTnakeTi eleqtroskopia gamosaxuli

eleqtroskopis furclebi gaSLlilia. es miuTiTebs, rom eleqtroskopi da-

muxtulia.

am gverdze moyvanili masala momdevno gakveTilis mosamzadeblad da mecnieru-

li kvleva-Zieba, romelic Semdeg paragrafSia (§2.4.) gaSlili da ganmartebuli,
im aqtivobaTa Sorisaa, romelTa Sesrulebas moswavleebi mihyavs kompleqsuri
davalebis – „faradeis galia~ – nabiji 4-is Sesrulebisken. am procesSi ki muSa-
vdeba davalebis me-4 da me-5 Sefasebis kriteriumebi (ra ganapirobebs vakuumTan
SedarebiT dieleqtrikul garemoSi eleqtruli velis Sesustebas? ratom ar qreba
dieleqtrikis SigniT gare eleqtrostatikuri veli srulad, gamtaris msgavsad?;
razea damokidebuli eleqtrostatikuri velis Zaluri maxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva
garemoSi - vakuumSi, sxvadasxvagvar dieleqtrikul garemoSi, gamtaris SigniT da
gareT?). amdenad, Sesabamisi samizne cnebebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri
warmodgenebis Camoyalibebis gzaze mniSvnelovania aq wamoWrili sakiTxebis gaana-
lizeba, rac §2.4.-is (gv. 53) kargad damuSavebas saWiroebs. esec aRniSnuli davalebis
me-2 aqtivobaa.

cda gviCvenebs: eleqtroskopis furclebi odnav daeSveba.

52′291
 moswavlis wigni
• rogor Seicvala damuxtuli eleqtroskopis furclebis urTierTmde-
bareoba, roca sferos daumuxtavi polieTilenis boTli miuaxloeT
(sur. 52.4)?

§ 2.4. dieleqtriki eleqtrostatikur velSi.

ori saxis dieleqtriki
liTonis 1 sm3 moculobaSi 1022÷1023 Tavisufali eleqtronia. dieleqtrikSi
– 108÷1010. dieleqtrikSi gamtarebTan
SedarebiT Tavisufali eleqtronebis
raode­noba Zalian mcirea, amitom ele- +++ + +++ +
qtrul velSi dieleqtrikis moTavsebi- ––– –
sas Tavisu­fali eleq­tronebis gadaadg- + + + + ++
ilebiT ga­m o­w­v e­u li efeqti imdenad +
+
sustadaa ga­ mo­ xatuli, rom SeiZleba + +
+
ar gaviTvaliswinoT. +
CavataroT cda: eleqtrometris
Re­roze dava­magroT liTonis dis­ko.
davmuxtoT eleq­ trometri (sur. 53.1). sur. 53.1 sur. 53.2
eleqtrometris dis­kos mivuax­looT
daumuxtavi dieleq­tri­ki, maga­li­Tad,
polieTilenis boT­li da davakvirdeT. SevamCnevT, eleq­tro­metris isari odnav
daeSveba (sur. 53.2).

1. rogor Seicvala isrisa da Reros eleqtruli muxti? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
2. rogor icvleba diskos eleqtruli muxti? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

es faqti SeiZleba aixsnas im daSvebiT, rom eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli

dieleqtriki TviT qmnis iseT eleqtrul vels, romelic amcirebs isrisa da
Reros muxts da, Sesabamisad, adidebs diskos muxts.
rogor qmnis eleqtrul vels daumuxtavi dieleq­ triki?
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, gavixsenoT atomebisa da mole­kulebis ele-
qtruli Tvisebebi.


3. risgan Sedgeba atomi? molekula?
4. ra aris gamosaxuli 53.3 suraTze?
e
eleqtroni ≈10-9 wm-Si birTvis garSemo ≈milioni brunis
Sesru­lebas aswrebs. es imdenad didi siCqarea, rom ele- A
qtroni wamis memiliarded nawilSi milionjer imyofeba
or, nebismier, A da B wertilebSi, romlebic simetriulad
aris ganlagebuli birTvis mimarT (sur. 53.3). SegviZlia e
CavTvaloT, rom saSualod (drois mixedviT) uaryofiTi
muxtis ganawi­lebis centri atomis SuaSia, e.i. emTxveva B
dadebiTad damuxtul birTvs.
sur. 53.3

29253
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. analizis da sinTezis unarebis ganviTareba.
. dieleqtrikebis dayofa polarobis mixedviT.

§2.4-sa da §2.5-Si muSavdeba masala, rac ZiriTadi resursia kompleqsuri davalebis –

„faradeis galia~ – nabiji 4-is Sesasruleblad. maTi saTanadod Seswavlis Sedegad,
moswavleebi SeZleben upasuxon samizne codnis konstruirebaze orientirebul
kiTxvebs (moyvanilia Sesabamisi nabijis aqtivobaTa Semdeg), rac maT nabij-nabij miiy-
vans samizne cnebebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebis gaazrebamde.

1. isris gadaxris kuTxis Semcireba imaze miuTiTebs, rom mcirdeba isrisa

da Reros eleqtruli muxti.
2. muxtis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, ramdeniTac Semcirda isrisa da Reros
muxti, imdeniTve gaizrdeba diskos muxti.
3. atomi Sedgeba dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebisagan _ birTvisa da mis
garSemo mbrunavi eleqtronebisagan. molekula Sedgeba atomebisagan.
4. 53.3 suraTze wyalbadis atomi sqematuradaa gamosaxuli.

damatebiTi masala
kargi gamtarebia: yvela liToni, niadagi, marilisa da mJavas wyalxsnarebi
da sxva; eleqtrobis gamtarobis mixedviT naxevargamtarebs Sualeduri adgili
uWiravs gamtarebsa da aragamtarebs Soris. myar sxeulTa umetesoba naxevar-
gamtarebia. dedamiwis qerqis 4/5 nawili naxevargamtars Seicavs. aseTi ele-
mentebia: siliciumi, germaniumi, seleni da sxva; naxevargamtarebs miekuTvneba
mravali Jangeuli, sulfidebi (liTonisa da gogirdis naerTebi), selenidebi
(liTonisa da selenis naerTebi), teluridebi, III da IV jgufis elementebis
naerTebi da sxva.
kargi izolatorebia: faifuri, eboniti, mina, rezini, abreSumi, kaproni,
plastmasebi, navTi, sufTa wyali, haeri, airebi da sxva.

53′293
 moswavlis wigni
iseTi atomebisa da molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, romelSic
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva,
arapolaruli dieleqtriki ewodeba.
arapolaruli dieleqtrikebia: inertuli airebi, wyalbadi, Jangbadi, po-
lieTileni da sxva.


5. ramdeni savalento eleqtroni aqvs natriumis atoms gare SreSi? qlo-
ris atoms?

zogierT dieleqtrikSi (magaliTad: wyali, spirti da sxva)

ase ar aris. ganvixiloT sufris marilis NaCl-is molekula.
NaCl-is molekulis warmoqmnisas natriumis erTaderT
savalento eleqtrons miierTebs qlori. orive atomi gadai-
sur. 54.1
qceva urTierTsapirispiro niSnis ionebis sistemad (sur. 54.1).


6. romel ionSia ganawilebuli dadebiTi muxti? uaryofiTi?
7. emTxveva Tu ara dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi
erTmaneTs?

iseTi molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, ro­melSic dadebiTi da uary-

ofiTi muxtebis ganawilebaTa centrebi erTmaneTs ar
emTxveva, polaruli dieleqtriki ewodeba. L
ori toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis erToblio-
bas, romelTa Soris manZili gacilebiT naklebia im +|q| –|q|
manZilTan SedarebiT, sadac mis moqmedebas ganvixilavT, sur. 54.2
eleqtruli dipoli ewodeba (sur. 54.2).


8. NaCl-is molekula SeiZleba Tu ara ganvixiloT eleqtrul dipolad?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
9. Tqveni azriT, NaCl-is molekula qmnis Tu ara eleqtrul vels? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?

wylis polaruli molekulebi:

https://bit.ly/3IvSjL9

vici, rom:

iseTi molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, ro­ melSic dadebiTi

da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebaTa centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva,
polaruli dieleqtriki ewodeba.
iseTi atomebisa da molekulebisagan Sedgenil dieleqtriks, romel-
Sic dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs
emTxveva, arapolaruli dieleqtriki ewodeba.
ori toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis erTobliobas, romelTa
Soris manZili gacilebiT naklebia im manZilTan SedarebiT, sadac mis
moqmedebas ganvixilavT, eleqtruli dipoli ewodeba.

29454
maswavleblis wigni
5. natriumis atoms gare SreSi aqvs erTi savalento eleqtroni, romelic
sustad aris dakavSirebuli birTvTan. qlors aqvs Svidi savalento eleqtroni.

6. dadebiTi muxti ganawilebulia Na-is ionSi. uaryofiTi muxti _ qloris

ionSi.

7. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis ganawilebis centrebi erTmaneTs ar

emTxveva.

8. NaCl-is molekula SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc eleqtruli dipoli,

radgan igi Sedgeba ori toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebisagan, romelTa
Soris manZili Zalian mcirea. molekulis diametri ≈10–7 sm rigisaa.

9. NaCl-is molekula eleqtrulad neitraluria, magram igi qmnis

eleqtrul vels, radganac misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
centrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva (ix. sur. 54′.1).

sur.54′.1

54′295
 moswavlis wigni

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

or paralelur gamtar firfitas Soris manZili firfitis zomebTan Sedare-

biT mcirea. daxazeT eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis suraTi, roca: a. firfitebi
moduliT toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebiTaa damuxtuli; b. firfitebi
erTnairi niSnis moduliT toli muxtebiTaa damuxtuli.
amoxsna
55.1 suraTze mwvane feriT dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitis eleqtruli ve-
lis Zalwirebia gamosaxuli, wiTliT ki – uaryofiTis. rogorc a suraTidan Cans,
firfitebs gareT eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi sapirispiroa, amitom erTmaneTs
aneitraleben. Sedegad, firfitebs gareT eleqtruli veli ar arsebobs (uSualod
firfitebis kideebTan veli arsebobs). eleqtruli velis energia TiTqmis mTlianad
firfitebs Sorisaa moqceuli.

a b
sur. 55.1

b SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, veli firfitebs Soris ar arsebobs. gareT ki firfitebis

mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velebi erTmaneTs aZliereben (sur. 55.1,b).

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

55.3 suraTze eleqtruli velia gamosaxuli, 55.4-ze – eleqtruli dipoli.

siTburi moZ-
raobis gamo
dieleqtrikSi
molekulebi
– eleqtruli
dipolebi –
uwesrigodaa
ganlagebuli.
sur. 55.3 sur. 55.4
sur. 55.2.

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

ra moxdeba, Tu eleqtrul dipols

eleq­trul velSi movaTavsebT (sur. 55.5)?
ra moxdeba, Tu dieleqtriks eleqtrul
velSi movaTavsebT (sur. 55.6)?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
sur. 55.5 sur. 55.6

29655
maswavleblis wigni

mecnierul kvleva-ZiebaSi mocemul SekiTxvebze pasuxebi Semdeg paragrafSia gace-

muli.

55′297
 moswavlis wigni
• ra Seicvleba dieleqtrikSi, Tu mas eleqtrul velSi movaTavsebT?
axseniT hipoTezis marTebuloba.

§ 2.5. dieleqtrikis polarizacia.

dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

1. qmnis Tu ara eleqtrul vels eleq­truli di-

polebi dieleq­ trikis SigniT (sur. 56.1)? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?
sur. 56.1

eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT (sur. 56.2,a), eleqtruli dipoli Semobrundeba

da ise dadgeba, rogorc 56.2,b suraTzea gamosaxuli.

a
sur. 56.2 sur. 56.3

56.3 suraTze polaruli di­ eleq­­ triki erTgvarovan eleq­ trul velSi – li-
Tonis or pa­ralelur fir­fitas Sori­saa moTav­sebuli, fir­fitebi sa­pi­ris­piro
niSnis mux­
tiTaa damuxtuli. ele­ q­truli veli Ti­­Toeul molekulaze – eleq­
trul dipo­lze moqmedebs ZalebiT, rom­lebic cdilobs dipoli Semoabrunos da
misi RerZi daayenos velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv (sur. 56.2,a). amis gamo dadebiTi
muxtebi wainacvlebs eleqtruli velis daZabulobis mimarTulebiT, uaryofiTebi
ki – sapirispiro mxares (sur. 56.2,b).
dieleqtrikis bmuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis sapirispiro mimar-
TulebiT wanacvlebas polarizacia ewodeba.
radgan molekulebis qaosuri siTburi moZraoba ewinaaRmdegeba dipolebis
mowesrigebuli orientaciis Seqmnas, Zalwirebis gaswvriv ganlagdeba di­polebis
mxolod nawili. es imas niSnavs, rom saSualod velis gaswvriv ori­entirebuli
dipolebis raodenoba metia, vidre velis sapirispirod orientirebuli di-
polebisa.
amgvarad, eleqtrul velSi dieleqtrikis zedapirze dadebiTad damuxtul
firfitasTan, upiratesad, dipolTa uaryofiTi muxtebi gan-
lagdeba, uaryofiTad damuxtul firfitasTan ki – dadebiTi.
dieleq­trikis zedapirze Cndeba e. w. bmuli muxtebi (sur. 56.3).
dieleqtrikis SigniT ki dipolTa dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis jami isev nuli rCeba.
dieleqtrikis zedapirze warmoqmnili bmuli muxtebi die-
leqtrikis SigniT qmnis gare velis sapirispirod mimarTul
eleqtrul vels, ris gamoc dieleqtrikSi veli sustdeba.
bmuli muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis Zalwirebi 56.4 suraTze
punqtiriTaa gamosaxuli. superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad,
sur. 56.4
jamuri veli dieleqtrikis SigniT ufro sustia, vidre gare

29856
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-

is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. varaudis gamoTqmis, analizis da sinTezis unarebis ganviTareba.
. dieleqtrikis polarizaciis axsna.
. dieleqtrikebis eleqtruli Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba.

1. radgan siTburi moZraobis gamo eleqtruli dipolebi dieleqtrikis SigniT

uwesrigodaa ganlagebuli, dieleqtrikis SigniT eleqtruli veli ar arsebobs.

56′299
 moswavlis wigni
eleqtruli veli (sur. 57.1). Tu ramdenad Sesustdeba veli,
damokidebulia dieleqtrikis Tvisebebze.
dieleqtrikis eleqtrul Tvisebebs axasiaTeben fizikuri
sididiT – dieleq­tri­
kuli SeRwevadobiT.
garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba fizikuri sididea,
romelic gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleqtruli velis
daZabulobis moduli erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi imave
Tavisufali muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis 0 daZabulobis
sur. 57.1
modulze vakuumSi.
E0
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba aRvniSnoT ε-iT: e = . for-
E
mula marTebulia mxo­lod erTgvarovani velisaTvis, sadac E0 aris eleqtruli
velis daZabulo­bis moduli vakuumSi, E – dieleqtrikSi. vakuumic dieleqtrikia.
vakuumis die­
le­
q­trikuli SeRwevadoba miRebulia 1-is tolad. zogierTi niv-
Tierebis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba mocemulia cxrilSi 105-e gv-ze.


2. Tqveni varaudiT, rogor Seicvleba dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli wer-
tilovani muxtis da gamtari damux­
tuli sferos mier Seqmnili velis daZ-
abuloba? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

ε dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis erTgvarovan garemoSi wertilovani muxtis

da gamtari damuxtuli sferos mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba centridan r
|q|
manZilze ganisazRvreba E=k 2 formuliT. roca sferos centridan r manZili
er
naklebia sferos R radiusze, maSin E=0. damuxtuli gamtaris sferos SigniT
eleqtruli veli ar arsebobs. damuxtuli gamtari sibrtyis mier Seqmnili
2p|s|
velis daZabuloba ganisazRvreba E=k formuliT.
e

3. rogor Seicvleba ori wertilovani damuxtuli sxeulis urTierTq-
medebis Zala dieleqtrikSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis Zala damokidebulia am sxeulTa So-

ris arsebuli garemos Tvisebebze. damuxtul sxeulTa urTierTqmedebis Zala
dieleqtrikSi naklebia, vidre vakuumSi.
erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi moTavsebuli muxtebisaTvis kulonis kanoni ase
|q 1 |.|q 2 |
Caiwereba: F=k .
er 2

4. Tqveni varaudiT, mniSvnelovania Tu ara haeris gavlena muxtebis urT-
ierTqmedebis Zalaze? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
5. aris Tu ara msoflio mizidulobis Zala damokidebuli im garemos
Tvisebebze, romelSic urTierTmimzidavi sxeulebia moTavsebuli?
6. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa da kulonis
kanons Soris?

30057
maswavleblis wigni
2. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli dieleqtriki polarizdeba. polarizebu-
li bmuli muxtebi yovelTvis qmnis ZiriTadi velis sapirispirod mimarTul
eleqtrul vels. superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, dieleqtrikis SigniT
moTavsebuli, wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba mcirdeba
e-jer. e-garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa.

3. Semcirdeba ε-jer.

4. haeris gavlena muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zalaze umniSvneloa, misi di-

eleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba TiTqmis erTis tolia.

5. msoflio mizidulobis Zala ar aris damokidebuli im garemos Tvisebebze,

romelSic sxeulebia moTavsebuli. erTi da imave manZiliT daSorebuli ori
sxeuli vakuumsa da wyalSi erTi da imave ZaliT izidavs erTmaneTs.
mM |q1||q2|
6. msoflio mizidulobis kanonsa F = G da kulonis kanons F = k
R 2
R2
erTi da igive saxe aqvs. msoflio mizidulobis kanonSi muxtebis nacvlad Se-
dis masebi, k koeficientis rols ki gravitaciuli mudmiva asrulebs. msoflio
mizidulobis Zala ar aris damokidebuli garemos Tvisebebze, kulonis Zala ki
damokidebulia garemos eleqtrul Tvisebebze. sxeulebi msoflio mizidulo-
bis ZaliT yovelTvis izidavs erTmaneTs, eleqtruli muxtebi ki – an izidaven
erTmaneTs, an ganizidaven imis mixedviT, rogori niSani aqvT.

57′301
 moswavlis wigni

dieleqtrikis polarizacia: https://bit.ly/3iZf4wB

(resursi Seqmnilia ganaTlebis reformis procesSi, „axali
skolis modelis" farglebSi. igi xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis).

vici, rom:

dieleqtrikis bmuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis sapirispiro

mimarTulebiT wanacvlebas polarizacia ewodeba.
garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba aris fizikuri sidide, romelic
gviCvenebs, ramdenjer naklebia eleqtruli velis daZabulobis modu-
li erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi imave Tavisufali muxtebis mier Seqmnili
velis 0
daZabulobis modulze vakuumSi.

savarjiSo

1. 6.10-5 g masis mtvris namceci uZravadaa or paralelur gamtar damuxtuli

firfitebis eleqtrul velSi (sur. 58.1). gansazRvreT namcecis muxtis niSani
da masze eleqtruli velis mxridan moqmedi Zala.

sur. 58.1

2. aCveneT, rogor Semobrundeba 58.2 suraTze gamosaxul eleqtrul velSi

eleqtruli dipolebi?

sur. 58.2

3. minisa da damiwebul foladis firfitebze metaluri folgis patar-pa-

tara naWrebia. damuxtuli sxeuli romeli firfitidan miizidavs ufro Zlierad
naWrebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

30258
maswavleblis wigni
1. mtvris namceci gawonas­wo­robulia. es imas niSnavs, rom
masze eleqtruli ve­lisagan moq­me­di Zalis moduli simZimis
Zalis modulis tolia da mis sapiris­pirodaa mimar­Tuli
(sur. 58′.1) F = mg ≈ 6.10-7 n. namceci uaryo­fiTadaa damuxtuli.

2. eleqtruli dipolebi Semobrun­deba ise, rom dadebiTi

muxti iqneba marjvniv (sur. 58′.2). sur. 58′.1

3. folgis naWrebi foladis firfitidan ufro Zlierad

miizideba, radganac isini daimuxtebian im sxeulis muxtis
sapirispiro niSnis muxtiT, romelsac maT mivuaxloebT.

sur. 58′.2

yuradReba gaamaxvileT 1-el savarjiSoze. moswavleebs gauaqtiurebT winare

codnas, rac kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ – dasamuSaveblad
sWirdebaT. maswavleblebs dagexmarebaT qvemoT moyvanili amoxsnebi. am davalebis
Sesasruleblad, moswavleebs mouwevT safuZvlianad gaimeoron naswavli masala.

ganagrZeT savarjiSoebze muSaoba, riTac ganimtkicebT codnas, kerZod, simZimis

Zalisa da simZimis Zalis muSaobis Sesaxeb, aseve gravitaciul velSi potenciur
energiaze. es mniSvnelovania kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ –
dasamuSaveblad.

58′303
 moswavlis wigni

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

1. ra SemTxvevaSi aqvs sxeulTa sistemas energia?

2. aqvs Tu ara energia dedamiwis zedapiridan aweul sxeuls? rogori ener­
gia? pasuxis marTebuloba ganamtkiceT msjelobiT.
3. aqvs Tu ara energia eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul sxeuls? axseniT, ra-
tom fiqrobT ase?

I. nulovani donidan aTvlili h1 simaRlidan h2 simaR­lemde gadasvlisas

(sur. 59.1) m masis sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zalis muSaoba udris
potenciuri energiis cvlilebas mopirdapire niSniT, e.i.
A=–(mgh2–mgh1)=–(Epot2–Epot1), (1)
sadac Epot2=mgh2, Epot1=mgh1, Sesabamisad, saboloo da sawyis mdeba­reobaSi
sxeulis potenciuri energiebia.

II. wirs, romelsac sxeulis romelime wertili Semowers, am wertilis

moZraobis traeqtoria ewodeba.

4. I da II winadadebebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT: M

M wertilidan N wertilSi (sur. 59.1) sxeulis nebismieri
traeqtoriiT Camotanisas simZimis Zalis muSaoba: ∆h
a. dadebiTia da traeqtoriis sigrZis pirdapirpropor-
ciulia; h1
b. dadebiTia da traeqtoriis formaze ar aris damo­ N
kidebuli; h2
g. uaryofiTia da traeqtoriis sigrZis pirdapirpropor-
ciulia;
d. uaryofiTia da traeqtoriis formaze ar aris damo­ sur. 59.1
kidebuli.

5. I da II winadadebebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT:

N wertilidan M wertilSi sxeulis nebismieri traeqtoriiT atanisas
simZimis Zalis muSaoba:
a. dadebiTia da traeqtoriis sigrZis pirdapirproporciulia;
b. dadebiTia da traeqtoriis formaze ar aris damokidebuli;
g. uaryofiTia da traeqtoriis sigrZis pirdapirproporciulia;
d. uaryofiTia da traeqtoriis formaze ar aris damokidebuli.

6. I da II winadadebebis gamoyenebiT upasuxeT:

Tu sxeuli raime wertilidan moZraobisas h simaRleze nebismieri
traeqtoriiT adis da Semdeg imave doneze brundeba, maSin simZimis
Zalis muSaobaa:
a. nuli; b. 2mgh; g. –2mgh; d. mgh; e. –mgh.

30459
maswavleblis wigni

1. sxeulTa sistemas aqvs energia, Tu mas aqvs muSaobis Sesrulebis unari.

2. dedamiwis zedapiridan aweul sxeuls aqvs muSaobis Sesrulebis unari

(gaTavisuflebis Semdeg masze moqmedi simZimis Zala Seasrulebs muSaobas), e.i.
aqvs energia. am energias potenciuri energia ewodeba.
3. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul damuxtul sxeulze eleqtruli veli moqme-
debs ZaliT. Tu sxeuls amoZravebis saSualeba aqvs, es Zala Seasrulebs muSaobas.

4 5 6
b d a

59′305
 moswavlis wigni
• aqvs Tu ara energia eleqtrul velSi moTavsebul damuxtul sxeuls?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 2.6. damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri energia

erTgvarovan eleqtrostatikur velSi
vTqvaT, q wertilovani muxti moTavse­bulia erTgvarovani – +
eleqtruli velis M wertilSi. ganvsazRvroT muSaoba, romel-
sac asrulebs eleqtruli veli M wertilidan imave Zalwirze
mdebare N wertilSi q muxtis gadaadgilebisas. M wertili
d2
uaryofiTad damuxtuli firfi­tidan d1 manZilzea, N wertili N M

ki – d2-ze (sur. 60.1). d1

A=F(d1–d2), (1)
sadac F – eleqtrul velSi q muxtze moqmedi Zalis modulia. B D
F=qE, (2) sur. 60.1
sadac E aris firfitebs Soris eleqtruli velis daZabulobis
moduli.
(2) (1) ⇒ A=qE(d1–d2)=–(qEd2–qEd1)=qEd, (3) sadac d≡d1–d2.
vnaxoT, eleqtruli velis mier muxtis gadaadgilebisas – +
Sesrulebuli muSaoba damokidebulia Tu ara traeqtoriis
formaze. ganvsazRvroT M wertilidan N-Si muxtis gadaadg-
ilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba nebismieri mrudis gaswvriv.
muSaobis gansazRvrisas traeqtoria SeiZleba SevcvaloT mcire N M
safexurebis mqone texili wirebiT (sur. 60.2). im safexurebis
gaswvriv moZraobisas, romlebic marTobia daZabulobisa,
eleqtruli veli muSaobas ar asrulebs. -s paralelur
B D
safe­xurebze horizontaluri monakveTebis sigrZeTa jami
sur. 60.2
aris d=d1–d2, amitom Sesrulebuli muSaoba ganisazRvreba (3)
formuliT.
miviReT: eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaad­
gilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba damokidebuli ar aris traeqtoriis formaze
da ganisazRvreba A=qEd formuliT.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT: Tu muSaoba damokidebuli ar aris sxeulis traeqto-
riis formaze, maSin is tolia sxeulis potenciuri energiis cvlilebisa sa-
pirispiro niSniT:
(3) ⇒ A=–(Epot2–Epot1), (4)
sadac Epot1=qEd1 da Epot2=qEd2 muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energiebia sawyis da saboloo mdebareobaSi, d1 da d2 – manZilebi, aTvlili
potenciuri energiis nulovani donidan. potenciuri energiis nulovani done,
rogorc mizidulobis ZalTa SemTxvevaSia, nebismierad SeirCeva. (4) formula
marTebulia nebismieri eleqtrostatikuri velisaTvis. kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca
veli erTgvarovania, potenciuri energia gamoisaxeba Epot=qEd (5) formuliT,
sadac d aris potenciuri energiis nulovani donidan aTvlili manZili.
SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: eleqtrostatikur velSi muxtis velTan
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia damokidebulia rogorc eleqtrul
velze, aseve muxtsa da nulovani donidan aTvlil manZilze.

30660
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-

is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

§2.6-Si warmodgenili masala im sakiTxebs Seexeba, rac saWiroa kompleqsuri

davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ – dasamuSaveblad, kerZod, pirvel Sefasebis
kriteriumze muSaobisas. gaixseneT energiis saxeebi da muSaobis cneba, imsjeleT
damuxtuli sxeulis energiaze eleqtrostatikul velSi, ra kavSiria energiis cvl-
ilebasa da eleqtruli velis muSaobas Soris. am sakiTxebis ganxilviT, daamuSavebT
kompleqsuri davalebis aRniSnul kriteriums (ra saxis energia aqvs damuxtul
sxeuls eleqtrostatikur velSi da rogor ukavSirdeba am energiis cvlileba ele-
qtruli velis muSaobas? ra msgavsebaa eleqtrul da gravitaciul velSi sxeulis
energiis cvlilebas Soris?).

60′307
 moswavlis wigni


1. Tqveni varaudiT, rogor icvleba damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri
energia, rodesac veli dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs? kinetikuri energia?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
2. Tqveni varaudiT, rogor icvleba damuxtuli sxeulis potenciuri
energia, rodesac veli uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs? kinetikuri energia?
pasuxi daasabuTeT.
3. gansazRvreT velis muSaoba Caketil traeqtoriaze, roca muxti sawyis
wertilSi brundeba.
vels, romelSic nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
nulis tolia, konservatiuli veli ewodeba.


4. rogori velia gravitaciuli? eleqtro­
statikuri? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

simZimis Zalis muSaoba grafikulad:

https://bit.ly/37Vp1ZY
eleqtruli da gravitaciuli vele­bis
analogiebis cxrili
https://bit.ly/3IY3exB

vici, rom:

eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaad­gilebisas

Sesrulebuli muSaoba damokidebuli ar aris traeqtoriis formaze da
ganisazRvreba A=qEd formuliT.
eleqtrostatikur velSi muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenci-
uri energia damokidebulia rogorc eleqtrul velze, aseve muxtsa da
nulovani donidan aTvlil manZilze.
vels, romelSic nebismier Caketil traeqtoriaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
nulis tolia, konservatiuli veli ewodeba.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

daasaxeleT fizikuri sidideebi, romlebzec aris damokidebuli grav-

itaciul velSi moTavsebuli sxeulis potenciuri energia.
Epot mgh
gh
m = m =
daukvirdiT Canawers:
gravitaciul velSi sxeulis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am sxeulis
masasTan, aris Tu ara damokidebuli masaze? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

30861
maswavleblis wigni

1,2. rodesac veli dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, maSin damuxtuli sxeulis

potenciuri energia mcirdeba ∆Epot<0. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad,
erTdroulad izrdeba kinetikuri energia. rodesac veli uaryofiT muSaobas
asrulebs, maSin ∆Epot>0 potenciuri energia matulobs, kinetikuri klebulobs:
nawilaki muxruWdeba.

3. Caketil traeqtoriaze, roca muxti sawyis wertilSi brundeba, velis

muSaoba nulis tolia: marTlac, A=∆Epot=–(Epot2–Epot1)=0, radganac Epot2=Epot1=qEd.

4. radgan gravitaciul da eleqtrostatikur velebSi Caketil traeqtori-

aze Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis tolia, gravitaciuli da eleqtrostatikuri
velebi potenciuri velebia.

61′309
 moswavlis wigni
• gravitaciul velSi sxeulis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am sxe­
ulis masasTan, aris Tu ara damokidebuli masaze? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

§ 2.7. eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali

da potencialTa sxvaoba

1. daasaxeleT fizikuri sidideebi, romlebzec damokidebulia eleqtro-
statikur velSi moTavsebuli muxtis velTan urTier­Tqme­debis potenciuri
energia.

erT­
gvarovan eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli wertilovani muxtis vel­
Tan
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis Epot=qEd (1) formulidan gamomdi­nareobs:
Epot
. (2)
q =Ed

2. romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli eleqtros­ tatikur velSi
muxtis velTan urTierT­qmedebis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba muxtTan?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
3. rogor fiqrobT, velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebuli nebismieri
muxtisTvis erTi da igivea Tu ara muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis
potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am muxtTan?

(2) ⇒ muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am

muxtTan damokidebuli ar aris velSi moTavsebul muxtze. igi velis mocemul
wertilSi moTavsebuli nebismieri muxtisaTvis erTi da igivea, amitom es
Sefardeba SeiZleba eleqtrostatikuri velis raodenobriv maxasiaTeblad
miviCnioT – es samarTliania araerTgvarovani velisTvisac.
vuwodoT mas eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali da aRvniSnoT ϕ-Ti.
Epot
ϕ= q . (3) (3) ⇒ Epot=qϕ. (4)
eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali ewodeba velSi moTavsebuli werti­
lovani muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis Sefardebas am
mux­tTan. sxva sityvebiT, potenciali ricxobrivad tolia erTeuli muxtis
ener­giisa velSi.
praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs ara TviT potencials wertilSi, aramed or
wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaobas, romelic damokidebuli ar aris nulovani
donis arCevaze.
eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleq-
truli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
A=–(Epot2–Epot1)=–(qEd2–qEd1). (5)
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Ed2=ϕ2 da Ed1=ϕ1, miviRebT:
A=–q(ϕ2–ϕ1)=–q∆ϕ=q(ϕ1–ϕ2), (6)
sadac ∆ϕ=(ϕ2–ϕ1) aris traeqtoriis bolo da sawyisi wertilebis poten­
cialis
mniSvnelobebis sxvaoba – potencialis cvlileba. mis nacvlad gamoviyenoT
traeqtoriis sawyisi da bolo wertilebis potencialis mniSvnelobaTa sxva­
oba – potencialTa sxvaoba. mas Zabva ewodeba. aRvniSnoT igi U-Ti.

31062
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-

is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. saazrovno unar-Cvevebis _ gamoyenebis, analizis da sinTezis ganviTareba.
. eleqtruli velis erT-erTi maxasiaTeblis _ potencialis da potencialTa
sxvaobis fizikuri azris dadgena.

§2.7 ZiriTadi resursia kompleqsuri davalebisaTvis – „superkondensatore-

bi~. ufro zustad ki, am masalis Seswavla moswavleebs miiyvans davalebis pirveli
SekiTxvis pasuxebamde. (ra saxis energia aqvs damuxtul sxeuls eleqtrostatikur
velSi da rogor ukavSirdeba am energiis cvlileba eleqtruli velis muSaobas? ra
msgavsebaa eleqtrul da gravitaciul velSi sxeulis energiis cvlilebas Soris?).

1. muxtis erTgvarovani eleqtrostatikur velTan erTierTqmedebis potenci-

uri energia ganisazRvreba formuliT Epot=qEd, (1) sadac q aris daZabulobis
velSi Setanili wertilovani muxti, d _ manZili potencialis nulovani donidan.
(1)⇒ potenciuri energia damokidebulia rogorc eleqtruli velis daZab-
ulobaze, aseve muxtze da nulovani donidan daSorebaze.

2, 3. (2) ⇒ muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba

muxtTan damokidebulia eleqtruli velis daZabulobaze da nulovani donidan
manZilze. igi ar aris damokidebuli velSi Setanil muxtze.

62′311
 moswavlis wigni
A
U=ϕ1–ϕ2= q . (7) (7)⇒ A=qU. (8)

or wertils Soris Zabva tolia erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadaad­

gilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis fardobisa am muxtTan. Zabvis
codna saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismieri eleqtruli wredisaTvis ganvsazRvroT
muSaoba, romelsac Seasrulebs eleqtruli veli rozetis erTi kontaqtidan
meoreSi erTeuli muxtis gadatanisas.
davadginoT SI-Si Zabvis erTeuli.
davuSvaT, q=1 k, A=1 j, maSin (7) ⇒ or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba
(Zabva) tolia erTeulisa, Tu 1 k muxtis gadatanisas erTi wertilidan meoreSi
eleqtruli veli asrulebs 1 j muSaobas. am erTe­uls volti (1 v) ewodeba.
1j
1v= .
1k

vTqvaT, daZabulobis erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi

Zalwirebis gaswvriv A-dan B wertilSi gadaadgilda q A d B
muxti ∆d manZilze (sur. 63.1). am dros eleqtruli velis
muSaoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT formulebiT:
sur. 63.1
A=qEd, (9) A=q(ϕ1–ϕ2), (10)
sadac ϕ1 da ϕ2, Sesabamisad, A da B wertilebis potencialebia.
ϕ1–ϕ2 U
(9)∧(10) ⇒ qEd=q(ϕ1-ϕ2) ⇒ E = .
d = d
(11)

(11) ⇒ rac ufro naklebad icvleba velis potenciali d manZilze, miT

naklebia eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba.


4. dadebiTia Tu uaryofiTi eleqtruli velis muSaoba daZabulobis
mimarTulebiT dadebiTi muxtis gadaadgilebisas? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
5. A=q(ϕ1–ϕ2) formulidan gamoitaneT daskvna, romelia meti: ϕ1 Tu ϕ2?

SeiZleba davaskvnaT: eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia poten-

cialis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
Tu eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli Tavi­sufali eleqtronis sawyisi siCqare
nulia, maSin velis moqmedebiT igi iwyebs aCqarebul moZraobas, amitom misi
siCqare, e.i. kinetikuri energia, izrdeba.
energia, romelsac eleqtroni SeiZens eleqtrul velSi moZraobisas,
rodesac gadava erTi wertilidan meore – potencialiT 1v-iT ufro maRal
wertilSi, cnobilia 1 eleqtronvoltis (1ev) saxelwodebiT.
ganvsazRvroT, ramdeni joulia 1 ev.
eleqtronis mier SeZenili kinetikuri energia eleqtruli velis mier Ses-
rulebuli muSaobis tolia A=eU, (12)
sadac e=-1,6.10-19 k eleqtronis muxtia, U = –1v.
(12): 1 ev = 1,6.10-19 j.

31263
maswavleblis wigni

am gverdze moyvanili masalidan gamovyofT me-4 da me-5 kiTxvebs, romelTa da-

muSavebac emsaxureba kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ – pirve-
li Sefasebis kriteriumis Sesrulebas. amitomac Setanilia davalebaSi, rogorc
nabiji 1-is aqtivoba 5. aqve qvemoT gTavazobT pasuxebs aRniSnul SekiTxvebze, rac
gakveTilze muSaobas gagiadvilebT. ufro konkretulad, am kiTxvebze pasuxi aris
nabiji imis gasaazreblad, Tu ra saxis energia aqvs damuxtul sxeuls eleqtrostati-
kur velSi da rogor ukavSirdeba am energiis cvlileba eleqtruli velis muSaobas?
ra msgavsebaa eleqtrul da gravitaciul velSi sxeulis energiis cvlilebas Soris?
paragrafis moswavleebTan erTad damuSavebiT, amavdroulad, upasuxebT kiTx-
vebs, rasac kompleqsuri davaleba iTvaliswinebs da samizne cnebis konstruirebazea
orientirebuli (SekiTxvebi moyvanilia Sua svetSi, aqtivobaTa CamonaTvalis Semdeg).

4. radgan muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba emTxveva gadaadgilebis mimar-

Tulebas, amitom A>0.

5. radgan A>0, amitom A=q(ϕ1-ϕ2) formulidan gamomdinareobs, ϕ1>ϕ2, e.i. ele-

qtruli veli mimarTulia potencialis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.

63′313
 moswavlis wigni

eleqtruli veli:
https://bit.ly/3JDxBub
eleqtruli da gravitaciuli velebis analo­giebis
cxrili:
eleqtruli veli – damokidebuleba manZilze:
https://bit.ly/3J3Oj56
eleqtruli veli – damokidebuleba muxtze:
https://bit.ly/3qUm2Yq
eleqtruli veli:
https://bit.ly/3tV6pSa
(resursi Seqmnilia ganaTlebis reformis procesSi, „axali skolis modelis~ far-
glebSi. igi xelmisawvdomia yvelasaTvis).

vici, rom:

eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali ewodeba velSi moTavsebuli

werti­
l ovani muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis
Sefardebas am mux­tTan. sxva sityvebiT, potenciali ricxobrivad tolia
erTeuli muxtis ener­ giisa velSi.
or wertils Soris Zabva tolia erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis
gadaadgilebisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis fardobisa am muxtTan.
or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba (Zabva) tolia erTeulisa,
Tu 1 k muxtis gadatanisas erTi wertilidan meoreSi eleqtruli veli
asrulebs 1 j muSaobas. am erTe­
uls volti (1 v) ewodeba.
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia potencialis Semcirebis
mimarTulebiT.
energia, romelsac eleqtroni SeiZens eleqtrul velSi moZraobisas,
rodesac gadava erTi wertilidan meore – potencialiT 1v-iT ufro maRal
wertilSi, cnobilia 1 eleqtronvoltis (1ev) saxelwodebiT.

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

l sigrZis Zafze dakidebuli m masis burTula moduliT mudmivi siCqariT

brunavs Sveulad qveviT mimarTul E daZabulobis erTgvarovan eleqtrul
velSi. Sveulidan Zafis gadaxris kuTxea a. gansazRvreT burTulis kineti-
kuri energia Tu misi muxtia q.

amoxsna

mv2 Y
Ekin= 2 , (1) sadac v sxeulis siCqaris modulia.
a
burTulaze moqmedi simZimis , eleqtruli

da Tokis daWimulobis Zalebi gamosaxulia 64.1

a
suraTze.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad sxeulze moqmedi X
Zalebis tolqmedi:
sur. 64.1
+ + =m . (2)

31464
maswavleblis wigni

gakveTilis procesSi moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom eleqtruli velis

meore maxasiaTebeli sidide – potenciali – velis mocemul wertilSi moT-
avsebuli nebismieri muxtisTvis erTi da igivea da ar aris damokidebuli am
muxtis sidideze. potenciali skalaruli sidide – iseve, rogorc daZabuloba.
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs potencialTa sxvaobas, Zabvas.
eleqtruli velis daZabulobasa da potencialTa sxvaobas Soris arsebobs
ϕ –ϕ U
kavSiri. E = 1 2 = . eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mimarTulia potencialis
Dd Dd
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.

64′315
 moswavlis wigni
X RerZi mivmarToT horizontalurad wrewiris centrisken, Y RerZi Sveulad
zeviT (sur.64.1).
(2)-is geg(X): Qsina=max. (3)
mg+F
geg(Y): -mg-F+Qcosa=0 ⇒ Q= cosa . (4)
v2
ax= . (5) F=qE. (6) R=lsina. (7)
R
mg+qE mv2
(6) (4) ⇒ Q= . (8) (7) (5) (3) ⇒ Qsina= ⇒ mv2=Qlsin2a. (9)
cosa lsina
(mg+qE)lsin2a
(8) (9) ⇒ mv2= cosa . (10)

(mg+qE)lsin2a
(10) (1) ⇒ Ekin= . (10)
2cosa

testi

1. eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi q muxtis nacvlad 2q muxtis moTavsebiT

am wertilis potenciali:
a. orjer gaizrdeba; b. orjer Semcirdeba;
g. oTxjer gaizrdeba; d. ar Seicvleba.
2. Tu 12v potencialTa sxvaobis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadatanisas
eleqtruli veli asrulebs 6.10–3 j muSaobas, maSin am muxtis sididea:
a. 72.10–3 k; b. 18.10–3 k; g. 2.10–3 k; d. 0,5.10–3 k.
3. Tu liTonis sxvadasxva radiusis burTulebs muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive
erTnairi aqvT, maSin didi radiusis burTulis potenciali:
a. metia patara burTulis potencialze;
b. naklebia patara burTulis potencialze;
g. iseTivea, rogoric patara burTulis potenciali;
d. pataras potencialis naxevaria.
4. sapirispiro niSnis ori wertilovani muxtis daSorebisas maTi urTierTq-
medebis potenciuri energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba; d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

gravitaciul velSi romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli sxeulis

potenciuri energia?

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

• gravitaciul velSi sxeulis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am sxe­

ulis masasTan, aris Tu ara damokidebuli masaze? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

31665
maswavleblis wigni

testis pasuxi

1 2 3 4
d d a a

65′317
 moswavlis wigni
• gravitaciul velSi sxeulis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am sxe­
ulis masasTan, aris Tu ara damokidebuli masaze? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

§ 2.8. ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis

potenciuri energia. wertilovani muxtis
potenciali


1. rogor urTierTqmedebs 66.1 suraTze gamosaxuli R manZiliT daSore-
buli ori Q da q dadebiTi wertilovani muxtebi erTmaneTze?
2. aqvT Tu ara Q da q muxtebs urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri R

energia im muSaobis tolia, romelsac +Q A B
Seasrulebs maTi ur­Ti­erTqmedebis eleq- +q
truli Zala muxtebis us­ as­
rulod daSo- r1
rebisas, e.i. iseT manZilze daSorebisas, r2
rodesac maTi urTierTqmedebis Za­ l is r
moduli, praqtikulad, nuls utoldeba. sur. 66.1
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, Q damagrebu-
lia, q ki gadaadgildeba – scildeba Q-s
maTi SemaerTebeli wrfis gaswvriv (sur. 66.1).
ganvsazRvroT muSaoba, romelsac eleqtruli veli Seasrulebs q muxtis A
wertilidan iseT B wertilSi gadaadgilebisas, romelic r manZiliTaa daSore-
buli Q muxtidan.
kulonis kanonis Tanaxmad, q muxtze moqmedi Zalis moduli
Qq
F=k . (1)
R2

3. rogori Zala asrulebs muSaobas q muxtis gadaadgilebisas: mudmivi
Tu cvladi? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

cvladi Zalis muSaobis gansazRvrisaTvis AB = r – R manZili davyoT Zalian

mcire ubnebad, raTa TiToeul ubanze Zalis cvlileba imdenad umniSvnelo iyos,
rom SegveZlos am ubanze Zala mudmivad CavTvaloT. ganvsazRvroT TiToeul
ubanze Sesrulebuli muSaoba, SevkriboT isini da miviRebT mTel gzaze Ses-
rulebul muSaobas. pirveli, meore da a. S. ubnebis bolo wertilebis daSoreba
Q muxtidan aRvniSnoT, Sesabamisad, r1, r2, ..., r.
pirveli ubnis dasawyisSi da mis bolos q muxtze moqmedi Zalebis modulebi,
Sesabamisad, tolia:
Qq Qq
F1 = k , (2) F2 = k . (3)
R2 r12
radgan R≈r1, F1 da F2 Zalebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. amitom
mosaxerxebelia aviRoT maTi aseTi mniSvneloba:
Qq
F1 ≈ F2 ≡ F = k . (4)
R.r1

31866
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;

fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-

is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa

urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;

fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-

baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

§2.8-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis – „su-

perkondensatorebi~ – amoxsnisaken. kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis meore Sefase-
bis kriteriums, ris gamoc es paragrafi nabiji 2-is resursebSia moyvanili. (romeli
fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kondensatoris ideas? rogor imuxteba da
ganimuxteba kondensatori? romeli fizikuri sidideebi icvleba da romeli rCeba
ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli
kondensatoris energia?).

1. muxtebi ganizidebian.

2. aqvT, radgan daSorebisas eleqtruli Zalebi asruleben muSaobas.

3. muSaobas asrulebs cvladi Zala.

66′319
 moswavlis wigni

Qq 1 1
pirvel ubanze Sesrulebuli muSaoba: A1 = k (r –R)=kQq – .
R.r1 1 R r1
analogiurad SegviZlia davweroT meore da a. S. ubnebze Sesrulebuli muSa­
obebi:
1 1
A2 = kQq – ,
r1 r2
- - - - - - - - - - -
1 1
An = kQq – .
rn-1 r
1 1
am muSaobebis SekrebiT miviRebT: A = kQq – . (5)
R r

meore mxriv, Sesrulebuli muSaoba udris Q da q muxtebis urTierTqmedebis

potenciuri energiis cvlilebas mopirdapire niSniT, e. i. A=–(Epot2–Epot1). (6)
1 1
(5)∧(6) ⇒ kQq – = –(Epot2 – Epot1). (7)
R r
muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia rom ganvsazRvroT, unda
SevTanxmdeT, saidan daviwyoT potenciuri energiis aTvla, e.i. romel mde-
bareobaSia potenciuri energia nulis toli. pirobiT Tvlian, rom potenciuri
energia nuls udris maSin, rodesac sxeulebi usasrulod didi manZiliTaa
erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli (aseTi daSveba bunebrivia, radgan potenciuri en-
ergia aris urTierTqmedebis energia, xolo usasrulod daSorebuli sxeulebi
praqtikulad ar urTierTqmedeben). davuSvaT, rodesac r→∞, maSin Epot2=0.
Qq
(7) ⇒ Epot = k . (8)
R
aseTi saxe aqvs ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri en-
ergiis ganmsazRvrel formulas. ε dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis erTgvarovani
Qq
garemosaTvis Epot = k . (9)
eR

4. rogor icvleba erTnairniSniani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia muxtebs Soris manZilis SemcirebiT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

Tu Q da q muxtebi erTnairi niSnisaa, maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri

energia dadebiTia.
Tu muxtebs sapirispiro niSnebi aqvT, maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis poten-
ciuri energia uaryofiTia. energiis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba nulis tolia
maSin, roca R→∞. rac metia R, miT met muSaobas Seasrulebs mizidvis Zalebi
muxtebis miaxloebisas.

5. rogori unda iyos sapirispiro niSnis muxtebs Soris manZili, rom maTi
urTierTqmedebis energia maqsimaluri iyos? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. rogor icvleba sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis urTierTqmedebis poten-
ciuri energia muxtebs Soris manZilis SemcirebiT? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. ra aris velis mocemuli wertilis potenciali?

vTqvaT, veli Seqmnilia Q wertilovani muxtiT. am muxtis velSi misgan R man-

ZiliT daSorebul wertilSi movaTavsoT q muxti. maSin am wertilSi potenciali

32067
maswavleblis wigni

4. radgan muxtebis miaxloebisas muSaoba sruldeba kulonuri ganzidvis

Zalebis dasaZlevad, erTnairniSniani muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia izrdeba maT Soris manZilis SemcirebiT.)
Tu muxtebs sapirispiro niSnebi aqvs, maSin maTi urTierTqmedebis poten-
ciuri energia uaryofiTia. energiis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba nulis tolia
maSin, roca R→∞. rac metia R, miT met muSaobas Seasrulebs mizidvis Zalebi
muxtebis miaxloebisas.

5. (8) ⇒ sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia

maqsimaluria _ nulia, rodesac muxtebi usasrulod didi manZiliT arian
daSorebuli R→∞.

6. sapirispiro niSnis muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia uary-

ofiTia, maTi miaxloebisas damuxtuli sxeulebis mizidulobis Zalebi asrulebs
muSaobas, amitom sistemis potenciuri energia mcirdeba.)

7. eleqtrostatikuri velis mocemuli wertilis potenciali aris velSi

Epot
moTavsebuli muxtis potenciuri energiis Sefardeba am muxtTan ϕ= . (9))
q

67′321
 moswavlis wigni
Epot
ϕ= , (10)
q
Q Q
(8)∧(9) (10) ⇒ ϕ = k
. (11) erTgvarovan dieleqtrikSi ϕ = k . (12)
R eR
am formulebiT ganisazRvreba Q wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili velis
potenciali misgan R manZilze.
Tu velis Semqmneli muxti uaryofiTia, am velis nebismier wertilSi poten-
ciali uaryofiTia.
vTqvaT, veli Seqmnilia ramdenime q1, q2, ..., qn muxtiT. superpoziciis princi-
pis Tanaxmad, nebismier wertilSi velis potenciali ganisazRvreba TiToeuli
muxtis velis ϕ1, ϕ2, ..., ϕn potencialTa algebruli jamiT: ϕ=ϕ1+ϕ2+ ... +ϕn. (13)


8. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, marTebulia Tu ara me-11 formula Tanabrad
damuxtuli gamtari sferos potencialisaTvis? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
9. 10 sm radiusis birTvs gadasces 10-7 k muxti. gansazRvreT birTvis
zedapiris potenciali da SeadareT birTvis Sida wertilebis potencialebs.

vici, rom:

ori wertilovani muxtis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia gani-

Qq
sazRvreba formuliT: Epot = k .
eR
R radiusis da q muxtis gamtari sferos velis potenciali misi cen-
Q
tridan r manZilze ganisazRvreba formuliT ϕ = k , sadac r≥R, roca r=R
er
sferos zedapirs da mis SigniT mdebare yvela wertils aqvs erTi da igive
potenciali.
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, nebismier wertilSi velis poten-
ciali ganisazRvreba TiToeuli muxtis velis ϕ1, ϕ2, ..., ϕn potencialTa
algebruli jamiT: ϕ=ϕ1+ϕ2+ ... +ϕn.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSia moTavse- A

buli (sur. 68.1).
A wertili gamtaris zedapirzea, B da C B
C
wertilebi – gamtaris SigniT.
a. arsebobs Tu ara gamtaris SigniT eleq-
truli veli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
sur. 68.1
b. gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan A, B
da C wertilebis potencialebi? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

32268
maswavleblis wigni

8. me-11 formula marTebulia Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos velis

potencialisaTvis misi radiusis tol an masze met manZilze, radgan Tanabrad
damuxtuli gamtari sferos veli mis gareT da mis zedapirze emTxveva sferos
centrSi moTavsebuli wertilovani muxtis vels.
moswavleebs, vfiqrobT, ar gauWirdebaT am SekiTxvaze pasuxi. Tu ver upasux-
es, hkiTxeT
_ gaxsovT, rogor gamoisaxeba Tanabrad damuxtuli gamtari sferos da
wertilovani muxtis daZabulobis wirebi.
daxazon da Semdeg gamoitanon daskvna.

Q
9. birTvis zedapiris wertilebis potenciali ϕ= k : ϕ=9.103 v. aseTive
R
iqneba birTvis SigniT nebismieri wertilis potenciali.)

paragrafze muSaobisas, kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ –

amoxsnisaTvis, yuradReba gaamaxvileT me-9 savarjiSoze, romelic am davalebis
nabiji 2-is erT-erTi aqtivobaa.

am da paragrafSi moyvanili sxva kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij

miuaxlovdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi
TanxvedraSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad,
maTze gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Ses-
rulebas.

68′323
 moswavlis wigni
• gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisgan A, B da C wertilebis poten-
cialebi (sur. 68.1)? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 2.9. ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi.

potencialTa sxvaobis gazomva

1. eleqtruli velis rogori maxasiaTebelia daZabuloba? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
2. eleqtruli velis rogori maxasiaTebelia potenciali? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
zedapirs, romlis yovel wertils toli potenciali aqvs, ekvipotenci-
uri zedapiri ewodeba.


3. gansazRvreT ekvipotenciuri zedapiris or wertils Soris poten-
cialTa sxvaoba.
4. gansazRvreT ekvipotenciur zedapirze muxtis gadaadgilebisas ele-
qtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.

I. eleqtrul velSi muxtze moqmedi Za­ la yov-

elTvis daZabulobis veqtoris parale­ luria.
II. sxeulis gadaadgilebis marTobulad moqmedi j3
Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs.
am ori winadadebidan gamomdinareobs:
j2
daZabulobis wirebis marTobulad muxtis
gadaad­ gilebisas eleqtruli veli muSaobas ar as-
rulebs. j1
ekvipotenciur zedapirze muxtis gadaadgilebi- sur. 69.1
sas eleqtruli veli muSaobas ar asrulebs.
aqedan ki SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom: daZabulobis wirebi ekvipotenciuri
zedapirebis marTobia.
69.1 suraTze uwyveti xazebiT gamosaxulia eleqt­ruli velis Zalwirebi da
punqtiriT ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi.


5. ra aris gamo­
saxuli 69.2 su-
raTze?
6. daxazeT werti­lovani mux­
tis q
mier Seqmnili eleqtruli ve­ l is
ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis ganaw-
ilebis savaraudo suraTi.
7. ra aris gamosaxuli 69.3 su­
raT­ze? pasuxis marTebuloba daas- sur. 69.2 sur. 69.3
abuTeT.

Zalwirebis msgavsad, ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi Tvisebrivad axasiaTebs

velis ganawilebas sivrceSi.

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maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-
is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. logikuri msjelobiT, daskvnebis gamotanis, analizis da komunikaciis un-
ar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.
. sivrceSi velis ganawilebis warmodgena ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis meS-
veobiT.

1. = ⇒ daZabuloba veqtoruli sididea, igi velis Zaluri maxasiaTebe-

q
lia _ ricxobrivad muxtis erTeulze moqmedi Zalis tolia.
Epot
2. ϕ = ⇒ potenciali skalaruli sididea, igi velis energetikuli
q
maxasi­
aTebelia _ ricxobrivad eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi muxtis
erTeulis potenciuri energiis tolia.

3. ekvipotenciuri zedapiris ganmartebidan gamomdinarebs: ekvipotenciuri

zedapiris nebismier or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba nulis tolia
∆ϕ=ϕ1–ϕ2=0.

4. eleqtrul velSi muxtis gadaadgilebisas Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamosaT-

vleli formulidan A=q(ϕ1-ϕ2) gamomdinareobs, ekvipotenciur zedapirze muxtis
gadaad­gilebisas eleqtruli veli muSaobas ar asrulebs.

5. 69.2 suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTi wertilovani muxtis mier Seqmnili

velis daZabulobis wirebi.

6. ix. suraTi

7. 69.3 suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTad damuxtuli ori wertilovani muxtis

mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis Zalwirebisa da ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis
ganawilebis suraTi.

69′325
 moswavlis wigni


A
8. SeadareT erTmaneTs eleqtrosta­ tikur A
B B
velSi mo­Tav­sebu­li gamtarebis A, B da C wer- C C
tilebis potencialebi (sur. 70.1). axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase? a
sur. 70.1 b

damuxtuli gamtaris yvela wer-

tils erTi da igive potenciali aqvs.
or gamtars Soris potencialTa
sxvaoba SeiZleba gavzomoT eleq­ tro­
metriT. amisaTvis erTi sxeuli gam­
tariT SevaerToT eleqtrometris Re­
rosTan, meore ki – korpusTan (sur.
70.2). eleqtrometris Reros erTi
sxeulis potenciali eqneba, korpuss
– meore sxeu­lis. Rerosa da korpuss sur. 70.2
Soris Seiqmneba ele­q­truli veli. ele-
qtrometris isari gada­ixreba. roca xelsawyo dagraduirebulia, isris gadaxris
kuTxis mixedviT gavzomavT sxeulebs Soris potencialTa sxvaobas.

9. romeli sxeulis potenciali eqneba Reros? korpuss? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?

dedamiwis mimarT sxeulis potencialis gasazomad Rero sxeulTan Sevaer-

ToT, korpusi ki – davamiwoT.
izolatori
10. 70.3 suraTis mixedviT liTonis burTula
imsje ­leT, rogor ikvleven
damuxtuli gamtari sxeulis
zedapiris potencials?

ekvipotenciuri zedapirebi,
potencialTa sxvaoba:
https://bit.ly/3JDxBub
sur. 70.3. damuxtuli gamtaris ze­
dapiris potencialis gamokvleva.

vici, rom:

daZabulobis wirebis marTobulad muxtis gadaad­gilebisas eleqtruli

veli muSaobas ar asrulebs.
ekvipotenciur zedapirze muxtis gadaadgilebisas eleqtruli veli
muSaobas ar asrulebs.
daZabulobis wirebi ekvipotenciuri zedapirebis marTobia.
damuxtuli gamtaris yvela wertils erTi da igive potenciali aqvs.

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maswavleblis wigni

8. eleqtrostatikur velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris yvela wertils aqvs

erTi da igive potenciali. es rom ase ar iyos, maSin gamtaris or wertils
Soris iarsebebda eleqtruli veli. eleqtrul velSi ki _ deni. gamtarSi deni
ganuwyvetliv gamoyofs siTbos energiis daxarjvis gareSe. energiis mudmivobis
kanonis Tanaxmad, es SeuZlebelia.

9. Reros erTi sxeulis potenciali eqneba, korpuss ki – meore sxeulis

(dedamiwis).

10. damuxtuli gamtaris potencialis gamosakvlevad izolatorze damagrebuli

burTula mavTulis meSveobiT mivuerToT eleqtrometris Reros. eleqtrometris
korpusi davamiwoT. SevaxoT burTula damuxtul sxeuls. eleqtrometris
isari gadaixreba, radgan misi potenciali sxeulis potencialis toli gaxdeba.
gadavaadgiloT burTula sxeulis zedapirze da davakvirdeT isars. davadgenT,
damuxtuli gamtaris yvela wertils erTi da igive potenciali aqvs.

gakveTilis procesSi moswavlem unda gaacnobieros, rom ekvipotenciuri

zedapirebi Tvisebrivad axasiaTebs eleqtruli velis ganawilebas sivrceSi –
iseve, rogorc Zalwirebi.
moswavlisTvis gasagebi unda gaxdes, rogor izomeba potencialTa sxvaoba
eleqtrometris meSveobiT.

§2.9-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis – „su-

perkondensatorebi“ – amoxsnisaken. kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis meore Sefase-
bis kriteriums, ris gamoc es paragrafi nabiji 2-is resursebSia moyvanili. (romeli
fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kondensatoris ideas? rogor imuxteba da
ganimuxteba kondensatori? romeli fizikuri sidideebi icvleba da romeli rCeba
ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli
kondensatoris energia?).

paragrafSi moyvanili kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij miuaxlo-

vdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi Tanxve-
draSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad, maTze
gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas.

aqcenti gaakeTeT me-8 savarjiSoze, romelic kompleqsur davalebaze muSaobisas

nabiji 2-is erT-erTi aqtivobaa.

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 moswavlis wigni

§ 2.10. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. liTonis ori erTnairi patara burTula damuxtulia, Sesabamisad,

–3,2 mkk da q2=9,6 mkk muxtebiT. burTulebi erTmaneTs Seaxes da daaSores
1 m-iT. gansazRvreT burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala.
amoxsna
burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Za­ lis moduli
?
|q3||q4| nm 2
moc:. q1=–3,2mkk=–3,2.10-6 k F=k , (1) sadac k = 9.109 2 , q 3 da q 4 bur-
R2 k
q2=9,6mkk=9,6.10-6 k Tulebis muxtebia Sexebis Semdeg.
R=1 m
orive burTulis saerTo Q muxti Q=q1+q2. (2)
muxtis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad, orive burTulis saerTo muxti ar icvleba.
amitom, radgan burTulebi erTnairia, saerTo muxti maTze Tanabrad ganawil-
Q
deba da TiToeulze iqneba q3=q4= . (3)
2
q1+q2 |q1+q2|2
(2) (3) ⇒ q 3 =q 4 = . (4) (4) (1) ⇒ F = k . (*)
2 4R2
(*): F ≈ 92,2.10-3 n.
radgan burTulebs erTnairi niSnis muxti eqnebaT, amitom isini erTmaneTs
ganizidavs.

2. gansazRvreT r radiusiani damiwebuli liTonis sfe­ros muxti, Tu misi

centridan R manZilze moTavsebulia q wertilovani muxti.
amoxsna

radgan sfero damiwebulia, misi yoveli wertilis potenciali tolia nulis.

q
sferos centris potenciali ϕ=ϕ1+ϕ2=0, (1) sadac ϕ 1 =k (2) aris q muxtis mier
R
Seqmnili velis potenciali sferos centrSi, xolo ϕ2 - sferos Q muxtis mier
Seqmnili velis potenciali. Q muxti sferos zedapirze araTanabradaa ganaw-
ilebuli, amitom mis mier Seqmnili velis potencialis gansasazRvrad, sfero
warmodgeniT davyoT elementarul nawilebad. TiToeulis muxti aRvniSnoT
Dq-Ti. ganvsazRvroT maT mier Seqmnili velis potencialebi sferos centrSi
da SevkriboT:
k k
ϕ2= S k Dqr = r S Dq = r Q . (3)

Q q r
(3)∧(2) (1) ⇒ k + k = 0 ⇒ Q=– q . (*)
r R R

32871
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-
is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

71′329
 moswavlis wigni
3. Rru gamtari A sfero, romelsac xvreli
aqvs gakeTebuli (nax. 72.1), damuxtulia dadeb-
iTad da SigniTa zedapiriT gamtaris meSveobiT A
SeerTebulia metalis B burTulasTan. daimux-
teba Tu ara B burTula? sur.72.1

amoxsna

miuxedavad imisa, rom muxtebi nawildeba damuxtuli sxeulis gare zedapirze

da A sferos Sida zedapirze isini ar arian, B burTula daimuxteba.
A sferos eleqtruli velis gavleniT, B burTulis da SemaerTebeli gam-
taris Tavisufali eleqtronebi gadavlen A sferos Sida zedapiridan mis gare
zedapirze. amis gamo sferos dadebiTi muxti Semcirdeba, B burTula daimux-
teba dadebiTad.

4. horizontalurad moTavsebul 8 mm-iT daSorebul or firfitas Soris

Zabva 820 v-ia. firfitebs Soris 1 mkm radiusis zeTis wveTi, romelsac ori
zedmeti eleqtroni aqvs, wonasworobaSia. gansazRvreT eleqtronis muxtis
moduli. zeTis simkvrivea 0,8 g/sm3.
amoxsna
wveTi wonasworobaSia (sur. 72.2)
? e
e. i. + =0. (1)
moc:. d=8 mm=8.10-3 m
gegmilebiT Sveulad mimarTul Re-
U=820 v 4
rZze: (1) ⇒ mg=F, (2) sadac m=r pz3
z=1 mkm=10–6 m 3
n=2 (3) wveTis masaa, F=neE (4) – wveTze
–
g kg U
r=0,8 3 =800 3 moqmedi eleqtruli Zala, E = (5) –
sm m d
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
4 3 U 4pz3rgd sur. 72.2
(3), (4)∧(5) (2) ⇒ r pr g= ne ⇒ e= 3nU . (*)
3 d
(*): e=1,6.10–19 k.

5. 2 g masisa da 10–7 k muxtis metalis burTula 1 m/wm siCqariT isroles

Zalian Soridan 3.10–7 k muxtis metalis sferosken.
rogori unda iyos sferos minimaluri radiusi, burTulam rom mis zeda-
pirs miaRwios?
amoxsna
mv12
kinetikuri energiis burTula asrulebs muSao-
? R 2
bas damuxtuli sferos eleqtruli velis Zalebis
moc:. m=2 g=2.10-3 kg
dasaZlevad. amis gamo burTulis kinetikuri energia
q=10–7 k
mcirdeba. Tu usasrulod daSorebuli wertilis po-
v1=1 m/wm
Q=3.10–7 k tencials miviRebT nulis tolad, maSin:

33072
maswavleblis wigni
am gverdze yuradReba miapyariT sur. 72.1-s da upasuxeT wamoWril sakiTxebs. es
aucilebelia kompleqsuri davalebis – „faradeis yinulis saTli~ – nabiji 3-is
me-8 aqtivobis Sesasruleblad, risi mizanicaa Sefasebis mesame kriteriumis daZleva
(rogor SeiZleba mocemuli sididis muxtis saSualebiT Rru sxeulze gacilebiT
meti muxtis dagroveba da ra xelsawyos Seqmnas daedo safuZvlad faradeis „yinulis
saTlis" eqsperimenti?).

72′331
 moswavlis wigni
mv12 mv22 Q n.m2
– =qU, (1) sadac U=k (2) sferos potencialia, k=9.109 2 – pro-
2 2 R k
porciulobis koeficienti, R – sferos radiusi. burTula miaRwevs sferos,
Tu mis zedapirTan v2≥0. zRvrul SemTxvevaSi v2=0.
mv12
(1) ⇒ =qU. (3)
2
mv12 Q ⇒ R= 2KqQ . (*)
(2) (3) ⇒ = qk
2 R mv12
(*): R=0,27 m.
Tu sferos radiusi ufro naklebi iqneba, burTula ver miaRwevs sferos
zedapirs, gaCerdeba sferos centridan 27 sm-ze da gafrindeba ukan.

6. metalis ori patara burTulidan erTi damuxtulia, meore - ara. rogor

urTierTqmedeben isini? rogor Seicvleba maTi urTierTqmedebis Zala, Tu
maT Soris manZils orjer gavadidebT?
amoxsna
damuxtuli burTulis eleqtruli velis 2r
B
gavleniT daumuxtavi burTula imuxteba +q′
da –q′ muxtebiT. maT Soris manZili daaxloe- +q –q′ +q′
biT burTulas diametris 2r-is tolia (sur.
73.1). q′ muxtis mniSvneloba proporciulia R
B burTulas centrSi Seqmnili eleqtruli sur. 73.1
q
velis daZabulobis, e.i. q′ = a 2 , (1) sadac a
R
pro­porciulobis koeficientia.

burTulebis urTierTqmedebis Zala (F) tolia +q da –q′ muxtebis mizidulo-

qq′ qq′
bis F1 = k (2) Zalisa da +q, +q′ muxtebis ganzidvis F2 = k (3) Zalebis
(R – r) 2
(R + r)2
tolqmedis: F = F1–F2. (4)

qq′ qq′ 1 1
(2)∧(3) (4) ⇒ F = k – ⇒ F = kqq′ – ⇒
(R – r) 2
(R + r) 2
(R – r) (R + r)2
2

4Rr
⇒ F = kqq′ . (5)
(R2 – r2)2
kaq24r
(1) (5) ⇒ F = . (6)
R(R2 – r2)2
radgan R>>r, amitom mniSvnelSi r SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT da (6) ⇒
4kaq2r
F= . (*)
R5
(*) ⇒ burTulebs Soris manZilis orjer gadideba gamoiwvevs urTierTmizidu­
lobis Zalis 32-jer Semcirebas.

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maswavleblis wigni

73′333
 moswavlis wigni

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi

1. eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT, uaryofiTi muxti gadaadgilda velis erTi

wertilidan meoreSi. dadebiT Tu uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs veli? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
2. gare Zalis moqmedebiT, eleqtruli velis sapirispirod, dadebiTi muxti
gadaadgiles velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi. dadebiT Tu uaryofiT muSaobas
asrulebs gare Zala? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
+ –
3. +q eleqtruli muxti gadaadgiles ABCDA Caketil kon- B C
turze (sur. 74.1.). romel monakveTebzea velis mier muxtis
gada­adgilebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTi? uaryofiTi?
nulis toli? gansazRvreT Caketil konturze muxtis gadaadg-
ilebis muSaoba.
A D
4. gansazRvreT muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs eleqtruli
sur. 74.1
veli 10 nk muxtis gadaadgilebisas a) 600 v potencialis wer-
tilidan 100 v potencialis wertilSi. b) –200 v potencialis
wertilidan 400 v potencialis wertilSi.
5. 1kv/m daZabulobis erTgvarovan velSi Zalwirebis mimarTulebiT 2 sm man-
ZiliT gadaaadgiles -25 nk muxti. gansazRvreT velis muSaoba, muxtis velTan
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis cvlileba da Zabva gadaadgilebis sawyis
da saboloo wertilebs Soris.
6. gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba,
Tu erTi wertilidan meoreSi 5.10–6 k muxtis gadaaadgilebisas veli 6.10–4 j
muSaobas asrulebs.
7. eleqtronma daiwyo moZraoba erTgvarovan eleqtrul velSi da gaiara 100v
potencialTa sxvaoba. gansazRvreT eleqtronis kinetikuri energia, velTan
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis cvlileba da SeZenili siCqare.
8. gansazRvreT erTgvarovani eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, Tu Zalwirebis
gaswvriv 20 sm-iT daSorebul or wertils Soris Zabva 4.10–3 v-ia.
9. usasrulobidan velis mocemul wertilSi 2.10–6 k muxtis gadmotanisas
Sesrulda 1,2.10–4 j muSaoba. gansazRvreT am wertilis potenciali, Tu usas-
rulod daSorebul wertilSi potenciali nulis tolia.
10. gansazRvreT nawilakis muxti, Tu is 10 kv potencialTa sxvaobis gavlis
Semdeg iZens 8.10–4 ev energias.
11. liTonis or did paralelur firfitaze modebulia 5000 v Zabva. fir-
fitebs Soris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba ar unda aRematebodes 2,5.104 v/m.
gansazRvreT firfitebs Soris dasaSvebi manZili.
12. eleqtroni eleqtrul velSi moZraobs 40000km/wm siCqariT. gansazRvreT
velis im or wertils Soris potencialTa sxvaoba, romelic eleqtrons gaaCerebs.

33474
maswavleblis wigni

savarjiSos pasuxebi

1. dadebiTs;

2. dadebiTs;

3. muSaoba AB da CD ubnebze nulis tolia. BC ubanze igi dadebiTia, DA

ubanze ki – uaryofiTi, Caketil konturze muUSaoba nulis tolia;

4. 5.10-6 j; -6.10-6 j.

5. -0,5 mkj; 0,5 mkj; 20 v.

6. A=qU ⇒ U=A/q. (*) (*): U=120 v;

mv2 2Ekin
7. Ekin=qU=1,6.10-17 j; DDEpot=-Ekin=-1,6.10-17 j; Ekin= ⇒ v= =
2 m
=5,9.106 m/wm.

8. E=U/d. (*) (*): 2.104 v/m.

9. A=qϕ ⇒ ϕ=A/q. (*) (*): ϕ=60 v.

10. W=qU ⇒ q=W/U (*): q=1,28.10-18 k.

11. U=Ed ⇒ d=U/E. (*) (*): q=0,2 m. firfitebs Soris manZili 20 sm-ze
naklebi ar unda iyos.
mv2 mv2
12. =qU ⇒ U= . (*) (*): U=4550 v;
2 2

aq moyvanili savarjiSoebidan 1-14-ze aqcentirebiT, paralelurad imuSavebT

kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebi~ – pirvel da meore Sefasebis
kriteriumebze. savarjiSoebi moswavleebs daexmareba Sesabamisi proceduruli
codnis ganmtkicebaSi, raze dayrdnobiTac isini samizne codnaze gavlen.

74′335
 moswavlis wigni
13. horizontalurad moTavsebul or firfitas Soris Zabva 104 v-ia. firfitebs
Soris 2.10–10 kg masis uaryofiTad damuxtuli zeTis wveTi wonasworobaSia.
gansazRvreT wveTis muxti, Tu firfitebs Soris manZili 5 sm-ia.
14. ganaTebis Semdeg zeTis wveTma qveviT daiwyo moZraoba 5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT.
ramdeni eleqtroni dakarga zeTis wveTma (ix. amocana 13)?
15. rogor Seicvleba ori wertilovani 4.10–6 da 8.10–6 k muxtis urTierTq-
medebis potenciuri energia, Tu maT Soris manZili 0,8m-idan 1,6m-de gaizrdeba?
16. rogor Seicvleba 25 da -4 nk muxtebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energia, Tu maT Soris manZili 10 sm-idan 20 sm-mde gaizrdeba?
17. ramdeniT Seicvleba q1=10–9 k muxtis kinetikuri energia damagrebuli
q2=10–6 k muxtis velSi moZraobisas, Tu igi q2-dan 3 sm-iT daSorebuli wertilidan
gadaadgildeba 10 sm-iT daSorebul wertilSi? sawyisi siCqare nulis tolia.
18. SeadareT erTmaneTs A wertilidan B, C da D wertilebSi muxtis
gadaadgile­bisas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobebi (sur.75.1).
A
B
C
+
D

sur. 75.1

19. 75.2 suraTze gamosaxulia sami firfitis ganlageba da maTi potencialebi.

daxazeT eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi. aageT daZabulobisa da poten-
cialis firfitebs Soris manZilze damokidebulebis grafikebi – Ex(X) da ϕ(X).
|AC|=2|AB|=10 sm.

-50v +50v 0
A B C

sur. 75.2

20. 75.3 suraTze gamosaxulia velis da­Zabulobis wirebi. aRwereT daumuxtavi

bur­
Tulis `qceva~ eleqtrul velSi moTavsebisas.

a b g
sur. 75.3

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maswavleblis wigni
13. 9,8.10-15 k; ix. gv.72-ze me-4 amocanis amoxsna.

14. mecamete amocanis amoxsniT miviRebT: rodesac wveTis muxti q1=9,8.10-15 k-ia
wveTi wonasworobaSi. muxtis nawilis dakargvis Semdeg wveTma qveviT moZraoba
daiwyo a=5 m/wm2 aCqarebiT.
niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad: mg–Fel=ma. (1) Fel=q2E. (2) E=U/d, (3) sadac q2
aris wveTis muxti eleqtronebis dakargvis Semdeg.
q2U
(3) (2) ⇒ Fel= d . (4)
q2U
(4) (1) ⇒ mg– d =ma . (5)
(5)-dan ganvsazRvroT q2. wveTis mier dakarguli muxti q′=q1–q2. (6)

(6)-dan ganvsazRvroT q′. CavsvaT misi mniSvneloba N=q′/q formulaSi, sadac q0

eleqtronis muxtis modulia da ganvsazRvroT ganaTebisas wveTis mier dakarguli
eleqtronebis raodenoba. 31250;

15. Semcirdeba 0,18 j-iT;

16. gaizrdeba 4,5.10-6 j-iT;

q1q2
17. DEkin=Epot2– Epot1. Epot=k . gaizrdeba 21.10-5 j-iT;
d
18. muSaobebi tolia;

19. ix. sur. 75′.1

ϕ, v
-50v +50v 0 Ex, kv/m 50
A B
C
1
0 0,05 0,1 X, m
0,05 0,1 X, m
-1
-50
-2
sur.75′.1

20. daumuxtavi burTula imoZravebs eleqtruli velis daZabulobis gadidebis

mimarTulebiT: a. marjvniv; b. marcxniv; g. uZravi darCeba.

75′337
 moswavlis wigni
testi

1. rodesac eleqtruli veli wertilovan 4.10–5 k muxtze moqmedebs 0,2 n

ZaliT, maSin velis am wertilSi daZabulobaa:
a. 5.105 v/m; b. 5.103 v/m; g. 2.10–4 v/m; d. 0,8.10–5 v/m.

2. eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul eleqtronze moqmedebs ZaliT, ro-

melic mimarTulia eleqtruli velis daZabulobis:
a. mimarTulebiT; b. sapirispirod; g. marTobulad;
d. mimarT 300-iani kuTxiT.

3. eleqtrul velSi moTavsebuli gamtaris SigniT eleqtruli velis daZ-

abulobis moduli:
a. gare velis daZabulobis modulis tolia;
b. gare velis daZabulobis modulis naxevaria;
g. gare velis daZabulobis modulis meoTxedia;
d. nulia.

4. 150v/m daZabulobis erTgvarovani eleqtruli veli masSi moTavsebul

.
2 10–7 k muxtze moqmedebs ZaliT:
a. 2.10–5 n; b. 3.10–5 n ; g. 7.10–5 n ; d. 2.10–7 n ; e. 3.10–7 n .

5. 76.1 suraTze gamosaxuli daZabulobis wirebis

mimarTulebiT velis daZabulobis moduli:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. jer izrdeba, Semdeg ar icvleba. sur. 76.1

6. wertilovani muxtidan R manZiliT daSorebuli wertilis daZabuloba

2R manZiliT daSorebuli wertilis:
a. daZabulobaze orjer metia;
b. daZabulobaze orjer naklebia;
g. daZabulobaze oTxjer metia;
d. daZabulobaze oTxjer naklebia; e. daZabulobis tolia.

7. Tu E 1 daZabulobis eleqtrul velSi moTav­

A
sebulia q wertilovani muxti, maSin q muxtidan
q E
Ti da imave manZiliT daSorebuli A, B, C da D
1
er­ +
B D
wertilebidan (sur. 76.2) daZabuloba umciresia:
C
a. A wertilSi; b. B wertilSi;
g. C wertilSi; d. D wertilSi. sur. 76.2

33876
maswavleblis wigni
testis pasuxebi:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b b d b d g b

76′339
 moswavlis wigni
8. rodesac veli Seqmnilia q1 da q2 dadebiTi muxtebiT, + +
q1 A q2
maSin muxtebis SemaerTebeli monakveTis A wertilSi (sur.
77.1) jamuri velis: sur. 77.1

a. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marjvniv;

b. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marcxniv;
g. daZabuloba nulia;
d. daZabulobis mimarTulebaze calsaxa pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia.

9. rodesac veli Seqmnilia sapirispiro niSnis |q1|<|q2| + -

muxtebiT, maSin muxtebis SemaerTebeli wrfis A wertilSi q1 q2 A
(sur. 77.2) jamuri velis: sur. 77.2

a. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marjvniv;

b. daZabuloba mimarTulia A-dan marcxniv;
g. daZabuloba nulia;
d. daZabulobis mimarTulebaze calsaxa pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia.

10. ori wertilovani muxtis vakuumidan navTSi (e=2) gadatanisas maTi

urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli rom ar Seicvalos, saWiroa muxtebs Soris
manZili:
a. 2-jer gavadidoT; b. 2-jer SevamciroT;
g. 2 -jer gavadidoT; d. ar Seicvalos; e. 2 -jer SevamciroT.
11. eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi q1 da q2 muxtebis, (q1>q2),
gadatanisas am wertilebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba:
a. metia q1 muxtis gadatanisas;
b. metia q2 muxtis gadatanisas;
g. ar aris damokidebuli q1 da q2 muxtebze;
d. nulia.

12. rodesac veli asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, maSin muxtis kinetikuri

energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba.
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

13. eleqtruli velis mocemul wertilSi q muxtis velTan urTierTq-

medebis potenciuri energia 2q muxtis:
a. potenciur energiaze orjer metia;
b. potenciur energiaze oTxjer naklebia;
g. potenciuri energiis tolia;
d. potenciur energiaze orjer naklebia.

34077
maswavleblis wigni

8 9 10 11 12 13
d b e g a d

77′341
 moswavlis wigni
14. eleqtruli velis erTi wertilidan meoreSi orjer meti muxtis ga-
datanisas am wertilebs Soris Zabva:
a. orjer izrdeba; b. orjer mcirdeba;
g. ar icvleba; d. oTxjer izrdeba; e. oTxjer mcirdeba;

15. muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs eleqtruli veli erTi wertilidan

meoreSi 0,9 k muxtis gadasatanad, rodesac am wertilebs Soris Zabva 3v-ia:
a. 3,33 j-ia; b. 2,7 j-ia; g. 0,3 j-ia; d. 0,1 j-ia.

16. Tu 20sm radiusis gamtari sferos zedapiris potenciali 4v-ia, maSin

sferos centridan 10sm-iT daSorebuli wertilis potencialia:
a. 0 v; b. 1 v; g. 2 v; d. 4 v; e. 8.

B
17. Tu eleqtruli veli Seqmnilia A da C wertilebSi
moTavsebuli toli wertilovani muxtebiT da A wertilSi
4m
moTavsebuli muxtis mier Seqmnili velis potenciali B
wertilSi (sur.78.1) aris ϕ, maSin jamuri velis potenciali
B wertilSi tolia: A C
3m
a. 4 ϕ; b. 9 ϕ; g. 4 ϕ; d. 9 ϕ; e. 5 ϕ. sur. 78.1
3 5 5 4 2

18. Tu veli Seqmnilia A da B wertilebSi moTavsebuli wertilovani q

muxtebiT, maSin TiToeuli muxtidan R manZiliT daSorebuli wertilis
potenciali tolia:
q q q q
a. 2k ; b. k ; g. k ; d. 0; e. 4k .
R R 2R R

19. Tu R radiusiani sferos muxtia q da misi centridan 2R manZilze

movaTavsebT -2q wertilovan muxts, maSin sferos centris potenciali:
a. ar Seicvleba; b. orjer Semcirdeba; g. nuli gaxdeba;
d. samjer gaizrdeba; e. Seicvlis niSans.

20. Tu liTonis burTulebs, romelTa radiusebia R da 2R, muxtis zeda-

piruli simkvrive erTnairi aqvT, maSin patara da didi burTulebis poten-
cialebis Sefardeba aris:
a. 4; b. 2; g. 1; d. 1/2; e. 1/4.

21. erTnairi niSnis ori wertilovani muxtis daSorebisas maTi urTierTq-

medebis potenciuri energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer ar icvleba.

34278
maswavleblis wigni

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
g b d b a g d b

78′343
 moswavlis wigni
22. ekvipotenciuri zedapiris erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis gadatani-
sas velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba:
a. gavlili manZilis pirdapirproporciulia;
b. gavlili manZilis ukuproporciulia; g. nulis tolia;
d. gavlili manZilis tolia.
ϕ, v 3 4
23. 79.1 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtruli velis
potencialis manZilze damokidebulebis gra­fik­
is
2
mixedviT vadgenT – eleqtruli velis daZabu­loba
nu­
lis tolia grafikis: 1
a. 1-2 ubanze; b. 2-3 ubanze; sur. 79.1 5 x, m
g. 3-4 ubanze; d. 4-5 ubanze.

24. Tu 12 v potencialTa sxvaobis erTi wertilidan meoreSi muxtis

gadatanisas eleqtruli veli asrulebs 6.10-3 j muSaobas, maSin am muxtis
sididea:

a. 72.10-3 k; b. 18.10-3 k; g. 2.10-3 k; d. 0,5.10-3 k.

25. Tu liTonis sxvadasxva radiusis burTulebs muxtis zedapiruli

simkvrive erTnairi aqvT, maSin didi radiusis burTulis potenciali:
a. metia patara burTulis potencialze;
b. naklebia patara burTulis potencialze;
g. iseTivea, rogoric patara burTulis potenciali;
d. pataris potencialis naxevaria.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potenciali

(sur. 79.2) misi muxtis gadidebisas? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

ganmxoloebuli – sxva sxe­ulebisagan Zalian daSorebuli.

sur. 79.2
• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potencialis
Sefardeba mis muxtTan, gamtaris muxtis gadidebisas?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

34479
maswavleblis wigni

22 23 24 25
g g d a

yuradReba miaqcieT rubrikas „moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis~. rogorc adrec

aRvniSneT, moswavleebisaTvis davalebis micema, sakiTxebis winaswar ganxilva da
ganmarteba mniSvnelovani nabijia am saxelmZRvanelos meTodikisTvis. amiT mos-
wavleebs amzadebT Semdegi paragrafis – axali masalis axsnisaTvis. aranakleb
mniSnelovania is faqti, rom, Cveulebriv, aseTi davalebebi kompleqsur davalebaTa
aqtivobebSi Sedis. konkretulad am gverdze mocemuli davaleba aris aqtivoba kom-
pleqsuri davalebebisTvis „superkondensatorebi~ (nabiji 2) da „aqselerometri:
kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi~ (nabiji 1)

79′345
 moswavlis wigni

III Tavi. eleqtrotevadoba

• rogor Seicvleba ganmxoloebuli gamtaris potencialis Sefardeba mis
muxtTan, gamtaris muxtis gadidebisas? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 3.1. eleqtrotevadoba. brtyeli kondensatori


1. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad srulyofilad iqneba eleqtruli velis energia
gamoyenebuli, Tu ar gvecodineba misi dagrovebis da Senaxvis wesi? axseniT,
ratom fiqrobT ase?

davmuxtoT ganmxoloebuli gamtari (sur. 80.1).

sur. 80.1


2. rogor nawildeba muxti gamtaris zedapirze?
sad aris muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive udidesi? umciresi?

ganvixiloT R1 da R2 radiusis q1 da q2 muxtebis metalis ori birTvi da

SevaerToT isini wvrili mavTuliT. muxtebi birTvebze gadanawildeba da maTi
potencialebi gaTanabrdeba.
wonasworobisas ϕ1=ϕ2 (1)
q′ q′ q′1 q′2
ϕ1=k 1 , (2) ϕ2=k 2 . (3) (1) ⇒
R1 = R2
(2)∧(3) . (4)
R1 R2
q
muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive s = ⇒ q= sS. (5)
S
birTvis zedapiris farTobi S=4pR2 (6).
(6) (5) ⇒ q=4pR2s.
analogiurad SegviZlia davweroT: q′1=4pR12s1 (7) da q′2=4pR22s2. (8)
4pR12s1 4pR22s2 s R
(7)∧(8) (4) ⇒ = ⇒ 1 = 2. (*)
R1 R2 s2 R 1

(*) ⇒ gamtarebze muxtebis zedapiruli simkvriveebi simrudis radiusebis

ukuproporciulia.
es imas niSnavs, rom meti zedapiruli simkvrive iqneba mcire simrudis ra-
diusis anu didi simrudis adgilebSi.
Tu gamtaris muxts orjer gavzrdiT, maSin `axali~ muxti mis zedapirze iseve
ganawildeba, rogorc pirvelad miniWebuli muxti da gamtaris TiToeul ragind
mcire ubanze muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive orjer gaizrdeba. Tu ganmxoloebul
q
gamtars sferos forma aqvs, maSin ϕ=k (9) formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom
R
misi potencialic orjer gaizrdeba.


3. rogor fiqrobT, Seicvleba Tu ara am dros gamtaris muxtis Sefardeba
mis potencialTan? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase.

34680
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

• pasuxi saxelmZRvaneloSia gacemuli

1. moismineT moswavleTa azri. Semdeg ki uTxariT:

eleqtruli energiis dagrovebis da xangrZlivi droiT Senaxvis wesi, gansxvave-
biT sawvavi nivTierebebisa, jerjerobiT cnobili ar aris. eleqtrosadgurebSi
gamomuSavebuli energia miRebisTanave unda movixmaroT.

2. muxtis ganawileba gamtaris zedapirze damokidebulia mis formaze _

wvetebSi muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive udidesia, CaRrmavebul nawilebSi _
umciresi.

3. radgan ganmxoloebuli gamtaris muxtis gazrda imdenjerve adidebs mis

potencials, amitom muxtis Sefardeba mis potencialTan mocemuli gamtari-
saTvis mudmivi sididea.

§3.1-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis - „su-

perkondensatorebi~ – amoxsnisaken. kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis meore Sefase-
bis kriteriums, ris gamoc es paragrafi nabiji 2-is resursebSia moyvanili. (romeli
fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kondensatoris ideas? rogor imuxteba da
ganimuxteba kondensatori? romeli fizikuri sidideebi icvleba da romeli rCeba
ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli
kondensatoris energia?).
am paragrafSi muSavdeba Temebi kidev erTi kompleqsuri davalebis – „aqsel-
erometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi“ – Sesasruleblad.
kerZod, es aris resursi nabiji 1-Tvis, romelSic muSavdeba am davalebis pirveli
Sefasebis kriteriumi: ras aris eleqtrotevadoba da ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs
brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis cvlilebas?
paragrafSi moyvanili kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij miuaxlo-
vdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi Tanxve-
draSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad, maTze
gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas.

80′347
 moswavlis wigni
ganmxoloebuli gamtaris q muxtis Sefardeba mis ϕ potencialTan mudmivi
q
sididea da mas gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba C = . (10) igi damok-
ϕ
idebulia gamtaris formasa da zomaze.
(10) ⇒ SI-Si eleqtrotevadobis erTeulad miRebulia iseTi ganmxo­loebuli
gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba, romlis potenciali icvleba erTi voltiT, misi
muxtis erTi kuloniT Secvlis Sedegad. am erTeuls 1 faradi (1 f) hqvia.
k
1f=1 v.
R
(9) (10) ⇒ C = , (11) sadac R sferos radiusia.
k
(11) ⇒ eleqtrotevadoba damokidebulia sxeulis zomebze.
(11) ⇒ R=kC. (6)


4. gansazRvreT im ganmxoloebuli gamtari sferos radiusi, romlis eleq­
trotevadoba 1 faradia.

Tu Tqven sworad SeasruleT moqmedeba, miiRebT: R=9.109 m.


5. rogor fiqrobT, SegviZlia Tu ara davamzadoT iseTi sfero, romlis
eleqtrotevadoba 1 faradi iqneba? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
6. rogori warmodgena SegeqmnaT 1 f tevadobaze? es erTeuli didi teva-
dobaa Tu mcire?

gavarkvioT, Seicvleba Tu ara A gamtaris

eleqtro­ tevadoba, Tu mas meore, daumuxtav B + + +
+ +
gamtars mivuaxloebT (sur. 81.1)? B + A +
Tu dadebiTad damuxtul A gamtars mivuax- + +
+ + +
loebT daumux­tav B gamtars, maSin B gamtari
sur. 81.1
daimuxteba gavleniT. B gamtarze A-s maxloblad
dag­rovdeba uaryofiTi muxti, daSorebul mxareze
– dadebiTi (sur. 81.2). induqcirebuli muxtebi + – + + +
+ – + +
qmnis damatebiT eleqtrul vels, romelic moq- + B – – + A +
+ – + +
medebs A gamtarze. ++ – + + +
superpoziciis principis gamoyenebiT davad- sur. 81.2
genT, dama­tebiTi velis moqmedebiT Semcirdeba
A gamtaris potenciali, magram ar Seicvleba misi
muxti.
q
C= formulis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: A gamtaris eleqtroteva-
ϕ
doba gaizarda masTan B gamtaris miaxloebisas. am movleniT SeiZleba visarge-
bloT iseTi xelsawyoebis dasamzadeblad, romlebsac didi eleqtrotevadoba
aqvT. aseT xelsawyoebze SedarebiT dabali Zabvis dros didi muxtis dagrovebaa
SesaZlebeli.
mowyobiloba, romelsac iyeneben eleqtruli muxtisa da eleqtruli energiis
dasagroveblad, cnobilia kondensatoris saxelwodebiT.

34881
maswavleblis wigni

4. (6):

n.m2 n.m2 n.m.m . k j.m 1 v.m

R = 9.109 2 = 9.109 m. 1 =1 =1 . =1 =1 m .
k k2
k2
v k v v

e. i. 1 faradi im ganmxoloebuli sferos eleqtrotevadobaa, romlis radiusi

cxra milioni km-ia.

5. dedamiwis radiusi – 6400 km, daaxloebiT, 1400-jer naklebia im

sferos radiusze, romlis eleqtrotevadoba 1 f-ia. cxadia, aseTi sferos
damzadeba SeuZlebelia.

6. 1 f Zalian didi erTeulia.

kompleqsuri davalebis – „superkondensatorebis“ – Sesasruleblad (Sefasebis

kriteriumi #2), imsjeleT 81.1-2 suraTebze. gaeciT pasuxebi problemur kiTxvebs,
romlebic codnis konstruirebas emsaxureba. am gziT, moswavleebs miuaxlovebT
samizne codnas (romeli fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kondensatoris
ideas? rogor imuxteba da ganimuxteba kondensatori? romeli fizikuri sidideebi
icvleba da romeli rCeba ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel fizikur
sidideebzea damokidebuli kondensatoris energia?).

81′349
 moswavlis wigni
umartivesi kondensa­ t ori aris ori
gamtaris erTob­ l ioba, rom­l ebic erTma­
neTisagan gamoyo­ filia dieleq­ trikis Tx- + –
eli fe­niT. fenis sisqe gaci­lebiT nak­lebia
gamtarebis zo­mebze.
gamtarebs kondensatoris Semona­f e­­n ebi
ewodeba. Tu Semonafenebi erTma­ neTis para-
leluri brtyeli fir­fitebia, maSin konden-
sur. 82.1
satori brtyelia.
kondensators muxtaven – mis Semo­nafenebs
aniWeben moduliT tol da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebs. ami­saT­vis kondensatoris
erT Semo­ nafens aerTeben denis wyaros da­ debiT po­lusTan, meores – uaryo­
fiTTan (sur. 82.1).
82.2 suraTze kondensatori sqe­ ma­
turadaa gamosa­
xuli.
kondensatoris erT-erTi Semonafenis muxtis moduls
konden­ satoris muxti ewodeba. kondensatoris firfitebs
Soris eleqtruli velis daZabulobis wirebi erTmaneTis
paraleluria da erTmaneTisagan toli manZilebiTaa daSo- sur. 82.2
rebuli (sur. 82.3).

simulacia: brtyeli kondensatori

https://bit.ly/3N9J337

vici, rom:

ganmxoloebuli gamtaris q muxtis Sefardeba mis ϕ potencialTan

mudmivi sididea da mas gamtaris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba.
eleqtrotevadobis erTeulad miRebulia iseTi ganmxo­ loebuli gam-
taris eleqtrotevadoba, romlis potenciali icvleba erTi voltiT, misi
muxtis erTi kuloniT Secvlis Sedegad. am erTeuls 1 faradi (1 f) hqvia.
umartivesi kondensa­ tori aris ori gamtaris erTob­ lioba, rom­
lebic
erTma­neTisagan gamoyo­filia dieleq­trikis Txeli fe­niT.
kondensatoris erT-erTi Semonafenis muxtis moduls konden­satoris
muxti ewodeba.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

A B
kondensatoris A Semonafeni SevuerToT
eleqtrometris Reros, B Semonafeni – kor-
puss (sur. 82.3). kondensatori davmuxtoT.

ras gautoldeba eleqtrometris Reros

potenciali? korpusis potenciali?

ras gviCvenebs eleqtrometri?

sur. 82.3

35082
maswavleblis wigni

82′351
 moswavlis wigni
• ras gviCvenebs 83.1 suraTze gamosaxuli eleqtrometri?

§ 3.2. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba


1. rogori velia kondensa­toris Semo­nafe­
nebs Soris (sur. 83.1)? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT
ase?
2. Tu kondensatoris Semonafenebze muxts
gavadi­debT orjer, samjer da a.S. maSin Semon-
afenebs Soris rogor Seicvleba Zabva?
3. Tqveni varaudiT, Semonafenis muxtis
Sefardeba Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan, aris
Tu ara damokidebuli Semonafenis muxtze? sur. 83.1
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

kondensatoris muxtis Sefardeba Semo­ na­

fenebs Soris ZabvasTan axasiaTebs
kon­d ensatoris mier muxtis dagrovebis unars da mas eleqtrotevadobas
uwodeben. im kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobaa meti, romlis Semonafenebze
ufro naklebi U Zabva miiReba +|q| da –|q| muxtebis gadacemisas.
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba ewo­deba kondensatoris muxtis Sefar­
debas Semo­ nafenebs Soris ZabvasTan:
|q|
C= . (1)
U
davadginoT, raze aris damokidebuli
brtye­li kondensatoris eleqtro­teva­doba.
Cava­taroT cda. gamoviyenoT 83.2 suraTze
gamosaxuli danadgari. damux­ tuli kondensa-
toris Semonafenebs So­ris manZili gavadidoT
orjer, samjer da davakvirdeT eleqtrometrs.
SevniSnavT, rom misi Cveneba orjer, samjer
gaizrdeba. sur. 83.2


4. rogor icvleba kon­densatoris eleq­tro­te­va­doba Semona­fe­nebs So­ris
manZilis gadidebiT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

kondensatoris muxtisa da Semonafenebs

Soris man­Zilis Seucvlelad SevamciroT Se-
monafenebis urTierT­gadamfaravi farTobi (sur.
83.3). eleqtrometris Cveneba gaizrdeba.


5. rogor icvleba kondensatoris eleq­
trotevadoba Semonafenebis urTierT­
gadamfaravi farTobis Semci­rebiT? axseniT, sur. 83.3
ratom fiqrobT ase?

35283
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

saswavlo miznebi:
. kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba;
. cdebis meSveobiT brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis formulis
dadgena.

1. kondensatoris SigniT erTgvarovani velia da TiTqmis mTlianad moq-

ceulia kondensatoris firfitebs Soris.

2. Semonafenebs Soris Zabva gaizrdeba orjer, samjer da a.S.

3. radgan Semonafenebs Soris Zabva muxtis pirdapirproporciulia – U ∼ q,

amitom kondensatoris muxtis fardoba Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan ar aris
damokidebuli Semonafenebis muxtze.

4. radgan Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT Zabva izrdeba, amitom (1)⇒

kondesatoris eleqtrotevadoba mcirdeba.

5. radgan Semonafenebis urTierTgadamfaravi farTobis SemcirebiT Zabva

izrdeba, amitom (1) ⇒ kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba mcirdeba.

§3.2-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis -

„aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi" - amoxsnisaken.
kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis pirvel Sefasebis kriteriums, ris gamoc es para-
grafi nabiji 1-is resursebSia dasaxelebuli (ras aris eleqtrotevadoba da ra
faqtorebi ganapirobebs brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis cvlilebas?).

paragrafSi moyvanili kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij miuaxlo-

vdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi Tanxve-
draSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad, maTze
gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas.

83′353
 moswavlis wigni
kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris CavdgaT dieleq­ t rikis firfita,
magaliTad, organuli mina. davinaxavT, rom Zabva mcirdeba (sur. 84.1).


6. rogor icvleba kon­densatoris eleqtrote­vadoba Semonafenebs Soris
minis dieleqtrikis SetaniT? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

cdebis monacemebis gaanalizebiT SeiZleba

da­­vadginoT, rom brtyeli kondensatoris ele­
q­t ro­t evadoba pirdapirpro­p orciulia mi­s i
firfitebis farTobis, dieleqtrikuli SeR­ we­
vadobis da ukuproporciulia firfitebs Soris
manZilisa.

ee0S 1 = 8,85.10-12 k
2

C= , (2) sadac e0 =
d 4pk n.m2
eleqtruli mudmivaa. sur. 84.1
kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba ar aris
damokidebuli gamtarTa masalaze.


7. sxva erTnair pirobebSi spilenZisa da aluminis kondensa­
t orebs
erTnairi eleqtrotevadoba aqvT?

kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis kvleva:

https://bit.ly/36IhoWk
videorgoli:
MIT Physics Demo -- Adjustable Capacitor with Dielectric
https://bit.ly/3IrmWl2

vici, rom:

kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba kondensatoris muxtis

|q|
debas Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan: C =
Sefar­ .
U
brtyeli kondensatoris eleq­trotevadoba pirdapirpro­porciulia mi­si
firfitebis farTobis, dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis da ukuproporciulia
ee S
firfitebs Soris manZilisa. C = 0 .
d

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

brtyeli haeriani U=600 v Zabvamde damux­tuli kondensatoris firfitebi

horizontalur mdebareobaSia. firfitebs Soris manZili d=2 sm, firfitebis
sigrZe l=220 sm. firfitebis paralelurad maT SuaSi SeiWra m=0,01 g masisa
da q=2.10-6 k muxtis burTula. dava­
dginoT:
a. rogor traeqtoriaze moZraobs burTula?
b. rogori unda iyos burTulis zRvruli sawyisi siCqare, rom igi ar
gamovides kondensatoridan?

35484
maswavleblis wigni

6. radgan Semonafenebs Soris minis dieleqtrikis SetaniT Semonafenebs

Soris Zabva mcirdeba, amitom (1) ⇒ eleqtrotevadoba izrdeba.

7. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba Semonafenebis nivTierebaze ar aris

damokidebuli, amitom sxva erTnair pirobebSi spilenZisa da aluminis konden-
satorebs erTnairi eleqtrotevadoba aqvT.

84′355
 moswavlis wigni
amoxsna
koordinatTa sistema davukavSiroT konden­ sators. X RerZi mivmarToT
horizontalurad, Y RerZi – vertikalurad zeviT. koordinatis aTvla daviwyoT
qveda firfitis dasawyisidan (sur.85.1). burTulaze moqmedi simZimisa da
=q eleqtruli Zalebi gamosa­xulia suraTze. niutonis meore kanonis Tanaxmad,
sxeulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi: + =m . (1)
Y
(1)-is gegmili (X): mgx=0, Fx=0. (1)⇒ ax=0.
es niSnavs, rom X RerZis gaswvriv burTula +
moZraobs Tanabrad v0x=v0 siCqariT.
(1)-is gegmili (Y): mgy+Fy=may, (2)
mgy=–mg (3). Fy=-qE (4), may=-ma (5). d
2
(3),(4),(5) (2) ⇒ -mg–qE=-may ⇒
– X
U
⇒ mg+qE=may. (6) E = . (7) sur. 85.1
d
mgd+qU
(6)∧(7) ⇒ ay = . (8) (8) ⇒ ay=const. e.i. Y RerZis gaswvriv moZraoba
md
TanabaraCqarebulia. burTulis koordinatis droze damokidebulebis ganto­
a t2
lebebs: x=x0+v0xt, (9) y=y0+v0yt+ y , (10) eqneba saxe:
2
qU
mg+ x
x=v0t d – d t2 . (12) (11) ⇒ t = v . (13)
(11). y=
2 2m 0

d mgd+qU x2
(13) (12) ⇒ y = – . (*)
2 2mdv02
aseTi saxe aqvs burTulis moZraobis traeqtoriis gantolebas.
(13) ⇒ burTula kondensatoris mTeli sigrZis gavlas moandomebs:
l
t1= (14) drois Sualeds.
v0
drois am SualedSi burTula rom ar gamovides kondensatoridan, aucilebe­
at2
lia am droSi vertikalurad qveviT gavlili manZili y 1 ≥ d (15).
2 2
mgd+qU l 2
(8)∧(14) (15) ⇒ . ≥ d ⇒ siCqaris zRvruli mniSvneloba:
md v02
l mgd+qU
v0 = . (**) (**): v0≈118 m/wm.
d m

burTula rom ar gamovides kondensatoridan, misi siCqare ar unda

aRematebodes 118 m/wm-s.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

C1 da C2 tevadobis ori kondensatori gam-

tarebiT erTmaneTTan ise SevaerToT, rogorc
C1
85.2 suraTzea gamosaxuli. erTnairi iqneba
C2 –
Tu ara kondensatorebis marcxena (marjvena) +
firfitebis potencialebi? axseniT, ratom?
sur. 85.2

35685
maswavleblis wigni

uyuradRebod nu datovebT Semdegi gakveTilis mosamzadebel savarjiSos. mud-

mivad xazs vusvamT, raoden mniSvnelovania am savarjiSoebis momzadeba da moswavle-
Ta waxaliseba, rom aucileblad Seasrulon igi. rogorc aRvniSneT, am davalebaze
dayrdnobiT, advilad iwyebT momdevno masalis axsnas. moswavleebi Semzadebulebi
arian TemisaTvis. Tan ainteresebT, sworad gadaWres Tu ara sakiTxi. amasTan, es
davalebebi dagexmarebaT kompleqsuri davalebebis kiTxvebis gadaWraSi. am gverdze
moyvanili davaleba aris erT-erTi aqtivoba kompleqsuri davalebis – „aqseler-
ometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi“ – Sesrulebis procesSi
(nabiji 2, aqtivoba 1).

85′357
 moswavlis wigni
• erTnairia Tu ara Zabva C1 da C2 tevadobis kondensatorebze (sur.
86.1)? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

§ 3.3. kondensatorebis paraleluri, mimdevrobiTi da

Sereuli SeerTeba
xSirad kondensatorebs erTmaneTTan aerTeben batareis saxiT. es saSualebas
gvaZlevs, kondensatorTa mocemuli nakrebidan miviRoT sxvadasxva tevadobis
batarea. ganvixiloT kondensatorTa paraleluri da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebebi.
86.1 suraTze gamosaxulia paralelurad Seer­ C1
Tebuli C1 da C2 tevadobis kondensatorebi. maTi
+ +q1 –q1 –
Semonafenebi erTmaneTTan gamtarebiT wyvil-
wyviladaa SeerTebuli. ganvsazRvroT kondensa- ϕ1 C2 ϕ2
torTa batareis C eleqtrotevadoba.
paraleluri SeerTebisas ∆j=j1-j2≡U (1) poten- +q2 –q2
cialTa sxvaoba kondensatoris firfitebs Soris sur. 86.1
erTnairia orive kondensatorisTvis (sur. 86.1).
batareis muxti q=q1+q2, (2) sadac q1 pirveli kon-
densatoris muxtia, q2 ki – meorisa.
batareis eleqtrotevadoba ewodeba batareis muxtis Sefardebas kondensa-
torTa Semonafenebis potencialTa sxvaobasTan, e. i.
q q +q q q
C= . (3) (1)∧(2) (3) ⇒ C = 1 2 ⇒ C = 1 + 2 ⇒ C=C1+C2. (*)
Dϕ U U U
(*)⇒ kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas batareis eleqtro­tevadoba
calkeul kondensatorTa tevadobebis jamis tolia.
devrobiT SeerTebuli C1 da C2 tevadobis
86.2 suraTze gamosaxulia mim­­
konden­satorebi. ganvsazRvroT batareis C eleq­tro­­tevadoba.
davasabuToT, rom mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas orive kondensa­ toris muxtebi
erTnairia (sur. 86.2).
marTlac, Tu pirveli kondensato-
+ +q –q +q –q –
ris Semonafenis muxti aris +q, maSin
mizidvis Sedegad mopirdapire Semon- ϕ1 ϕ′ ϕ2
afenze warmoiSoba –q muxti. konden- C1 C2
satorTa Soris arsebuli sadeni da sur. 86.2
am sadeniT SeerTebuli Semonafenebi
mTlianad neitraluria, amitom meore kondensatoris Sida Semonafenis muxti
tolia +q-si, gare Semonafenis ki – –q-si. kondensatorTa batareis eleqtroteva-
q q
doba C = ⇒ ϕ1–ϕ2= , (4) sadac j1 da j2 gare SemonafenTa potencialebia.
ϕ1–ϕ2 C
q
calkeuli kondensatorisaTvis SegviZlia davweroT ϕ1–ϕ′ = , (5)
C1
q
ϕ′–ϕ2= , (6) sadac j′ gamtariT SeerTebuli SemonafenTa potencialia.
C2
q q
(5)∧(6)-is SekrebiT miviRebT ϕ1– ϕ2= + . (7)
C1 C2
q q q 1 1 1
(4) (7) ⇒ = + ⇒ = + . (**)
C C1 C2 C C1 C2
amgvarad, mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas batareis tevadobis Sebrunebuli
sidide tolia calkeul kondensatorTa tevadobebis Sebrunebul sidideTa
jamisa. Tu gvaqvs mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli toli tevadobis n kondensa­
tori, maSin:
35886
maswavleblis wigni
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

§3.3-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis –

„aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi“ – amoxsnisaken.
kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis meore da mesame Sefasebis kriteriumebs, ris ga-
moc es paragrafi nabiji 2-isa da nabiji 3-is resursebSia dasaxelebuli (2. rogor
icvleba kondensatorTa tevadoba aqselerometris moZravi nawilis mdebareobis
cvlilebisas? 3. romeli fizikuri sidideebis cvlileba udevs safuZvlad konden-
satoris gamoyenebas aqselerometrSi? romel fizikur kanonebsa da movlenebze/
procesebzea damyarebuli aqselerometris muSaoba da rogor ukavSirdeba es mov-
lenebi erTmaneTs aqselerometris muSaobisas?).

paragrafSi moyvanili kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij miuaxlo-

vdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi Tanxve-
draSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad, maTze
gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas.

86′359
 moswavlis wigni

1 n
1 C 1C 2
C
= ∑C.
i=2
(8) (**) ⇒ C=
C1+C2
. (9)
i

amocanis amoxsnis nimuSi

1. 87.1 suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT C2

ganvsaz­RvroT kondensatorTa batareis eleqtro­
tevadoba.
B C3
A D
amoxsna C1

am suraTze C2 da C3 kondensatorebi paralelu- sur. 87.1

radaa SeerTebuli. orive erTad SeerTebulia C1
tevadobis kondensatorTan mimdevrobiT, amitom
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C2+C3+C1 C (C +C )
⇒ CAD = 1 2 3 .
CAD = CAB + CBD
⇒
CAD = C1 + C2+C3
⇒
CAD = C1(C2+C3) C1+C2+C3

2. ori erTnairi brtyeli kondensatori SeaerTes paralelurad da da-

muxtes U=150 v-mde. ganvsazRvroT Zabva kondensatorebze, Tu erT-erTi
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZils orjer SevamcirebT.
amoxsna
erTi kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba iyos C. maSin batareis sawyisi muxti
q1=2CU. (1)
erT-erTi kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZilis orjer SemcirebiT misi
eleqtrotevadoba orjer gaizrdeba, sistemis muxti ar Seicvleba, Zabva Sem-
cirdeba – aRvniSnoT U1-iT. sistemis eleqtrotevadoba gaxdeba:
q q 2CU 2U
3C= 1 ⇒ U1= 1 . (2) (1) (2) ⇒ U1= 3C ⇒ U1= 3 . (*) (*): U1=100 v.
U1 3C

3. CamrTvelis CarTvisas 87.2 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatorTa bata-

reis eleqtrotevadoba ar icvleba. gansazRvreT
Cx Tu danarCeni kondensatorebis tevadobebi A M
B
cnobilia. C 2C
amoxsna
K
CamrTvelis CarTvamde AB ubanze C da 2C teva-
dobis kondensatorebi mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli. C D
N
Cx C
maTi saerTo tevadoba: C = C.2C = 2 C . (1) analo- sur. 87.2
CC
AB
C+2C 3
giurad: CCD= x . (2)
Cx+C
AB da CD ubnebi paraleluradaa SeerTebuli. batareis tevadoba:
2 CC
C′=CAB+CCD. (3) (1)∧(2) (3) ⇒ C′= C + x . (4)
3 Cx+C
CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg AM da CN ubnebi paraleluradaa SeerTebu-
li. maTi saerTo tevadobaa Cx+C. analogiurad, MBDN ubnis tevadobaa 3C.
AMNC da MBDN ubnebi mimdevrobiTaa SeerTebuli. maTi saerTo tevadoba:
3C(C+Cx) 3C(C+Cx)
C′′= = . (5)
3C+C+Cx 4C+Cx

36087
maswavleblis wigni

87′361
 moswavlis wigni

2 + CxC 3C(C+Cx)
pirobis Tanaxmad C′=C′′. (6) (4)∧(5) (6) ⇒ C = . (*)
3 Cx+C 4C+Cx
C
(*) gantolebis amoxsniT miviRebT: Cx= .
2
4. ori kondensatori, romelTa eleqtrotevadobaa C1=2 mkf, C2=3 mkf da
muxtebi Sesabamisad q1=4.10–6 k, q2=9.10–6 k SeaerTes erTmaneTTan sapirispiro
niSnis polusebiT (sur. 88.1). ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli konden-
+ –
satoris muxti SeerTebis Semdeg.
C1
amoxsna
SeerTebis Semdeg kondensatorebis saerTo muxti da ele-
qtrotevadoba: q=q2–q1, (1) C=C1+C1. (2) – +
C2
paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatorebis boloebze Zabvebi
q2–q1 sur. 88.1
q
erTnairia da aris: U= . (3) (1)∧(2) (3) ⇒ U= C +C . (4)
C 1 2

kondensatorebis muxtebi SeerTebis Semdeg: q′1=C1U. (5) q′2=C2U. (6)

C (q –q ) C2(q2–q1)
(4) (5) ⇒ q′1= 1 2 1 . (*) (4) (6) ⇒ q′2= C +C . (**)
C1+C2 1 2

(*): q′1=2.10-6k. (**): q′2=3.10-6k.

5. gansazRvreT haeriani kondensatoris firfitebis urTierTmizidulo-

bis Zala, Tu TiToeuli Semonafenis farTobia S, xolo firfitebs Soris
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba – E.
amoxsna
firfitebis mizidulobis Zala F=E1q, (1) sadac q TiToeuli firfitis muxtis
q
modulia, E1 = (2) – firfitis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis daZabuloba.
2e0S
E q2 q
E1 = . (3) (2) (1) ⇒ F = . (4) (3)∧(2) ⇒ E = . (5)
2 2e 0
S e0
S
E2e02S2 E2e0S
(5) ⇒ q=Ee0S. (6) (6) (4) ⇒ F = ⇒ F= . (*)
2e0S 2

simulacia: dieleqtriki kondensatorSi,

kondensatorebis batarea
https://bit.ly/3JB5Mmp

vici, rom:

kondensatorTa paraleluri SeerTebisas batareis eleqtro­

tevadoba
calkeul kondensatorTa tevadobebis jamis tolia.

mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas batareis tevadobis Sebrunebuli sidide

tolia calkeul kondensatorTa tevadobebis Sebrunebul sidideTa ja-
n
1 1
misa. Tu gvaqvs mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli n kondensatori, maSin =
C i=2 Ci
. ∑

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

aqvs energia damuxtul kondensators? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

36288
maswavleblis wigni

88′363
 moswavlis wigni
• aqvs energia damuxtul kondensators? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

§ 3.4. damuxtuli kondensatoris energia.

kondensatoris gamoyeneba

CavataroT cda: davmuxtoT kondensatori da + –

misi gamomyvanebi CamrTvel-amomrTvelis meSveobiT
SevaerToT jibis farnis naTurasTan (sur. 89.1). CavrToT
CamrTveli. naTura akaSkaSdeba da Caqreba. kondensatori
ganimuxta.
romeli energiis xarjze gaxurda naTuras spirali
sur. 89.1
da gamosxivda sinaTle? ra Seicvala kondensatoris
ganmux­tvisas?
am sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad upasuxeT SekiTxvebs.


1. gansazRvreT kondensatoris Semonafenebis jamuri muxti ganmuxtvamde.
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
2. gansazRvreT kondensatoris Semonafenebis jamuri muxti ganmuxtvis
Semdeg.
3. arsebobs Tu ara eleqtruli veli damuxtuli kondensatoris Semona-
fenebs Soris?
4. kondensatoris ganmuxtvis Semdeg, arsebobs Tu ara eleqtruli veli
mis Semonafenebs Soris?

eleqtruli veli, romelic arsebobda damuxtuli kondensatoris Semona-

fenebs Soris, ganmuxtvis Semdeg aRar arsebobs.
na­
Turam gaanaTa im energiis xarjze, romelic hqonda eleqtrul vels.
eleqtruli velis energiis cvlileba tolia muSaobisa, romelic sruldeba
kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas:
∆Eel=A. (1)
davadginoT, romel fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli damuxtuli kon-
densatoris energia. amisaTvis ganvsazRvroT muSaoba, romelsac asrulebs
ganmuxtvisas q muxtisa da U Zabvamde damuxtuli kondensatoris eleqtruli
veli. kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas misi q muxtis erTi Semonafenidan meoreze
gadatanisas eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
A=qUsaS.. (2)
radgan C tevadobis da q muxtis kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas mis Semon-
afenebs Soris Zabva

U=q/C (3), muxti pirdapirproporciulad mcirdeba nulamde.

U qU
amitom UsaS= . (4) (4) (2) ⇒ A = . (5)
2 2
qU
(5) (1) ⇒ DEel=Eel= . (6)
2

36489
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

1. damuxtuli kondensatoris Semonafenebze toli da sapirispiro niSnis

muxtebia, amitom kondensatoris firfitebis jamuri muxti ganmuxtvamde nulis
tolia.

2. kondensatoris Semonafenebis jamuri muxti ganmuxtvis Semdeg nulis

tolia.

3. damuxtuli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris arsebobs eleqtruli veli.

4. kondensatoris ganmuxtvis Semdeg mis Semonafenebs Soris eleqtruli

veli ar arsebobs.

§3.4-is SeswavliT, moswavleebi gadadgamen nabijs kompleqsuri davalebis –

„superkondensatorebi“ – amoxsnisaken. kerZod, daamuSaveben davalebis meore da
mesame Sefasebis kriteriumebs, ris gamoc es paragrafi nabiji 2-isa da nabiji 3-is
resursebSia moyvanili. (romeli fizikuri movlenebi udevs safuZvlad kondensa-
toris ideas? rogor imuxteba da ganimuxteba kondensatori? romeli fizikuri
sidideebi icvleba da romeli rCeba ucvleli am dros? rogor vadgenT, Tu romel
fizikur sidideebzea damokidebuli kondensatoris energia?).
paragrafSi moyvanili kiTxvebis damuSavebiT, moswavleebi nabij-nabij miuaxlo-
vdebian samizne codnas da mkvidri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas. es kiTxvebi Tanxve-
draSia kompleqsuri davalebis TemasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebTan. amdenad, maTze
gaazrebuli pasuxebis gacemiT, xels SeuwyobT kompleqsuri davalebis Sesrulebas.

89′365
 moswavlis wigni


5. me-(6) da me-(3) formulis gamoyenebiT, miiReT brtyeli konden­satoris

energiis sxva saxiT Cawerili formulebi:

q2 CU2
Eel= , (7) Eel= . (8)
2C 2
ee0S
6. gaiTvaliswineT, rom C= da U=Ed da miiReT formula:
d
ee0E2
Eel= Sd . (9)
2

7. daasaxeleT (7),(8)∧(9) formulebSi Semavali fizikuri sidideebi da

TiT­o­eulis erTeuli SI-Si.

(9) formulaSi Sd=V aris eleqtruli velis mier kondensatoris SigniT da-
kavebuli moculoba. (9) tolobis orive mxare gavyoT V-ze, miviRebT moculobis
erTeulSi moqceuli velis energias – eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrives.
aRvniSnoT igi ωel-iT:
ee E2
ωel= 0 . (10)
2
es formula marTebulia nebismieri eleqtruli velisaTvis.
eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrivis cneba pirvelad maqsvelma SemoiRo.
maqsvelis Teoriis mixedviT, eleqtruli energia ganawilebulia velis mTel
moculobaSi. manamde varaudobdnen, rom eleqtruli energia damuxtul sxe-
ulebSi iyo koncentrirebuli.
kondensatoris energia mcirea. igi ramdenime aseul jouls ar aRemateba.
muxtis gardauvali kargvis gamo, kondensatoris energia didxans ar inaxeba. amis
gamo kondensators ar SeuZlia Secvalos eleqtruli denis wyaro, magaliTad,
akumula­torebi.
kondensators, rogorc energiis damgro­ ve­
bel xelsawyos, didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs
misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebis ga­mo: masSi
en­
ergiis dagroveba grZeldeba Seda­ rebiT di­ d­
xans, ganmuxtvisas ki mcire wina­Ro­bis wred­Si is
TiTqmis mey­ seulad iZleva dagrovil energias.
swo­red es Tvisebaa praqtikaSi ga­mo­­yenebuli. mag-
aliTad, fotografiaSi gamoyenebuli mfeTqavi
sur. 90.1
naTura kondensatoris energiiT ikvebeba.
daniSnulebis mixedviT kondensa­ t orebs
aqvT sxvadasxva mow­ yobiloba da garegani saxe.
Cveulebrivi teqnikuri konde­ nsatori Sedgeba
aluminis kilitis ori zolisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan izolirebulia parafiniT ga-
JRenTili qaRaldiT (sur. 90.1). aluminisa da
qaRaldis zolebi mWidrod aris Sexveuli mcire
zomis kompaqtur paketSi (sur. 90.2).

sur. 90.2

36690
maswavleblis wigni

q2
5. (3) (6) ⇒ Eel= . (7)
2C
CU
(3) ⇒ q=UC. (10) (10) (6) ⇒ Eel= 2 . (8)

ee0S ee0E2Sd
6. CavsvaT (8)-Si C= da U=Ed ⇒ Eel= 2 . (9)
d

7.
aRniSvna fizikuri sidide erTeuli SI-Si

q eleqtruli muxti 1 kuloni (1 k)

U eleqtruli Zabva 1 volti (1 v)
d manZili 1 metri (1 m)
volti v
E eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 1 1
metri m
C eleqtrotevadoba 1 faradi (1 f)
S farTobi 1 kvadratuli metri 1 m2
e dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba ganyenebuli ricxvi
e0 eleqtruli mudmiva faradi f k2
1 1 =1
metri m n.m2

90′367
 moswavlis wigni
radioteqnikaSi farTod iyeneben cvladi tevadobis kondensatorebs (sur.
91.1). aseTi kondensatori Sedgeba liTonis firfitebis ori sistemisagan, rom-
lebic saxeluris brunviT erTmaneTSi Sedis.


8. icvleba Tu ara am dros kondensatoris firfitebis urTierTgadamfaravi
farTobi? kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

kondensatoris korpusze miTiTebulia eleq­

t­ro­tevadoba da maqsima­luri Zabva, romlisTvi-
sac is aris gaTvaliswinebuli. es auci­lebelia,
radgan konden­ s atoris CarTvam miTiTebul
Zabvaze meti Zabvis wredSi SeiZleba gamoiwvi-
os kondensatoris garRveva. am movlenis dros
kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris gaxteba na-
perwkali. Semo­nafenebs Soris sivrce gamtari
xdeba da kondensatori mwyobridan gamodis. sur. 91.1

kondensatoris eleqtrotevadobis, muxtis,

velis energiis kvleva:
https://bit.ly/3tW6i9d

vici, rom:

damuxtuli kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia ganisazRvreba

formulebiT:
qU CU2 q2
Eel= ; Eel= ; Eel= .
2 2 2C
eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrive ganisazRvreba formuliT:
ee0E2
ωel= .
2
eleqtruli energia ganawilebulia velis mTel moculobaSi.

davaleba

moipoveT informacia kondensatorebis klasifikaciisa da maTi eleqtro­

teqnikaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
moam­
zadeT sakiTxi gakveTilze warsadgenad.

36891
maswavleblis wigni
8. kondensatoris firfitebis urTierTgadamfaravi farTobi icvleba, amis gamo
ee0S
C= formulidan gamomdinareobs kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba icvleba.
d

91′369
 moswavlis wigni

§ 3.5. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi

1. 5 pf eleqtrotevadobis brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris po-

tencialTa sxvaoba 1000 v-ia. gansazRvreT TiToeuli firfitis muxti.
amoxsna

? q dadebiTad damuxtuli firfitis muxti:

q=CU. (*)
moc:. C=5 pf=5.10-12 f
(*): q=5.10–9 k.
U=103 v

2. brtyeli haeriani1 kondensatori Sedgeba

sami firfitisagan (sur. 92.1). TiToeuli firfi-
tis farTobia 1000 sm2, firfitebs Soris manZili
– 0,5 sm.
gansazRvreT kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba.
sur. 92.1
rogor Seicvleba eleqtrotevadoba kondensato-
ris gliceriniT dafarvisas? glicerinis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa 56,2.

amoxsna

? C1; C2 kondensatori sami firfitiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT ro-

gorc paralelurad SeerTebuli ori brtyeli haeriani
moc:. S=1000 sm2=10–4 m2 kondensatori. TiToeuli kondensatoris eleqtroteva-
d=0,5 sm=5.10–3 m eS 2e S
dobaa 0 . orives tevadoba: C1= 0 . (*)
e=56,2 d d
dieleqtrikSi moTavsebis Semdeg: C2=eC1. (1)
2e0eS
(*) (1) ⇒ C2= . (**)
d
(*): C1≈3,54.10–13 f. (**): C2≈2.10–11 f.

3. 40 mkf tevadobis 10 v Zabvamde damuxtuli da 6 mkf 20 v Zabvamde damux-

tuli kondensatorebi sapirispiro niSnis muxtiT damuxtuli firfitebiT
paralelurad SeaerTes. gansazRvreT pirveli kondensatoris muxti SeerTebis
Semdeg.
amoxsna

? q′1 kondenstorebis muxtebi SeerTebamde:

q1=C1U1. (1) q2=C2U2. (2)
moc:. C1=40 mkf
U1=10 v SeerTebis Semdeg kondensatorTa batareis saerTo muxti
q=|q2–q1|=(C1+C2)U, (3) sadac U aris kondensatorebze Zabva
C2=6 mkf
SeerTebis Semdeg.
U2=20 v
pirveli kondensatoris muxti SeerTebis Semdeg
q′1=C1U. (4)
|q2–q1|
(3) ⇒ U= . (5)
C1+C2

1. haeris dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba CavTvaloT erTis tolad.

37092
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-
is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

aq moyvanil amocanebze muSaoba ganamtkicebs SeZenil codnas, amoxsnis procesSi

gamoyenebis gziT. amavdroulad, daexmareba moswavleebs msjelobis ganviTarebaSi
kompleqsuri davalebis – „aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur
sistemebSi“ – pirveli da meore Sefasebis kriteriumebis damuSavebisas (1. ra aris
eleqtrotevadoba da ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs brtyeli kondensatoris ele-
qtrotevadobis cvlilebas? 2. rogor icvleba kondensatorTa tevadoba aqseler-
ometris moZravi nawilis mdebareobis cvlilebisas?). amitom ganixileT amoxsnebi
moswavleebTan erTad da miRebuli codnis gansamtkiceblad damatebiT amoaxsnev-
ineT maT amocanebi (savaraudo variantebi mocemulia gv. 95, 100).

92′371
 moswavlis wigni

|C2U2–C1U1|
(1)∧(2) (5)⇒ U= . (6)
C1+C2
C1|C2U2–C1U1|
(6) (4)⇒ q′1= (*)
C1+C2
(*): q′1=3,2.10–5k.

4. sami gansxvavebuli eleqtrotevadobis kondensatoris mimdevrobi-

Ti SeerTebisas wredis eleqtrotevadoba C0=0,75 mkf, xolo paraleluri
SeerTebisas – C=7 mkf. gansazRvreT kondensatorebis C2 da C3 eleqtroteva-
dobebi da mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas maTze modebuli U2 da U3 Zabvebi, Tu
C1=3 mkf da masze modebuli Zabva U1=20 v.
amoxsna
kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C C (C +C )
= + + ⇒ – = + ⇒ C2C3= 0 1 2 3 . (1)
C0 C1 C2 C3 C0 C1 C2 C3 C1–C0
paraleluri SeerTebisas C=C1+C2+C3 ⇒ C2+C3=C–C1. (2)
C0C1(C–C1)
(2) (1) ⇒ C2C3= . (3)
C1–C0
vietas Teoremis Tanaxmad, C2 da C3 unda iyos Semdegi kvadratuli gan-
tolebis fesvebi:
C C (C–C1)
x2+(C1–C)x + 0 1 =0.
C1–C0
gantolebis amoxsniT miviRebT: x1,2=C2=C3=2 mkf.
mimdevrobiTi SeerTebisas TiToeul kondensatorze muxtebi tolia:
CU CU
q=C1U1=C2U2=C3U3 ⇒ U2= 1 1 . (*) U3= 1 1 . (**)
C2 C3
(*): U2=30 v; (**): UU3=30 v.

5. damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris SigniT eleqtruli velis daZ-

abulobaa E E0. kondensatori gamorTulia denis wyarodan. kondensatoris
firfitebis naxevrebs Soris sivrce Seavses e dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis
dieleqtrikiT.
gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis E daZabuloba kondensatoris dieleqtrik-
isagan Tavisufal sivrceSi.
amoxsna
vTqvaT kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZilia d, kondensatoris ele-
qtrotevadoba – C0, maSin firfitebs Soris Zabva U0=E0d (1) da firfitebis
q
muxti q=C0U0=C0E0d ⇒ = C0E0. (2) kondensatori, romlis naxevari Sevsebulia
d
dieleqtrikiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ori paralelurad SeerTebuli
kondensatori (sur. 93.1):

C2

C0 C1
sur. 93.1

37293
maswavleblis wigni

kompleqsuri davalebis – „aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur

sistemebSi“ – meore Sefasebis kriteriumis dasaZlevad, mniSvnelovania sagangebod
ganixiloT amocana #5 da misi amoxsna, Sesabamisi msjelobis gziT.

93′373
 moswavlis wigni
C
erTi ar Seicavs dieleqtriks da aqvs C1= 0 (3) eleqtrotevadoba da meores
2
eC0
eleqtrotevadobaa C2= . (4)
2
C
sruli tevadoba C=C1+C2=(e+1) 0 . (5)
2
denis wyarodan gamorTuli kondensatoris firfitebze muxti SenarCunebu-
q
lia. amitom Zabva firfitebs Soris U= , (6) eleqtruli velis daZabuloba
C
U
dieleqtrikisagan Tavisufal firfitebs Soris: E= . (7)
q d
(6) (7) ⇒ E= Cd . (8)
C0E0 2E0
(2)∧(5) (8) ⇒ E= C0 ⇒ E= (e+1) . (*)
(e+1)
2

6. damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZili n=2-

jer ga­zardes. gansazRvreT, ramdenjer Seicvala: a. kondensatoris mux­ ti;
b. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba; g. Zabva firfitebs Soris; d. velis
daZabuloba; e. velis energia. ganixileT ori SemTxveva: 1. kondensatori ga-
morTulia Zabvis wyarodan; 2. kondensatori mier­Tebulia Zabvis wyarosTan.
amoxsna
1. a. radgan kondensatoris firfitebi araferTan ar aris SeerTebuli, am-
itom misi muxti ar Seicvleba.
ee S
b. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba C = 0 , (1) sadac S aris firfitebis
d
urTierTgadamfaravi farTobi, d – firfitebs Soris manZili. (1) ⇒ d-s orjer
gadidebiT kondensatoris tevadoba orjer mcirdeba.
q q
g. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba C= ⇒ U= , (2) sadac q kondensa-
U C
toris muxtia, U – Zabva firfitebs Soris. (2) ⇒ C-s orjer SemcirebiT fir-

fitebs Soris Zabva orjer izrdeba.

d. kondensatoris firfitebs Soris eleqtruli veli erTgvarovania

U
E= d . (3) davadgineT, d-s gadidebiT U-c imdenjerve izrdeba. (3)⇒ E ar icvleba.
qU
e. formulidan Eel= ⇒ damuxtuli kondensatoris eleqtruli velis
2
energia orjer izrdeba, radganac q ar icvleba, U orjer izrdeba.
2. g. rodesac kondensatori CarTulia mudmivi Zabvis wredSi, maSin Semon-
afenebze SenarCunebulia mudmivi denis wyaros polusebze arsebuli Zabva. igi

ar icvleba Semonafenebs Soris manZilis cvlilebiT.

ee S
b. kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba C = 0 ar aris damokidebuli imaze,
d
kondensatori mierTebulia Tu ara denis wyarosTan. firfitebs Soris manZilis
gadidebiT igi orjer mcirdeba.
a. kondensatoris muxti orjer mcirdeba.
d. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba orjer mcirdeba.
e. eleqtruli velis energia orjer mcirdeba.
a, d da e SekiTxvebze pasuxebi daasabuTeT.

37494
maswavleblis wigni

kompleqsuri davalebis – „aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur

sistemebSi“ – mesame Sefasebis kriteriumis dasaZlevad, mniSvnelovania sagangebod
ganixiloT amocana #6 da misi amoxsna, Sesabamisi msjelobis gziT.

94′375
 moswavlis wigni

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi

1. ra maqsimaluri muxti SeiZleba gadavceT kondensators, romelsac aweria

`150mkf; 200v~.
2. erTi kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba 1mkf-ia, meorisa – 10000pf. SeadareT
Zabvebi, romlebic unda movdoT am kondensatorebs, rom maT erTnairi muxti
daagrovon.
3. 100pkf da 0,5mkf tevadobis kondensatorebi miuerTes erTi da imave mudmivi
Zabvis wyaros polusebs. SeadareT kondensatorebze dagrovili muxtebi.
4. gansazRvreT haeriani brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZili, Tu
misi tevadoba 46pkf-ia, xolo TiToeuli firfitis farTobi – 260sm2.
5. ramdenjer Seicvleba kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba misi firfitebis
muSa farTobis 3-jer da maT Soris manZilis 2-jer Semcirebisas?
6. haeriani kondensatoris firfitebs Soris myari dieleqtrikis Setanisas
firfitebs Soris Zabva Semcirda 600-dan 100v-mde. gansazRvreT dieleqtrikis
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba.
7. brtyeli kondensatoris TiToeuli firfitis farTobia 400sm2. manZili fir-
fitebs Soris 4mm-ia. firfitebs Soris moTavsebulia qarsi. gansazRvreT maqsimal-
uri muxti, romelic SeiZleba gadavceT kondensators, Tu dasaSvebi Zabvaa 6kv?
8. brtyeli haeriani kondensatoris firfitebs Soris maT paralelurad Seit-
anes liTonis firfita, romlis sisqe kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZilis
naxevaria. rogor Seicvleba kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba?
9. gansazRvreT 95.1 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis C1=1mkf C2=2mkf C3=3mkf
kondensatorTa batareis eleqtrotevadoba.
10. gansazRvreT 95.2 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis A B C D
kondensatorTa batareis eleqtrotevadoba. sur. 95.1

11. gansazRvreT 95.1 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis C1=1mkf

TiToeuli kondensatoris muxti, Tu UAD=100v.
C2=2mkf
12. gansazRvreT 95.2 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis Ti- A B
Toeuli kondensatoris muxti, Tu UAB=100v.
C3=3mkf
13. gansazRvreT 95.3 suraTze gamosaxul kondensa-
torTa batareis eleqtrotevadoba, Tu C1=C2=2 nf da sur. 95.2
C3=500 pkf.
14. gansazRvreT 95.4 suraTze gamosaxul kondensatorTa batareis eleqtroteva-
doba, Tu C1=2 mkf, C2=4 mkf, C3=1 mkf, C4=2 mkf da C5=6 mkf.
15. ra farglebSi SeiZleba SevcvaloT 95.5 suraTze gamosaxuli wredis ubnis
eleqtrotevadoba, Tu C1=400 pf, xolo cvladi tevadobis kondensatoris tevadoba
C2=100 800 pf.
C1 C1 C2 C1
C3

C5
C2 C3 C4 C2
sur.95.3 sur.95.4 sur.95.5

37695
maswavleblis wigni

moswavlem unda SeZlos:

fiz.saS.1. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT nivTier-

ebebis Semadgeneli struqturis daxasiaTeba da velebis maxasiaTebeli parametre-
bis Sesaxeb msjeloba materiis saxeebis fizikuri Tvisebebisa da maTi cvlilebis
mizezebis gasaazreblad;
fiz.saS.2. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT energi-
is saxeebze da maTi urTierTgardaqmnis mizezebze/Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi
mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis dasaxasiaTeblad;
fiz.saS.3. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT sxeulTa
urTierTqmedebebsa da maT Sedegebze msjeloba bunebaSi mimdinare procesebis
aRsawerad;
fiz.saS.4. mecnieruli miRwevebisa da kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebiT bune-
baSi arsebuli mizez - Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dasabuTeba fizikuri procesebis/
movlenebis aRsawerad da dasaxasiaTeblad.

paragrafebis gavlisa da, amis paralelurad, kompleqsuri davalebis aqtivobaTa

Sesrulebis Semdeg, kargi iqneba moswavleTa codna da am codnis gamoyenebis unari
amocanebis amoxsniTac SeamowmoT da gaavarjiSoT. amisaTvis gTavazobT savarjiSoe-
bis, amocanebisa da testebis nakrebs pasuxebiT. nu gamotovebT am nabijs, miT ufro,
rom maTi umetesoba aseve xels uwyobs kompleqsur davalebaTa Sefasebis krite-
riumebis daZlevas. (magaliTisTvis gamovyofT #8, 23 da 24 amocanebs kompleqsuri
davalebaze – „aqselerometri: kondensatori realur-virtualur sistemebSi~
– muSaobis procesSi).

1. 3.10-2 k;
2. meore kondensators unda movdoT 100-jer meti Zabva.
3. meore kondensatorze dagrovdeba 5000-jer meti muxti.
4. 0,5sm.
5. Semcirdeba 1,5-jer.
6. 6.
7. 3,2.10-6 k.
8. gaizrdeba orjer.
9. ≈0,55 mkf.
10. 6 mkf.
11. 5,5.10-5 k.
12. 10-4 k; 2.10-4 k; 3.10-4 k.
13. ≈4,4.10-4 f.
14. 1,5.10-6 f;
15. 0,5.10-9 f ≤ C ≤ 1,2.10-9 f;

95′377
 moswavlis wigni
16. ra farglebSi SeiZleba SevcvaloT 96.1 suraTze
gamosaxuli wredis ubnis eleqtrotevadoba, Tu C1=100 sur.96.1
pf, xolo cvladi tevadobis kondensatoris tevadoba
C2=400 900 pf.
17. gansazRvreT 500pf tevadobis kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia, Tu
misi muxti 2.10-6 k-ia.
18. gansazRvreT 500pf tevadobis kondensatoris muxti, Tu misi eleqtruli
velis energia 4.10-3 j-ia.
19. gansazRvreT, ra Zabvamdea damuxtuli 500 pf tevadobis kondensatori, Tu
misi eleqtruli velis energia 4.10-3 j-ia.
20. 0,8 mkf tevadobis kondensatoris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 1000 v/m-ia.
gansazRvreT kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia, Tu Semonafenebs Soris
manZili 1mm-ia.
21. Seicvleba Tu ara, wredidan gamorTuli haeriani, damuxtuli kondensatoris
eleqtruli velis energia firfitebis dacilebisas? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
22. brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZili orjer Seamcires. ramdenjer
Seicvala: a. muxti, b. Zabva firfitebs Soris, g. eleqtrotevadoba, d. velis daZabuloba,
e. velis energia da v. energiis simkvrive. ganixileT ori SemTxveva:
a. kondensatori gamorTes Zabvis wyarodan;
b. kondensatori mierTebulia mudmivi Zabvis wyarosTan.
23. damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris Seiyvanes e diele-
qtrikuli SeRwevadobis dieleqtriki ise, rom man mTlianad Seavso firfitebis
naxevrebs Soris arsebuli sivrce. ramdenjer Seicvala kondensatoris tevadoba,
muxti firfitebze da Zabva maT Soris?
24. ramdenjer Seicvleba damuxtuli kondensatoris velis energia, Tu firfitebs
Soris sivrces SevavsebT zeTiT? ganixileT SemTxvevebi: a. kondensatori gamorTu-
lia Zabvis wyarodan; b. kondensatori mierTebulia mudmivi Zabvis wyarosTan. pasuxi
axseniT energiiis mudmivobis kanonis gamoyenebiT.
25. 10 da 5 sm radiusis metalis ori birTvi, romelTa Soris manZili gacilebiT
metia maT zomebze, damuxtulia 20 v da 10 v potencialamde. birTvebi SeaerTes um-
niSvnelo eleqtrotevadobis mavTuliT. gansazRvreT TiToeuli birTvis muxtis
zedapiruli simkvrive mavTuliT SeerTebis Semdeg.
26. 1 da 3 mkf eleqtrotevadobis mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatori CarTes
220 v Zabvis qselSi. gansazRvreT Zabva TiToeul kondensatorze.
27. 1 da 2 mkf eleqtrotevadobis kondensatorebis gar- C3
Rvevis Zabvaa 500 v. dasaSvebia Tu ara maTi mimdevrobiTi
SeerTeba da CarTva 900 v Zabvis qselSi? axseniT, ratom?
C4
28. gansazRvreT 96.2 suraTze gamosaxuli kondensatorTa
batareis eleqtrotevadoba, Tu TiToeuli kondensatoris C2
C6
C5
eleqtrotevadobaa C.
29. 5 mkf tevadobis qaRaldisa da 30 pkf haeris kondensa- C1
torebi SeaerTes mimdevrobiT da CarTes 200 v Zabvis denis
sur. 96.2

37896
maswavleblis wigni
16. 80.10-12 f ≤ C ≤ 90.10-12 f.
17. 4.10-3 j.
18. 2.10-6 k.
19. 6.103 v.
20. 4.10-7 j.
21. gaizrdeba.
22. 1. a. ar Secvlila; b. Semcirda 2-jer; g. gaizarda 2-jer; d. ar Secvlila; e. Semcir-
da 2-jer; v. ar Secvlila. 2. a. gaizarda 2-jer; b. ar Secvlila; g. gaizarda 2-jer; e.
gaizarda 2-jer; v. gaizarda 4-jer.

23. e+1 -jer gaizarda; ar Seicvala; Semcirda e+1 -jer.

2 2
24. a. 2,5-jer Semcirdeba. energia dieleqtrikis polarizacias xmardeba; b. 2,5-jer
gaizrdeba. energia denis wyaros xarjze Seivseba.
25. 4,425 nk/m2, 8,85 nk/m2.
26. 165 v, 55 v.
27. ar aris dasaSvebi, radgan pirvel da meore kondensatorebze modebuli Zabvebi
iqneba 600 da 300 v. gairRveva jer pirveli da Semdeg meore kondensatori.
28.

C2 C5 C2 C5
⇒ C1 ⇒ C1 ⇒ C=2C0
C3 C4 C6 C3 C6

96′379
 moswavlis wigni
wyarosTan. gansazRvreT wredSi gamavali muxti, haeriani kondensatoris diele-
qtrikiT (e=2) avsebis Semdeg.
30. gansazRvreT 5 sm radiusis 3000 v-mde damuxtuli birTvis damiwebisas gamoy-
ofili siTbos raodenoba.

testebi

1. ganmxoloebuli gamtaris muxtis orjer gadidebiT misi eleqtrotevadoba:

a. orjer izrdeba; b. orjer mcirdeba;
g. ar icvleba; d. oTxjer izrdeba.

2. ganmxoloebuli gamtari sferos radiusis orjer gadidebiT misi eleqtroteva-

doba:
a. orjer izrdeba; b. orjer mcirdeba;
g. ar icvleba; d. oTxjer izrdeba.

3. roca brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebs Soris eleqtruli velis daZabuloba

80 v/m-ia, xolo manZili – 4 sm, maSin firfitebs Soris Zabvaa:
a. 320 v; b. 3,2 v; g. 20 v; d. 200 v; e. 2 v.

4. brtyeli kondensatoris Semonafenebze Zabvis orjer gadidebiT misi ele-

qtrotevadoba:
a. izrdeba orjer; b. mcirdeba orjer;
g. ar icvleba; d. izrdeba oTxjer.

5. brtyeli kondensatoris Semonafenebs Soris manZilis k-jer gadidebiT misi

eleqtrotevadoba:
a. k-jer izrdeba; b. k-jer mcirdeba;
g. (k–1)-jer mcirdeba; d. ar icvleba.

6. roca damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori wredidanaa gamorTuli, maSin Semon-

afenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris Zabva:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. SeiZleba gaizardos, SeiZleba Semcirdes.

38097
maswavleblis wigni
29. 3.10-11 k.
30. 2,5.10-5 j.

testi
1 2 3 4 5 6
g a b g b a

97′381
 moswavlis wigni

7. roca damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori wredidanaa gamorTuli, maSin Semon-

afenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris firfitebs Soris daZabuloba:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. SeiZleba gaizardos, SeiZleba Semcirdes.

8. roca haeriani kondensatori mudmivi Zabvis wredSia CarTuli, maSin Semon-

afenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris muxti:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

9. roca haeriani kondensatori mudmivi Zabvis wredSia CarTuli, maSin Semonafen-

ebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris firfitebs Soris dieleqtrikuli
SeRwevadoba:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

10. Tu brtyeli damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori gamorTulia denis wyarodan,

maSin Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

11. Tu brtyeli haeriani kondensatori CarTulia mudmivi Zabvis denis wyarosTan,

maSin Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

12. Tu C tevadobis brtyeli haeriani kondensatori CarTulia mudmivi U Zabvis

denis wyarosTan, maSin firfitebs Soris sivrcis e dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis
dieleqtrikiT Sevsebisas denis wyaroSi gamavali muxtia:

a. eCU; b. CU; g. CU ; d. (e-1)CU; e. 0.

e

13. Tu brtyeli damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori gamorTulia denis wyarodan

da misi energiaa Eel, maSin firfitebs Soris manZilis n-jer gadidebisas Ses-
rulebuli muSaobaa:

Eel Eel(n–1)
a. nEel; b. ; g. ; d. Eel(n–1); e. 0.
n n

14. brtyeli kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba icvleba:

a. kondensatoris muxtis cvlilebisas;
b. Semonafenebze Zabvis cvlilebisas;
g. Semonafenebs Soris manZilis cvlilebisas;
d. Semonafenebs Soris daZabulobis cvlilebisas.

38298
maswavleblis wigni

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
g b g a b d d g

98′383
 moswavlis wigni

§3.6. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

amoxseniT amocanebi

1. SeadareT ori eleqtronis urTierTganzidvis Zalis moduli maTi gravita­

ciuli mizidulobis Zalis moduls.
2. gansazRvreT A da B wertilebSi damagrebuli 10 da 20 nk wertilovani
muxtebis SemaerTebeli monakveTis SigniT C wertilSi moTavsebul 2 nk muxtze
moqmedi Zalebi da maTi tolqmedi, Tu AB=30 sm, AC=10 sm.
3. wina amocanis pirobis mixedviT, jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg aCveneT AB mon-
akveTsa da mis gagrZelebebze arsebobs Tu ara iseTi wertili, sadac q3 muxti
wonasworobaSi iqneba. rogoria es wonasworoba?
4. gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis daZabuloba, C
romelsac qmnis A da B wertilebSi damagrebuli
ori toli da sapi­ rispiro niSnis |q1|=|q2|≡|q| wer-
tilovani muxtebi maTi SemaerTe­buli wrfis Sua D
wertilidan aRmarTuli marTobis C wertilSi (sur.
99.1). AB=l da AC=R.
A D B
5. rogor unda SevcvaloT manZili or muxts So-
+q1 –q2
ris, rom wyalSi CaSvebisas maTi urTierTqmedebis sur. 99.1
Zalis moduli iseTive iyos, rogoric vakuumSi?
6. gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis muSaoba 30 nk muxtis gadaadgilebisas:
a. 800 v potencialis wertilidan 200 v potencialis wertilamde;
b. -110 v potencialis wertilidan 500 v potencialis wertilamde. rogor
icvleba muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia TiToeul SemTx-
vevaSi?
7. gansazRvreT eleqtruli velis muSaoba q wertilovani muxtis B wer-
dgilebisas. veli Seqmnilia q1 da q2 werti­lovani
tilidan A wertilSi gadaa­
muxtebiT (sur. 99.2).
S
R q
q2
q1 B A
l
sur. 99.2

8. eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT eleqtronis siCqare 107-dan 3.107 m/wm-mde

gaizarda. gansazRvreT potencialTa sxvaoba gadaadgilebis sawyis da saboloo
wertilebs Soris.
C2
9. wylis patara erTnairi n wveTebi damuxtu-
lia erTsaxeulian ϕ0 potencialamde. gansazRvreT
patara wveTebis SeerTebiT miRebuli didi wveTis B C3
A D
C1
potenciali.
10. 99.3 suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, sur. 99.3
gansaz­RvreT kondensatorTa batareis eleqtro­
tevadoba.

38499
maswavleblis wigni

1. ? Fel/Fgr eleqtronebs Soris manZili aRvniSnoT R-iT

da davweroT kulonisa da msoflio mizidulobis
moc.: |e|=1,6.10-19 k
kanonebi:
mel=9,1.10-31 kg
n.m2 e2 m2el
k=9.109 k2 Fel= k . (1) Fgr= G . (2)
R2 R2
n.m2
G=6,67.10-11 kg2
Fel ke2
(1)∧(2) ⇒ = . (*)
Fgr Gm2el

2. ?
q3 muxtze moqmedi da Zalebi gamo-
moc.: q1=10 nk=10.10-9 k 31 32

saxulia 47′.1 suraTze. maTi tolqmedi: 3

=
q2=20 nk=20.10-9 k
31
+ 32
. (1)
q3=2 nk=2.10-9 k
A C B
AB=30 sm=0,3 m
q1 q3 q2 X
AC=10 sm=0,1 m 32 31

sur. 47′.1
|q3|.|q1| 2.10 .10.10
9 -9

=k = 9.109 =18.10-6 n.
31 (AC) 2
0,12
|q3|.|q2| 2.109.20.10-9
= k = 9.109 =9.10-6 n.
32 (AB-AC)2 0,22
F3=|F31–F32|= 9.10-6 n.
radgan F31 metia F32-ze, amitom F3 mimarTulia F31-is mxares.

3. AB monakveTis nebismier wertilSi moTavsebul muxtze moqmedi Zalebi

urTierTsapirispirod aris mimarTuli. im wertilSi,sadac muxtze moqmedi Za-
lebis tolqmedi nulis tolia igi wonasworobaSia. aRvniSnoT x-iT am wertilis
daSoreba A wertilidan da misi mdebareoba ganvsazRvroT formulidan

|q3|.|q1| |q3|.|q2|
k =k ⇒ |q1|(AB–x)2=|q2|x2 ⇒ 10.10-9(0,3–x)2=20.10-9.x2 ⇒
x 2
(AB–x)2

⇒ 0,09–0,6x+x2=2x2 ⇒ x2+0,6x–0,09=0 ⇒ x=0,12 m.

miviReT, AB monakveTze A wertilidan 12 sm-iT daSorebuli nebismieri muxti

wonasworobaSia. am mdebareobidan muxtis marjvniv an marcxniv gadaadgilebisa
da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg igi yovelTvis dabrundeba wonasworobis mdebareo-
baSi. e. i. wonasworoba mdgradia. magram im wertilSi, romelic AB monakveTs ar
ekuTvnis, mcire manZiliT gadaadgilebisa da gaTavisuflebis Semdeg muxti kidev
ufro dascildeba wonasworobis mdebareobas, e. i. wonasworoba aramdgradia.

99′385
 moswavlis wigni
AB monakveTis gagrZelebaze A wertilis marcxniv an B wertilis marjvniv
(sur. 47.1′) moTavsebuli muxti SeuZlebelia wonasworobaSi iyos, radgan masze
moqmed Zalebs erTnairi mimarTuleba aqvs.

1
4. eleqtruli velis daZabuloba C wertilSi

α C
C
= 1
+ 2
. (1) C

sadac 1
da 2
aris q1 da –q2 muxtebis mier C
R 2

wertilSi Seqmnili velis daZabulobebi (ix. sur.).

|q|
E1=E2= k . (2)
R2
E A α B
suraTidan C =E1cosa ⇒ EC=2E1cosa. (3) +q1 l –q2
2
l/2 l
∆ACB-dan cosa = = . (4)
R 2R
|q|l
(2)∧(4) (3) ⇒ EC = k 3 . (*)
R
C
mimarTulia AB-s paralelurad.

|q1|.|q2|
5. vakuumSi muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli . (1) F1= k
R12
|q |.|q |
wyalSi imave muxtebis urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli F = k 1 2 , (2) sadac
ε=81 wylis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobaa.
2
eR22

pirobis Tanaxmad F1=F2. (3)

|q1|.|q2| |q1|.|q2| R1
(1) (2) (3) ⇒ F1= k =k ⇒ R2 = . (*)
R1 2 eR2 2
e
R1
(*): R2 = .
9
e. i. muxtebs Soris manZili 9-jer unda SevamciroT.

gile­
eleqtruli velis mier muxtis gadaad­
6. ? A1; A2.
bisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba A=q(ϕ1−ϕ2). (*)
moc.: q1=30 nk=3.10-8 k
a. (*): A1=3.10-8 k(800 v_200 v)=1,8.10-5 j.
ϕ1=800 v
muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis poten­ciuri
ϕ2=200 v
energia izrdeba 1,8.10-5 j-iT.
ϕ1′=-100 v
b. (*): A2=3.10-8k(-100 v_700 v)=-1,8.10-5 j.
ϕ2′=500 v
muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
ene­rgia mcirdeba 1,8.10-5 j-iT.

99′′
386
maswavleblis wigni
7. eleqtruli velis mier Sesrulebu­li muSaoba A=q(ϕB−ϕA). (1)
sadac ϕB=ϕ1+ϕ2, (2) ϕA=ϕ′1+ϕ′2. (3) S
(2)∧(3) (1) ⇒ A=q(ϕ1+ϕ2–ϕ′1–ϕ′2). (4) R q2 q
q1 B A
q q q l
ϕ1=k 1 , (5) ϕ2=k 2 , (6) ϕ′1=k 1 , (7)
l l–R S
q2
ϕ′2=k , (8) aris q1 da q2 muxtebis mier
S–R
B da A wertilebSi Seqmnili velis potencialebi.
q1 q q q1
(5),(6),(7)∧(8) (4) ⇒ A=kq + 2 – 1– ⇒
l l–R S S–R

q q
⇒ A=kq(S–l) lS + (l–R)(S–R) . (*)
1 2

8. ? ϕ1–ϕ2.
eleqtruli velis muSaoba eleqtronis gadaad­
moc.: v1=10 m/wm 7
gilebisas A1=e(j1-j2). (1)
v2=3.10 m/wm 7

meore mxriv eleqtruli velis muSaoba eleqtronis

m=9,1.10-31 kg
kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis tolia
e=-1,6.10-19 k mv22 mv12
A2 = – . (2) A1=A2. (3)
2 2
mv22 mv12 m
(1)∧(2) (3) ⇒ e(ϕ1–ϕ2)= – ⇒ ϕ1–ϕ2= (v 2–v 2) . (*)
2 2 2e 2 1

9,1.10-31 kg m2 m2
(*): ϕ1–ϕ2= 9.1014 – 1014 =-2,3 kv .
-2.1,6.10-19 k wm2 wm2

q0 ϕ0 r
9. patara wveTis potenciali ϕ0=k ⇒ q 0= . (1)
r k
Q
didi wveTis potenciali ϕ=k , (2)
R

sadac r da R Sesabamisad patara da didi wveTis radiusebia, q0 da Q ki _

wveTebis muxtebi.
muxtis Senaxvis kanonis Tanaxmad: Q=nq0. (3)
didi wveTis V moculoba patara wveTebis V0 moculobebis jamis tolia.

4 3
V=nV0, (4) V= pR3 , amitom (4) ⇒ R=r n . (5)
3
3
(1), (3)∧(5) (2)-Si ϕ=r n2 ϕ0 . (*)

10.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C2+C3+C1 C1(C2+C3)
= + ⇒ = + ⇒ = ⇒ CAD = .
CAD CAB CBD CAD C1 C2+ C3 CAD C1(C2+C3) C1+C2+C3

99′′′387
 moswavlis wigni

cdebi, cdebi, cdebi

1. daimuxteba eleqtroskopi mis gamtar sferos mSrali,

daumuxtavi polieTilenis boTli rom gauxaxunoT (sur. +
+
100.1)? varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT. +
+

2. daimuxteba mSrali polieTilenis boTli daumuxtavi

eleqtroskopis gamtar sferosTan gaxaxunebisas (sur.100.1)?
varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

3. xaxunisas erTnairi niSnis muxtebiT imuxteba ele-

qtroskopi da polieTilenis boTli (ix. amocanebi 1 da 2)?
sur. 100.1
pasuxi daasabuTeT.

4. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, ise davmuxtoT polieTilenis

boTli, rom mis boloebze miviRoT sxvadasxva niSnis muxtebi?
pasuxis marTebuloba daasabuTeT da SeamowmeT cdiT.

5. wvril, izolirebul, erTnairi sigrZis Zafebze ori patara

gamtari burTulaa dakidebuli (sur.100.2). burTulebi erTmaneTs
exeba. ra moxdeba, Tu erT-erT burTulas damuxtul polieTilenis
boTls SevaxebT? varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

6. rogor Seicvleba Zafebs Soris kuTxe, Tu burTulebs Ta-

visufali vardnis saSualeba eqnebaT (ix. amocana 5)? varaudis
marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.
sur. 100.2
7. 100.3 suraTze gamosaxulia ori „erTnairi" msubuqi burTu-
la. erTi damuxtulia. xelsawyoebis gamoyenebis gareSe, cdiT
daadgineT, romelia damuxtuli? varaudis marTebuloba Sea-
mowmeT cdiT.

8. rogor fiqrobT, moqmedebs Tu ara damuxtuli polieTile-

nis boTli magnitur isarze? pasuxis marTebuloba SeamowmeT
cdiT.

9. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, damuxtuli polieTilenis boTliT

ise damuxtoT ori izolirebuli burTula, rom ar Semcirdes
sur.100.3
boTlis muxti da burTulebs hqondeT toli da sapirispiro
niSnis muxtebi? axseniT, varaudis marTebulobas rogor Sea-
mowmebT cdiT?

10. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom damuxtuli gamtari sferos yvela ubanze muxtis
zedapiruli simkvrive erTnairi ar iyos? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

11. aRwereT, ra moxdeba, Tu dadebiTad damuxtuli eleqtroskopis sferos Tan-

daTan miuaxloebT uaryofiTad damuxtul polieTilenis boTls?
varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

12. rogor daadgenT damuxtuli polieTilenis boTlis muxtis niSans dadebiTad

damuxtuli eleqtroskopis meSveobiT? pasuxis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

388100
maswavleblis wigni

1. eleqtroskopi daimuxteba.

2. daimuxteba. mivuaxlooT boTli qaRaldis nakuwebs. davinaxavT, rom qaRaldi

boTls miekvreba.

3. muxtis mudmivobis kanonis gamoyenebiT, davadgenT: boTli da eleqtrometri

imuxteba moduliT toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebiT.

4. SesaZlebelia. boTlis boloebs unda gavuxaxunoT Sesabamisi sxeulebi.

5. burTulebi daimuxteba erTsaxeliani muxtebiT da erTmaneTs dascildeba.

6. burTulebis urTierTganzidvis Zalis moqmedebiT, isini erTmaneTs dascil-

deba 2l manZiliT. (l Zafis sigrZea).

7. mivuaxlooT xeli TiToeul burTulas. damuxtuli burTula xelisken miizide-

ba.

8. magnitur isarTan damuxtuli boTlis miaxloebisas, isris boloebze ele-

qtromagnituri induqciis Sedegad, warmoiqmneba muxtebi. isris bolo miizideba
boTlisken.

9. burTulebi erTmaneTs mivadoT. erT-erT burTulas mivuaxlooT damuxtuli

boTli.

burTulebi gavleniT daimuxteba toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebiT. dava-

SoroT burTulebi erTmaneTs. isini damuxtuli darCeba.

10. SesaZlebelia maSin, roca damuxtuli sferos maxloblad aris sxva damux-
tuli sxeuli.

11. eleqtroskopis furclebi TandaTan daeSveba, Semdeg isev gaSlas daiwyebs.

12. ix. amocana #11

100′389
 moswavlis wigni
13. yovelTvis ganimuxteba eleqtrometri sferoze TiTis SexebiT? pasuxis mar-
Tebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

14. gaqvT daumuxtavi Rru gamtari sfero, izolatorze damagrebuli dadebiTad

damuxtuli gamtari burTula da Zafze dakidebuli aluminis kilitis an qaRaldis
masra.

a. sad Seiqmneba eleqtruli veli, Tu burTulas ise moaTavsebT sferos SigniT,

rom mis kedlebs ar Seexos?

b. gaCndeba Tu ara muxtebi sferoze?

g. Seicvleba Tu ara veli sferos SigniT da gareT, Tu burTulas mdebareobas

SeucvliT?

d. Seicvleba Tu ara eleqtruli veli sferos SigniT da gareT, Tu sferos gare-

dan miuaxloebT damuxtul sxeuls?

pasuxebis marTebuloba daasabuTeT.

15. gaqvT damuxtuli burTula da qaRaldis nakuwebi.

a. rogor urTierTqmedeben isini, roca damuxtul burTulas miuaxloebT qaRal­

dis nakuwebs?

b. rogor Seicvleba mizidulobis Zala, Tu burTulas liTonis badiT Semosaz-

RvravT?

g. ra moxdeba, Tu qaRaldis nakuwebs liTonis badiT SemosazRvravT?

pasuxebis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdebiT.

16. Seicvleba Tu ara damuxtuli eleqtroskopis furclebis gaSlis kuTxe, Tu

mis burTulas xels miuaxloebT?

axseniT, ratom? varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

17. SeiZleba Tu ara ise SecvaloT eleqtrometrTan mierTebuli gamtaris poten-

ciali, rom ar SecvaloT misi muxti? pasuxis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

18. Seicvleba Tu ara potencialTa sxvaoba damuxtuli brtyeli kondensatoris

firfitebze maT Soris manZilis Semcirebisas? pasuxi daasabuTeT da misi marTeb-
uloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

390101
maswavleblis wigni
13. ar ganimuxteba maSin, rodesac eleqtrometris maxloblad damuxtuli sxe­
ulia.

14. a. eleqtruli veli iarsebebs sferos SigniTac da gareTac.

b. Sida zedapirze gaCndeba uaryofiTi muxti, gare zedapirze - dadebiTi.

g. Seicvleba mxolod sferos SigniT.

d. Seicvleba mxolod sferos gareT.

15. a. erTmaneTs izidaven.

b. araferi Seicvleba. burTula da bade moqmedeben, rogorc burTulas centrSi

moTavsebuli muxti.

g. urTierTmizidulobis Zala nuli gaxdeba: qaRaldi moxvdeba faradeis badeSi.

16. furclebi odnav daeSveba, radgan izrdeba misi eleqtrotevadoba, poten-

ciali ki - mcirdeba.

17. SesaZlebelia. SevcvaloT garemomcveli gamtarebis urTierTmdebareoba,

davamiwoT isini da davakvirdeT eleqtrometris furclebs. davinaxavT, rom fur-
clebis gaSlis kuTxe Seicvleba.

18. C=q/U formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom u - mcirdeba.

101′391
 moswavlis wigni

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli amocanebisa

da testebis pasuxebi

testebi

gv. 14-15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
b a a d e g d b g a a b e g d

gv. 20 gv. 24-25 gv. 28 gv. 32

1 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 1 2
b g g g 3 g a b g b g b

gv. 37-38 gv. 43

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4
b g g b r d d d g g g g b g

gv. 47 gv. 59 gv. 65

2 3 4 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
b b a b d a d d a a

gv. 76-79

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
b b d b d g b d b e g a d

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
g b d b a g d b g g d a

gv. 97-98
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
g a b g b a g b g a b d d g

392102
moswavlis wigni

amocanebis pasuxebi
savarjiSo, gv. 19:
1. ar arsebobs. 2. atombirTvi – dadebiTad, eleqtronebi – uaryofiTad. 3. protons
aqvs dadebiTi, xolo eleqtrons – uaryofiTi muxti. 4. aris, esenia neitronebi.
5. protonebis raodenoba eleqtronebis raodenobis tolia. 6. ar arsebobs.

savarjiSo, gv. 24:

1. pasuxi ar aris marTebuli. sxeulSi protonebis da eleqtronebis raodenobebi
tolia. 2. 1,6.10-19 k. 3. -1,6.10-19 k. 4. 10; 10; 8. 5. 7.

savarjiSo, gv. 36:

1. dadebiTad damuxtulis izrdeba; uaryofiTad damuxtulis mcirdeba.
2. sferosTan Reros miaxloebiT B sferos muxti Semcirdeba. gaxdeba eleqtrulad
neitraluri, Semdeg ki daimuxteba dadebiTad. 3. alumini. 4. 5.1012. 5. 6 kn. 6. 4-jer
unda gaizardos. 7. 5,5.10–9; -1,1.10-9 k. 8. ≈ ±2,67.10–7 k; ≈ ±0,67.10–7 k. 10. muxtebis Semae-
4kq2
rTebel wrfeze –10 nk muxtidan 1 sm-ze. 11. 2 . 12. 24 mkn; 32 mkn.
a

savarjiSo, gv. 42-43:

1. 10-4 n; 2. ≈4,2.10-8 k; 3. 4.105 k; 4. 0,5 n/k.

savarjiSo, gv. 46-47:

1. 2 sm; 2. ≈3.105 n/k; 3. 182 n/k.

savarjiSo, gv. 51-52:

1. 1. velis Semqmneli muxtebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba niSniT da moduliT.
marcxena burTula uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli da misi moduli naklebia marjvena
burTulis modulze. 2. ix. sur.

3. namcecis muxti iwvevs liTonis firfitis gavleniT damuxtvas (firfitis zeda

mxare uaryofiTad imuxteba). amis gamo namcecze imoqmedebs qveviT mimarTuli
eleqtruli Zala da namcecis siCqare daiwyebs gadidebas.

savarjiSo, gv. 58:

1. uryofiTi, ≈6.10-7n; 2. Semobrundeba ise, rom dadebiTi muxti iqneba marjvniv;
3. foladis firfitidan.

kiTxvebi, amocanebi, gv. 74-75:

1. dadebiTs; 2. dadebiTs; 3. muSaoba AB da CD ubnebze nulis tolia. BC ubanze igi

dadebiTia, DA ubanze ki – uaryofiTi, Caketil konturze muUSaoba nulis tolia; 4.

103393
 moswavlis wigni
5.10-6 j; -6.10-6 j. 5. -0,5 mkj; 0,5 mkj; 20 v. 6. 120 v; 7. 1,6.10-17 j; -1,6.10-17 j; 5,9.106 m/wm. 8.
2.104 v/m. 9. 60 v. 10. 1,28.10-18 k. 11. firfitebs Soris manZili 20 sm-ze naklebi ar unda
iyos. 12. 4550 v; 13. 9,8.10-15 k; 14. 31250; 15. Semcirdeba 0,18 j; 16. gaizrdeba 4,5.10-6
j-iT; 17. gaizrdeba 21.10-5 j-iT; 18. muSaobebi tolia; 19. ix. sur. 103.1
ϕ, v
-50v +50v 0 Ex, kv/m 50
A B
C
1
0 0,05 0,1 X, m
0,05 0,1 X, m
-1
-50
-2
sur.103.1

20. daumuxtavi burTula imoZravebs eleqtruli velis daZabulobis gadidebis

mimarTulebiT: a. marjvniv; b. marcxniv; g. uZravi darCeba.

savarjiSo, gv. 95-96:

1. 3.10-2 k; 2. meore kondensators unda movdoT 100-jer meti Zabva. 3. meore kon-
densatorze dagrovdeba 5000-jer meti muxti. 4. 0,5sm. 5. Semcirdeba 1,5-jer. 6. 6.
7. 3,2.10-6 k. 8. gaizrdeba orjer. 9. ≈0,55 mkf. 10. 6 mkf. 11. 5,5.10-5 k. 12. 10-4 k; 2.10-4
k; 3.10-4 k. 13. ≈4,4.10-4 f. 14. 1,5.10-6 f; 15. 0,5.10-9 f ≤ C ≤ 1,2.10-9 f; 16. 80.10-12 f ≤ C
≤ 90.10-12 f. 17. 4.10-3 j. 18. 2.10-6 k. 19. 6.103 v. 20. 4.10-7 j. 21. gaizrdeba. 22. 1. a. ar
Secvlila; b. Semcirda 2-jer; g. gaizarda 2-jer; d. ar Secvlila; e. Semcirda 2-jer;
v. ar Secvlila. 2. a. gaizarda 2-jer; b. ar Secvlila; g. gaizarda 2-jer; e. gaizarda
2-jer; v. gaizarda 4-jer. 23. e+1 -jer gaizarda; ar Seicvala; Semcirda e+1 -jer.
2 2
24. a. 2,5-jer Semcirdeba. energia dieleqtrikis polarizacias xmardeba; b. 2,5-jer
gaizrdeba. energia denis wyaros xarjze Seivseba. 25. 4,425 nk/m2, 8,85 nk/m2. 26. 55 v.
27. ar aris dasaSvebi, radgan pirvel da meore kondensatorebze modebuli Zabvebi
iqneba 600 da 300 v. gairRveva jer pirveli da Semdeg meore kondensatori.
28.

C2 C5 C2 C5
⇒ C1 ⇒ C1 ⇒ C=2C0
C3 C4 C6 C3 C6

29. 3.10-11 k. 30. 2,5.10-5 j.

cdebi cdebi, cdebi. gv. 100-101

pasuxebi : 1. eleqtroskopi daimuxteba. 2. daimuxteba. mivuaxlooT eleqtrosko-
pis sferosTan gaxaxunebuli boTli qaRaldis nakuwebs. davinaxavT, rom qaRaldi
boTls miekvreba. 3. muxtis mudmivobis kanonis gamoyenebiT, davadgenT: boTli da
eleqtrometri imuxteba moduliT toli da sapirispiro niSnis muxtebiT. 4. Sesa-
Zlebelia. boTlis boloebs unda gavuxaxunoT Sesabamisi sxeulebi. 5. burTulebi
daimuxteba erTsaxeliani muxtebiT da erTmaneTs dascildeba. 6. burTulebis urT-
ierTganzidvis Zalis moqmedebiT, isini erTmaneTs dacildeba 2l manZiliT (l Zafis
sigrZea). 7. mivuaxlooT xeli TiToeul burTulas. damuxtuli burTula xelisken

394104
moswavlis wigni
miizideba. 8. magnitur isarTan damuxtuli boTlis miaxloebisas, isris boloebze
eleqtromagnituri induqciis Sedegad, warmoiqmneba muxtebi. isris bolo miezide-
ba boTlisken. 9. burTulebi erTmaneTs mivadoT. erT-erT burTulas mivuaxlooT
damuxtuli boTli. burTulebi gavleniT daimuxteba toli da sapirispiro niSnis
muxtebiT. davaSoroT burTulebi erTmaneTs. isini damuxtuli darCeba. 10. Sesa-
Zlebelia maSin, roca damuxtuli sferos maxloblad aris sxva damuxtuli sxeuli.
11. eleqtroskopis furclebi TandaTan daeSveba, Semdeg isev gaSlas daiwyebs. 12.
ix. amocana #11. 13. ar ganimuxteba maSin, rodesac eleqtrometris maxloblad da-
muxtuli sxeulia. 14. a. eleqtruli veli iarsebebs sferos SigniTac da gareTac. b.
Sida zedapirze gaCndeba uaryofiTi muxti, gare zedapirze - dadebiTi. g. Seicvleba
mxolod sferos SigniT. d. Seicvleba mxolod sferos gareT. 15. a. erTmaneTs izidav-
en. b. araferi ar Seicvleba. burTula da bade moqmedeben ise, rogorc burTulas
centrSi moTavsebuli muxti. g. urTierTmizidulobis Zala nuli gaxdeba: qaRaldi
moxvdeba faradeis badeSi. 16. furclebi odnav daeSveba, radgan izrdeba burTulis
eleqtrotevadoba, potenciali ki - mcirdeba. 17. SesaZlebelia. SevcvaloT gamtar-
is garemomcveli sxeulebis urTierTmdebareoba, davamiwoT isini da davakvirdeT
eleqtrometris furclebs. davinaxavT, rom furclebis gaSlis kuTxe Seicvleba.
ee0S
18. C= da C=q/U formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom u - mcirdeba. am faqtis cdiT
d
Sesamowmeblad ixileT saxelmZRvanelos 84-e gverdi.

nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba

wyali 81 parafini 2,1

navTi 2,1 qarsi 6

zeTi 2,5 mina 7

105395
 moswavlis wigni

saganTa saZiebeli

atomi 15, 27, 29 ioni 16

inertuloba 15
gamtari eleqtrostatikur velSi
– 49 kondensatori 82, 84
gavleniT daeleqtroeba 26 – cvladi tevadobis 91
kuloni, muxtis erTeuli 16
daZabuloba 39 kulonis kanoni 30
– gamtari sferos 50 kondensatorebis mimdevrobiTi
– gamtari sibrtyis 50 SeerTeba 87
– wertilovani muxtis 40
daZabulobis wirebi 44 masa 15
dieleqtriki 53 molekula 15
– polaruli 54 muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive 50
– arapolaruli 54 muxtis mudmivobis kanoni 23
dieleqtrikis polarizacia 56
dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba 57 niutonis II kanoni 15
neitroni 16
ekvipotenciuri zedapiri 69 nivTiereba 15
eleqtrometri 21
eleqtroni 15 kondensatorebis paraleluri
eleqtronvolti 3, 65 SeerTeba 86
eleqtroskopi 20, 21 potencialTa sxvaoba 63
eleqtruli mudmiva 31 potenciali 62
erTeuli Zalis 15 – wertilovani muxtis 64
– muxtis 16 – sferos 64
eleqtrotevadoba 80, 81 potenciuri energia 61, 64
– brtyeli kondensatoris 83, protoni 15, 16
84
– ganmxoloebuli gamtaris 81 superpoziciis principi 40
eleqtruli dipoli 54
eleqtruli velis energia faradi 81
kondensatoris 89
– – energiis simkvrive 90 qarva 17
eleqtruli muxti 17
eleqtruli Zala 18, 39 centruli Zalebi – 31
eleqtruli veli 18
Zabva 62
volti 63 Zala 15
Zalwirebi 44
Tavisufali eleqtronebi 2, 24 Warbi muxti 49

396106
moswavlis wigni

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
(ZiriTadi terminebi da cnebebi)

a
akumulatori – eleqtruli denis wyaro
atomi – qimiuri elementis umciresi nawilaki.

b
berketi – myari sxeuli, romelsac uZravi RerZis garSemo SeuZlia brunva.

g
gavlili manZili – drois raime SualedSi aRwerili traeqtoriis nawilis
sigrZe.
galvanometri – wredSi susti eleqtruli denis damafiqsirebeli xelsawyo.
generatori – manqana, romelic meqanikur energias eleqtrul energiad
gardaqmnis.
grafiki – naxazi, romelzec gamosaxulia raime procesis raodenobrivi
damokidebuleba.

d
deni – damuxtuli nawilakebis mimarTuli moZraoba.
denis wyaro – mowyobiloba, romelic gamtarSi eleqtrul vels ganuwyvetliv
inarCunebs.
deformacia – sxeulis formis an moculobis Secvla.
dieleqtriki – aragamtari, izolatori
difuzia – nivTierebebis TavisTavad Serevis movlena

e
elementi galvanuri – denis wyaro.
eleqtroni – uaryofiTad damuxtuli elementaruli nawilaki.
eleqtruli veli – materialuri garemo, romliTac xorcieldeba damuxtuli
sxeulebis urTierToqmedeba.
eleqtroliti – mJavis, tutis an marilis wyalxsnari.
eleqtrosadguri – sadguri, romelic raime saxis energias gardaqmnis
eleqtrul energiad.
eleqtruli deni liTonSi – eleqtronebis mimarTuli moZraoba.
eleqtruli muxti – eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis maxasiaTebeli fizikuri
sidide.
eleqtruli Zala – Zala, romliTac eleqtruli veli moqmedebs masSi Setanil
eleqtrul muxtze.
energia – fizikuri sidide, romelic axasiaTebs sxeulis an sxeulTa sistemis
mier muSaobis Sesrulebis unars.
– Sinagani – sxeulTa Sedgenili nawilakebis kinetikuri da potenciuri
energiebis jami.
– kinetikuri – romelic sxeuls moZraobis Sedegad gaaCnia.
– potenciuri – sxeulebis an misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis
– sruli meqanikuri – sxeulis kinetikuri da potenciuri energiebis jami.
– gardaqmna – energia arc qreba da arc arafrisagan warmoiqmneba. erTi saxis
energia gardaiqmneba meore saxis energiad an gadaecema erTi sxeulidan meores,
amasTan energiis saerTo sidide ucvleli rCeba.

107397
 moswavlis wigni
v
voltmetri – Zabvis gasazomi xelsawyo.

T
Termometri – temperaturis gasazomi xelsawyo.
Tbogamtaroba – Tbogadacemis erT-erTi saxe.

k
eleqtruli muxtis mudmivobis kanoni – Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis
nebismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sistemis yvela nawilakis muxtis algebruli
jami mudmivia.

m
margi qmedebis koeficienti – margi (sasargeblo) muSaobis Sefardeba srul
muSaobasTan.
meqanikis oqros wesi – nebismieri martivi meqanizmis gamoyenebisas
ramdenjerac vigebT Zalas, imdenjer vagebT manZils.
moZraoba siTburi – nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis qaosuri moZraoba.
muSaoba meqanikuri – sxeulze moqmedi mudmivi Zalis modulisa da Zalis
mimarTulebiT gavlili manZilis namravli.
mzis batarea – mowyobiloba, romelic sinaTlis energias uSualod eleqtrul
energiad gardaqmnis.
myari – nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba
gansazRvruli formiT.

n
neitroni – atomis birTvis Semadgeneli eleqtrulad neitraluri nawilaki.

p
polarizacia dieleqtrikis – dieleqtrikSi bmuli muxtebis gaCenis procesi.
protoni – atomis birTvis Semadgeneli dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilaki.

r
rezistori – garkveuli winaRobis gamtari

s
simZlavre – Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sefardeba drois im SualedTan ra
droSic es muSaoba Sesrulda.
soli – martivi meqanizmis daxrili sibrtyis saxesxvaoba.

t
temperatura – sidide romliTac sxeulis siTburi mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba.

c
centri (masaTa) – simZimis Zalis modebis wertili.

Z
Zala – sidide romliTac xasiaTdeba erTi sxeulis moqmedeba meoreze ris
Sedegadac icvleba siCqare.
Zalis mxari – manZili brunvis RerZidan Zalis moqmedebis wrfemde.
– momenti – Zalisa da misi mxaris namravli.

W
WoWonaqi – martivi meqanizmis berketis saxesxvaoba – Rariani borbali.

398108