Phizika-11kl (Maswavleblis Wigni)

rusudan qanTaria
leila CiCua
marine injgia
f i z i k a
XI klasi
maswavleblis wigni
rusudan qanTaria
leila CiCua
marine injgia
fizika
XI klasi
maswavleblis wigni
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa nana baRdavaZe
© gamomcemloba `klio~ 2012

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~ 2012
© r. qanTaria, l. CiCua, m. injgia 2012
yvela ufleba daculia

Rusudan Qantaria, Leila Chichua, Marine Indjgia
Physics
11th grade teacher's book
ISBN 978-9941-415-84-5
gamomcemloba `klio~
aRmaSeneblis gamz. 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTYvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30
E-mail: book@klio.ge
www.klio.ge
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 239 15 22
sarCevi
S e s a v a l i .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
fizika XI standarti...................................................................... 7
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka....................................................... 14
saswavlo masalis Tematuri ganawileba................................ 20
sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi........................................ 23

1.7 meqanikuri talRebi. ganivi da grZivi talRa........... 23
1.8 meqanikuri talRebis Tvisebebis
eqsperimentuli Seswavla.............................................. 28
2.2 analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur
rxevebs Soris................................................................... 32
3.11 boil-mariotis kanoni................................................... 36
4.12 jaWvuri reaqcia.............................................................. 39
rubrika `gaazrebaSi~ mocemuli davalebebisa da

`saSinao davalebebis~ pasuxebi........................................... 43
sarekomendacio Sefasebis sqemebi.......................................... 65
interaqtiuri gakveTilis elementebi................................... 69
3
saxelmZRvanelos struqtura
saxelmZRvanelo
Semajamebeli saswavlo
gakveTili paragrafi
saswavlo Tavis
Seswavlis Sedegad
miRweuli Sedegebi
saswavlo eqsperimenti
Temis Sinaarsi
kvleviTi unar-
SinaarsSi
Cvevebis gamo-
wvdoma
muSaveba
gaazreba
saSinao davaleba
saswavlo Temis
Temis srul
gagebis Semowmeba
yofili aTviseba
4
Sesavali
fizikis XI klasis maswavleblis wigni asaxavs amave

klasis saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsis realizebisaTvis
saWiro aqtivobebs maswavleblebisaTvis.
XI klasis saxelmZRvanelos mizania ganaTlebis erov
nuli programis Sesabamisad standartiT gaTvalis
winebuli Sinaarsis gadmocema moswavlis misaRwevi
Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT. savarjiSoebi da sxva aq-
tivobebi Seesabameba standartiT gaTvaliswinebul
indikatorebs. saxelmZRvaneloSi aqcenti keTdeba ara
mxolod faqtobrivi codnis SeZenaze, aramed am cod-
nis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaze. gansakuTrebiT es aisax-
eba eqsperimentuli samuSaoebis SesrulebaSi rogorc
gakveTilze, ise saSinao davalebis Sesrulebisas.
teqsti Seicavs cnebebis ganmartebebs, kanonebs, mov-
lenis fizikuri arsis axsnas, movlenis maTematikur
Canawers (formulebs), eqsperimentebs Sesaswavli fizi-
kuri sidideebis kvlevisaTvis.
rubrika `gaazrebaSi~ mocemuli sakiTxi gankuTv-
nilia saazrovno unar-Cvevebis gasaviTareblad. gark
veulwilad uzrunvelyofs saswavlo Temis gagebis
Semowmebasac.
ganvlili masalis gameorebisaTvis Tavebis bolos mo-
cemulia am Tavis Semajamebeli gakveTilebi.
saxelmZRvanelo iTvaliswinebs swavla/swavlebisadmi
interaqtiur midgomas.
gakveTilis Seswavla moiTxovs sxvadasxva aqtivobas
(diskusia, eqsperimenti, muSaoba wyvilebsa da jgufeb-
Si), rac saswavlo-SemecnebiT procesSi moswavleebis aq-
tiur CarTvas iTvaliswinebs. agreTve, aseTi aqtivobe-
5
bi xels uwyobs sxvadasxva unar-Cvevis ganviTarebas,
rogoricaa:
dakvirveba da aRwera, monacemebis aRricxva, kla-
sifikacia, cdis Catareba, monacemebis interpreta-
cia, modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba. aRniSnulma aq-
tivobebma moswavleebis mxridan unda gamoiwvios
interesi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis mimarT,
interesi mecnieruli kvlevisa da siaxleebis mimarT,
TanamSromlobis survili, garemoze zrunva da pasuxis
mgebloba usafrTxo cxovrebis wesebis dacvis mniSvne
lobis gaazreba.
swavlebis aqtiuri meTodebis gamoyenebam wlis bolo-
saTvis unda uzrunvelyos standartiT gansazRvruli
Sedegebis miRweva.
maswavleblis wigni awvdis maswavlebels saWiro in-
formacias imisaTvis, rom mocemuli klasis moswavlis
wigniT uzrunvelyofil iqnas moswavlisaTvis standar-
tiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRweva. wignSi mocemulia
sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi, saSinao davalebebisa
da gaazrebaSi mocemuli kiTxvebis pasuxebi. komenta
rebi da rekomendaciebi zogierTi eqsperimentuli
samuUSaosa da amocanebis amoxsnasTan dakavSirebiT.
maswavleblis wigni daexmareba maswavlebels saswav-
lo procesis warmarTvaSi, moswavleTa codnis Sefase-
basa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi.
6
fizika XI
standarti
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi:
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba fizikuri movlenebi

kvl. XI.1.moswavles SeuZlia fiz. XI.5. moswavles Seu-
gansazRvros kvlevis sa- Zlia meqanikuri rxevebisa
gani da kvlevis etapebi. da talRebis daxasiaTeba.
kvl. XI.2.moswavles SeuZlia fiz. XI. 6. moswavles Seu-

kvleviTi proceduris Zlia eleqtromagnituri
ganxorcieleba/ monaceme- rxevebisa da talRebis
bis aRricxva. daxasiaTeba.
kvl. XI.3. moswavles Seu- fiz.XI.7. moswavles SeuZlia

Zlia monacemTa warmodgena siTburi movlenebis
sxvadasxva sakomunikacio analizi molekulur-
saSualebis gamoyenebiT. kinetikuri Teoriisa da
Termodinamikis kanonebis
kvl. XI.4.moswavles Seu- daxmarebiT.
Zlia monacemTa analizi da
Sefaseba. fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia
atomis agebulebis, radio-
aqtivobis da radioaqti-
uri gamosxivebis saxeebis
aRwera.
fiz.XI.9. moswavles Seu-

Zlia birTvis aRnagobis
aRwera da msjeloba birT-
vuli urTierTqmedebis
Sesaxeb.
7
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi
mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
kvl.XI.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani

da kvlevis etapebi.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

• gansazRvravs da ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;
• gansazRvravs Sesabamisi informaciis moZiebis wy-
aroebs;
• gamoTqvams argumentirebul mosazrebas/varauds;
• gansazRvravs monacemebis mopovebis gzebs (mag., cdiT,
savele samuSaos CatarebiT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxis irgvliv
literaturis moZiebiT);
• ganarCevs mudmiv da cvlad (damokidebul, damoukidebel)
parametrebs;
• gansazRvravs kvlevis pirobebs da Catarebis etapebs;
• arCevs saTanado xelsawyoebs/aRWurvilobas/instrumen-
tebs, asabuTebs arCevans;
• gansazRvravs monacemebis aRricxvis formebs (cxrilebi,
grafikebi, siebi, fotoebi, Canawerebi).
kvl.XI.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris gan

xorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.

• moiZiebs da aanalizebs Sesabamis informacias;
• iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas da atarebs
dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;
• awarmoebs dakvirvebas da/an gazomvebs, iRebs sarwmuno
monacemebs;
• gegmavs da atarebs sakontrolo cdas;
• akvirdeba, zomavs, iyenebs informaciul-sakomunikacio
saSualebebs monacemebis saTanado sizustiT registrirebi-
8
sTvis (mag., drois monakveTSi cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aR-
ricxva);
• iyenebs saTanado wesebs sakuTari da sxvaTa usafrTxoe-
bis uzrunvelsayofad.
kvl.XI.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxva-

dasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.

• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs, cxrilebs, grafike-
bs, siebs) monacemTa warmosadgenad;
• iyenebs sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebs
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis dasamuSaveblad da
warmosadgenad.
kvl.XI.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Se-

faseba.

• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an
cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad;
• aanalizebs monacemebs (mag., saSualo ariTmetikuli
sididis da saSualodan gadaxrebis dadgena), saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, sakontrolo cdis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gamoitans daskvnebs;
• ganixilavs, sakmarisia Tu ara monacemebi (raodenobrivad
da Tvisebrivad) gamoTqmuli varaudis dasadastureblad an
daskvnis gamosatanad;
• adarebs daskvnebs gamoTqmul varauds, gansxvavebis
SemTxvevaSi xsnis mizezebs;
• ganixilavs dakvirvebisa da gazomvebis dros gamovle-
nil moulodnelobebs, cdilobs maT axsnas;
• afasebs, iZleva Tu ara gamotanili daskvnebi morigi va-
raudis gamoTqmis saSualebas;
• saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gegmavs momaval cdas;
• SeimuSavebs gamoyenebuli meTodebis daxvewis gzebs.
9
mimarTuleba: fizikuri movlenebi
fiz.XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da

talRebis daxasiaTeba.

• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs sxeulTa meqanikuri rxevebis
Sesaswavlad, atarebs Sesabamis gazomvebs da aRwers kavSirs
rxevis maxasiaTebel sidideebs Soris;
• aanalizebs rezonansis movlenas, asaxelebs am movlenis
amsaxvel faqtebs yofa-cxovrebidan;
• aanalizebs raodenobriv kavSirs rxevis maxasiaTebel
fizikur sidideebs Soris;
• raodenobrivad aRwers harmoniul rxevebs;
• axasiaTebs ganivi da grZivi talRebis gavrcelebas;
• atarebs cdebs da akvirdeba bgeris warmoqmnas da gavr-
celebas, CamoTvlis bgeris wyaros magaliTebs;
• moipovebs informacias sxvadasxva garemoSi bgeris gavr-
celebis siCqaris Sesaxeb, adarebs erTmaneTs da gamoTqvams
argumentirebul varauds maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis
mizezebze;
• moipovebs informacias cxovelebisa da adamianebis mier
aRqmuli bgeris sixSiris Sesaxeb, aanalizebs da warmoadgens
sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxiT;
• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da for-
mulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.
fiz.XI.6. moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxeve-

bisa da talRebis daxasiaTeba.

• poulobs analogias meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs So-
ris;
• warmoadgens cvladi denis generatoris sqemas da xsnis
misi moqmedebis princips;
10
• afasebs cvladi denis mniSvnelobas eleqtruli energiis
generirebasa da gadacemaSi;
• aRwers da aanalizebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis war-
moqmnasa da gavrcelebas;
• sqematurad warmoadgens eleqtromagnituri talRebis
skalas da Tvisebrivad ganasxvavebs eleqtromagnitur ga-
mosxivebas misi talRis sigrZis mixedviT;
fiz.XI.7. moswavles SeuZlia siTburi movlenebis anal-

izi molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriisa da Termodinamikis
kanonebis daxmarebiT.

• ayalibebs molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis ZiriTad de-
bulebebs, raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad akavSirebs idea
luri airis Sinagan energiasa da wnevas temperaturasTan;
• martivi cdebis saSualebiT akvirdeba da warmoadgens
Termodinamikur movlenebs;
• axasiaTebs siTburi Zravis m.q.k.-s;
fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia atomis agebulebis, radio-

aqtivobis da radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis saxeebis aRwera.

• aanalizebs rezerfordis cdas, gamoitans Sesabamis
daskvnebs;
• aRwers radioaqtivobis movlenas, msjelobs birTvis
mdgradobaze;
• sxvadasxva mecnieris eqsperimentuli kvlevis analizis
safuZvelze axasiaTebs a-, b- da g- gamosxivebas, msjelobs
maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;
• moipovebs informacias radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis bi-
11
ologiuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, aanalizebs da warmoadgens
prezentaciis saxiT.
fiz.XI.9. moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera

da msjeloba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.

• axasiaTebs birTvul Zalebs, adarebs maT eleqtruls da
gravitaciuls;
• sqematurad aRwers jaWvur birTvul reaqcias, aanali-
zebs mas;
• aRwers birTvuli reaqtoris muSaobis princips;
• moipovebs informacias birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb rogorc mSvidobiani, aseve samxedro miznebisaTvis,
aanalizebs SesaZlo safrTxeebs;
• afasebs birTvuli energiis gamoyenebis gavlenas gare-
moze.
programis Sinaarsi
meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi.
meqanikuri rxeva, rxevis periodi da sixSire, amplituda,

rezonansi.
ganivi da grZivi talRa.
bgera, bgeris wyaroebi. bgeris warmoqmna, gavrceleba da
aRqma.
harmoniuli rxeva da misi maxasiaTeblebi, faza, amplituda.
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.
analogia meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris. eleqtru-

li rxevebi, rxeviTi konturi.
cvladi deni, Zabvisa da denis efeqturi (moqmedi) mniSvn-
12
elobebi, cvladi denis simZlavre, cvladi denis generatori,
eleqtroenergiis gadacema, transformatori.
eleqtromagnituri talRis buneba da wyaro. sinaTle,
rogorc eleqtromagnituri talRa, eleqtromagnituri
talRebis skala.
Termodinamika.
molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi;

temperatura, absoluturi temperatura, absoluturi
nuli, idealuri airi;
idealuri airis kanonebi, izoprocesebi.
muSaoba TermodinamikaSi, Sinagani energia. Termodinami-
kis I da II kanoni. Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. siTburi
Zravebis m.q.k., karnos cikli. adiabaturi procesi.
najeri orTqli. duRilis temperaturis damokidebuleba
wnevaze. tenianoba, absoluturi da fardobiTi tenianoba.
atomis agebuleba, radioaqtivoba, birTvi.
rezerfordis cda, atomis planetaruli modeli.

radioaqtivoba, a-, b- da g- gamosxiveba; naxevraddaSlis
periodi. radioaqtivobis gamoyeneba arqeologiaSi, medici-
naSi, biologiaSi.
atomis birTvis aRnagoba, birTvuli Zalebi, bmis energia,
masis defeqti.
jaWvuri reaqcia, birTvuli reaqtori; birTvuli sinTezis
reaqciebi.
13
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
indikatoris saswavlo
Temis standartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi
Sesrulebis drois
dasaxeleba da indikatorebi
saSualebebi xangrZlivoba*
1.1 meqanikuri rxeva •mimarTuleba: fizikuri movle
nebi
1.2 meqanikuri rxevebis eqs- fiz.XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia
perimentuli Seswavla meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRe- 14 sT.
bis daxasiaTeba.
1.3 Tavisufali rxeva Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: eqsperimenti
• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs sxeul-
1.4 maTematikuri saqani Ta meqanikuri rxevebis Sesaswav- jgufuri
14
lad, atarebs Sesabamis gazomvebs muSaoba
1.5 zambaraze dakidebuli da aRwers kavSirs rxevis maxasi-
tvirTis rxeva aTebel sidideebs Soris; diskusia
• aanalizebs rezonansis movlenas,
1.6 iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezo- asaxelebs am movlenis amsaxvel
nansi faqtebs yofa-cxovrebidan;
• aanalizebs raodenobriv kav-
Sirs rxevis maxasiaTebel fizikur
sidideebs Soris;
* saaTebis miTiTebuli raodenoba sarekomendacioa da ara _ savaldebulo.

Sesrulebis drois
• raodenobrivad aRwers harmo-
1.7 meqanikuri talRebi. niul rxevebs;
ganivi da grZivi talRa • axasiaTebs ganivi da grZivi tal-
Rebis gavrcelebas;
1.8 meqanikuri talRebis • atarebs cdebs da akvirdeba bg-
Tvisebebis eqsperimentuli eris warmoqmnas da gavrcele- prezentacia
Seswavla bas, CamoTvlis bgeris wyaros
magaliTebs; aqtiuri leqcia
1.9 ra aris bgera • moipovebs informacias sxvadasx-
15
va garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebis referati
1.10 bgeris gavrceleba siCqaris Sesaxeb, adarebs erTma-
neTs da gamoTqvams argumentire-
1.11 bgeris gavrcelebis eqs- bul varauds maT Soris arsebuli
perimentuli Seswavla gansxvavebis mizezebze;
• moipovebs informacias cx-
ovelebisa da adamianebis mier aR-
qmuli bgeris sixSiris Sesaxeb, aan-
alizebs da warmoadgens sxvadasxva
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxiT;
• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis
cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs
amocanebis amosaxsnelad.
Sesrulebis drois
2.1 eleqtromagnituri fiz.XI.6. moswavles SeuZlia 11 sT.
rxevebi eleqtromagnituri rxevebisa da
2.2 analogia meqanikur da Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle: eqsperimenti
eleqtromagnitur rxevebs • poulobs analogias meqanikur da
Soris eleqtrul rxevebs Soris; jgufuri
• warmoadgens cvladi denis gen- muSaoba
2.3 cvladi deni eratoris sqemas da xsnis misi moq-
medebis princips; diskusia
2.4 cvladi denis • afasebs cvladi denis mniS-
generatori vnelobas eleqtruli energiis
16
generirebasa da gadacemaSi; prezentacia
2.5 Zabvisa da denis • aRwers da aanalizebs eleqtro-
efeqturi mniSvnelobebi. magnituri talRebis warmoqmnasa aqtiuri leqcia
cvladi denis simZlavre da gavrcelebas;
• sqematurad warmoadgens referati
2.6 eleqtroenergiis eleqtromagnituri talRebis ska-
gadacema. transformatori las da Tvisebrivad ganasxvavebs
eleqtromagnitur gamosxivebas
2.7 eleqtromagnituri misi talRis sigrZis mixedviT;
talRis buneba • adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis
2.8 eleqtromagnituri cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs
talRebis skala amocanebis amosaxsnelad.
Temis standartis Sesabamisi
Sedegebi da indikatorebi
Sesrulebis drois
dasaxeleba saSualebebi xangrZlivoba*
3.1 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZv- fiz.XI.7. moswavles Seu- 31 sT.
lebi Zlia siTburi movlenebis
3.2 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis meore
debuleba analizi molekulur-kine-
3.3 difuzia tikuri Teoriisa da Ter-
3.4 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis me-3 deb- eqsperimenti
modinamikis kanonebis dax-
uleba
3.5 nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi marebiT.
jgufuri
3.6 idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-
Teoria muSaoba
swavle:
3.7 airis molekulebis siCqaris gazomva. Ster-
nis cda • ayalibebs molekulur-ki-
diskusia
3.8 temperatura netikuri Teoriis ZiriTad
3.9 absoluturi temperatura. absoluturi debulebebs, raodenobrivad
17
nuli
3.10 idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba da Tvisebrivad akavSirebs
prezentacia
3.11 boil-mariotis kanoni idealuri airis Sinagan en-
3.12 gei-lusakis kanoni ergiasa da wnevas tempera-
3.13 Sarlis kanoni aqtiuri leqcia
3.14 idealuri airis kanonebi turasTan;
3.15 muSaoba TermodinamikaSi • martivi cdebis saSu-
3.16 Sinagani energia referati
alebiT akvirdeba da war-
3.17 Termodinamikis I kanoni
3.18 Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. Termo- moadgens Termodinamikur
dinamikis meore kanoni movlenebs;
3.19 Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni idealuri • axasiaTebs siTburi Zravis
airis sxvadasxva procesebisTvis
3.20 siTburi Zravebi m.q.k.-s;
3.21 karnos cikli • adekvaturad iyenebs Se-
3.22 orTqladqceva. najeri orTqli sabamis cnebebs, kanonebs
3.23 duRili. duRilis temperaturisdamokide-
buleba wnevaze da formulebs amocanebis
3.24 haeris tenianoba amosaxsnelad.
3.25 namis wertili. haeris tenianobis gamzomi
Sesrulebis drois
4.1 rezerfordis cda. at- fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia at- 7 sT.
omis planetaruli modeli omis agebulebis, radioaqtivo-
bis da radioaqtiuri gamosxive-
4.2 radioaqtiuri daSlis bis saxeebis aRwera. eqsperimenti
fizikuri bunebis Seswavla Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• aanalizebs rezerfordis cdas, jgufuri
4.3 atombirTvis radioaqti- gamoitans Sesabamis daskvnebs; muSaoba
uri gardaqmnebi • aRwers radioaqtivobis movle-
nas, msjelobs birTvis mdgrado-
18
diskusia
4.4 radioaqtiuri daSlis baze;
kanoni, naxevar daSlis pe- • sxvadasxva mecnieris eqsperi-
riodi mentuli kvlevis analizis safuZ- prezentacia
velze axasiaTebs a-, b- da g- gamosx-
4.5 radioaqtivobis gamoyen- ivebas, msjelobs maTi gamoyenebis aqtiuri leqcia
eba arqeologiaSi, medici- Sesaxeb;
naSi, biologiaSi • moipovebs informacias radioaq- referati
tiuri gamosxivebis biologiuri
zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, aanalizebs
da warmoadgens prezentaciis sax-
iT.
Sesrulebis drois
4.6 atombirTvis aRnagoba fiz.XI.9. moswavles SeuZlia 7 sT.
birTvis aRnagobis aRwera da
4.7 birTvuli Zalebi msjeloba birTvuli urTierTq-
medebis Sesaxeb. eqsperimenti
4.8 atomuri birTvebis bmis Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
energia, masis defeqti • axasiaTebs birTvul Zalebs, jgufuri
adarebs maT eleqtruls da gravi- muSaoba
4.9 jaWvuri reaqcia taciuls;
19
• sqematurad aRwers jaWvur birT- diskusia
4.10 birTvuli reaqtori vul reaqcias, aanalizebs mas;
4.11 sinTezis reaqcia • aRwers birTvuli reaqtoris
muSaobis princips; prezentacia
• moipovebs informacias birT-
vuli energiis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aqtiuri leqcia
rogorc mSvidobiani, aseve samx-
edro miznebisaTvis, aanalizebs referati
SesaZlo safrTxeebs;
• afasebs birTvuli energiis
gamoyenebis gavlenas garemoze.
saswavlo masalis Tematuri ganawileba
saaTebis
# gakveTilis Tema
raodenoba
Tavi I. meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi
1.1 meqanikuri rxeva 1 sT
1.2 meqanikuri rxevebis eqsperimentuli
Seswavla 2 sT
1.3 Tavisufali rxeva 1 sT
1.4 maTematikuri saqani 1 sT
1.5 zambaraze dakidebuli tvirTis rxeva 1 sT
1.6 iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi 1 sT
1.7 meqanikuri talRebi. ganivi da grZivi talRa 1 sT
1.8 meqanikuri talRebis Tvisebebis eqsperimen-
tuli Seswavla 1 sT
1.9 ra aris bgera 1 sT
1.10 bgeris gavrceleba 1 sT
1.11 bgeris gavrcelebis eqsperimentuli
Seswavla 1 sT
I Tavis Sejameba 1 sT
Tavi II. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da

talRebi
2.1 eleqtromagnituri rxevebi 1 sT
analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur
2.2 rxevebs Soris 1 sT
2.3 cvladi deni 1 sT
2.4 cvladi denis generatori 1 sT
2.5 Zabvisa da denis efeqturi mniSvnelobebi.
cvladi denis simZlavre 1 sT
2.6 eleqtroenergiis gadacema. 1 sT
transformatori 1 sT
2.7 eleqtromagnituri talRis buneba 1 sT
20
2.8 eleqtromagnituri talRebis skala 1 sT
II Tavis Sejameba 1 sT
Tavi III. molekuluri fizika da
Termodinamika
3.1 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZv-
lebi 2 sT
3.2 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis meore
debuleba 1 sT
3.3 difuzia 1 sT
3.4 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis me-3 deb-
uleba 1 sT
3.5 nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi 1 sT
3.6 idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri
Teoria 2 sT
3.7 airis molekulebis siCqaris gazomva. Ster-
nis cda 1 sT
3.8 temperatura 1 sT
3.9 absoluturi temperatura. absoluturi
nuli 1 sT
3.10 idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba 1 sT
3.11 boil-mariotis kanoni 1 sT
3.12 gei-lusakis kanoni 1 sT
3.13 Sarlis kanoni 1 sT
3.14 idealuri airis kanonebi 1 sT
3.15 muSaoba TermodinamikaSi 1 sT
3.16 Sinagani energia 1 sT
3.17 Termodinamikis I kanoni 1 sT
3.18 Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni idealuri 1 sT
airis sxvadasxva procesebisTvis
3.19 Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi procesebi. 2 sT
Termodinamikis meore kanoni
3.20 siTburi Zravebi 2 sT
3.21 karnos cikli 1 sT
3.22 orTqladqceva. najeri orTqli 1 sT
21
3.23 duRili. duRilis temperaturisdamokide
buleba wnevaze 1 sT
3.24 haeris tenianoba 1 sT
xelsawyoebi 1 sT
III Tavis Sejameba 1 sT
Tavi IV. atomi

4.1 rezerfordis cda. atomis planetaruli
modeli 1 sT
4.2 radioaqtiuri daSlis fizikuri bunebis
Seswavla 1 sT
4.3 atombirTvis radioaqtiuri gardaqmnebi 1 sT
4.4 radioaqtiuri daSlis kanoni, naxevar daS-
lis periodi 1 sT
4.5 radioaqtivobis gamoyeneba arqeologiaSi,
medicinaSi, biologiaSi 1 sT
4.6 atombirTvis aRnagoba 1 sT
4.7 birTvuli Zalebi 1 sT
4.8 atomuri birTvebis bmis energia, masis de-
feqti 1 sT
4.9 jaWvuri reaqcia 1 sT
4.10 birTvuli reaqtori 1 sT
4.11 sinTezis reaqcia 1 sT
III Tavis Sejameba 1 sT
22
sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi
1.7 meqanikuri talRebi. ganivi da grZivi talRa
kavSiri standartTan
XI. 5 moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRe

bis daxasiaTeba.
• axasiaTebs ganivi da grZivi talRebis gavrcelebas.
gakveTilis miznebi:
● kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.
● ganivi da grZivi talRebis daxasiaTeba.
saWiro masalebi:
fanqari, marTkuTxa formis WurWeli, wyali, korpis naWeri

2-3 m sigrZis drekadi zonari, grZeli zambara, Zafi da Sta
tivi.
winare codna:
meqanikuri rxevebi.
Temis Seswavlas eTmoba erTi gakveTili.
23
procedura:
I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva (5-7 wT).
sTxoveT 1-2 moswavles warmoadginon saSinao davaleba.

SeafaseT ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT.
II etapi – eqsperimentebis CatarebisaTvis momzadeba da Cata

reba. (15 wT).
1. dayaviT klasi jgufebad.

2. mieciT eqsperimentis CatarebisaTvis saWiro masala
jgufebad dayofil moswavleebs.
3. sTxoveT moswavleebs guldasmiT waikiTxon saxelm
ZRvaneloSi mocemuli miTiTebebi eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb
gansazRvron kvlevis sagani, kvlevis etapebi. SeaxseneT, rom
eqsperiments yuradReba da mobilizeba sWirdeba.
`jgufur eqsperimentSi~ gaTvaliswinebulia sami cda. Se-
giZliaT SesTavazoT moswavleTa sxvadasxva jgufs gansxva
vebuli eqsperimenti Caataron.
I siTxis zedapirze warmoqmnil talRebze dakvirveba

4. moswavleebi cdas atareben saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
instruqciis mixedviT: WurWelSi 2-3 sm-is simaRleze asxamen
wyals da aTavseben korpis naWers. fanqriT arxeven wylis ze-
dapirs vTqvaT, wamSi 2-jer, sixSiriT. akvirdebian wylis ze-
dapirze warmoqmnil talRas da gamoaqvT daskvna: wylis zeda-
pirze talRa warmoiSva fanqris rxevis SeEdegad, ramac rxeviT
moZraobaSi moiyvana mis garSemo arsebuli wylis nawilakebi.
radgan es nawilakebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia drekado-
bis ZaliT, rxeviTi moZraoba gadaeca yvela nawilaks da gavr-
celda mTlianad wylis zedapirze. wylis zedapirze aRZrul
talRas zedxedSi eqneba koncentruli wrewirebis forma.
24
5. Semdeg, moswavleebi wylis zedapirze aTavseben korpis
naWers da kvlav fanqris rxeviT aRZraven talRas. isini amow-
meben gamoTqmul varaudebs da eqsperimentis Sedegad askvni-
an: korpis naWeri talRis gaswvriv ki ar amoZravdeba, aramed
iwyebs rxevas nawilakebis rxevis mimarTulebiT – zeviT, qve-
viT (rxevis gavrcelebis marTobulad).
II zonarSi aRZrul talRaze dakvirveba

6. moswavleebi atareben cdas saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
instruqciis mixedviT:
drekadi zonaris erT bolos amagreben karis an magidis saxe-
lurze (an raime uZrav sayrdenze). zonris Tavisufali bolo
mohyavT rxeviT moZraobaSi vertikalur sibrtyeSi. akvirde
bian, rom rxeva gavrcelda mTeli zonris gaswvriv talRis
saxiT. maT gamoaqvT daskvna, rom xelis moZraobis mimarTu-
leba (e. i. nawilakebis rxevis mimarTulebac) perpendiku-
larulia talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebis. xazaven gan-
martebiT naxazs.
→ talRis gavrceleba
↕
nawilakebis rxeva
III zambaraSi aRZrul talRaze dakvirveba

7. moswavleebi atareben cdas saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli
instruqciis mixedviT.
grZel zambaras (SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT saTamaSo feradi
zambara) kideben ZafebiT Stativis horizontalur Reroze.
zambaris Tavisufal bolos amagreben Stativis vertikalur
Reroze ubiZgeben xeliT zambaris Tavisufal bolos da ak
virdebian zambaraSi aRZrul Sesqelebebsa da SeTxelebebs.
aRweren zambaraSi aRZruli rxevebis suraTs: zambaris Ta-
visufali bolos SekumSvam (deformaciam) gamoiwvia am areSi
drekadobis Zalis aRZvra ris gamoc es are isev gafarTovda da
25
Sesabamisad SeikumSa momdevno mezobeli are, e. i. SeTxeleba da
Sesqeleba gavrcelda. amdenad rxeva gavrcelda drekad gare-
moSi talRis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi talRis gavrcelebis mimar-
Tuleba rxevis mimarTulebis Tanxvdenilia.
→ talRis gavrceleba
↔
nawilakebis rxeva
8. jgufis wevrebi eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg erTma
neTTan ajereben cdis Sedegebs.
sTxoveT moswavleebs, Seasrulon rubrikaSi `gaazreba~
mocemuli samuSao, risTvisac maT SeiZleba Tqveni daxmareba
dasWirdeT.
saxelmZRvanelos suraTze mocemulia ganivi talRis gavr-
celebis modeli. burTebi merxevi nawilakebia.
Tu rxeviT moZraobaSi moviyvanT pirvel burTulas, bur-
Tebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebis Zalis gavleniT moZ-
raobas daiwyebs yoveli momdevno burTula. isini gaimeoreben
pirveli burTulis moZraobas, Tumca garkveuli dagvianebiT.
es dagvianeba miT meti iqneba, rac ufro Sors iqneba burTu-
la. magaliTad, meoTxe burTula pirvels CamorCeba periodis
1/4-iT. amdenad, garemoSi ganivi talRa gavrceldeba.
liderebi CanawerebiT prezentaciisaTvis emzadebian.
III etapi – diskusia (10-15 wT).

gamarTeT diskusia eqsperimentebiT miRebuli Sedegebs
Sesaxeb.
dasviT SekiTxvebi:
1. rogor moZraobas SeiZleba vuwodoT talRa?
pasuxiL: rxevis gavrcelebas garemoSi talRa ewodeba.
2. rogor garemoSi vrceldeba Tqven mier Seswavlili tal
Rebi?
pasuxi: meqanikuri talRebi vrceldeba drekad garemoSi.
26
3. rogor fiqrobT, nawilakis moZraobis romeli maxa
siaTeblebi icvleba bgerebis gavrcelebisas?
pasuxi: nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zala, mdeba
reoba sivrceSi da sxv.
4. gadaadgildebian Tu ara nawilakebi talRis gavrcele
bisas?
pasuxi: nawilakebi talRis gaswvriv ar gadaadgildebian,
isini TavianT energias gadascemen mezobel nawilakebs da
energia vrceldeba mTel garemoSi talRis meSveobiT.
5. rogori saxis meqanikur talRebs daakvirdiT eqsperi
mentebis dros?
pasuxi: ganiv da grZiv talRebs.
6. rogor SeiZleba davaxasiaToT isini?
pasuxi: ganivia talRa, Tu igi vrceldeba nawilakebis rxe
vis marTobulad.
grZivia talRa, Tu igi vrceldeba nawilakebis rxevis
mimarTulebiT.
7. miuTiTeT moswavleebs daakvirdnen 38-e suraTs. ganu
sazRvreT, ras ewodeba talRis sigrZe.
ganumarteT talRis sigrZe ganivi da grZivi talRisaTvis.
8. Tqveni azriT, rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros talRis siC
qare?
pasuxi: talRis siCqare tolia talRis sigrZis Sefardebas
rxevis periodTan.
IV etapi – Sefaseba (3 wT).

SeafaseT moswavleTa aqtivoba Tqven mier SerCeuli konpo-
nentis mixedviT ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT.
IV etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (2 wT).

mieciYT moswavleebs saSinao davaleba saxelmZRvanelos mi-
xedviT.
27
1.8 meqanikuri talRebis Tvisebebis
eqsperimentuli Seswavla
kavSiri standartTan
fiz. XI. 5 moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da

• gegmavs da atarebs cdebs sxeulTa meqanikuri rxevebis
gavrcelebis Sesaswavlad.
gakveTilis miznebi:
● eqsperimentuli kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.
● talRebis arekvlis, difraqciis da interferenciis

movlenebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla, gaanalizeba, das-
kvnebis gamotana.
saWiro masalebi:
magidis CogburTis an kauCukis patara burTi, saxazavi, tran-

sportiri, mcire raodenobiT sila, wyali, marTkuTxa formis
WurWeli, sarkuli zedapiris mqone firfita, mcire zomis Ze-
laki, ori cali pipeti, samuSao rveuli.
winare codna:
ganivi da grZivi talRebi.
Temis Seswavlas eTmoba 2 dawyvilebuli saaTi.
28
procedura
I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva sTxoveT erTi an or

moswavles. warmoadginos saSinao davaleba. Seafa-
seT moswavle ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT (5-10 wT).
II etapi – jgufuri samuSaos Sesruleba (30-35 wT).
jgufuri samuSao:
1. dayaviT klasi jgufebad.

2. sTxoveT jgufebad dayofil moswavleebs mimarTeT, See-
cadon eqsperimentulad Seiswavlon meqanikuri talRebis
Tvisebebi.
3. TiToeul jgufs mieciT saWiro masala eqsperimentebi-
saTvis (sasurvelia jgufebma yvela mocemuli eqsperimenti
Caataron, magram SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva eqsperimenti sxva-
dasxva jgufma Seasrulos).
4. sTxoveT moswavleebs guldasmiT waikiTxon saxelmZRva
neloSi mocemuli eqsperimentebis aRwera. moswavleebi eqspe-
rimentebis Sedegebs aRricxaven samuSao rveulSi.
I talRebis arekvlaze dakvirveba
5. moswavleebi saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli instruqciis

mixedviT atareben cdas:
WurWelSi, romlis fskerze moTavsebulia sarkuli zedapi-
ris mqone firfita (magaliTad, aluminis folga) asxamen wyals
2-3 sm-is simaRleze. wylis zedapiris mcire ubanze aRZraven
wylis talRebs da akvirdebian maT gavrcelebas. Sedegi Se
aqvT samuSao rveulSi (cdis Sedegi: wylis zedapirze aRZruli
talRebi ejaxeba WurWlis kedlebs da misgan airekleba).
29
II talRebis arekvlis kanonis Seswavla
faqtobrivad, eqsperimentis am etapze moswavleebi axdenen
talRebis arekvlis modelirebas.
6. moswavleebi magidas miadgamen saklaso oTaxis kedels. ma-
gidaze Txlad moayrian silas. wyalSi daasveleben burTs. mo-
aTavseben mas magidaze da ubiZgeben ise, rom daejaxos kedels
maxvili kuTxiT (dasvelebuli burTi moZraobisas miikravs
silis nawilakebs da datovebs kvals). kedelTan dajaxebis
wertilSi saxazavisa da transportiris saSualebiT gaatare-
ben silaze kedlis marTobul wrfes. transportiris saSuale-
biT gazomaven kuTxeebs marTobsa da burTis mier datovebul
kvlebs Soris. samuSao rveulSi gaakeTeben sqematur naxazs da
kuTxeebis Sedarebis safuZvelze gamoitanen daskvnas.
(daskvna: orive gazomili kuTxe erTmaneTis tolia).
III dakvirveba talRebis difraqciaze

7. moswavleebi saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli instruqciiT
atareben cdas: WurWelSi asxamen wyals 2-3 sm-is simaRleze,
aTavseben masSi Zelaks.
sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoTqvan varaudi – ra moxdeba, Tu
WurWelSi CaawveTeben wylis wveTs. ra mniSvneloba aqvs Zelaks
da gavrceldeba Tu ara talRa Zelakis meore mxares.
pipets avseben wyliT da daaxloebiT 10 sm-is simaRlidan
WurWlis SuaSi CaawveTeben wylis wveTs da akvirdebian warmo-
Sobili talRebis gavrcelebis suraTs.
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT unda daakvirdnen gavrcel
deba Tu ara talRa Zelakis meore mxares. dakvirvebis Sedegi
unda Seitanon samuSao rveulSi.
(cdis Sedegi: pipetidan wylis CawveTebam gamoiwvia talRis
warmoqmna. talRa gavrcelda wylis zedapirze. Zelaki asru-
lebs winaaRmdegobis rols. talRebma Semouara Zelaks da
gavrcelda mis meore mxares).
30
IV dakvirveba talRebis interferenciis movlenaze
8. moswavleebi saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli instruqciis
mixedviT atareben cdas: wylian marTkuTxa formis WurWlis
SuaSi, 10 sm-is simaRlidan winaswar avsebuli ori pipetidan
erTdroulad awveTeben wylis wveTs. akvirdebian, rogor vr-
celdeba warmoSobili talRebi da rogori suraTi miiReba,
rodesac xdeba talRebis zeddeba (gadafarva). sTxoveT mos-
wavleebs dakvirvebis Sedegebi Seitanon samuSao rveulSi.
(cdis Sedegi: CawveTebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba ori talRa,
isini vrceldebian da gadafaraven erTmaneTs, gadafarvis ad-
gilebSi zogan Cans ufro Rrma Rrmulebi, zogan – ufro maRa-
li Txemebi).
9. sTxoveT moswavleebs Seajamon eqsperimentis Sedegebi.
sTxoveT moswavleebs daakvirdnen difraqciisa da interfe-
renciis suraTebs, suraTze gamosaxul movlenas, aanalizeben
mas da gamoaqvT daskvna. (analizi: suraTze mocemulia raime
wylian WurWelSi moTavsebuli winaaRmdegoba. isari gviCve-
nebs, rom wylis zedapiris rxevis Sedegad warmoSobili tal-
Rebi miemarTeba winaaRmdegobisaken. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom ZiriTadi talRa xvdeba ra winaaRmdegobas, Semouvlis mas
marjvena da marcxena mxridan da vrceldeba winaaRmdegobis
meore mxares. SeiZleba davaskvnaT: talRas aqvs unari gars Se-
mouaros winaaRmdegobas, ris Sedegadac miiReba ori damouki-
debeli talRa).
III etapi – diskusia (30-35 wT).
10. gamarTeT diskusia Seswavlil sakiTxebze.

11. SeafaseT moswavleTa aqtivoba Tqvens mier SemuSavebuli
kriteriumebiT ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT.
IV etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (5 wT).

mieciT moswavleebs saSinao davaleba saxelmZRvanelos mi-
xedviT.
31
2.2 analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur
rxevebs Soris
kavSiri standartTan
XI. 6 moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxevebis da

xasiaTeba.
• poulobs analogias meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs
Soris.
gakveTilis miznebi:
● argumentirebuli mosazrebebis/varaudebis gamoTqmis

unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba
● monacemTa cxrilis saxiT warmodgenis unarebis ganviTa

reba.
● analogiis moZebna meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris.
saWiro masalebi:
saxelmZRvanelo, samuSao rveuli.
winare codna:
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi, meqanikuri rxevebi.
32
procedura:
I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva (5 wT).
1. sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginon saSinao da

valeba.
2. SeafaseT moswavleebi ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT. saSinao
davalebis Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT, romelic Tqveni da
moswavleebis mier erToblivad aris Sedgenili.
II etapi – Sinaarsis realizacia (15 wT).
CaatareT aqtiuri leqcia.

1. gaacaniT moswavleebs gakveTilis mizani, rom unda
moZebnon analogia meqanikur da eleqtromagnitur rxevebs
Soris.
2. Ddafa gayaviT or nawilad. saTaurad erT mxares dawereT

meqanikuri sidideebi, meore mxares eleqtruli sidideebi.
3. sTxoveT moswavleebs gaixsenon fizikuri sidideebi,

romliTac xasiaTdebian meqanikuri rxevebiD da erT-erTma
moswavlem Camoweros sidideebi dafaze sidideebisaTvis
gankuTvnil svetSi. amisaTvis dasviT kiTxvebi:
• ra icvleba meqanikuri rxevisas?
pasuxi: sxeulis koordinati.
• rogoria rxevis dros sxeulis siCqare? icvleba Tu ara
igi?
Aaris Tu ara siCqare rxeviTi moZraobis maxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidide?
pasuxi: sxeulis rxevisas misi siCqare icvleba. siCqare
rxeviTi moZraobis maxasiaTebeli erT-erTi sididea.
• razea damokidebuli zambaraze damagrebuli burTulis
rxevis periodi?
33
pasuxi: burTulis masaze da zambaris sixisteze.
• romeli Zalis moqmedebiT irxeva zambaraze damagrebuli
burTula?
pasuxi: drekadobis ZaliT.

• risi tolia deformirebuli zambaris potenciuri ener
gia?
kx 2
pasuxi:
2
• risi tolia burTulis kinetikuri energia?
my2
pasuxi:
2
M oswavle avsebs dafaze svets moswavleTa pasuxebis Sesa
m
bamisad.
4. sTxoveT moswavleebs gaixsenon, rogor gamoisaxeba

formuliT rxevis periodi zambaraze damagrebuli bur
TulisaTvis.
m
pasuxi: T = 2π .
k
5. esaubreT moswavleebs eleqtruli rxevebis maxasiaTe
bel sidideebze. gaamaxvileT yuradReba imaze, Tu romeli
fizikuri sidide icvleba rxeviT konturSi. gaaxseneT, rogor
gamoisaxeba kondensatoris tevadoba, koWas magnituri velis
energia. gamoiyvaneT rxeviTi konturis sruli energia da
CamowereT dafaze yvela es fizikuri sidide.
• sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoTqvan varaudebi an mosazrebe
bi, romeli eleqtruli sidideebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT me
qanikuri sidideebis analogad.
• daexmareT moswavleebs Seavson dafaze meore sveti.
34
III etapi – Seswavlili masalis gaazreba (7 wT).
1. dayaviT moswavleebi jgufebad.

2. sTxoveT moswavleebs daakvirdnen cxrilis eleqtruli
meqanikuri rxevebis analogiis Sesaxeb. Seajeron pasuxebi
erTmaneTTan da moemzadon prezentaciisaTvis.
IV etapi – prezentacia (7 wT).
sTxoveT jgufebidan liderebs warmoadginon jgufis na

muSevari.
V etapi – Sefaseba. (3 wT).
SeafaseT moswavleebi gakveTilSi CarTulobisa da aqti

urobis mixedviT ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT.
VI etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (2 wT).
mieciT moswavleebs saSinao davaleba saxelmZRvanelos

mixdviT.
35
3.11 boil-mariotis kanoni
kavSiri standartTan
bun.XI.7 moswavles SeuZlia siTburi movlenebis analizi

molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriisa da Termodinamikis
kanonebis daxmarebiT.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa Tu moswavle:

• martivi cdebis saSualebiT akvirdeba da warmoadgens
Termodinamikur movlenebs.
gakveTilis miznebi:
● eqsperimentuli kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.
● damokidebulebis dadgena idealur airis wnevasa da mocu

lobas Soris mudmivi temperaturis pirobebSi.
saWiro masalebi:
gofrirebuli WurWeli, manometri, samuSao rveuli.
winare codna:
airis maxasiaTebeli parametrebi, idealuri airis mdgo

mareobis gantoleba.
gakveTils eTmoba erTi saaTi.
36
procedura:
I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva (5-10 wT).
sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginos saSinao da

valeba. moswavleebi SeafaseT ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT.
II etapi – eqsperimentis Catareba (10 wT).
1. sTxoveT moswavleebs moemzadon eqsperimentis Catare

bisaTvis:
guldasmiT gaecnon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli eqsperi
mentis aRweras.
2. moswavleebi atareben eqsperiments.
akvirdebian manometris Cvenebas, rodesac mili SeerTe
bulia gofrirebul WurWelTan da masSi haeri ar aris Ca
Wirxnuli. sTxoveT moswavleebs, yuradReba miaqcion im
faqts, rom eqsperimentis Catarebisas WurWelSi myofi airis
temperatura ar Seicvleba. arc WurWelSi myofi haeris masa
ar icvleba. mxolod Seicvleba WurWelSi moTavsebuli airis
moculoba da unda daukvirdnen Sesabamisad, rogor Seicvle
ba am airis wneva. gofrirebuli WurWlis saxeluris trialiT
SeamcireT WUurWelSi myofi haeris moculoba 1 erTeuliT
(xelsawyoze danayofis mixedviT). sTxoveT moswavleebs
daakvirdnen manometris isars, ramdeniT da saiT wainacvlebs
igi. Semdeg kvlav gaimeoreT igive cda da isev daukvirdiT
manometris Cvenebas. monacemebi SeiZleba moswavleebma war
moadginon cxrilis saxiT.
gaizarda 2 gaizarda 2 gaizarda 4

P
danayofiT danayofiT danayofiT
Semcirda 1 Semcirda 1 Semcirda 2
V
danayofiT danayofiT danayofiT
37
sTxoveT moswavleebs gaiazron rogori proporciiT
icvleba gazomili sidideebi da gamoitanon daskvna.
III etapi – mini-leqcia (15 wT).
SeaxseneT moswavleebs rogor airs uwodeben idealurs,

esaubreT robert boilisa da edm mariotis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rogor Camoyalibda es aRmoCena kanonis saxiT,
rogor Caiwereba igi maTematikurad. gaacaniT moswavleebs,
ras ewodeba izoprocesebi da rogori procesia is, romelic
boil-mariotis kanoniT aRiwereba. rogor SesatyvisobaSia es
kanoni mendeleev-klapeironis gantolebasTan.
daaxasiaTeT Seswavlili procesi grafikulad.
IV etapi – Seswavlili masalis gaazreba.
sTxoveT moswavleebs wyvilebSi gaecnon rubrikaSi `gaaz

reba~ mocemul davalebebs da moamzadon pasuxebi da war
moadginon.
V etapi – prezentacia (10-12 wT).
moswavleebi warmoadgenen momzadebul pasuxebs.

SeiZleba imsjelon warmodgenil mosazrebaze moswavleeb
Tan erTad.
V etapi
SeafaseT moswavleTa aqtivoba Tqven mier SerCeuli kom

ponentebis mixedviT. SeafaseT ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT.
VII etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (3 wT).
mieciT moswavleebs davaleba saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.
38
4.12 jaWvuri reaqcia
kavSiri standartTan
bun.XI.9 moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera

da msjeloba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb.
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa Tu moswavle:

• sqematurad aRwers jaWvur birTvul reaqcias, aanali-
zebs mas.
gakveTilis miznebi:
● moZiebuli informaciis analizi;
● jaWvuri reaqciis Seswavla.
saWiro masalebi:
saxelmZRvanelo, samuSao rveuli.
winare codna:
atomis agebuleba, birTvebis bmis energia, masis defeqti.
gakveTils eTmoba erTi saaTi.
39
procedura:
I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva (10 wT).
1. sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginos saSinao da

valeba.
2. SeafaseT moswavleTa pasuxi ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT.
SesaZlebelia, zogadad, isargebloT moswavleTa TviTSe
fasebis meTodiTac, romelic am saxelmZRvanelos bolo
nawilSia mocemuli.
II etapi – ganwyobis Seqmna (5 wT).
dasviT SekiTxva:
rogor akeTeben jaWvs? ras niSnavs jaWvi?
moswavleTa pasuxebi SeiZleba ar iyos zusti, magram nu
SezRudavT maT, mieciT azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis sa
Sualeba.
III etapi – SinaarsSi wvdoma (15 wT).
dayaviT moswavleebi jgufebad.

dasviT SekiTxva:
ra ician jaWvuri reaqciis Sesaxeb? Dda sTxoveT moswavleebs
Seavson cxrili: vici, minda vicode, viswavle.
savaraudod cxrilSi iqneba: vici- jaWvuri reaqcia mim
dinareobs birTvul reaqtorebSi. Mminda vicode – rogor
mimdinareobs jaWvuri reaqcia? ratom mimdinareobs jaWvuri
reaqcia? rodis mimdinareobs jaWvuri reaqcia?
sTxoveT moswavleebs jgufebSi waikiTxon paragrafSi
mocemuli informacia da Seavson cxrili. (isargebleT re
komendaciebiT jgufuri muSaobis warmarTvis Sesaxeb).
40
IV etapi – diskusia (10 wT).
gamarTeT diskusia jaWvuri reaqciis Sesaxeb. dasviT

SekiTxvebi, romlebic SeiZleba iyos aseTi:
• rogori nivTierebaa urani?
Ppasuxi: radioaqtiuri nivTierebaa.
• ra gamosxivdeba uranis gayofisas?
Ppasuxi: ori an sami neitroni.
• rogor mimdinareobs uranis dayofis Semdgomi procesi?
Ppasuxi: Ggamosxivebuli neitronebi ejaxebian mezobel
birTvebs, iwveven maT dayofas orfragmentad da amotyor
cnian or an sam neitrons. amgvarad mimdinareobs amotyorc-
nili neitronebis zvavuri gamravleba (sax. IV Tavi sur. 20)
• ra Sedegi moyveba birTvebis gaxleCas?
pasuxi: birTvebis gaxleCis Sedegad gamoTavisufldeba en-
ergia da siTbo gamosxivdeba. zvavuri procesis dros gamo-
yofili siTbo izrdeba.
• rogori energiis neitronebi iwveven 235 235 92 U da 92 U bir
238
Tvebis gaxleCas?
92 U – neli neitronebi, 92 U – Cqari neitronebi.
238
Upasuxi: 235
• ra aris neitronebis gamravlebis koeficienti?
pasuxi: Nneitronebis gamravlebis koeficienti k aris ro
melime `Taobis~ (anu mocemul momentSi) neitronebis ricx-
vis Sefardeba wina `Taobis~ neitronebis ricxvTan.
• rogori unda iyos neitronebis gamravlebis koeficienti
imisaTvis, rom mimdinareobdes jaWvuri reaqcia.
Apasuxi: aucilebeli piroba aris: koeficienti iyos erTze
meti an erTis toli mainc.
• rodis aris SeuZlebeli jaWvuri reaqcia?
Tu k koeficienti naklebia erTze, neitronebis ricxvi
drois mixedviT mcirdeba da jaWvuri reaqcia wydeba.
41
sTxoveT moswavleebs gamoitanon daskvnebi msjelobidan,
Seavson grafa – ra iswavles. daasaxelon is pirobebi, rode-
sac SeiZleba mimdinareobdes marTvadi jaWvuri reaqcia, ra
praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova jaWvuri reaqciis procesis
Seswavlam.
mokled esaubreT birTvuli energiis praqtikuli gamo
yenebis Sesaxeb.
V etapi – Sefaseba@ (2 wT).
SeafaseT moswavleebi gakveTilSi CarTulobisa da sa

kiTxis gaaanalizebisas gamoCenili aqtiurobis mixedviT gan
maviTarebeli SefasebiT.
VI etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (3 wT.)
mieciT davaleba saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.
42
rubrika `gaazrebaSi~ mocemuli davalebebisa da
`saSinao davalebebis~ pasuxebi
1. 1 meqanikuri rxeva
gaazreba
a – wrfivi moZraoba, b – wriuli moZraoba, g – rxeviTi moZ-
raoba.
saSinao davaleba
1. S1; S2; S3; S4; - ? S1 = x . 1 S1 = 5 sm
x = 5 sm S2 = x . 2 S2 = 10 sm
1
t1 = T
4 S3 = x . 3 S3 = 15 sm
1
t2 = T S4 = x . 4 S4 = 20 sm
2
3
t3 = T
4
t4 = T
2. S- ? S = 4nx S = 32 sm
x = 8 sm t
n= = tv
v = 0.5 hc T
S = 4tvx
t = 2 wm
3. T – ?
v = 0,2 hc T=
I 1 =
o T= 5 wm
0, 2
1. 3 Tavisufali rxeva
gaazreba
1. ar Seicvleba, Tu tvirTi mcire zomisaa, masis miuxedavad.
2. imisaTvis, rom rxeva darCes Tavisufali da aramilevadi,
saWiroa gamovricxoT xaxuni.
43
saSinao davaleba
1. T
2
-? T21 ∼ l
T1 T22 T2
=9 =3
l1 = l T 2 ∼ 9l
2
T21 T1
l2 = 9l T2 = 3T1 gaizarda 3-jer
l1 1
2. -? n1
l2 v1= = 2wm-1 T1 =
T 2
t = 1wT = 60wm T 1 ∼ l1
2
n2 1
v2= = 4wm-1 T2 =
n1 = 120 rxeva T 4
T 2 ∼ l2
2
2
n2 = 240 rxeva c T1 m = l1 = 4
T2 l2
1. 4 maTematikuri saqani
gaazreba
ma – Zala
Sida Zala
Tu φ mcirea, ar gansazRvravs rxevis periods
mcire amplitudebis pirobebSi mudmivi sididea
formula samarTliania maTematikuri saqanisaTvis mcire
amplitudebisaTvis.
saSinao davaleba
g–?
l = 80 sm 4r2 4^3.14h2
g= l g= $ 0, 8 = 9, 74 m/wm2
t = 3 wT. = 180 wm T2 ^1, 8h2
n = 100 rxeva
1. 5 zambaraze dakidebuli tvirTis rxeva
saSinao davaleba
1
1. n – ? n=
m
2π
k = 160 n/m k
m = 400g = 0.4kg n = 3,18 hc
44
t
2. m – ? T=
n
k = 250 n/m T= 2π m
t = 16 wm k
n = 20 m=
T2 k m = 5 kg
4r2
1. 6 iZulebiTi rxevebi. rezonansi
saSinao davaleba
1. T, ω, ℓ– ? t 100
T= = = 2 wm
n 50
t = 1 wT 40 wm = 100wm
2π gT2
n = 50 ω= = 3,14 rad/wm ℓ = = 1m
T 4π2
2. T, n, ω – ? T = 2π ℓ = 18.84 wm
g
2r 1
ℓ = 90 m ω= = 0,3 rad/wm n= = 0,05 hc
T T
1. 7 meqanikuri talRebi. ganivi da grZivi talRa
gaazreba
1. 25-e suraTze mocemulia ganivi talRis gavrcelebis mo
deli. burTebi merxevi nawilakebia. Tu burTulas moviyvanT
rxeviT moZraobaSi, burTebs Soris urTierTqmedebis Zalis
gavleniT moZraobas daiwyebs yoveli momdevno burTula.
isini gaimeoreben pirveli burTulis moZraobas, garkveuli
dagvianebiT. dagvianeba miT metia, rac ufro Sorsaa burTu-
la. amgvarad, garemoSi ganivi talRa vrceldeba.
2. drekad zonarSi aRiZvreba ganivi talRa, sadac zonari
irxeva talRis gavrcelebis marTobul sibrtyeSi. zambaraSi
aRiZvreba grZivi talRa, radgan zambara irxeva talRis
gavrcelebis gaswvriv.
45
saSinao davaleba
1. x = x(t) -? φ – ? x = Amcos (ωt + φ0)
2π 1 1
Am = 10 sm = 0.1m φ0 = 0. ω = ;T= ;T= = 2 wm
T v 0.5
n = 0.5 hc x = 0.1cosπt
t = 1.5 wm x = 0.1cos1.5π
2π 3
φ = ωt + φ0 = . 1.5 = π.
2 2
2. A; n; T – ?
A = 0,06 m
x = 0.06cos100πt ω = 100π
2r =
100r
T
T = 0,02 wm n = 50 hc
3. λ – ?
λ = υ·T = 4,5 m
υ = 15 m/wm
T = 0.3wm
4. T; n – ?
y
υ = 5 m/wm v= = 2.5 hc
m
1
λ=2m T = = 0.4 wm
o
6. v – ?
υ
v= =0.25hc
λ
υ = 1.5 m/wm
λ=6m
46
1. 8 meqanikuri talRebis Taviseburebis eqsperimentuli
Seswavla
gaazreba
1. 32-e suraTze gamosaxulia ori meoradi talRis zeddebis
movlena.
2.
saSinao davaleba
1. β–?
dacemis kuTxe da arekvlis kuTxe
α = 45° erTmaneTis tolia. β = α = 45°
2. A–? a. TxemebiT talRebis damTxvevisas
A = A1 + A 2 = 0, 4 m
A1= A2 = 0,2 m b. Txemebis Rrmulebze damTxvevisas
A = A1 - A 2 = 0
3. γ–?
c = 2a = 60c
α = 30°
4. A, T, v 3 = 4 $ 0, 3
T 0, 3 wm, T =
A = 5 sm, = 4 wm,
4 3
monac. sur. 34-dan o =
1 =
0, 25 hc
T
1. 9 ra aris bgera?
saSinao davaleba
1. T; v – ?
t = 1 wT 40.wm = 100wm v = 0.5 hc

n = 50 rx T = 2 wm
2. υ – ?
m = 2, 9 = 2900
y= = 1450 m/wm
T 0, 002 2
T = 0.002wm υ = 1450 m/wm
λ = 2.9 m
47
1. 10 bgeris gavrceleba
gaazreba
1. carielSi, radgan kedlebi aireklavs bgerebs, xalxi ki
STanTqavs.
2. t – ?
s 17 =
s = 17 m t= t= 0, 05 wm
y 340
υ = 340 m/wm
3. h – ?
y $ t = 1450 $ 1, 2 =
h= 870 m
2 2
t = 1,2 wm
υ = 1450 m/wm
saSinao davaleba
1. v – ?
υ = λv
υ = 340 m/wm
λ = 0.68 m v= υ v = 500 hc
λ
2. λ – ?
υ = λv
v = 200 hc
υ
υ = 1450 m/wm λ= v λ = 7.25 m
3. λ1/λ2 -? υ
λ1 = v1
υ1 = 1450 m/wm
υ λ1
υ2 = 340 m/wm λ2 = v2 = 4,26
λ1
48
1. 11 bgeris gavrcelebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla
saSinao davaleba
1. λ – ? υ
λ= = 21.25 m
v
v = 16 hc
υ = 340 m/wm
2. imisaTvis, rom gaZlierdes avtomobilis rxevis amplituda
rezonansis misaRebad saWiroa SeZaxili sinqronirebuli
iyos manqanis sakuTari rxevis periodTan.
y y
3. ∆λ – ? m1 = m2 =
o1 o2
340 = 34
v1 = 90 hc m1 =
90 9
340 = 34
v2 = 9000 hc m2 =
9000 900
∆λ = λ1 – λ2 = 3,74 m
4. t – ?
l l
y= t1 =
t1 y
ℓ = 68 m t1 = 0.2 wm
υ = 340 m/wm t = 2t1 = 0.4 wm
5. S – ?
S=υ.t
t = 15 wm S = 5100 m
υ = 340 m/wm
2.1 eleqtromagnituri rxevebi
gaazreba
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi rxeviT konturSi Tavisufali
rxevebia. e. i. milevadia. amplituda TandaTan mcirdeba.
49
saSinao davaleba
1. Esr; υmaqs – ?
kx2 mυ2 kA2 mυ 2
Esr = 2 + = 2 +
2 2
m = 400 g = 0.4 kg
kA2
k = 250 n/m Esr = 2 = 2.8 j.
Am = 15 sm = 0.15m
2 Esr
υ= = 14 = 3,74 m/wm
m
2. gaizrdeba 4-jer.
3. Epot Ekin – ?
kx2 mν 2 kx2
Esr= 2 + Ep= 2
2
k = 1 kn/m = 1000 n/m x = Acosφ = 0,01 Ep = 50 mj
r
A = 2 sm = 0.02 m { = υ = x' = –x0sinωt Ek= 150 mj
3
2.3 cvladi deni
gaazreba
1. es niSnavs, rom denis mimarTuleba wamSi icvleba 50 jer.
2. am dros nakadi minimaluria, misi cvlilebis siCqare maqsim-
aluria da Sesabamisad denic maqsimaluria.
saSinao davaleba
1. konturis brunvis RerZi unda movaTavsoT perpendi
kularulad da moviyvanoT brunviT moZraobaSi.
2. mexis dacemis dros haerSi gaivlis Zalian didi Zalis denis
xanmokle impulsi, romelic aRZravs mZlavr eleqtromagni
tur gamosxivebas. am gamosxivebiT induqcirebuli denis
impulsi azianebs eleqtrogamzom xelsawyoebs.
3. ε0; n; T – ?
ε0 = 200 v
ε = 200sin300t
2π 2π
A = 2 sm = 0.02 m ω= 300 =
T T
ω = 300 rad/wm
1
T = 0,02 wm v = ≈ 50 hc
T
50
2.5 cvladi denis simZlavre
gaazreba
nulis tolia, imitom, rom cos da sin kenti (niSancvladi) fun-
qciebia.
saSinao davaleba
1. U01; U02 – ?
U
Uef1 =
01
2
U1 = 127 v
U2 = 220 v U01= 2 . Uef U01 = 179 v
U02 = 310 v
2. U0 – ?
U
Uef =
0
2
Uef = 430 kv
U0 = Uef 2 U0 = 606 kv
3. U(t), I(t) – ?
U = U0 sin (ωt + φ0)
R = 50 omi I= I0sin (ωt + φ0)
v = 50 hc U0= 310v
Uef = 220 v
2r
ω= = 2π• v =100π
T
U0
I0 = = 6,2 a I = 6.2cos100πt, U = 310cos100πt
R
2.6 eleqtroenergiis gadacema. transformatori
gaazreba
1. Tboeleqtrosadguridan energia gadaecema amave qvesad-
guris amamaRlebel transformators, maRalvoltian gadamcem
xazs. momxmarebels energia gadaecema qvesadguris damadable-
beli transformatoriT, saidanac gadaecema dabalvoltian
gadamcem xazs da ganawildeba momxmarebelze.
51
2. gamtari, romlis winaRoba praqtikulad nulis tolia, cno-
bilia zegamtaris saxelwodebiT. zegamtari miiReba gamtaris
Zalian dabal temperaturamde gaciebiT. miRebulia maRaltem-
peraturuli zegamtarebic, specialuri Senadnobebis saxiT.
saSinao davaleba
1. sayofacxovrebo xelsawyoebi gaTvlilia Zabvis maqsimalur
mniSvnelobaze Uef 2 .
2. imitom, rom mokled CarTul xviebSi aRiZvreba Zalian didi

amplitudis induqciis deni.
3. n2 – ?
U1 n
= 1 =k
U2 n2
U1 = 220 v
660 $ 840
U2 = 660 v n2 = = 2520
220
n1 = 840 xvi
4. U2 – ?
U1
k=
U2
K = 10
U1 220
U1 = 220 v U2 = = = 22 v
k 10
2.7 eleqtromagnituri talRis buneba
saSinao davaleba
1. xidi da gvirabi axdens eleqtromagnituri talRebis

ekranirebas (aireklaven da nawilobriv STanTqaven).
2. N – ?
1
T= T = 0,005 wm
o
λ = 30 m
C N
n = 200 hc nel.mag = = 107 hc n=
m t
T=t
N = 5·104
52
3.1 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi
saSinao davaleba
1. n – ?
m N
v= v=
M NA
t = 10 dRe-Rame = 864000 wm
m = N N
m = 100 g n=
M NA t
NA = 6,02 . 1023 mol-1
M = 18 g/mol N = 39 .1017 mol-1

n =4·1018wm-1
2. N – ?
N = vNA
m
m = 1 g = 0,001 kg N= N
M . A 22
M(CO2) = 12 + 32 = 44 .10-3 kg/mol N = 1,7 10
3. m; N – ?
N = vNA = 15 .1023
v = 2,5 moli
M =12 kg/moli m = nM m = 30 kg
3.3 difuzia
saSinao davaleba
1. difuziis siCqare gacilebiT mcirea molekulebis siTbur
siCqaresTan SedarebiT, radgan molekulebi qaosuri
moZraobis gamo drois did SualedSic meore gadaadgilebas
asruleben.
2. mivuTiTebT moswavles moifiqros saTanado teqsturi
masalis analogiuri magaliTebi.
3. imitom, rom civ rZeSi difuzia Senelebulia da zedapirze
gamoyofili cximis rZeSi areva aRar xdeba.
3.4 molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis mesame debuleba
saSinao davaleba
Tu r ≤ d. ganzidva Zlieria Tu d < r < ro. Tu ro < r < r.
53
maSin mizidva aRemateba ganzidvas. Tu r > r1 urTierTqmedeba
ar aris. Tu r = ro, mizidva da ganzidva gawonasworebulia.
3.5 nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareoba

gaazreba
1. a. airadi; b. Txevadi; g. myari.
saSinao davaleba
1. imitom, rom tyvia plastikuria da tyviis firfitebis
atomebi ufro axlo SeiZleba miviyvanoT erTmaneTTan, vidre
drekadi foladis.
2. imitom, rom sarCilavi warmoadgens kalisa da tyviisa
Senadnobs, romlis deformaciis dros xdeba kalis
mikrokristalebis rRveva.
3. maRal temperaturaze foladi tyviasaviT plastikuria.
3.6 idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri Teoria
saSinao davaleba
1. V – ?
m y2
V= = 0,8 m3
3P
m = 2 kg
P = 105 pa V = 0,8 m3
y 2 = 12 .106 m2/wm2
2. P – ?
1
P=
2
t $ y = 0, 11 $ 106 pa = 0,11 mgpa
3
y = 500 m/wm
ρ = 1,35 kg/m3 P = 0,11 mgpa
3. y – ?
3P $ V = 3P $ V =
y= 710 m/wm
m0 $ N m
m = 6 kg
V = 5 m3
P = 200 kpa = 2 . 105 pa y = 710 m/wm
54
3.7 Sternis cda
gaazreba
azotis molekulis masa wyalbadis molekulis masaze metia.
amitom, erTi da imave energiis wyalbadis molekulebs ufro
meti siCqare aqvT, vidre imave energiis azotis molekulebs.
saSinao davaleba
P
P1 – ?
2
1.
P = V1 =
2
3
V P1 V2
V2 = 1
3
P
y saS = const = 3
2
gaizrdeba 3-jer.
P1
2. E – ?
3P
E = = 10-21 j
2n
p =20 kpa = 2.104 pa
n = 3 . 1025 m-3
3. υ – ?
(R - r) 2r $ n
υ= = 200 m/wm
{
φ = 5.40
n = 150 wm-1
R-r = 2 sm = 0,02m
3.8 temperatura
gaazreba
1. imitom, rom najeri orTqlis wneva wylis SemTxvevaSi

didia im temperatul diapazonSi, sadac es nivTierebebi
Txevadia.
55
saSinao davaleba
1. E – ?
2
P= nE
3
P = 100 kpa = 105 pa
n = 3·1025 m-3 E = 3P E = 0,5 .10-23 j
2n
2. T – ?
p
T= = 725K
nk
p = 100 kpa = 105pa
n = 1025 m-3
3.9 absoluturi temperatura da absoluturi nuli
saSinao davaleba
1. T = t + 273
9
T = 36 + 273 = 309 K tF =
$ 36 + 320 = 96, 80 F
5
2. doneebi iqneba erTi da imave temperaturis Sesabamisi.
3. wylis duRilis temperaturaa 373 K
yinulis dnobis temperaturaa 273 K K
mSrali yinulis temperatura – 60°C = 220 K
Txevadi haeris temperatura – 160°C = 100 K
absolituri nulis mniSvneloba – 273°C
3.10 idealuri airis mdgomareobis gantoleba
saSinao davaleba
1. P – ?
m
PV = m RT p= RT
M M$V
v = 20 l = 2 . 10-2 m3
t = 120C T = 285 K P = 82 . 105pa
m = 2 kg
Mhaeris = 29 . 10-3 kg/mol
56
2. V – ?
m
PV = $ RT
M
v = 50 mol
oRT
T = 360k V= ≈ 24,9·10-3 m3 ≈ 25 l
P
P = 6 mgpa = 6 .106 pa
t2
3. –?
t1 m m RT
PV= RT P = $
M V M
P1 = 730 mm . vwy.sv = 0,97 .105pa
RT
P = 780 mm . vwy.sv = 1,04 .105pa
2
P = t$
M
t1 = 300C T = 273 +30 = 303 K
t2
t2 = - 300C T = 273 - 30 = 243 K = P2 T1 = 1, 3 ; t2 = 1, 3t1
t1 P1 T2
3.11 boil-mariotis kanoni
gaazreba
grafikidan Cans, rom izoTermuli procesis dros moculoba
da wneva ar aris damokidebuli temperaturaze.
saSinao davaleba
1. F1; F2 – ?
P1 V1 = 1, 25 $ 105 pa
P2 =
S (, - T,)
S = 24 sm2 = 24 . 10-4 m3
V = 240 sm3 = 24 . 10-5 m3
1
F1 = ∆ P . S = (P2 – P1 ) S = 60 (n)
P1 = 105 pa F2 = ∆ P′ . S = (P2' – P1 ) S = 40 (n)
∆ = 0,02m
2. SekumSuli haeri farTovdeba, wyali ki ara.
3. P – ?
p1 V1
P= = 105 pa
V1 + V2
P1 = 4 . 105 pa
V2 = 0, 06 m3
V1 = 0, 02 m3
T = const
57
4. sacurao buStulaSi haeri didi wnevis qveS iyo
da wylidan amoyvanisas gare wnevis Semcirebis gamo
gafarTovda.
5. mTaze atmosferuli wneva ufro naklebia, vidre zRvis
doneze. amitom zRvis doneze paketSi moTavsebuli haeri
mTaze atanisas gaibera.
6. wneva orjer gaizrdeba.
7. ∆V – ?
V1 P1 = V2P2
V = 0,5 l = 5 . 10-4 m3
1
1
V1 = V11 – V21 =5.10–4–3.10–4=2.10–4 m3
V $P
V2 = 0,3 l = 3 . 10-4 m3
F 1
V2 = 1 1 = 2, 5 $ 10-4 m3
P2
P1 = P0 = 105 pa ∆V = V2 – V1 = 50 sm3
P2 = 8 . 104 pa
8. V1 ; V2 – ?
P1 V1= P′1 . V P = P11 + P21
V P2 V2 = P′2 . V V = V1+ V2
P1; P2
(P - P2) V (P - P1) $ V
P V1 = V2 =
P1 - P2 P2 - P1
3.12 gei-lusakis kanoni
gaazreba
1. naperwkali cviva nakverCxalis forebSi arsebuli airis
wnevis gazrdis gamo.
2. gaziani wyliT savse boTlis zeda nawilSi aris haeri,
romelsac wylis gaTbobisas emateba wyalSi gaxsnili nax-
SirorJangis nawili, rac iwvevs wnevis zrdas.
3. izobaruli procesis dros wneva ar icvleba, anu ar aris
damokidebuli moculobaze da temperaturaze. tempe
raturaze damokidebulia mxolod moculoba.
58
saSinao davaleba
1. ∆V _ ?
∆V = V2 - V1
t1 = 270C T1 = 300 K
V2 T2 V2 - V1
t2 = 10C T2 = T1 + 1 K = = 1
V1 T1 V1 300
1
∆V = V moculoba gaizrdeba
300 1
pirvandelis 1/300 nawiliT.
2. m _ ?
V1 T1
=
V2 T2
p = const
m
V1 = 0,5 l = 0,5·10-3 m3 V 2 = V1 - V = V 1 -
t
t1 = 970C T1 = 370 K
tV1 (T1 - T2)
t2 = 170C T2 = 290 K m= = 0, 11 kg
T1
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
3. V1 _ ?
V1 T1
=
V2 T2
t1 = 770C T1 = 350 K
TV
V1 = 1 2 = 7 $ 10 3 m3
-
t2 = 270C T2 = 300 K
T2
v2 = 6 l = 6·10-3 m3
4. ∆l _ ?
V1 T1 Sl = T1
=
V2 T2 S (l + Tl) T2
p = const
l = 283
t1 = 100C T1 = 283 K
l + Tl 293
t2 = 200C T2 = 293 K
l = 20 sm = 0,2 m ∆l = 0,007 m
5. ∆V2 _ ?
V = V + TV1
T T + TT1
∆T1 = 60 K
V = V + TV2
∆T2 = 90 K
T T + TT2
∆V1 = 1 l = 10-3 m3
TV1 $ TT2
∆V2 = = 1, 5 l
TT1
59
3.13 Sarlis kanoni
gaazreba
1. izoqoruli procesis dros moculoba ar icvleba. tem-
peratura damokidebulia wnevaze.
saSinao davaleba
1. P2 _ ?
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
V = const
P $T
t1 = 270C T1 = 300 K P2 = 1 2
T1
P2 = 75 kpa = 75·103 pa
t2 = -13 T2 = 260 K P2 = 65 kpa
2. T1 _ ?
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
V = const
P1 (T1 + 140)
T2 = T1 + 140 K T1 =
P2
P2 = 1,5· P1
T1 = 280 K
V2
3. _?
V1 V2 P1
=
V1 P2
V = const
P1 tga1
a1 =
P2 tga2
a2
V2 tga1
=
V1 tga2
4. P2 _ ?
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
V = const
P $T
t1 = 200C T1 = 293 K P2 = 1 2
T1
t2 = 100C T2 = 283 K
P1 = 100 kpa = 105 pa P2 = 0,97·105 pa
60
3.14 idealuri airis kanonebi
saSinao davaleba
T2 _ ?
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
V = const
T $P
t1 = 70C T1 = 280 K T2 = 1 2
P1
P1 = 80 kpa = 8·104 pa
P2 = 100 kpa = 105 pa T2 = 250 K
3.15 muSaoba TermodinamikaSi

gaazreba
1. izoTermuli procesis dros Sesrulebuli muSaoba
ricxobrivad im farTobis tolia, romelic Semosaz
Rvrulia zemodan bd izoTermiT, qvemodan V1 V2 monakveTiT
da marcxnidan V1 da V2 moculobebis Sesabamisi wnevebis
toli monakveTebiT.
2. muSaoba TermodinamikaSi ganixileba rogorc airis Sina-

gani energiis cvlilebis zoma.
saSinao davaleba
2. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
A = A12 + A23 + A34; A23 = 0, radganac V = const
A = P2(V2 - V1) + P1(V3 – V2)
3. A' _ ?
A' = P(V2-V1)
m = 0,2 kg
m
∆T = 88 K PV = RT
M
M = 0,044 kg/mol
m
R = 8,31 j/mol• K A' = R $ TT A' ≈ 3,324 j
M
61
3.16 Sinagani energia
saSinao davaleba
∆UU _ ?
3 m
∆UU = $ $ R $ TT ∆T = T - T0
2 M
V = 20 l = 2·10 m-2 3
3 TT
P0 = 105 pa ∆UU = P0 V $
2 T0
T0 = 273 K
T = 91 K ∆UU = - 2 kj
3.17 Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni

gaazreba
1. Tu sistema siTburad izolirebulia, gafarToebisas

muSaoba Sesruldeba Sinagani energiis xarjze ris Sedegad
temperatura Semcirdeba. Sinagani energiis Semcirebis
gamo temperatura rom ar Seicvalos, saWiroa muSaoba Ses-
ruldes garedan siTbos raodenobis gadacemis xarjze.
saSinao davaleba
1. ∆UU _ ?
∆UU = Q + A' A' = P ·∆UV = –P · S · ∆Uh
S = 200 sm2 = 2·10-2 m2
Q = 1,5 ·105 j ∆UU = Q – PS∆h
P = 2·107 pa
∆h = 30 sm = 0,3 m ∆UU = 30 kj
3.19 Termodinamikis pirveli kanoni. idealuri airis

sxvadasxva procesebisaTvis
saSinao davaleba
wneva ufro gaizrdeba adiabaturi SekumSvis dros.
62
3.20 siTburi Zravebi
saSinao davaleba
h2
1. _?
h1 T1 - T2
η1 =
T1
T1 = 380 K
T1 - TT - T2
T2 = 280 K η2 =
T1 + TT
∆T = 200 K
h2 = 2 gaizrdeba 2-jer
h1
2. Seqcevadi procesia iseTi, romlis dros Termodinamikuri

sistemis energia ar icvleba. magaliTad, Seqcevadia manqanis
saltis deformaciisas misi moculobis cvlileba. Seuqce
vadia procesi, romelic mimdinareobs energiis gacemiT.
Seuqcevadia siTburi Zravebis muSaoba.
3. wylis wrebrunva Seqcevadi procesia, magram ara Termo

dinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, radganac am procesisaTvis
saWiro energias dedamiwa mzis siTburi energiis xarjze Re-
bulobs.
3.21 karnos cikli
saSinao davaleba
T1
_?
T2 A
η=
Q1
Q1 = 3 kj = 3·103 j
T -T T2 Q1 - A
A = 600 j η = 1 2 =
T1 T1 Q1
T1 =
1, 25
T2
63
3.22 orTqladqceva. najeri orQTqli
saSinao davaleba
n2
1. _?
n1
P1 = n1kT1 P2 = n2kT2
t1 = 20 C T1 = 293 K
0
P2 n 2 T2
t2 = 100C T2 = 283 K =
P1 n1 T1
P1 = 1,23·103 pa
P2 = 2,33·103 pa
n 2 ≈ 1,8
n1
2. ∆t _ ?
m
ρ= = 0,006 kg/m3
V
V = 50 l = 5·10-2 m3
m = 0,3 g = 0,3·10-3 kg cxrilidan tn = 30C
t = 170C ∆t = t - tn = 140C
3. η _ ? t = 14°C-ze najeri orTqlis

wnevaa pn = 1598 pa, radgan
p = 1 kpa pn > p amitom wylis orT
t = 14°C qli ar iqneba najer
mdgomareobaSi.
3.23 duRili. duRilis temperaturis damokidebuleba

wnevaze
gaazreba
wyali ar aduRdeba, radganac siRrmis zrdasTan erTad
izrdeba wneva, e. i. izrdeba duRilis temperaturac.
saSinao davaleba
1. P _ ?
m
PV = RT
M
t1 = 200C T1 = 293 K
t
ρ = 0,02 g/m3 = 0,02 10-3 kg/m3 P= RT
M
R = 831 j/mol·K
P = 0,24 pa
64
2. ρ1/ρ2 _ ?
t1 P1 T2
=
t2 P2 T1
T1 = 2730 K
P1 = 24,7 kpa
t1
T2 = 313 K = 0, 23
t2
P2 = 123·102 pa
3.24 haeris tenianoba
gaazreba
1. wylis orTqlis raodenobis momatebisas matulobs te-
nianoba (rogorc absolituri, aseve fardobiTi).
2. imitom, rom did simaRleze iyo gadacivebuli najeri

orTqli, magram ar iyo kondensaciebis centri. TviTfri-
navis Zravis gamonabolqvi iwvevs wylis kondensacias da
warmoiqmneba nislis kvamli.
3. nisli aris kondensirebuli wylis mikroskopuli

wveTebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba Tu wylis orTqli
haerSi najer mdgomareobaSia da arsebobs kondensaciis
centrebi.
saSinao davaleba
1. φ _ ?
P
φ=
P0
t = 190C
P = 1,1 kpa = 1,1·10-3 pa cxrilidan P0 = 2,2 kpa
φ = 50%
2. φ _ ?
P
φ=
P0
V = 4 m3
m
t = 160C T = 289 K P= $ RT = 1,33 kpa
VM
M m = 40 g = 4·10-2 kg cxrilidan P0 = 1,86·10 pa
3
φ = 71%
65
3. civi wylis onkani dafarulia kondensirebuli
wylis orTqlis mikroskopuli wveTebiT da mqrTali
Sesaxedaoba aqvs, cxeli onkanis garSemo orTqli ar aris
najer mdgomareobaSi, kondensacia ar xdeba da onkanis
nikelirebuli zedapiri sarkulad prialebs.

xelsawyoebi
gaazreba
1. siciveSi amosunTquli orTqli najer mdgomareobaSi
gadadis gacivebis gamo da haerSi arsebul mtvris (aero-
zolis) nawilakebze kondensirdeba. mikroskopuli wylis
wveTebi sinaTles fantavs da nisli xiluli xdeba.
2. Tbil oTaxSi haerSi arsebuli wylis orTqli ar aris
najer mdgomareobaSi, civ fanjarasTan orTqli civdeba,
misi fardobiTi tenianoba matulobs e. i. xdeba konden
sacia.
3. nami Cndeba, roca wylis orTqli najer mdgomareobaSia.
namis wertili is temperaturaa, romelzec iwyeba haeridan
namis gamoyofa.
saSinao davaleba
1. tn _ ?
P
φ=
P0
t = 150C
φ = 72% - 0,72 P = φ·P0 cxrilidan P0-i, 15°C = 1707 pa
P = 0,72•1707 = 1229 pa cxrilidan tn = 10°C
2. f _ ?
t
f= $ 100%
t0
t = 180C
tn = 100C cxrilidan ρ = 15,5 g/m3 ρ0 = 9,21 g/m3
f = 59%
66
3. f; P; ρ _ ?
cxrilidan tmS - tsv = 4°C f = 69%
tsv = 20°C
P
tmS = 24°C f= cxrilidan P0 = 1,6·103 pa
P0
P = P0· f = 0,96 · 103 pa cxrilidan ρ = 7,3 g/m3
4.1 rezerfordis cda. atomis planetaruli modeli
gaazreba
1. radioaqtiuli wyarodan gamosxivebuli α nawilakebi

ecema oqros kilitas, ifanteba. gafantuli α nawilakebi
ecema luminoforiT dafarul ekrans da iwvevs mis naTe-
bas.
2. cdas oqros kilitis gareSe Seesabameba suraTi naklebi
gafantvis gamosaxulebiT, b.
3. sur. 4-is mixedviT maqsimaluri kuTxiT gadaixreba is
α nawilaki, romlebic oqros atomis birTvs ejaxeba. rac
ufro Sors Cauvlis α nawilaki birTvs miT ufro naklebia
birTvidan moqmedi ganzidvis Zalis zemoqmedeba.
saSinao davaleba
F1
2. –?
F2 q1 $ q2 q1 $ q2 F1
F1 = k 2 F2 = k = 12 = 1-5 2 = 1010
`n jD ` j 2
D 2
F n ^10 h
n = 10-5 2 2
4.2 radioaqtiuri daSlis fizikuri bunebis Seswavla
saSinao davaleba
1. tyviis sqelkedliani konteineri ar atarebs arc α da β

sxivebs da arc γ gamosxivebas.
67
4.3 atombirTvis radiaqtiuri gardamnebi
gaazreba
1. γ kvantis gamosxivebisas icvleba mxolod masa γ kvantis
masis toli sididiT. M masiuri ricxvi da rigiTi nomeri Z
ar icvleba.
2. imitom, rom α nawilakebis dadebiTi muxtis gamo birT-
vebi mas ganizidaven da α nawilaki ver aRwevs birTvSi.
3. imitom, rom α nawilakebis masa TiTqmis 7000-jer metia β
nawilakebis masaze.
saSinao davaleba
1. 22 22 0
11 Na " 12 Mg + -1b
2. 238
92 U " 42 He + 23490 Th ; 209
82 Pb " -01b + 20983 Bi
4.4 radiaqtiuri daSlis kanoni. naxevraddaSlis periodi
saSinao davaleba
1. T _ ?
t
N = N0·2 - T galogariTmebis Sedegad miiReba
t = 8 dRe
8lg2 8 $ 0, 3
T= = = 4 dRe
lg4 0, 6
2. ∆NN _ ?
0, 69 0, 69 $ 25 $ 106 $ 1
∆N = $ N0 t = = 30
T 1620 $ 365
N0 = 25·106
t = 1 dRe-Rame DdRe RameSi daiSleba ≈ 30 radiumis atomi
T = 1620 w
4.7 birTvuli Zalebi

gaazreba
1. pirvel suraTze gamosaxulia birTvis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis (nuklonebis) birTvuli urTierTqmedebis
Zala, romelsac mizidvis xasiaTi aqvs da Zalian Zlieria
68
eleqtrostatikur ZalasTan SedarebiT. meore sura-
Tze gamosaxulia birTvis Semadgeneli protonebs Soris
eleqtrostatikuri ganzidvis Zala, romelic Zalian sus-
tia birTvul ZalebTan SedarebiT.
saSinao davaleba
protoni,
molekula atomi birTvi kvarki ...
neitroni
aqvs Tu ara am process dasasruli mecnierebisTvis uc

nobia, hipoTezis doneze ar aqvs.
4.8 atomuri birTvebis bmis energia. masis defeqti
saSinao davaleba
1. Ebm _ ?
mp ≈ 1,00814 mae Ebm = ∆m·c2

mn ≈ 1,0068 mae ∆m = (mp + mn – mb) ≈ 0,0044835·10-27 kg
mb ≈ 2,0141 mae Ebm= 0,0044835·10-27·(3·108)2 ≈ 0,04035·10-11 j
2. Ebm – ?
∆m = (13·1,00814+14·1,00866 – 26,98146)·1,66057·10-27=
Mbm=26,98146 = 0,41·10-27 kg; Ebm = 0,41·10-27·9·10-16 = 3,69·10-11 j
3. Ebm/nuk _ ?
Ebm = ∆m·c2 ≈ 0,25 mgev
Mb = 7,01601 mae
Z=3 Ebm/nuk = 0,057·108 bm/nuk
N=4
4.9 jaWvuri reaqcia
saSinao davaleba
1. E _ ?
k $ m $ N A $ E0 =
E=
m
m = 1 kg
M = 235·10-3 kg/ml = 8,2·1010 j
NA = 6,02·1023 mol-1
k = 0,1% = 0,001
E0 = 3,2·10-11 j
69
4.10 birTvuli reaqtori
saSinao davaleba
1. m _ ? m masis atomSi atomebis ricxvi
m NM
N= N &m= (1)
M A NA
p1 = 5·108 vt
E P
η = 20% N= (2) , E = P $ t (3), h = sas (4)
E0 Psas
t = 1 weli = 31536·103 wm
E = 200 mgev = 3,2·1011 j
psas $ M $ t
M = 235·10-3 kg.mol-1 m= = 964 kg
F0 $ h $ N A
2. P _ ?
h $ m $ N A $ E1
p= = 58,24 mgvt
M$t
m = 0,22 kg
t = 20% p = 58,24 mgvt
t = 24 sT = 24·3600 wm
η = 25% = 0,25
4.13 birTvuli sinTezis reaqcia

saSinao davaleba
1. Ek _ ?
Ek = 2 Ebm^ Heh – ( Ebm` Lij + Ebm^ H h )
4
2
7 1 Ebm^ H h = 0
1
Ebm^ Heh = 28,3 mgev

3 1 1
4
2
Ebm` Lij = 39,2 mgev

7
3
Ek = 2 Ebm^ Heh – Ebm` Lij = 17,4 mgev
4
2
7
3
2. ∆E _ ?
∆E = Ebm^ Heh - Ebm^ Heh - Ebm` Hj
4
2
2 3
Ebm^ Heh = 2,2 mgev

1 1
2
1
Ebm` Hj = 8,5 mgev

3
1 ∆E = 28,3 – 2,2 – 8,5 = 17,6 mgev
Ebm^ Heh = 39,2 mgev
4
2
m1 NA m2 NA
3. ∆E _ ? N1 = N2 = N1 = N2 = 1, 204 $ 1023
hH2
1 hH
3
1
m^ H h = 0,4 g
2
1
E = N1 · E1 = 21,2·1023 mgev
m^ H h = 0,6 g
3
1
70
sarekomendacio Sefasebis sqemebi
Sefasebis sqema prezentaciisaTvis
kriteri-
1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10
umebi
azris azrebs bun- nawilobriv logikurad azri logi-
Camoyal- dovnad aya- gasagebia, aris agebu- kurad aris
ibeba da libebs da ganmarte- li, magram agebuli,
gadmo- gadmoscems bebi ar SeiniSneba warmodge-
cema dabneulad, aris zusti, xarvezebi. nili sakiTx-
gaugebrad xSirad saubari ebi naTeli
saubrobs imeorebs gamarTu- da gasagebia,
erTsa da lia araorWof-
imaves uli
Tvalsa- ver axerx- iyenebs, kargad zedmiwevniT

Cinoebis, ebs Tval- magram ara iyenebs efeqtianad
cxrileb- saCinoebis, efeqtianad iyenebs, sau-
is, dia- cxrileb- brobs maTze
gramebis isa da dayrdnobiT
gamoyen- diagramebis
eba gamoyenebas
klasTan ver am- peri- amyarebs kargad
kontaqti yarebs odulad kontaqts. flobs ko-
kontaqts amyarebs TiTqmis munikaciis
kontaqts, yvela unars.
pasuxebi kiTxvas pasuxobs
SekiTxve- pasuxobs yvela kiTx-
bze ar aris vas.
gamarTuli
71
Sefasebis sqema eqsperimentis CatarebisaTvis
kriteri-
1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10
umebi
gansaz- arasworad nawilobriv sworad gan- zedmiwevniTY
Rvravs gansaz- sworad gan- sazRvravs zustad gan-
kvlevis Rvravs sazRvravs sazRvravs
mizans
kvlevis ver aRwers nawilobriv sworad aR- zedmiwevniT
mimdin- muSaobis zustad wers kvle- zustad aRw-
areobis Tanmimdev- aRwers mim- vis mimdin- ers kvlevis
aRwera robas dinareobas areobas mimdinare-
obas
monace- ver aRricx- agrovebs da agrovebs da agrovebs an
mebis Se- avs sworad aRricxavs aRricxavs aRricxavs
groveba, monacemebs monacemebs monacemebs monacemebs
aRricxva nawilobriv srulad, srulad,
da uzus- magram SeuZlia
tod uzustod cxrilis
(mag., ver Sedgena
axerxebs
cxrilis
Sedgenas)
daskvnis ar SeuZlia nawilobriv gamoaqvs srulyo-
gamotana sworad sworad daskvnebi filad
daskvnis gamoaqvs sworad, ma- ayalibebs
gamotana daskvnebi gram mcire daskvnebs
xarvezebiT
72
Sefasebis sqema diskusiaSi monawileobisaTvis
kriteri-
1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10
umebi
urTierT- kamaToben xmauroben, usmenen usmenen erT-
mosmenisa da aris naklebad erTmaneTs, maneTs. logi-
da Si- xmauri, ar iziareben erTvebian kurad gamoTq-
naarsis iziareben erTmane- msjeloba- vamen TavianT
gaazrebis erTmane- Tis azrs Si saWiro azrebs da erTve-
unari Tis azrs dros bian msjelobaSi
saWiro dros
drois ver icaven zogjer icaven yovelTvis
limitis drois ver ete- drois icaven drois
dacva limits vian gan- limits, limits
sazRvrul zogierTi
droSi gamonakli-
sis garda
73
Sefasebis sqema saSinao davalebisaTvis
kriteri-
1-2 3-5 6-7 8-10
umebi
weriTi Sesrule- Sesrule- Sesrule- Sesrule-
saSinao buli aqvs buli aqvs buli aqvs buli aqvs
davaleba mcire samuSaos srulad, srulad,
nawili naxevari mcire xarvezebis
xarvezebiT gareSe
saSinao ver pa- saSinao flob srulyofi-
davaleb- suxobs davalebis saSinao lad flobs
is Sinaar- umravles Sinaarss davalebis saSinao
sobrivi kiTxvebze da azrs Sinaarss da davalebis
nawili nawilobriv amJRavnebs Sinaarss
gadmoscems Sesabamis da war-
unar- matebulad
Cvevebs amJRavnebs
Sesabamis
unar-Cvevebs
infor- moZiebuli moZiebuli moZiebuli moZiebuli

maciis masala ar masala masala See- masala Seesa-
moZieba aris Temis nawilobriv sabameba Te- bameba Temas,
Sesabamisi Seesabameba mas, magram kargad aris
Temas ar aris organize-
Sesabamisad buli da war-
organize- modgenili
buli
74
interaqtiuri gakveTilis
elementebi
1. gonebrivi ieriSi
gonebrivi ieriSi didi raodenobis ideebis generaciis saSuale-
bas iZleva drois mcire monakveTSi. am meTodis gamoyeneba TiToeu-
li moswavlis individualur aqtivobas moiTxovs da saerTo saqme-
Si monawileobis gziT, saerTo problemis erToblivad gadawyvetas
ganapirobebs.
es aris meTodi, romelic xels uwyobs:
• komunikaciis;
• SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis;
• sakuTari azris gamoTqmis;
• informaciis daxarisxebis;
• msjelobis, analizis;
• Sefasebis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.
gonebrivi ieriSis Catarebis wesi:

saswavlo miznis Sesabamisad, maswavleblis mier xdeba Temis wi-
naswari SerCeva da SekiTxvis saxiT Camoyalibeba. SekiTxvas unda
hqondes moswavleTaTvis gasagebi forma da mkafiod unda iyos Ca-
moyalibebuli. gonebrivi ieriSi or etaps moicavs.
I. ideebis generaciis etapi

saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvas.
SekiTxvis dasmis Semdeg moswavleebi gamoTqvamen mosazrebebs. ide-
ebis generaciis stadiaze daculi unda iyos Semdegi principebi:
1. azris gamoTqma nebayoflobiTi da Tavisufalia. moswavleebma
unda gamoTqvan mosazrebebi, roca maT surT. maT SeuZliaT gamo-
Tqvan ramdenime mosazreba. idea SeiZleba iyos, rogorc origina-
luri, ise sxvisi ideis ganviTarebis Sedegi.
2. moswavleTa mier mosazrebis gamoTqmis dros ar unda davuSvaT
kamaTi, mosazrebis kritika an Sefaseba. unda vimuSaoT principiT:
yvela mosazreba misaRebia.
75
3. ideebis generaciis stadiaze mniSvnelovania ideebis raodeno-
ba da ara xarisxi. xarisxze msjeloba unda moxdes generaciis eta-
pis dasrulebis Semdeg (Sefasebis etapi).
4. yvela idea unda daiweros dafaze an did qaRaldze, maT Soris,
yvelaze miuRebelic ki.
5. Sefasebis win moswavleebs unda hqondeT dafiqrebis saSua
leba.
6. ideebis generaciis periodis xangrZlivoba SeiZleba iyos sxva-
dasxva. gakveTilis miznidan gamomdinare, maswavlebelma unda gan-
sazRvros, Tu rodis (imave gakveTilze Tu momdevno dRes) unda
daiwyos Sefasebis etapi. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi moswavle-
Ta mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi unda eweros dafaze an kedelze
gakrul did qaRaldze.
II. ideebis Sefasebis etapi

Sefasebis etapis dasawyisSi unda moxdes gamoTqmuli mosazre-
bebis mokle mimoxilva. moswavleebs unda davusvaT SekiTxvebi da
gavarkvioT, Tu romeli mosazrebebia msgavsi da SesaZlebelia Tu
ara maTi gaerTianeba da ganzogadeba. msgavsi ideebis gaerTianebis
Semdeg SesaZlebelia mcire diskusiis mowyoba maT avkargianobaze.
amis Semdeg unda moxdes maTi rangireba anu TiToeul moswavles
mieces saSualeba, amoirCios ramdenime, misi azriT, yvelaze faseu-
li idea da ganalagos isini mniSvnelobis mixedviT (yvelaze mniSv-
nelovani idea Seafasos yvelaze maRali quliT). qulebis Sejamebis
Semdeg gamoikveTeba ramdenime idea, romelic, saerTo jamSi, kla-
sis mier arCeulia yvelaze Rirebulad. maswavlebelma saswavlo
miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa, Secvalos Sefasebis etapi. mag.,
ZiriTadi aqcenti gadaitanos diskusiaze, moaxdinos ideebis Sefa-
seba moswavleebTan SeTanxmebis gziT. Tumca, es SeTanxmeba ar unda
iyos xelovnuri da maswavleblis mier Tavze moxveuli.
2. roluri TamaSi
roluri TamaSis dros moswavleebs Soris nawildeba rolebi. es
exmareba maT azrebisa da qmedebebis ukeT gagebaSi. roluri TamaSi,
xels uwyobs:
76
• sakiTxis gaazrebis;
• diskusiis;
• prezentaciis;
• SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis da roluri qcevis unar-Cvevis gan-
viTarebas.
roluri TamaSis Catarebis etapebia:

• rolebis gaTamaSebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna;
• rolebis ganawileba;
• gaTamaSeba;
• rolidan gamosvla;
• diskusia;
• Sejameba.
savarjiSosTvis maswavlebeli irCevs teqsts (teqsti SeiZleba

iyos literaturuli, sabunebismetyvelo, maTematikuri, socialu-
ri...), ambavs realuri cxovrebidan an moswavleebTan erTad Txza-
vs ambavs saWiro Temaze – saswavlo miznis Sesabamisad da axdens
rolebis ganawilebas. rolebis ganawileba SeiZleba moxdes maswa-
vleblis mier, moswavleebis arCeviT an SemTxveviTi SerCevis prin-
cipiT. Aamis Semdeg xdeba rolebis gaTamaSeba. moswavleebi Semoqme-
debiTad unda miudgnen TavianT rolebs. gaTamaSebis damTavrebis
Semdeg moswavle unda gamovides rolidan da ise CaerTos diskusia-
Si. aseTi tipis TamaSi moswavles aZlevs saSualebas, kritikulad
Seafasos rogorc sakuTari personaJi, ise sxva moqmedi pirebi.
3. kiTxva niSanTa sistemiT

kiTxva niSanTa sistemiT gamoiyeneba teqstze muSaobisas, rac:
• aZlierebs moswavlis motivacias;
• aaqtiurebs sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebul codnas;
• aaqtiurebs axal aTvisebul informacias;
• aZlevs saSualebas moswavleebs, gaakontrolon sakuTari
aRqmis unari;
• aviTarebs kritikuli azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs;
• aviTarebs informaciis daxarisxebis unar-Cvevebs.
77
es aqtivoba gamoiyeneba individualuri, wyvilebSi da jgufuri
muSaobisas.
gamoyenebis wesi:
I etapze moswavleebs eZlevaT instruqcia, rom kiTxvis dros maT
mouwevT wasakiTxi masalis kideebze Semdegi aRniSvnebis gamoye-
neba: `V~ niSani dasviT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wakiTxuli informacia
TqvenTvis nacnobia;
`+~ dasviT, Tu wakiTxuli informacia axalia TqvenTvis;
`-~ dasviT, Tu wakiTxuli informacia sapirispiroa imisa, rac
icodiT;
`?~ Tu wakiTxuli informacia gaugebaria an arasakmarisia.
aucilebeli araa yoveli striqonisa da azris aRniSvna, magram am
aRniSvnebma unda gamoavlinos informaciisadmi moswavlis damoki-
debuleba.
II etapze maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, rom kvlav gadaxedon

teqsts da Seavson sqema:
V + - ?
III etapze jgufebSi xdeba azrTa gaziareba da imarTeba saklaso

diskusia maswavleblis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze:
• ra iyo iseTi, rac teqstis wakiTxvamde icodiT?
• ra aRmoCnda iseTi, rac teqstis wakiTxvam gaswavlaT?
• ra iyo iseTi, risi sapirispiroc icodiT?
• ra SekiTxvebi dagebadaT?
moswavleTa asakisa da maswavleblis miznebis Sesabamisad, SeiZ-
leba gamoyenebuli iqnas niSanTa sxvadasxva raodenoba (magaliTad,
dawyebiT klasSi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod ori niSani
`+~ da `_~).
78
4. vici, minda vicode, viswavle
vici, minda vicode, viswavle, gamoiyeneba sagakveTilo procesSi
teqstze muSaobisas, rac:
• amzadebs moswavles masalis mTlianobaSi gaazrebisaTvis;

• gviCvenebs, ra aris mocemul teqstSi moswavlisaTvis mniSvne-
lovani;
• gviCvenebs, ra iswavla man am teqstiT;
• aviTarebs informaciis daxarisxebis unar-Cvevebs;
• aZlierebs teqstis kiTxvisa da masze muSaobis motivacias;
• aviTarebs kiTxvis dasmis unar-Cvevebs;
• aviTarebs weriTi metyvelebis unar-Cvevebs.
es strategia gamoiyeneba individualuri, wyvilebsa da jgufeb-
Si muSaobisas.
gamoyenebis wesi:
I etapi: maswavlebeli saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare acnobs
moswavleebs, ra sakiTxs exeba wasakiTxi teqsti da sTxovs, Seavson
sqema, risTvisac maT unda gaixsenon da pirvel grafaSi Caweron
yvelaferi, rac ician an hgoniaT, rom ician mocemuli sakiTxis Se-
saxeb;
meore grafaSi SekiTxvebis saxiT Camoayalibon, risi gagebac
ainteresebT am sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
II etapi: es etapi kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba da mdgoma-

reobs imaSi, rom sqemis mesame grafaSi moswavleebi weren imas, rac
iswavles. sqemis nimuSi aseTia:
vici minda vicode viswavle
79
es aris meTodi, romelic kargia wina klasSi ganvlili masalis
gasaxseneblad, axal masalasTan dasakavSireblad da konkretuli
Temis Sesajameblad.
5. diskusia
interaqtivis erT-erT meTods warmoadgens diskusia. igi xels
uwyobs iseTi mniSvnelovani unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebas, rogo
ricaa:
• aqtiuri mosmena;
• sakuTari azris gamoTqma da argumentacia;
• msjeloba;
• sxvisi azris mosmena-gaTvaliswineba;
• daskvnebis gamotana.
D
diskusia warmatebiT rom Catardes, maswavlebelma moswavleeb-
Tan erTad unda SeimuSaos wesebi, rac klasSi ndobisa da urTier-
Tpativiscemis atmosferos daamkvidrebs.
wesebis CamonaTvali SeiZleba amgvari iyos:

1. roca erTi laparakobs, sxvebi usmenen;
2. aiwie xeli, roca raimes Tqma gsurs;
3. ar gaawyvetino sxvas sityva;
4. ar unda gaicino, roca sxva laparakobs, garda im SemTxvevisa,
roca igi xumrobs;
5. kamaTSi yvela monawileobs;
6. da sxva wesebi (rasac klasi damatebiT SemogvTavazebs).
wesebis SemoRebis Sedeg, saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, xdeba

konkretuli SemTxvevis aRwera (teqstis wakiTxva, ilustraciebis,
filmis Cveneba, melodiebis mosmena) da aqedan gamomdinare, pro-
blemis dasma _ maswavlebeli moswavleebs usvams problemur ki-
Txvebs. mMoswavleebi ebmebian diskusiaSi.
80
gavrcelebulia diskusiis Semdegi formebi:
`mrgvali magida~ – saubari, romelSic Tanabar sawyisebze mona-

wileobs moswavleTa mcire jgufi /4-5 kaci/, xdeba azrTa urTier-
Tgacvla, rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve sxva jgufebTan.
`forumi~ – jgufs hyavs winaswar daniSnuli lideri. jgufi saki-
Txs ganixilavs damoukideblad da Semdeg warudgens klass. jgu-
fis TiToeul wevrs aqvs Tavisi mosazrebebis sajarod gamoTqmis
ufleba.
`simpoziumi~ – monawileebi gamodian informaciebiTa da daskv-
nebiT, isini gamoTqvamen sakuTar Tvalsazriss ama Tu im sakiTxis
irgvliv, agreTve upasuxeben klasis SekiTxvebs.
`debatebi~ – debatebis arsia, Seaswavlos moswavleebs, mravali
gansxvavebuli kuTxidan miudgnen winaaRmdegobriv problemebs da
kritikuli TvaliT Sexedon maT winaSe mdgom yovel sakiTxs. es ki
SesaniSnavi saSualebaa mozardebSi iseTi Tvisebebis ganviTare-
bisaTvis, romlebic maT damoukideblad moazrovne pirovnebebad
Camoayalibebs. debatebis Catareba agebulia monawileTa winaswar
dagegmil gamosvlebze. warmomadgenlebi arCeulni unda iyvnen
jgufidan. kamaTi iwyeba ori dapipispirebuli mxaris TiTo warmo-
madgenlis gamosvliT. maT Semdeg tribuna eTmoba TiToeuli mxa-
ris sxva monawileebsac SekiTxvebisa da komentarebisTvis. maswav-
lebelma TiToeuli gamomsvlelisTvis unda daadginos gansazR-
vruli dro.
`sasamarTlo sxdoma~ _ gansja, romelic sasamarTloSi saqmis
garCevis, ganxilvis imitirebas warmoadgens.
diskusiis agebis mravali xerxi arsebobs. maTi sworad SerCeviT
da monacvleobiT maswavlebeli advilad axerxebs, imgvarad war-
marTos diskusia, rom moswavleebis kamaTma umarTavi xasiaTi ar
miiRos da SeuZlebeli ar gaxdes maTi gakontroleba.
maswavlebelma Tvali unda miadevnos diskusiis msvlelobas,
raTa igi winaswar dagegmili miznisken warimarTos. Tu kamaTi sxva
kuTxiT warimarTa, maswavleblis moqnili moqmedeba mas saWiro ka-
lapotSi abrunebs.
81
diskusiis agebis sxvadasxva xerxi arsebobs:
1. struqturul-Tematuri diskusia – savarjiSo sivrce
diskusiis monawileebi erTmaneTTan axlos unda isxdnen, ise,
rom erTmaneTis saxeebs xedavdnen. SesaZlebelia, skamebi `nalise-
burad~, naxevarwreze davalagoT. amgvari cvlileba klasSi nakleb
formalur atmosferos qmnis da pasiur moswavleebsac ki diskusia-
Si Cabmas uadvilebs. dafaze maswavlebeli wers sadiskusio Temas da
sakiTxebs. Tu kamaTi metismetad gacxardeba da gascdeba proble-
matikas, maswavlebeli Seaxsenebs moswavleebs sadiskusio Temas.
mTavaria, maswavlebelma uzrunvelyos diskusiaSi yvela monawilis
imgvari Cabma, rom maT ar wamoiZaxon sakuTari azri da erTmaneTs
sityva ar Seawyvetinon.
savarjiSo àkvariumi~
monawileebi TavianT azrs gamoTqvamen Tanmimdevrulad, ise, ro-
gorc sxedan wreze, 3-wuTiani reglamentiT.
maswavlebeli winaswar aZlevs instruqcias:
a/ moZebneT asociacia mocemul Temaze;
b/ kiTxvaze gaeciT mxolod erTi SesaZlo pasuxi da daasabuTeT;
g/ daasruleT maswavleblis mier dawyebuli winadadeba.
`mikrofoni~
savarjiSo `mikrofoni~ maswavlebels exmareba diskusiis mSvi-
dad marTvaSi. moswavleebi icaven SemoTavazebul sadiskusio wess
– am SemTxvevaSi laparakis ufleba aqvs mxolod im moswavles, ro-
melsac mikrofons gadascemen (pirobiTi mikrofoni SeiZleba iyos,
kalmistari, fanqari da a.S.).
diskusiis bolos maswavlebelma moswavleebTan erTad kidev
erTxel unda gansazRvros da Camoweros is mTavari, aqtualuri
sakiTxebi, rac gamoikveTa diskusiis msvlelobisas. maswavlebeli
mxolod adasturebs maT azrs da exmareba moswavleebs azris swo-
rad formulirebaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moswavlis mier CamoTvli-
li sakiTxi bevria, mosaxerxebelia debulebaTa ierarqiaze damya-
rebuli midgomis gamoyeneba.
a) mravlidan erTis, maTi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovnis amorCeva;
b) aqtualurobis mixedviT ramdenime debulebis arCeva;
82
g) debulebebis im kriteriumebis mixedviT dalageba, romelsac
maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad winaswar gansazRvravs.
7. proeqtebi
proeqtebze muSaoba moswavleebisagan moiTxovs: SemoqmedebiTi
midgomis, xels uwyobs dagrovili codnis gaaqtiurebas; emyareba
bavSvebis mier sxvadasxva saskolo saganSi miRebuli codnis ur-
TierTdakavSirebas da uyalibebs maT.
• problemis analizis;
• miznebis Camoyalibebis;
• miznis Sesabamisi amocanebis dasaxvis;
• amocanebis gadaWris;
• amocanebis gadasaWrelad Sesabamisi qmedebebisa da resur-
sebis SerCevis;
• codnis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebis;
• urTierTTanamSromlobis;
• samuSaos droSi ganawilebis;
• Sefasebis unar-Cvevebs.
proeqtis Temis SesarCevad, maswavlebelma erovnuli saswavlo

gegmidan unda gamohyos problemuri sakiTxi, romelzec iwereba
proeqti.
gTavazobT proeqtis Sedgenis sqemas
a. problemis analizi – gulisxmobs situaciis analizs.

b. problemis gansazRvra – im problemis xazgasmas, romlis sapa-
suxodac aris mimarTuli proeqti.
g. mizani – es aris mokled Camoyalibebuli is, Tu risi miRweva
gsurT.
d. amocanebi – gulisxmobs konkretul nabijebs miznis misaR
wevad.
e. ganxorcielebis gzebi – es aris kidev ufro konkretuli na-
bijebi dasmuli amicanebis Sesasruleblad. es gzebi aris procesi,
romelmac unda upasuxos kiTxvebs:
83
1. rogor?
2. vin?
v. samuSao gegma _ es aris proeqti, gawerili droSi.
z. biujeti _ (resursebi) _ es aris im resursebis CamonaTvali,
romelTa daxmarebiTac unda ganxorcieldes proeqti.
T. Sedegebi _ yoveli amocanis gadaWris Semdeg miiReba konkre-
tuli Sedegebi. is unda davyoT:
1. raodenobrivi.
2. Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT.
i. Sefaseba _ proeqti unda Sefasdes im kriteriumebiT, romle-
bic winaswar iqneba maswavleblis mier gansazRvruli.
8. diagrama
saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, xSirad efeqtiania informaciis

organizeba diagramebiT. maTi daxmarebiT informacia TvalsaCino
xdeba. ama Tu im formis diagramis Seqmnis procesSi moswavleebs
uviTardebaT:
• informaciis Sekrebisa da daxarisxebis unar-Cveva;
• raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi monacemebis organizaciisa da
warmodgenis unar-Cveva;
• raodenobrivi monacemebis dalagebis unar-Cveva;
• Tvisebrivi monacemebis Sedarebis unar-Cveva;
• monacemebis analizis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotanis unar-
Cveva.
venis diagrama
am diagramis damkvidreba cnobili ingliseli maTematikosis jon

venis (1834- 1923) saxels ukavSirdeba. venis diagrama Sedgeba ori an
meti rgolisagan. diagrama SedarebiTi analizis saSualebas iZleva
da efeqtiania sxvadasxva saswavlo disciplinis swavlebisas.
84
Sevsebis wesi
a-varianti: I da II nawilSi faqtis, an movlenis, an personaJis
gansxvavebuli niSnebi iwereba, xolo III nawilSi – msgavsi. b-varian-
ti: cal-calke ivseba I da II nawili, xolo is, rac oriveSi aRmoCnde-
ba erTnairi, gadadis III-Si.
drois diagrama
es sqema maswavlebelma SesaZlebelia, warmatebulad gamoiyenos
faqtebisa da movlenebis drosTan dasakavSireblad. diagrama saSu-
alebas aZlevs moswavleebs, daamuSaon istoriuli faqtebis, mov-
lenebis Semcveli didi teqstebi da sakiTxebi wyvilebSi, jgufebSi,
individualurad da maTze dayrdnobiT Seadginon drois diagrama.
Sevsebis wesi
a-varianti: jer ivsebi diagramis I nawili, romelSic aRiniSneba
dro (welTaRricxva, saukune, weli, Tve, ricxvi, dRe), Semdeg, II na-
wilSi TiToeuli droiTi aRniSvnis gverdiT, Sesabamisi movlena,
faqti. b-varianti: erTdroulad da TanamimdevrobiT ivseba dia-
gramis orive nawili
movlena
dro
T diagrama
es sqema maswavlebelma SeiZleba mravalnairad gamoiyenos. igi
Zalze mosaxerxebelia sapirispiro mosazrebaTa gamosaTqmelad,
movlenebisa Tu faqtebis Sesapirispireblad da Sesadareblad, mo-
qmed pirTa dasaxasiaTeblad.
T sqema saSualebas gvaZlevs, warmovaCinoT dapirispireba gansa-

xilvel sakiTxebs /faqtebs, movlenebs, adamianebs, sagnebs da a.S./
Soris. savarjiSo kargia informaciis dasaxarisxeblad (vTqvaT,
dadebiTad da uaryofiTad) da dasajgufeblad.
85
Sevsebis wesi
dafaze, rveulSi an Tabaxis furcelze ixazeba T diagrama. saswa-
vlo miznidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Seivsos jer sqemis marcxena
mxare, Semdeg – marjvena. marcxena mxaris Sevsebis Semdeg, marjvena
mxareSi iwereba misi sapirispiro mosazrebebi.
samuSao sruldeba individualurad, wyvilebSi an jgufurad,
maswavleblis Sexedulebisamebr:
8. muSaoba wyvilebsa da jgufebSi
wyvilebsa da jgufebSi muSaoba xels uwyobs Semdegi unar-Cveve-

bis gamomuSavebas:
• mosmenis;
• TanamSromlobis;
• informaciis Segrovebisa da damuSavebis;
• faqtebisa da azrebis diferencirebis;
• gagebis;
• logikuri daskvnebis gakeTebis;
• gadawyvetilebis miRebis;
• drois racionaluri gamoyenebis;
• funqciebis danawilebis;
• kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis.
zogierT literaturaSi wyvilebSi muSaobis forma gvxvdeba sa-

xelwodebiT: vfiqrobT-vwyvildebiT-vuziarebT. misi Catarebis
etapebia:
I etapi (vfiqrobT) – es etapi individualurad xorcieldeba Ti-
Toeuli moswavlis mier da gulisxmobs sakiTxis, situaciis, ideis
zogad mosazrebas. sasurvelia, rom moswavleebma mokle winada-
86
debebis saxiT rveulSi/furcelze – CainiSnon TavianTi mosazre-
bebi.
II etapi (vwyvildebiT) – am etapze maswavleblis mier winaswar
SemuSavebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT, dawyvilebuli moswavleebi
erTmaneTs yuradRebiT acnoben I etapze Sesrulebul samuSaos. Se-
mdeg msjelobis safuZvelze saerTo mosazrebas ayalibeben.
III etapi (vuziarebT) – II etapze Camoyalibebul saerTo azrs yo-
veli wyvili uziarebs Tanaklaselebs, rac saerTo diskusiaSi ga-
daizrdeba. es etapi sruldeba gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa SejamebiT
da klasis mier saerTo daskvnamde misvliT. am yvelafers maswavle-
beli uwevs koordinacias droSi ganawilebisa da disciplinis da-
cvis TvalsazrisiTac.
wyvilebSi gamomuSavebuli TanamSromlobis Cveva kidev ufro
mtkicdeba jgufuri samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas.
gTavazobT jgufuri muSaobis wesebs:

1. klasi iyofa 4-5-kacian jgufebad;
2. klass eZleva saerTo davaleba;
3. davaleba sruldeba jgufebSi;
4. jgufi unda muSaobdes SeTanxmebulad, ar unda moxdes kon-
fliqti, ar unda iTrgunebodes arc erTi moswavle;
5. jgufis yoveli wevri unda CaerTos saqmianobaSi;
6. samuSaos Sesasruleblad jgufs eZleva winaswar gansazRvru-
li dro;
7. Sesrulebuli samuSaos gadatana xdeba saerTo furcelze,
romlis prezentacias axdens jgufis romelime wevri;
8. jgufi muSaobs erTi magidis garSemo da Tu wevrebi SeTanxme-
bulad ver moqmedeben, meSaobas wyvets.
I etapi – jgufis dakompleqteba.

jgufis SerCeva sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba: jgufi SeiZleba SeirCes
ise, rom TiToeul maTganSi Tanabari an gansxvavebuli SesaZleblo-
bebis bavSvebi gaerTiandnen, SesaZlebelia SemTxveviTobis princi-
piT SerCevac, raTa moswavleebi mieCvion ucxo garemoSi nebismier
partniorTan urTierTobas. jgufebad danawileba unda moxdes
operatiulad.
87
II etapi – davalebis micema.
Mmaswavlebeli, saswavlo miznidan da moswavleTa saWiroebidan
gamomdinare, jgufebs aZlevs/aTamaSebs, msgavs an gansxvavebul da-
valebebs. aZlevs instruqcias da usazRvravs dros.
III etapi – wesebis Sexseneba.
Maswavlebeli moswavleebs Seaxsenebs im wesebs, romelic maT er-
Tad SeimuSaves.
IV etapi – davalebis Sesruleba.
jgufebi asruleben davalebas micemuli instruqciis Sesaba-
misad. (zogjer davaleba moiTxovs, rom gainawilon konkretuli
roleb/poziciebi da moxdes uflebebis delegireba); maswavle-
beli ar unda Caerios jgufis muSaobaSi, garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu
jgufi misgan moiTxovs raime ganmartebas, an Seatyobs, rom jgufma
arasworad gaigo piroba. jgufuri muSaobisas maswavlebeli ukana
planze gadadis. igi gezis mimcemisa da meTvalyuris rols asrule-
bs da bolomde neitralur wamyvanad rCeba.
V etapi – prezentacia
jgufi ajamebs Sesrulebul davalebas da irCevs wevrs, romelic
klass warudgens namuSevars. prezentaciis dros maswavlebeli ki-
Txvebs ar usvams da ar awyvetinebs azrs momxsenebels.
VI etapi _ diskusia
Yprezentaciis Semdeg prezentatori pasuxobs klasis mier das-
mul SekiTxvebze. namuSevrebi fasdeba maswavleblis mier winaswar
SeTavazebuli Sefasebis kriteriumis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia,
moswavleebma Tavad moaxdnon namuSevrebis Sefaseba.
9. SekiTxvaTa saxeebi
saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, sagakveTilo procesSi Zalian

mniSvnelovania sxvadasxva saxis kiTxvebis dasma, rac moswavleebs
uviTarebs:
• sakomunikacio;
• logikuri azrovnebis;
• kvleviTi azrovnebis;
88
• mosmenis da pasuxis gacemis unar-Cvevas;
SekiTxva SeiZleba iyos Ria da daxureli.
daxuruli kiTxva moiTxovs mxolod `diax~ an àra~ pasuxs. amgva-

ri kiTxva TavisTavad Seicavs pasuxs, romelsac an unda daeTanxmo,
an ara. daxuruli kiTxva ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba faqtobrivi cod-
nis Sesamowmeblad anu orientirebulia faqtobriv codnaze. Ria
SekiTxva ar moiTxovs erT konkretul pasuxs, is orientirebulia
swavla/swavlebaze.
gTavazobT konkretul magaliTs
daxuruli Ria
codnis Semowmeba swavla/swavleba
radeni Tvea weliwa-
1 CamoTvaleT Tveebi
dSi?
Ria SekiTxvebi SeiZleba davyoT ramdenime jgufad:
1. hipoTezuri: `ras ifiqreb an moimoqmedeb, Tu ...?~

aseTi SekiTxvebi moswavleebs exmareba warmosaxvis unaris ganvi-
TarebaSi da mimarTavs maT gonebas fiqrisa da gansjisaken.
2. gansjiTi: `rogor SegviZlia. xeli SevuwyoT am problemis ga-
daWras?~
3. wamaxalisebeli – mxardamWeri: `sainteresoa, ra moxda Sem-
deg?~ es SekiTxva moswavles exmareba, SeZlos Tavisi STabeWdile-
bisa da gamocdilebis gaziareba.
4. mastimulirebeli: `ra azris xar...?~ amiT maswavlebeli
agrZnobinebs moswavles, rom misi azri mniSvnelovani da sainte
resoa.
5. kvleviTi: `ratom fiqrob ase?~ es SekiTxva dasmuli unda iyos
ara agresiuli an gamomcdeli toniT, aramed unda gamoxatavdes
maswavleblis interess; xels uwyobdes bavSvs, Caufiqrdes sakiTxs,
uviTarebdes mas analizis, msjelobisa da sakuTari azris dasabu-
Tebis unars.
89
6. Semajamebeli: `Tu sworad gavige, Sen fiqrob, rom... ès Se
kiTxva gulisxmobs bavSvebis mosazrebebis Sejamebas da imis Semo-
wmebas, sworad gaigo Tu ara maTi naazrevi maswavlebelma. am dros
sxva moswavleebs kidev erTxel eZlevaT saSualeba, gaaanalizon
maTi megobris mosazreba, gansazRvron, eTanxmebian Tu ara mas.
7. SemaTanxmebeli: èTanxmebiT Tu ara gamoTqmul mosazrebas?~
am SekiTxvam SesaZloa, kamaTis provocireba gamoiwvios, an piri-
qiT – daasrulos kamaTi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli unda
ecados konsensusis miRwevas an, Tu es SeuZlebelia, moaxdinos
gansxvavebuli azris dafiqsireba da sakiTxi Riad datovos. meore
SemTxvevaSi ki, SekiTxviT _ `SeiZleba Tu ara, es sakiTxi garkveu-
lad CaiTvalos?~_ igi amTavrebs erT Temas da gadadis Semdegze.
10. blumis taqsonomia
blumi benJamen semuel – amerikeli fsiqologi, saswavlo amo-

canebis klasifikaciis mizniT, blumma da misma kolegebma 1956
wels ganviTares azrovnebis sferos taqsonomia.
blumis taqsonomia aris saSualeba, romelic maswavlebels ex-
mareba, saswavlo miznebSi mocemuli zmnebi (operaciebi) daalagos
azrovnebis doneebis Sesabamisad _ ierarqiulad dablidan maRali
donisaken. yvela es operacia aviTarebs saazrovno unar-Cvevebs.
warmogidgenT blumis doneebs Sesabamisi zmnebiT
done zmnebi
codna (faqtobrivi informacia gaixsene, dawere, CamoTvale, miaku-
anu faqtebis, movlenebis, proce- Tvne, moiniSne, daasrule, gansaz
sebis da a. S. damaxsovreba) Rvre.
gageba (naswavli masalis arsSi axseni, Seajame, aRwere, gadmoeci

wvdoma, wardgena da interpreta- Seni sityvebiT, gaakeTe perifrazi,
cia) moaxdine ilustrireba...
90
gamoyeneba (arsebuli codnis pra- gamoiyene, gamoTvale, gadaWeri,
qtikaSi gamoyeneba) amoxseni, aCvene, aage, Seqmeni sqema..
analizi (codnis mcire nawilebad dayavi kategoriebad, Seadare, ga-

dayofa) nasxvave, daanawevre, gamoikvlie...
sinTezi (nawilebis mTlianobaSi Seqmeni, dagegme, aawyve, ganazoga-
warmodgena) de, Camoayalibe, ganaviTare, for-
mulireba mieci...
Sefaseba (RirebulebiTi msjelo- gansaje, Seafase, gaakritike, daa-
bebi) mtkice, uaryavi, miiRe gadaeyveti-
leba, Seajame
blumis taqsonomia
codna
1. ra iciT igavis Sesaxeb da vis saxels ukavSirebT mas?
2. romeli igavi gagaxsendaT axla da ratom?
3. vis ekuTvnis es igavi, vinaa mTxrobeli?
4. ramdeni piri monawileobs igavSi?
5. romelma Svilma moindoma mamisgan wasvla?
gageba
1. gadmoeciT, rogor cxovrobda umrwemesi, vidre gaflangavda
mamis boZebul qonebas? daZebneT teqstSi, romeli sityvebiT axa-
siaTebs mTqmeli mis saqciels.
2. ra gaakeTa umrwemesma qonebis gaflangvis Semdeg?
3. ra gadawyvetileba miiRo man?
4. daaxasiaTeT Tqveni sityvebiT uxucesi.
gamoyeneba
1. rogor fiqrobT, viskenaa mimarTuli igavis saTauri?
2. CamoayalibeT uZRebi Zis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.
3. daakavSireT nanaxTan, gagonilTan, gancdilTan.
analizi
1. rogor Sexvda mama uZReb Zes da moiqca Tu ara sworad?
2. ra ewyina uxucess mamisgan?
91
3. rogor fiqrobT, ra ufro imoqmedebda uZReb Zeze – patieba da
Sewyaleba Tu sastiki sasjeli?
4. imsjeleT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
sinTezi
1. rogor fiqrobT – ra moxdeboda, Tuki uZReb Zes mama sastikad
dasjida?
2. rogor moiqceoda uxucesi aseT SemTxvevaSi?
Sefaseba
1. Tqveni azriT, ra aris igavis mTavari saTqmeli?
2. ra msgavseba da ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da moqmed pirebs So-
ris?
11. kubis meTodi
kubis meTodi aris saSualeba, romelic Temas sxvadasxva kuTxi-

dan aSuqebs. is xels uwyobs:
• komunikaciis;
• analizis, msjelobis, Sedareba-Sepirispirebisa da Sefasebis
unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.
Catarebis wesi
maswavlebeli winaswar amzadebs kubis formis patara EyuTs an
xazavs kubis Slils dafaze, romlis TiToeul gverdze weria ope-
raciebi: aRwere, Seadare, gaaanalize, gamoiyene, daicavi, sawinaaR-
mdego gamoTqvi.
saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels Semoaqvs Tema, Se-
mdeg ki sTxovs moswavleebs, dafiqrdnen da daweron miTiTebul
droSi mocemuli Temis, sagnis, movlenis, literaturuli persona-
Jis da a.S. Sesaxeb kubis waxnagebze (gverdebze) mocemuli operacie-
bis mixedviT:
I gverdi _ aRwereT: (anu rogoria) sagani, movlena, personaJi,
(ras fiqrobT feris, formis CaTvliT, personaJis portreti, daxa-
siaTeba da sxva).
92
II gverdi – SeadareT: ras, vis hgavs sagani, movlena, personaJi.
daukavSireT, ras gagonebT, ras, vis gaxsenebT? (SesaZloa moswav-
leebma daukavSiron rogorc nacnob, iseve ucnob sagnebs, movlene-
bs, adgilebs, adamianebs)
III gverdi – gaaanalizeT: rogor, risganaa gakeTebuli es sagani,
ram gamoiwvia es movlena, ra niSniT gagaxsendaT esa Tu is persona-
Ji.
IV gverdi – gamoiyeneT: rogor gamoiyenebT?
V gverdi – daicaviT (an daukavSireT): moiyvaneT saWiro argumen-
tebi.
VI gverdi – sawinaaRmdego gamoTqviT, gamoiyeneT argumentebi
dasacavad.
kubis gamoyenebis etapebi

pirveli etapi: maswavlebeli moswavleebi uTiTebs dros da aZ-
levs davalebas, wyvilebSi gainawilon kubis mxareebi (TiToeulma
sami) da individualurad daweron furclebze TavianTi naazrevi.
meore etapi: maswavlebeli sTxovs mewyvileebs, waukiTxon erT-
maneTs TavianTi namuSevrebi da dausvan kiTxvebi. mniSvnelovania,
rom maTi gamoxmaureba ar Semoifarglos zogadi SefasebiT da zus-
tad gansazRvron, ra moewonaT da ra ara da ratom.
mesame etapi: moswavleebi TavianT nawerebs survilis mixedviT
acnoben mTel klass. maswavlebeli cdilobs daicvas kubis mxaree-
bis Tanmimdevroba – naklebad rTuli azrovnebidan ufro rTuli-
saken.
12. aqtiuri leqcia
aqtiuri leqcia xels uwyobs:
• mosmenis;
• informaciis aRqmis;
• codnis gamoyenebis;
• analizis;
• daskvnebis gamotanis unar-Cvevebs.
93
Catarebis wesi:
I etapze _maswavlebeli saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, asaxe-
lebs leqciis Temas da aRniSnavs, rom leqcia Sedgeba ori nawili-
sagan. is leqciis I nawilis dawyebamde svams Temidan gamomdinare
kiTxvas.
II etapze _ maswavlebeli moswavleebis mier gamoTqmul mosa-
zrebebs afiqsirebs dafaze da sTxovs moswavleebs, mousminon yu-
radRebiT da mzad iyvnen azris gamosaTqmelad. maswavlebeli ki-
Txulobs leqcias.
III etapze _ maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs isaubron, Tu ra
gaiges axali.
IV etapi _ maswavlebeli meore nawilidan svams axal kiTxvas da
iniSnavs pasuxebs. agrZelebs leqcias.
V etapi – maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs Seadaron maTi naa-
zrevi mosmenils da aZlevs sakvanZo sakiTxs, romelzec moswavlee-
bi weren eses. zogierTi ese SeiZleba wakiTxuli iqnas klasSi.
es aqtivoba gamoiyeneba mTel klasTan samuSaod.
13. asociaciuri kavSirebis ruka
es aris saSualeba, romelic exmareba moswavles Semdegi unar-

Cvevebis CamoyalibebaSi:
• yuradRebis koncentraciis;
• informaciis Sekrebis da dajgufebis;
• Temis gaazrebis;
• daskvnis gakeTebis;
• asociaciebis Seqmnis;
• logikuri azrovnebis.
asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis Sedgenis etapebi:
I. dafis an furclis centrSi, saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare,
iwereba sityva, fraza an gamosaxuleba;
II. moswavleebi dafis an furclis centrSi daweril sityvas, fra-
zas an gamosaxulebas logikurad ukavSireben imas, rac azrad mou-
vaT aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
94
III. mas Semdeg, rac sityvebs an frazebs daweren, unda aRiniSnos
kavSiri iseT sityvebsa da frazebs Soris, romelic maTi azriT,
erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
IV. asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis Sedgena grZeldeba manam, sanam
am sakiTxis garSemo azrebi an dro ar amoiwureba.
am meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia individualuri, wyvilebSi
da jgufuri muSaobisas.
sqemas savaraudod, SeiZleba aseTi saxe hqondes.
14. strategia 3-2-1
es strategia gamoiyeneba teqstis wakiTxvis, filmis naxvis,

TvalsaCinoebis daTvalierebis, proeqtis dasrulebis Semdeg. misi
gamoyeneba:
• aZlierebs motivacias;
• aviTarebs weriTi metyvelebis unar-Cvevas;
• ayalibebs moswavles aqtiur msmenelad;
• ayalibebs moswavles aqtiur mkiTxvelad;
• aviTarebs kritikuli azrovnebis unar-Cvevas.
gamoiyeneba individualuri, wyvilebSi da jgufebSi muSaobisas.
Catarebis wesi:
I etapi – am etapze maswavlebeli, saswavlo miznidan gamomdina-

re, moswavleebs sTavazobs: teqstis wakiTxvas, an filmis naxvas, an
TvalsaCinoebis daTvalierebas.
II etapi – am etapze maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs davalebas:
dawereT 3 ram, ramac dagainteresaT; dawereT 2 ram, razec meti gin-
daT gaigoT; dawereT 1 ram, razec siamovnebiT imsjelebdiT.
III etapi – moswavleebi axdenen Sesrulebuli samuSaos prezenta-
cias sxvadasxva formiT (wakiTxva, gamofena da a. S.); SeiZleba mox-
des sadiskusio Temis SerCevac.
95
15. jaWvuri Txroba
jaWvuri Txroba warmoadgens ganviTarebad, logikur, TxrobiT

jaWvs, romelic agebulia garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT. jaWvuri
Txroba Sedgeba ramdenime epizodisagan. epizodebi erTmaneTs uka-
vSirdeba sayrdeni kiTxvebis/Temebis saSualebiT. kiTxvebs adgens
maswavlebeli saswavlo miznis Sesabamisad, erovnuli saswavlo
gegmis sagnobrivi programebis moTxovnebis mixedviT. es aris saSu-
aleba, romelic xels uwyobs:
• piradi gamocdilebis gamoyenebis;
• warmosaxviTi azrovnebis;
• maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris TanamSromlobis;
• logikuri Txrobis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.
am meTodis gamoyenebis wesi aseTia:

I etapi
maswavlebeli, saswavli miznidan gamomdinare, moswavleebis
codnis, gamocdilebis, ideebis, interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar-
Cevs sawyis Temas.
II etapi
maswavlebeli sawyis Temaze adgens sayrden kiTxvebs; es aris er-
Tgvari siuJeturi gegma, romelic bavSvebma unda gaacocxlon.
III etapi
SerCeuli Temis Sesabamisad, sayrdeni kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT, ja-
Wvuri Txroba mimdinareobs. jaWvuri Txrobis safuZvels warmoad-
gens aqtiuri meTodika, xSirad ama Tu im ambavs axlavs naxatic; aseT
dros bavSvebs eZlevaT saSualeba, TavianTi grZnobebi gamoxaton
vizualurad.
gTavazobT magaliTs ucxo enis standartis mixedviT.

Tema: megobris dabadebis dRe.
sayrdeni kiTxvebi:
96
1. miiReT mosawvevi?
2. SeurCieT saCuqari?
3. rogor?
4. dawereT misaloci baraTi?
5. rogor?
6. naxa Seni saCuqari megobarma?
7. rogor gaerTe?
8. rodis dabrundiT Sin?
16. SekiTxvebis dafa
maswavlebeli, ama Tu im Temis dawyebisas, kedelze akravs for-

mats warweriT – `SekiTxvebis dafa~. masze aris ori ganyofileba,
pirvelSi moswavleebi weren: SekiTxvebs, im sakiTxebs, romelic
maTTvis bundovania, ar ician; xolo meoreSi sakiTxebis gaswvriv is
moswavleebi afiqsireben TavianT saxelebs, romlebic mzad arian,
upasuxon am SekiTxvebs. es aris gza, romelic exmareba maswavle-
bels interaqtivis meSveobiT srulyos klasis codna. misi gamoye-
nebiT moswavleebs uviTardebaT:
• codnis sxvisTvis gaziarebis;
• maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris TanamSromlobis;
• logikuri Txrobis unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas.
am meTodis gamoyenebis wesi aseTia:

I etapi – Temis dasawyisSi formats amzadebs maswavlebeli da
akravs kedelze
Tema:
SekiTxvebi vin aris mzad, upasuxos?
97
II etapi _ moswavleebi avseben jer pirvel grafas anu moswavle-
ebi weren: SekiTxvebs, im sakiTxebs, romelic maTTvis bundovania,
ar ician. Semdeg ivseba meore grafa _ anu sakiTxebis gaswvriv is
moswavleebi afiqsireben TavianT saxelebs, romlebic mzad arian
upasuxon am SekiTxvebs.
III etapi _ maswavlebeli saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs, isau-
bron im sakiTxebze, romlebzec mzaoba ganacxades.
interaqciis dros TviTSefasebis strategiebi

axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis sagnobriv programebSi moce-
muli Sedegebis misaRwevad, maswavlebels swavlebis sxvadasxva me-
Todis, strategiis, gzebisa da saSualebebis gamoyeneba uwevs – imis
mixedviT, Tu ra codnis miReba da unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba aqvs
dasaxuli miznad am gakveTilze. interaqtiuri swavlebisas Mmoswav-
leebi Sedegebze pedagogis daxmarebiT gadian. miRebuli Sedegebis
gasazomad maswavlebeli mimarTavs: Sefasebas an TviTSefasebas; ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi pedagogs naTlad da mkafiod unda hqondes Se-
fasebis kriteriumebi Camoyalibebuli. kvlevebma aCvena, rom TviT-
Sefaseba exmareba moswavleebs, gaacnobieron, ra ician da ra _ ara.
gTavazobT moswavleTa TviTSefasebis ramdenime strategias.
17 Ffaqtobrivi codnis TviTSefaseba

Aam strategiis gamoyenebis dros moswavleebi faqtobriv cod-
nas amowmeben da axdenen TviTSefasebas. Ppedagogi am strategiis
gamoyenebiT gamoavlens, Tu ramdenad yuradRebiT da guldasmiT
daamuSaves moswavleebma saswavlo masala.
Ees aris strategia, romelic xels uwyobs:
• teqstze muSaobis;
• logikuri azrovnebis;
• faqtebis damaxsovrebis;
• kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis;
• verbalizaciis;
• TviTSefasebis unar-Cvevis ganviTarebas.
I etapi _ mosamzadebeli
Ppedagogi saswavlo masalaSi mocemuli faqtobrivi masalis Sesa-
98
bamisad adgens kiTxvebs (raTa Semowmdes moswavleTa codna am kuT-
xiT). Amis paralelurad maswavlebeli mis mier Sedgenili kiTxvebis
Sesabamisad ayalibebs Sefasebis kriteriumebs (es samuSao gakveTi-
lis dawyebamde Uunda Sesruldes).
II etapi _ strategiis gamoyenebis dasawyisi

Ppedagogi am etapze mis mier Camoyalibebul Sefasebis kriteriu-
mebs wers dafaze (2-3 wT.) an winaswar furcelze daweril krite-
riumebs akravs dafaze, kedelze da acnobs moswavleebs.
III etapi _ kiTxvebze pasuxi

Aam etapze moswavleebs sWirdebaT furceli da saweri kalami. Mmas
Semdeg, rac moswavleemi am masalebs moimarageben, maswavlebeli
iwyebs mis mier momzadebuli SekiTxvebis dasmas TanmimdevrobiT
da sTxovs moswavleebs, danomron TiToeuli pasuxi da Caetion
droSi (1, 2, 3... wT.); dros pedagogi gansazRvravs pasuxebis sididis
mixedviT. Ddrois gasvlis Semdeg pedagogi svams momdevno SekiTxvas
da moswavleebi TanmimdevrobiT pasuxoben werilobiT. kiTxva-pa-
suxis dasrulebis Semdeg pedagogi sTxovs yvela moswavles, saweri
kalmebi dadon magidis SuaSi an Seinaxon.
IV etapi _ verbalizacia
Ppedagogi individualurad mimarTavs nebismier msurvel moswav-
les da sTxovs, Tanmimdevrulad, saTiTaod waikiTxos mis mier da-
werili pasuxebi anu moaxdinos pasuxebis verbalizacia. TiToeli
pasuxis Semdeg, Tu klasSi arsebobs moswavlis mier wakiTxuli pasu-
xisagan gansxvavebuli pasuxi an pasuxebi maTi, avtorebi valdebuli
arian, gamoTqvan TavianTi versiebi; am dros gaimarTeba diskusia da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi pedagogis daxmarebiT dgindeba swori/mar-
Tebuli pasuxi.
V etapi _ TviTSefaseba
Aam etapze pedagogi sTxovs moswavleebs, aiRon TavianTi saweri
kalmebi da dafaze (formatze) dawerili Sefasebis kriteriumebis
gamoyenebiT awarmoon pasuxebis Sefaseba.
99
VI etapi _ Sedegebis gacnoba
Mmaswavlebeli kiTxulobs moswavleTa sias. isini saTiTaod karna-
xoben TviTSefasebis Sedegebs – qulebs pedagogs, romelic iniSnavs
am monacemebs. Aamis Semdeg pedagogi akrebs moswavleTa namuSevrebs
da agrZelebs gakveTils. gakveTilis Semdeg pedagogi gadaamowmebs
– moswavleTa TviTSefasebaSi xom ar aris raime uzustoba?
rekomendaciebi SefasebisaTvis
SegiZliaT airCioT Sefasebis Semdegi komponentebi.

1. saSinao davaleba;
2. saklaso davalebebi;
3. Semajamebeli davaleba.
rekomendaciebi moswavleTa
TviTSefasebisaTvis
sasurvelia moswavleebs vaswavloT:
• Sefasebis komponentebSi Sinaarsobrivi wvdoma;

• Sefasebis cxrilebis (rubrikebis) SedgenaSi monawileoba;
• TviTSefasebis aqtivobebis xSirad ganxorcoeleba;
• TanamSromlobisa da xdobis atmosferos Seqmna.
100
Sefaseba sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi
ras iTvaliswinebs Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti

sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi:
1) saSinao davaleba. davalebis tipebi: saSinao eqsperi-
menti, dakvirveba obieqtebsa da procesebze, informaciis
moZieba, konceptualuri rukis Sedgena, modelireba, refer-
atis momzadeba da sxva.
fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:
1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;
2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;
3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;
4. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.
rubrikis nimuSi
TariRi: informaciis moZiebis Sefaseba

moswavle Sefasebis kriteriumebi
informaci- moZiebuli moZiebuli qulaTa
is yaroebis informaciis kv- informaci- maqsimaluri
arCeva levis mizanTan is organi- raodenoba
Sesabamisoba zeba
0-3 0-4 0-3 10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
101
2) saklaso davaleba
davalebis tipebi: sakiTxis ganxilva/diskusia, eqsperi

menti, monacemebis aRricxva/damuSaveba, modelireba, sa
vele/gasvliTi samuSaoebi da sxva.

4. socialuri unar-Cvevebi;
5. komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;
rubrikis nimuSi
TariRi: eqspertis
Sefaseba
mos- Sefasebis kriteriumebi
wavle
kvle- saWiro kvle- kvle- mo- mo- daskvnis qulaTa
vis inven- vis vis nace- nacem- gamotana maqsi-
miznis taris Sede- mim- mebis Ta ana- maluri
gan- gansaz- gis va- din- aRricx- lizi raode-
saz- Rvra raudi areo- va noba
Rvra bis
aRwera
0-2 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-1 10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
102
3) Semajamebeli davaleba
Semajamebeli davalebis komponenti ukavSirdeba swavla-

swavlebis Sedegs. am komponentSi unda Sefasdes erTi
saswavlo monakveTis (Tema, Tavi, paragrafi, sakiTxi) Seswavla-
damuSavebis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegebi. konkretuli
saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebisas moswavlem unda SeZlos
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis standartiT gansazRvruli
codnisa da unarebis warmoCena. Sesabamisad, Semajamebeli
davalebebi unda afasebdes sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis
standartiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRwevis dones.
standartis moTxovnaTa Sesafaseblad rekomendebulia

Semajamebel davalebaTa mravalferovani formebis ga
moyeneba. sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Semajamebel da
valebaTa tipebi SeiZleba iyos: testi, sxvadasxva tipis
savarjiSo, savele/gasvliTi samuSao, modelireba, proeqti,
prezentacia da sxva.
4. komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;
5. socialuri unar-Cvevebi;
moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajam

ebeli davalebebi
● davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Sefasebis zogadi

rubrika;
103
● zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis
pirobisa da gavlili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT;
● 10 qula unda ganawildes rubrikaSi Semaval krite
riumebze;
● miTiTebuli unda iyos standartis is Sedegebi, romelTa
Sefasebasac emsaxureba Semajamebeli davaleba.
rubrikis nimuSi
TariRi: eqspertis Sefaseba
mos- Sefasebis kriteriumebi

wavle
proeq- kvle- sakiTx- kvlevis mo- ana- pr- qulaTa

tis vis Tan Catare- nace- lizi da ezen- maqsim-
mizani gegmis dakav- ba mebis daskvnis tacia aluri
Se- Sire- aR- gakeTe- raode-
muSave- buli ricx- ba noba
ba infor- va
maciis
moZieba
0-1 0-1 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-2 10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
104

Phizika-11kl (Maswavleblis Wigni)

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rusudan qanTaria

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa nana baRdavaZe

© gamomcemloba `klio~ 2012

yvela ufleba daculia

sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi........................................ 23

rubrika `gaazrebaSi~ mocemuli davalebebisa da

sarekomendacio Sefasebis sqemebi.......................................... 65

interaqtiuri gakveTilis elementebi................................... 69

fizikis XI klasis maswavleblis wigni asaxavs amave

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba fizikuri movlenebi

kvl. XI.2.moswavles SeuZlia fiz. XI. 6. moswavles Seu-

kvl. XI.3. moswavles Seu- fiz.XI.7. moswavles SeuZlia

fiz.XI.9. moswavles Seu-

mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

kvl.XI.1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

kvl.XI.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris gan­

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

kvl.XI.3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxva-

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

kvl.XI.4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Se-

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

fiz.XI.5. moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

fiz.XI.6. moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxeve-

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

fiz.XI.7. moswavles SeuZlia siTburi movlenebis anal-

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

fiz.XI.8. moswavles SeuZlia atomis agebulebis, radio-

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

fiz.XI.9. moswavles SeuZlia birTvis aRnagobis aRwera

Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:

meqanikuri rxevebi da talRebi.

meqanikuri rxeva, rxevis periodi da sixSire, amplituda,

eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.

analogia meqanikur da eleqtrul rxevebs Soris. eleqtru-

molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvlebi;

atomis agebuleba, radioaqtivoba, birTvi.

rezerfordis cda, atomis planetaruli modeli.

* saaTebis miTiTebuli raodenoba sarekomendacioa da ara _ savaldebulo.

Tavi II. eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da

Tavi IV. atomi

XI. 5 moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRe­

• axasiaTebs ganivi da grZivi talRebis gavrcelebas.

● kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.

● ganivi da grZivi talRebis daxasiaTeba.

fanqari, marTkuTxa formis WurWeli, wyali, korpis naWe­ri

Temis Seswavlas eTmoba erTi gakveTili.

I etapi – saSinao davalebis gamokiTxva (5-7 wT).

sTxoveT 1-2 moswavles warmoadginon saSinao davaleba.

II etapi – eqsperimentebis CatarebisaTvis momzadeba da Cata­

1. dayaviT klasi jgufebad.

I siTxis zedapirze warmoqmnil talRebze dakvirveba

II zonarSi aRZrul talRaze dakvirveba

III zambaraSi aRZrul talRaze dakvirveba

III etapi – diskusia (10-15 wT).

IV etapi – Sefaseba (3 wT).

IV etapi – saSinao davalebis micema (2 wT).

fiz. XI. 5 moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da

● eqsperimentuli kvlevis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba.

● talRebis arekvlis, difraqciis da interferenciis

magidis CogburTis an kauCukis patara burTi, saxazavi, tran-

ganivi da grZivi talRebi.

Temis Seswavlas eTmoba 2 dawyvilebuli saaTi.

kvl.XI.2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris gan

XI. 5 moswavles SeuZlia meqanikuri rxevebisa da talRe

fanqari, marTkuTxa formis WurWeli, wyali, korpis naWeri

II etapi – eqsperimentebis CatarebisaTvis momzadeba da Cata

XI. 6 moswavles SeuZlia eleqtromagnituri rxevebis da

● monacemTa cxrilis saxiT warmodgenis unarebis ganviTa

1. sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginon saSinao da

sTxoveT jgufebidan liderebs warmoadginon jgufis na

SeafaseT moswavleebi gakveTilSi CarTulobisa da aqti

● damokidebulebis dadgena idealur airis wnevasa da mocu

airis maxasiaTebeli parametrebi, idealuri airis mdgo

sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginos saSinao da

1. sTxoveT moswavleebs moemzadon eqsperimentis Catare

sTxoveT moswavleebs wyvilebSi gaecnon rubrikaSi `gaaz

SeafaseT moswavleTa aqtivoba Tqven mier SerCeuli kom

1. sTxoveT erT an or moswavles warmoadginos saSinao da

SeafaseT moswavleebi gakveTilSi CarTulobisa da sa