06 Heat & Thermodynamicsandwaves & Sound

XI MODULE - VI
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS

AND
WAVES & SOUND
Modus Operandi for Practice

(Suggested Ideal Approach)
Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT

{while Chapter is running in Class-Room}
(Mandatory)
Step – II CatalyseR 's Module & Exercise of Concepts of Physics

by Dr. HC verma
(Mandatory)
Step – III Previous Years’ JEE Subjective & Objective Questions,

Fundamentals of Physics by Rensnick, Halliday & Walker
(Mandatory)
Step – IV After Completion of Step – III, if time permits, students can solve
questions from previous year’s INPHO, IPHO papers, Physics books by
(Optional) DC Pandey sir, General Problems in physics by I.E. Irodov etc.
This Study Package is Prepared by

d`fr
lyseR
of Cata
t Wing
Conten
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS) 01 – 11
 SOLVED EXAMPLES 12 – 18
 EXERCISE # 01 OBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01) 19 – 24
 EXERCISE # 04 SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01) 44 – 47
 EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS& INPHO QUESTIONS 58 – 62
 EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 63 – 68
 EXERCISE # 09 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 69 – 79
 ANSWER KEYS 80 – 85
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED)

in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 3 12/120
2016 2 8/120
2017 3 12/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 3 12/168
2016 5 16/124
2017 2 7/122
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS 1

1.1 | THERMAL EXPANSION
Expansion due to increase in temperature.
1.1.1 | CAUSE OF THERMAL EXPANSION
As temperature increases, vibration energy of the constituent particles increase which

results in increase in separation between the particles and hence there is thermal
expansion.
1.1.2 | TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Coefficient of expansion For temperature change Δt
1 l change in length     t
(1) Linear   lim 0 0
t 0 l t
0 ( l0 is initial length of the rod, where  is
co-efficient of linear expansion)
(2) Superficial 1 A change in Area A  A  A0  A0t
  lim
t 0 A0 t ( A0 is initial area of the rod, where
A
Process 1
Process 2
is
V
O
co-efficient of superficial expansion)

(3) Volume 1 V change in volume V  V  V0  V0 t
  lim
0 t
t 0 V
( V0 is initial volume of the rod, where  is
co-efficient of volume expansion)
(1) For isotropic solid, 1  2  3   (say)

So   2 and   3
(2) For anisotropic solids,   1   2 and   1   2  3
Here 1 .  2 and  3 are coefficients of linear expansion in X, Y and Z directions
respectively.
1.2 VARIATION IN DENSITY

With increase in temperature, volume increases, so density decreases and vice-versa.
d0
d
(1  t )
For solid, values of  are generally small so we can write
d  d0 (1  t ) (using binomial expansion)
Note:
3
(i)  for liquids are in order of 10 .
(ii) For water, density increases from 0 to 4ºC so  is –ve (0 to 4ºC) and for 4ºC to higher temperature 
is +ve. At 4ºC density is maximum.
Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

2 HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
1.3 | APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID IN A CONTAINER
Initially container was completely filled with liquid. Temperature is increased by t

Change in volume of liquid VL  V0 (1   L t )
Change in volume of container VC  V0 (1   C t )
So, overflow volume of liquid relative to container V  VL  VC
V  V0 ( L   C ) t
So coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid w.r.t. container

 apparent   L   C
1.4 THERMAL STRESS

A rod of length l0 clamped between two fixed walls
For t change in temperature l  l0t
F/A Fl F
so, Y  0 
l / l0 Al At F F
lo
or, F  YA | t |
l  YA 
or, F  YA    l
l0  l0 
Energy stored in rod E  1  stress × strain × volume

2
1.5 | VARIATION OF TIME PERIOD OF PENDULUM CLOCKS

l0
T0  2
g
l0 (1  t )
If temperature is increased by t , T  2
g
l0 
T  2 (1  t ) (by using Binomial expansion)
g 2
T  T0 (1   t )  T  T0  T0  t
2 2
T 1
 (t ) sec/sec T  increase in time period
T0 2
CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

1.6 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH BY METALLIC SCALE
lactual  lmeasure  lone division and lone division  (1cm) (1  t )
1.6.1 | FOR VARIABLE 
(1) variation of  with distance

Let   ax  b
l
Total expansion =  (expansion of length dx)   (ax  b)dxt

0
x d
x
T2
(2) variation of  with temperature. Let   f (T ) l   l0 f (T )dT

T1
1.7 CALORIMETRY
1.7.1 | CALORIE
The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from

14.5ºC to 15.5ºC at STP is known as 1 calorie
1.7.2 | SPECIFIC HEAT
It is heat required to raise temperature by 1º C or 1º K for unit mass of the body.

dQ  mc dT
T2
Q  m  cdT
T1
1.7.3 | LATENT HEAT
The amount of heat required to change one phase of 1 gm of a substance to another

phase.
Q  mL L = latent heat of substance in cal/gm or in Kcal/kg.

1.7.4 | MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY
The heat required to change the temperature of one mole of a substance through 1ºC
(or K) is called molar heat capacity or molar specific heat and is represented by C.
1.7.5 | THERMAL CAPACITY
The heat required to raise the temperature of a given body by 1 ºC is called its thermal
capacity, i.e.,
Thermal capacity  mc  C  (Q / T )
Thermal capacity of a body depends on the mass and nature of body.
1.7.6 | WATER EQUIVALENT
Water-equivalent of a body is the mass of water which when given same amount of
heat as to the body, changes the temperature of water through same range as that of
the body, i.e.,
W  ( m  c) g
1.7.7 | PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY
When two bodies (one being solid and other liquid or both being liquid) at different
temperature are mixed, heat will be transferred from body at higher temperature to a
body at lower temperature till both acquire same temperature. The body at higher
temperature releases heat while body at lower temperature absorbs it, so that :
Heat lost = Heat gained,
i.e. principle of calorimetry represents the law of conservation of heat energy.
1.8 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1.8.1 | ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
If two bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium and A and C are also in thermal
equilibrium, then B and C are also in thermal equilibrium.
1.8.2 | First law of Thermodynamics
It is the consequence of conservation of energy.

Heat supplied to the gas = Increase in internal energy + work done by the gas.
dQ  dU  dW Q = +ve  heat is supplied to the gas
Q = –ve  heat is taken out from the gas
and dQ  nCdT C = molar specific heat
CP is C at constant pressure. CV is C at constant volume.

and dU  d[( f / 2)nRT ] f = degree of freedom

dU  ( f / 2)nRdT dU = +ve for increase in temperature
dU = –ve for decrease in temperature
V2
dW   PdV (P = pressure of the gas of which work is to be calculated)

V1
W  +ve for work done by gas (in expansion of gas)

W  –ve for work done by gas (in contraction of gas)
Process C Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic
V=constant CV  ( f / 2) R (3/2) R (5/2) R 3R
P=constant f 2 (5/2) R (7/2) R 4R

CP  R
2
Mayor’s Relation CP  CV  R
Note: C of a gas depends on the process of that gas, (which is infinite in Isothermal
Process).
Monoatomic 5/3=1.67
C f 2
Ratio of specific heat of gases :   P  Diatomic 7/5=1.4
CV f
Polyatomic 4/3=1.33
2 R R
And f  ; CV  ; CP  .
 1  1  1
1.8.3 | Indicator Diagram & different thermodynamic processes

1.8.4 | Isochoric Process (V=constant)
dV  0  dW  0
By First Law of Thermodynamic
T2
dQ  dU  nCV dT Q   nCV dT  nCV (T2  T1 )

T1
1.8.5 | Isochoric Process (P=constant)
dP  0
By First Law of Thermodynamics dQ  dU  dW P
1 2
 f 
nC p (T2  T1 )    nR(T2  T1 )  nR(T2  T1 ) V
2 Isobaric
W  nR(T2  T1 )

1.8.6 | Isothermal Process (T=constant)
dU  0 ( dT  0) 1 T2 2
PV  K P T1
By First Law of Thermodynamics

V1 V2
T2>T1
 dQ  dW   dQ  PdV Isothermal Process
V2
Q  W  (nRT )  dV / V
V1
V2 P
W  nRT ln  nRT ln 1 .
V1 P2
1.8.7 | Adiabatic Process (dQ = 0)
dW  dU By First Law of Thermodynamics

nRdT nR(T1  T2 ) PV  PV
T2
W     1 1 2 2
T1
  1   1   1
nRdT
But dW  PdV 
 1
PdV  VdP  nRdT
So PdV  VdP  (  1) PdV …(ii)
VdP  (PdV )
P
dP dV
 
P V Isothermal
ln P   ln V  ln C Adiabatic

PV  Const. TV 1  Const.
V
T  P1  Const.
For Adiabatic Process PV   constant
dP dP

dV adiabatic dV isothermal
Slope of adiabatic curve is more in magnitude in comparison to the slope of the

isothermal curve.
1.8.8 | Polytropic Process

All process following equation given by PV  constant are called as polytropic
n
process.
R R R R
C   
 1 1  n  1 n 1
So C is constant for ploytropic process

1.8.9 | Work Done on Gas
Area under P-V diagrams give the work done by that process.
For cyclic process work done by clockwise cycle is positive & that by anticlockwise
cycle is negative.
V
For clockwise W   ve
For anticlockwise W   ve
1.8.10 | Efficiency of a Cyclic Process
So U  0  no rise in internal energy

Q  W Q in
P 1 2
work done by gas
Efficiency  
heat input Q out
W Q V
  1  out
Qin Qin
1.9 HEAT-TRANSFER
1.9.1 | Conduction
Heat energy is transferred (usually through solids) from one part of the material
medium to other without transferring the material particles.
(i) Steady State : In this state heat absorption stops and temperature gradient
dT
throughout the rod becomes constant i.e.  constant
dx
(ii) Before steady State : Temperature of rod at any point changes

1.10 | OHM’S LAW FOR THERMAL CONDUCTION IN STEADY STATE

In steady state heat passing through a bar of length L and cross-section A in time t
when its ends are at temperatures T1 and T2 ( T1 ) , it is given by:
dQ dT L
So rate of flow of heat will be   KA … (i)
dt dx T1 A Q T2
x=0 x=L
The quantity (dT / dx) is called temperature gradient.
Constant K depends on the nature of metal and is called coefficient of thermal

conductivity or simply thermal conductivity and is a measure of the ability of a
substance to conduct heat through it.  K   MLT 3 1 where  is temperature.
dQ T1  T2
Thermal current  Where thermal resistance RTh 
dt RTh KA
T
1
l T
2
dQ T1  T2
(a) Two rods joined 
dt R1  R2
R
1 R
2
A B (
T>
1T)
2
T
1 T T
2
T  100 T  20 T  5
(b) Three rods joined to a common point   0
1 2 3
K1 A K2 A K3 A
K2 20ºC
K1 l2
100ºC l1 T K3
l3
5ºC
1.11 | SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RODS IN STEADY STATE

1.11.1 | Series Connection

If thermal current in the two rods is same then they are said to be in series combination.
Req  R1  R2
R1 , l R2 , l
T1 B C T2
K1 T K2
1.11.2 | Parallel Connection
If the temperature difference across the given rods are equal then they are said to be in
parallel combination.
R1 K1
B
1 1 1
  T1 C T2
Req R1 R2 R2 K2
1.12 GROWTH OF ICE

Considering a layer of ice of thickness X . The air temperature is
º C and water temperature below the ice is 0º C.
x
Considering unit cross-section area of ice, if a layer of thickness dx
dx
grows in time dt .
Temperature of water 0ºC
Then heat given by this layer
= mass  latent heat  1  dx    L
  density of ice L  latent heat of fusion of ice.

If this quantity of heat is conducted upwards through the ice layer in time dt .
Adx    L  K
0  () dt A

x
L 2 L
x
time taken t  
K  x1
x  dx 
2K  
( x22  x12 )
Rate of increase of thickness of the ice layer
 dx K   
  .
 dt Lx 
1.12.1 | Convection

Heat energy is transferred (usually through liquids and gases) by mass movement of
molecules from one point to another. (Due to gravity & buoyant force).
1.12.2 | Radiation
Heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves even in absence of medium.
Absorptive power of a body is defined as the fraction of the incident radiation that is
absorbed by the body.
Energy absorbed
Absorptive power a 
Energyincident
The emissive power denotes the energy radiated per unit area per unit time per unit
solid angle along the normal to the area.
emissive power of surface

e
emissive power of black body at sameTemperature
1.13 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

It states that the ratio of the emissive power to the absorptive power for radiation of a given wave
length is the same for all bodies at the same temperature, and is equal to the emissive power of a
perfectly black body at that temperature.
1.13.1 | Stefan’s Law of Radiation
The total radiant energy emitted E per unit time by a black body of surface area A is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
E T4 or, E  AT 4
  Stefan‟s constant  5.67 108W / m2  K 4
For a body which is not a black body E  AT 4   emissivity of the body
E(body ) AT 4
Using Kirchoff‟s law a or, a or, a
E(black body ) AT 4
Emissivity and absorptive power have the same value.
1.13.2 | Net Loss of Thermal Energy
If a body of surface area A is kept at absolute temperature T in a surrounding of

temperature T0 (T0  T ) . Then energy emitted by the body per unit time
E  AT 4
And energy absorbed per unit time by the body E0  AT0
4
Net, loss of thermal energy per unit time. E  E  E0  A(T 4  T04 ) .

This is known as Stefan Boltzmann‟s Law
1.13.3 | Newton’s Law of Cooling

For a small temperature difference between a body and its surrounding, the rate of
cooling of the body is directly proportional to the temperature difference.
If a body of surface area A is kept at absolute temperature T in a surrounding of
temperature T0 (T0  T ) . Then net loss of thermal energy per unit time.
dQ
 A(T 4  T04 )
dt
Now, rate of loss of heat at temperature T
dQ dT
 ms … (ii)
dt dt
dT dT 4AT03
 ms  4AT03 (T  T0 )  (T  T0 )
dt dt ms
dT dT
 k (T  T0 ) where k  4AT0
3
 (T  T0 )
dt dt
1.13.4 | Average Form of Newton’s Law of Cooling
If a body cools from T1 to T2 in time t

T1  T2 K  T1  T2 
   T0 
t ms  2 
dT K
 (T  T0 )
dt ms
By solving and integrating T (from T1 to T) and time (0 to t). We get
T  T0  (T1  T0 )e Kt / ms
1.13.5 | Wien’s Black Body Radiation
At every temperature (>0K) a body radiates energy radiations of all wavelengths.

According to Wien‟s displacement law if the wavelength corresponding to maximum
energy is  m
Then  mT  b
T1 <T2 <T3
where b  2.898 103 m  K (Wien‟s constant)
T = temperature of body
Intensity at a specific temp. T I m T 5

This is wien‟s fifth power law.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: One mole of an ideal gas whose pressure changes with volume as P  V, where  is a
constant, is expanded so that its volume increase  times. Find the change in internal
energy and heat capacity of the gas.
Solution : Let V be the initial volume of the gas. It is expanded to a volume V. The work done in
this process is given by
V V V
 V2  V 2 2
W  PdV  
V V
VdV     
 2 V 2 
  1
The pressure of the gas varies with volume as P  V. So, the initial and final pressure
will be V and  V. The change in internal energy is given by
R  Tf  Ti  Pf Vf  PV 2 V 2  V 2 V 2 2
dU  nCV dT 
 1

 1
i i

 1

 1
 1  
The heat exchange in this process is given by
V 2 2 V 2 2 V 2 2    1
Q  U W    1    1    1  
 1 2 2    1
PV V 2 PV 2 V 2 Q
Here Ti  i i
 and Tf  f f  . Now heat capacity C 
nR nR nR nR Tf  Ti
1  V 2 2   V 2 2 
C  
 1     11  V nR
 
 1     11  nR    1
2    1
Tf  Ti  2  
2
 2

 1  2    
Here n  1
R    1
 C  .
2    1
Example 2: One mole of monoatomic ideal gas is taken through the A

B
cycle shown in figure.
A  B Adiabatic expansion P
C
B  C Cooling at constant volume D
C  D Adiabatic compression V
D  A Heating at constant volume

The pressure and temperature at A, B etc., are denoted by PA , TA ; PB , TB etc/ respectively.
Given TA  1000K, PB   2 / 3 PA and PC  1/ 3 PA . Calculate

(a) The work done by the gas in the process A  B
(b) The heat lost by the gas in the process B  C and
Temperature TD given  2 / 3  0.85 and R  8.31 J / mol K.

2/5
(c)

Solution : (a) As for adiabatic change PV  constant


 RT 
i.e. P   constant [as PV  RT ]
 P 
  1
T T   P  5
i.e.  constant, so  B    B  where  
P 1  TA   PA  3
1
1 2/5
2   2
i.e. . TB  TA    1000    850 K
3  3
R[Ti  T f ] 1 8.31[1000  850]
so WAB  
[   1] [(5/ 3)  1]
i.e. WAB  (3/ 2)  8.31150  1869.75 J
(b) For B  C, V  constant so W  0 , so from first law of thermodynamics
Q  U  W  CV T  0
or Q  1  R  (TC  850)
3 3
as Cv  R
2  2
Now along path BC, V = constant; P  T
PC TC (1/ 3) PA T 850
i.e.  , TC   TB  B   425 K …(ii)
PB TB (2 / 3) PA 2 2
3
So Q  1  8.31(425  850)  5297.625 J
2
[Negative heat means, heat is lost by the system]
(c) D  A process is isochoric
PD TD
 ,
PA TA
TD
i.e. PD  PA
TA
But C and D are on the same adiabatic
 1 1
 TD   PD  PT 
     A D 
 TC   PC   PCTA 
1
1
 P 
2/5

T  PA 
TD 
1/ 
or  TC  A  , i.e. T C
3/ 5
 B  
 PC TA   2   (1/ 3) PA1000 
 1  2 2 / 3   3 2 / 5
i.e. TD3/ 5      1000    i.e. TD  500 K
 2  3   1000 

Example 3: A piston can freely move inside a horizontal cylinder closed x

from both ends. Initially, the piston separates the inside
space of the cylinder into two equal parts each of volume P
1A
P
2A
V0 , in which an ideal gas is contained under the same F
age
nt
pressure P0 and at the same temperature. What work has

to be performed in order to increase isothermally the
volume of one part of gas  times compared to that of the
other by slowly moving the piston ?
Solution : Let the agent move as shown.
In equilibrium position, P1 A  Fagent  P2 A Fagent   P2  P1  A
Elementary work done by the agent
Fagent dx  ( P2  P1 ) A  dx  ( P2  P1 )dV … (i)
Applying PV = constant for two parts, we have
P1 (V0  Ax)  PV
0 0
and P2 (V0  Ax)  PV
0 0
PV PV PV
0 0 (2 Ax) 2 PV V
P1  0 0 and P2  0 0
 P2  P1   20 0 2
(V0  Ax) (V0  Ax) V0  A x
2 2 2
V0  V
When the volume of the left end is  times the volume of right end, we have
(V0  V )  (V0  V )
  1 
V  V0 …(ii)
  1
The work done by the agent is given by
V V
2PV 0 0V
W   ( P2  P1 )dV   dV
0 0
(V0  V 2 )
2
0 0 [ln V0  V ]0

  PV 2 2 V
0 0 [ln V0  V   ln V0 ]
  PV 2 2 2
     1  2 
2

  PV  ln V 2
   0V   ln V 2

  1
0 0 0 0
   
 (  1) 2 
  PV   0 0 ln 
0 0  ln{4 /(  1) }  PV
2
.
 4 
Example 4: Three moles of an ideal gas being initially at a temperature T0  273 K were isothermally
expanded   5.0 time its initial volume and then isochorically heated so that the
pressure in the final state became equal to that in the initial state. The total amount of
heat transferred to the gas during the process equals Q  80 KJ. Find the ratio
  CP / CV for this gas.

Solution : In isothermal process, the heat transferred to the gas is given by

Q1  nRT0ln(V2 / V1 )  nRT0ln …(i)
[   (V2 / V1 )  ( P1 / P2 )]
In isochroric process, Q2  U (W = 0)
 Q2  nCV T  n{R /(  1)}T …(ii)
P2 T0 P
Now  or T  T0  1   T0
P1 T  P2 
 T  T0  T0  (  1)T0 …(iii)
substituting the value of T from equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get
 R 
Q2  n   (  1)T0
  1 
 R  Q   1   1
 Q  nRT0 ln  n   (  1)T0 or  ln     or   1  Q
  1  nRT0   1   ln
nRT0
 1
  1
Q
 ln
nRT0
(5  1)
Substituting given values, we get   1  , Solving we get   1.4
80  103
 ln5
3  8.3  273
Example 5: One end of a rod of length 20 cm is inserted in a furnace at 800 K. the sides of the rod
are covered with an insulating material and the other end emits radiation like a
blackbody. The temperature of this end is 750 K in the steady state. The temperature of
the surrounding air is 300 K. Assuming radiation to be the only important mode of energy
transfer between the surrounding and the open end of the rod, find the thermal
conductivity of the rod. Stefan constant   6.0 108W / m2  K 4
Solution : Quantity of heat flowing through the rod in steady state

dQ K . A.d 
 …(i)
dt x
Quantity of heat radiated from the end of the rod in steady state
 A T 4  T04 
dQ
…(ii)
dt
K .d 
From (i) and (ii)   T 4  T04  F
ur
nac
e
7
50
K
x 80
0K A
i
rte
mp.
K  50 300
K
 6.0  108 [(7.5)4  (3)4 ]  108 2
0c
m
0.2
or K = 74 W/m – K.

Example 6: The intensity of solar radiation, just outside the earth’s atmosphere, is measured to be
1.4 kW/m2 . If the radius of the sun 7 108 m, while the earth-sun distance is
150 106 km , then find
(i) the intensity of solar radiation at the surface of the sun,
(ii) the temperature at the surface of the sun assuming it to be a black body,
(iii) the most probable wavelength in solar radiation,
Solution: Assuming the sun to be a “blackbody” at a temperature T0 ,
we can write,
W = intensity of solar radiation on the sun‟s surface  T0 4 ,
Where  is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(i) The radiation emitted from the solar surface per unit time is spread over the surface
of a sphere having a radius equal to earth-sun distance where it is received on the
earth (just outside the atmosphere)
 W  4RS2  I 0  4DSe2
where DSe is the distance between the sun and the earth, and I 0 is the intensity
outside the earth‟s atmosphere.
2
 R 
I0  W   S 
 DSe 
Now, RS  7 108 m, DSe  150 109 m
and I 0  1.4 103 W/m2 .
2
 7  108  49
 1.4  103  W   9 
W   104
 150  10  225
or W  6.4 107 W/m2
(ii) Assuming the sun to be a blackbody,

6.4 107  T04   5.67 108  T04
6.4
 T04   1015 or T0  0.58 104 K  5800K
5.67
3
(iii) Using Wien‟s displacement law,  mpT0  0.29cm-K  2.9  10 m-K
2.0  103
or  mp   5  107 m  5000 A [Note :  mp is also referred to as  max ]
5800
Example 7: Consider a lake that is getting frozen at an atmospheric
temperature of -10 ° C. Assuming that most of the heat that is lost
comes from the latent heat of fusion released when the water
freezes. Find the rate at which the thickness of ice increases as a
function of time. Take the conductivity of ice as K and the density of
ice  density of water  

Solution: The water just beneath the ice is almost at 0°C. Assume that the thickness of ice at time
t is x  t  , that the area of the lake is A0 and that the density of ice is  .
dQ LA0 dx KA0 10 KA0
If the latent heat of ice is L, then   0   10  
dt dt x x
dx 10 K 10K 2
or, 
dt xL
or,  xdx 
L  dt or x  10 K t  constant
2 L
At t  0 , we assume that x  0 : i.e. initially the lake is not frozen.
20K 20 K 20K
Therefore, x2  t or x  t   t  C t , where C  is a constant.
L L L
Example 8: A solid copper sphere of density  , specific heat c and radius r is at temperature T1 . It
is suspended inside a chamber whose walls are at temperature 0 K. What is the time
required for the temperature of sphere to drop to T2 ? Take the emmissivity of the sphere
to be equal to e .
Solution: The rate of loss of energy due to radiation, P  eAT 4
dT dT
This rate must be equal to mc . Hence, mc  eAT 4
dt dt
Negative sign is used as temperature decreases with time. In this equation,
4  dT 3e 4
m   r 3   and A  4r
2
   T
3  dt cr
t
rc 2 dT
T
rc  1 1 
  dt 
3e T1 T 4
or, Solving this, we get t   3  3 .
0
9e  T2 T1 
Example 9: As insulated container is divided into two equal portions. One portion contains an ideal
gas at pressure P and temperature T, while the other portion is a perfect vacuum. If a
hole is opened between the two portions, find the change in internal energy and
temperature of the gas.
Solution : As the system is thermally insulated, Q  0
Further as here the gas is expanding against vacuum (surroundings), the process is
called free expansion and for it, W   PdV  0 [as for vacuum P = 0]
So in accordance with first law of thermodynamics, i.e. Q  U  W , we have

0  U  0, i.e. U  0 or U  constant
So in this problem internal energy of the gas remains constant, i.e. U  0 . Now as for
3
an ideal gas U  RT , i.e. U  T
2
So temperature of the gas will also remain constant, i.e. T  0 .

Example 10: A 2m long wire of resistance 4 ohm and diameter 0.64 2

dr
mm is coated with plastic insulation of thickness 0.06 1
r a b
mm. When a current of 5 ampere flows through the
wire, find the temperature difference across the
insulation in steady state if
[ K  0.16 102 cal / cm  C s]
Solution : Considering a concentric cylindrical shell of radius r and thickness dr as shown in figure.
The radial rate of flow of heat through this shell in steady state will be
dQ d
H   KA Negative sign is used as with increase in r,  decreases
dt dr
Now as for cylindrical shell A = 2r L
2
2LK
b
d dr
H  2rLK
dr
or a r   H  d
1
dQ 2LK (1  2 )
which on integration and simplification gives H   …(i)
dt ln b
a  
I 2 R (5)2  4 cal
Here, H   24 L  2m  200 cm
4.2 4.2 s
r1  (0.64 / 2) mm= 0.032 cm and R2  r1  d  0.032  0.006  0.038 cm
So (1  2 ) 

24  ln 38
32 
24  2.3026[log10 38  log10 32]
2  2.3026[log10 38  log10 32] 3.14  0.64
55  [1.57  1.50]
or (1  2 )   2 ºC.
2











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


EXERCISE # 01 OBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01)

1. Overall changes in volume and radii of a uniform cylindrical steel wire are 0.2% and 0.002%
respectively when subjected to some suitable force. Longitudinal tensile stress acting on the wire

is Y  2.0  1011Nm2 
(A) 3.2  109 Nm2 (B) 3.2  107 Nm2 (C) 3.6  109 Nm2
(D) 3.6  107 Nm2 (E) 4.08  103 Nm3
2. A cylindrical wire of radius 1 mm, length 1 m, Young‟s modulus  2  1011N / m2 , poisson‟s ratio

 is stretched by a force of 100 N. Its radius will become -
10
(A) 0.99998 mm (B) 0.99999 mm (C) 0.99997 mm (D) 0.99995 mm
3. The load versus strain graph for four wires of the same material is shown in the figure. The
thickest wire is represented by the line
(A) OB (B) OA (C) OD (D) OC
4. A rod of length 20 cm is made of metal. It expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature is raised
from 0C to 100C. Another rod of a different metal B having the same length expands by 0.045
cm for the same change in temperature, a third rod of the same length is composed of two parts
one of metal A and the other of metal B. Thus rod expand by 0.06 cm for the same change in
temperature. The portion made of metal A has the length :
(A) 20 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 18 cm
5. A metallic rod 1 cm long with a square cross-section is heated through 1C . If Young‟s modulus
of elasticity of the metal is E and the mean coefficient of linear expansion is  per degree
Celsius, then the compressional force required to prevent the rod from expanding along its length
is :(Neglect the change of cross-sectional area)
(A) EA  t (B) EA  t / 1  t  (C) EA  t / 1  t  (D) E / t
3 1
6. A thin walled cylindrical metal vessel of linear coefficient of expansion 10 C contains benzenr
3 1
of volume expansion co-efficient 10 C . If the vessel and its contents are now heated by
10°C, the pressure due to the liquid at the bottom.
(A) increases by 2% (B) decreases by 1%
(C) decreases by 2% (D) remains unchanged

7. An open vessel is filled completely with oil which has same coefficient of volume expansion as
that of the vessel. On heating both oil and vessel,
(A) the vessel can contain more volume and more mass of oil
(B) the vessel can contain same volume and same mass of oil
(C) the vessel can contain same volume but more mass of oil
(D) the vessel can contain more volume but same mass of oil
The bulk modulus of copper is 1.4  10 Pa and the coefficient of linear expansion is
11
8.
1.7  105  C . What hydrostatic pressure is necessary to prevent a copper block from
1
expanding when its temperature is increased from 20C to 30C ?

(A) 6.0  105 Pa (B) 7.1 107 Pa (C) 5.2  106 Pa (D) 40 atm
9. A glass flask contains some mercury at room temperature. It is found that at different
temperatures the volume of air inside the flask remains the same. If the volume of mercury in the
flask is 300 cm 3, then volume of the flask is (given that coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury and coefficient of linear expansion of glass are 1.8  104  C and 9  106  C
1 1
respectively)
(A) 4500cm2 (B) 450cm3 (C) 2000cm3 (D) 6000cm3
10. The coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid in a copper vessel is C and in a silver vessel is
S. The coefficient of volume expansion of copper is  C . What is the coefficient of linear
expansion of silver?
(C   c  S) (C   c  S)
(A) (B)
3 3
(C   c  S) (C   c  S)
(C) (D)
3 3
11. A thermally insulated vessel contains some water at 0C . The vessel is connected to a vacuum
pump to pump out water vapour. This results in some water getting frozen. It is given Latent heat
of vaporization of water at 0C  21 10 J / kg and latent heat of freezing of water
5
 3.36  105 J / kg. The maximum percentage amount of water that will be solidified in this
manner will be
(A) 86.2% (B) 33.6% (C) 21% (D) 24.36%
12. 10 gm of ice at 0C is kept in a calorimeter of water equivalent 10 gm. How much heat should be
supplied to the apparatus to evaporate the water thus formed? (Neglect loss of heat)
(A) 6200 cal (B) 7200 cal
(C) 13600 cal (D) 8200 cal

13. Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a sphere of ice which is melting at the rate of 0.1
gm/sec. It melts completely in 100 sec. The rate of rise of temperature thereafter will be
(Assume no loss of heat.)
(A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec
(C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) will change with time
14. Two vertical glass tubes filled with a liquid are connected by a capillary tube as shown in the
figure. The tube on the left is put in an ice bath at 0C while the tube on the right is kept at 30C
in a water bath. The difference in the levels of the liquid in the two tubes is 4 cm while the height
of the liquid column at 0C is 120 cm. The coefficient of volume expansion of liquid is (Ignore
expansion of glass tube)
(A) 22  104 /  C (B) 1.1 104 /  C

4
(C) 11 10 / C (D) 2.2  104 /  C
15. Pure water super cooled to 15 C is contained in a thermally insulated flask. Small amount of ice
is thrown into the flask. The fraction of water frozen into ice is :
(A) 3/35 (B) 6/35 (C) 6/29 (D) 2/35
16. The graph shown in the figure represent change in the temperature of 5 kg of a substance as it
1
absorbs heat at a constant rate of 42kJmin . The latent heat of vaporization of the substance is
:
(A) 630kJkg1 (B) 126kJkg1

(C) 84kJkg1 (D) 12.6kJkg1

3 3
17. The density of a material A is 1500kg / m and that of another material B is 2000kg / m . It is
found that the heat capacity of 8 volumes of A is equal to heat capacity of 12 volumes of B. The
ratio of specific heats of A and B will be-
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 3:2 (D) 2:1
18. A sphere of ice at 0C having initial radius R is placed in an environment having ambient
temperature  0C. The ice melts uniformly, such that shape remains spherical. After a time „t‟
the radius of the sphere has reduced to r. Assuming the rate of heat absorption is proportional to
the surface area of the sphere at any moment, which graph best depicts r (t).
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19. A rod of length L and uniform cross-sectional area has varying thermal conductivity which
changes linearly from 2K at end A to K at the other end B. The ends A and B of the rod are
maintained at constant temperature 100C and 0C, respectively. At steady state, the graph of
temperature : T = T(x) where x = distance from end A will be
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
20. Three rods made of the same material and having same cross-sectional area but different lengths
10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm are joined as shown. The temperature of the joint is:
(A) 20°C (B) 23.7°C (C) 16.4°C (D) 18.2°C
2
21. A metallic rod of cross-sectional area 9.0cm and length 0.54 m, with the surface insulated to
prevent heat loss, has one end immersed in boiling water and the other in ice-water mixture. The
heat conducted through the rod melts the ice at the rate of 1 gm for every 33 sec. The thermal
conductivity of the rod is
(A) 330 Wm1 K 1 (B) 60 Wm1 K 1
(C) 600 Wm1 K 1 (D) 33 Wm1 K 1

Question No. 22 to 24 (3 questions)
Two rods A and B of same cross-sectional are A and length l connected in series between a
source  T1  100C and a sink  T2  0C as shown in figure. The rod is laterally insulated
22. The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is -

RA 1 RA RA 4
(A)  (B) 3 (C) 3 (D)
RB 3 RB RB 3
23. If TA and TB are the temperature drops across the rod A and B, then -
TA 3 TA 1 TA 3 TA 4
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
TB 1 TB 3 TB 4 TB 3
24. If GA and GB are the temperature gradients across the rod A and B, then -
GA 3 TA 1 GA 3 GA 4
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
GB 1 TB 3 GB 4 GB 3
25. Two sheets of thickness d and 3d, are touching each other. The temperature just outside the
thinner sheet side is A, and on the side of the thicker sheet is C. The interface temperature is B.
A, B and C are in arithmetic progressing, the ratio of thermal conductivity of thinner sheet and
thicker sheet is
(A) 1:3 (B) 3:1 (C) 2:3 (D) 1:9
26. A composite rod made of three rods of equal length and cross-section as shown in the fig. The
thermal conductivities of the materials of the rods are K/2, 5K and K respectively. The end A and
end B are at constant temperatures. All heat entering the face A goes out of the end B there
being no loss of heat from the sides of the bar. The effective thermal conductivity of the bar is
A B
K/2 5K K
(A) 15K/16 (B) 6K/13 (C) 5K/16 (D) 2K/13.
27. The power radiated by a black body is P and it radiates maximum energy around the wavelength
 0 . If the temperature of the black body is now changed so that it radiates maximum energy
3
around wavelength  0 , the power radiated by it will increase by a factor of -
4
(A) 4/3 (B) 16/9 (C) 64/27 (D) 256/81

28. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from a small sphere at temperature 'T' and at a distance
' d '. It is found that the power received by the foil is P. If both the temperature and distance are
doubled, the power received by the foil will be :
(A) 16 P (B) 4 P (C) 2P (D) P
29. The intensity of radiation emitted by the Sun has its maximum value at a wavelength of 510 nm
and that emitted by the North Star has the maximum value at 350 nm. If these stars behave like
black bodies then the ratio of the surface temperature of the Sun and the North Star is
(A) 1.46 (B) 0.69 (C) 1.21 (D) 0.83
30. A black body calorimeter filled with hot water cools from 60C to 50C in 4 min and 40C to
30C in 8 min. The approximate temperature of surrounding is :
(A) 10C (B) 15C (C) 20C (D) 25C




1. A solid sphere of radius R made of material of bulk modulus K is surrounded by a liquid in a
cylindrical container. A massless piston of area A floats on the surface of the liquid. When a mass
m is placed on the piston to compress the liquid, the fractional change in the radius of the
sphere  R/R is
(A) mg/AK (B) mg/3AK (C) mg/A (D) mg/3AR
2. A uniform rod rotating in gravity free region with certain constant angular velocity. The variation of
tensile stress with distance x from axis of rotation is best represented by which of the following
graphs.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3. A metallic wire of length L is fixed between two rigid supports. If the wire is cooled through a
temperature difference T (Y = young‟s modulus,  = density,  = coefficient of linear
expansion) then the frequency of transverse vibration is proportional to :
 Y  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Y  Y Y
4. A metal wire is clamped between two vertical walls. At 20C the unstrained length of the wire is
exactly equal to the separation between walls. If the temperature of the wire is decreased the
graph between elastic energy density (u) and temperature (T) of the wire is
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
5. The loss in weight of a solid when immersed in a liquid at 0C is W0 and at tC is W. If cubical
coefficient of expansion of the solid and the liquid by  S and 1 respectively, then W is equal to:
(A) W0 [1  (  s – l )t] (B) W0 [1  (  s – l )t]
(C) W0 [(  s – l )t] (D) W0 t[(  s – l )]

6. A copper ring has a diameter of exactly 25 mm at its temperature of 0C . An aluminium sphere
has a diameter of exactly 25.05 mm at its temperature of 100C. The sphere is placed on top of
the ring and two are allowed to come to thermal equilibrium, no heat being lost to the
surrounding. The sphere just passes through the ring at the equilibrium temperature. The ratio of
the mass of the sphere & ring is :
(given : Cu  17  10 /C , Al  2.3  10 /C , specific heat of Cu  0.0923cal / gC and
–6 –5
specific heat of Al  0.215cal / gC )

(A) 1/5 (B) 23/108
(C) 23/54 (D) 216/23
A cuboid ABCDEFGH is anisotropic with x  1 10 /C , y  2  10–5 /C , z  3  10 /C .

–5 –5
7.
Coefficient of superficial expansion of faces can be
(A) ABCD  5  105 / C (B) BCGH  4  105 / C

(C) CDEH  3  105 / C (D) EFGH  2  105 / C
8. A metal ball immersed in Alcohol weights W1 at 0C and W2 at 50C. The coefficient of cubical
expansion of the metal   m is less than that of alcohol   Al . Assuming that density of metal is
large compared to that of alcohol, it can be shown that
(A) W1  W2
(B) W1 = W 2
(C) W1  W2
(D) any of (A) , (B) or (C)
9. A solid ball is completely immersed in a liquid. The coefficients of volume expansion of the ball
and liquid are 3  106 and 8  106 per C respectively. The percentage change in upthrust
when the temperature is increased by 100C is
(A) 0.5 %
(B) 0.11 %
(C) 1.1 %
(D) 0.05 %

Question No. 10 to 14 (5 question)
Solids and liquids both expand on heating. The density of substance decreases on expanding
according to the relation
1
2 
1  (T2  T1 )
where, 1  density at T1
2  density at T2
  coeff. of volume expansion of substances

when a solid is submerged in a liquid, liquid exerts an upward force on solid which is equal to the
weight of liquid displaced by submerged part of solid.
Solid will float or sink depends on relative densities of solid and liquid.
A cubical block of solid floats in a liquid with half of its volume submerged in liquid as shown in
figure
(at temperature T)
S 
 coeff. of linear expansion of solid
L 
 coeff. of volume expansion of liquid
S 
 density of solid at temp. T
L 
 density of liquid at temp. T
10. The relation between densities of solid and liquid at temperature T is
S  2L  1 S  L  1
(A) (B) S    L (C) (D) S    L
2 4
11. If temperature of system increases, then fraction of solid submerged in liquid

(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains the same (D) inadequate information
12. Imagine fraction submerged does not change on increasing temperature the relation between  L
and  S is -
L  3S L  2S L  4S 3

(A) (B) (C) (D) L    S
2
13. Imagine the depth of the block submerged in the liquid does not change on increasing
temperature then
L  2 L  3 3 4
(A) (B) (C) L     (D) L    
2 3

14. Assume block does not expand on heating. The temperature at which the block just begins to
sink in liquid is -
1 1 2 L
(A) T (B) T (C) T (D) T
L  2 L  L 2
15. A 2100 W continuous flow geyser (instant geyser) has water inlet temperature  10C while the
water flows out at the rate of 20 g/sec. The outlet temperature of water must be about
(A) 20C (B) 30C (C) 35C (D) 40C
16. Ice at 0C is added to 200 g of water initially at 70C in a vacuum flask. When 50 g of ice has
been added and has all melted the temperature of the flask and contents is 40C . When a
further 80g of ice has been added and has all metled, the temperature of the whole is 10C .
Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. [Take Sw  1 cal / gmC ]
(A) 3.8  105 J / kg (B) 1.2  105 J / kg

(C) 2.4  105 J / kg (D) 3.0  105 J / kg
17. A solid material is supplied with heat at a constant rate. The temperature of material is changing
with heat input as shown in the figure. What does slope DE represent.
(A) latent heat of liquid (B) latent heat of vapour

(C) heat capacity of vapour (D) inverse of heat capacity of vapour
18. A block of ice with mass m falls into a lake. After impact, a mass of ice m/5 melts. Both the block
of ice and the lake have a temperature of 0C . If L represents the heat of fusion, the minimum
distance the ice fell before striking the surface is
L 5L gL mL
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5g g 5m 5g
19. The specific heat of a metal at low temperatures varies according to S  aT3 where a is a
constant and T is the absolute temperature. The heat energy needed to raise unit mass of the
metal from T = 1 K to T = 2 K is
15a
(A) 3a (B)
4
2a 12a
(C) (D)
3 5

20. A cylinder of radius R made of a material of thermal conductivity k1 is surrounded by a cylindrical

shell of inner radius R and outer radius 2R made of a material of thermal conductivity k 2 . The two
ends of the combined system are maintained at different temperatures. There is no loss of heat
from the cylindrical surface and the system is in steady state. The effective thermal conductivity of
the system is
1 1
(A) k1  k 2 (B)
k1k 2
(C) k1  3k 2  (D)  3k  k 2 
k1  k 2 4 4
21. The wall with a cavity consists of two layers of brick separated by a layer of air. All three layers
have the same thickness and the thermal conductivity of the brick is much greater than that of air.
The left layer is at a higher temperature than the right layer and steady state condition exists.
Which of the following graphs predicts correctly the variation of temperature T with distance d
inside the cavity?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. A ring consisting of two parts ADB and ACB of same conductivity k carries an amount of heat H.
The ADB part is now replaced with another metal keeping the temperatures T1 and T2 constant.
The heat carried increases to 2H. What should be the conductivity of the new ADB part? Given
ACB
= 3:
ADB
7 5
(A) k (B) 2k (C) k (D) 3k
3 2
23. Twelve conducting rods form the riders of a uniform cube of side 'l'. If in steady state, B and H
ends of the rod are at 100C and 0C. Find the temperature of the junction 'A'.
(A) 80C (B) 60C (C) 40C (D) 70C

24. A hollow sphere of inner radius R and outer radius 2R is made of a material of thermal
conductivity K. It is surrounded by another hollow sphere of inner radius 2R and outer radius 3R
made of same material of thermal conductivity K. The inside of smaller sphere is maintained at
0C and the outside of bigger sphere at 100C. The system is in steady state. The temperature of
the interface will be :
(A) 50C (B) 70C (C) 75C (D) 45C
25. The ends of a metal bas of constant cross-sectional area are maintained at temperatures T1 and
T2 which are both higher than the temperature of the surroundings. If the bar is unlagged, which
one of the following sketches best represents the variation of temperature with distance along the
bar?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
26. The temperature drop through each layer of a two layer furnace wall is shown in figure. Assume
that the external temperature T1 and T3 are maintained constant and T1  T3 . If the thickness of
the layers x1 and x 2 are the same, which of the following statements are correct.
(A) k1  k 2
(B) k1  k 2
(C) k1  k 2 but heat flow through material (1) is larger then through (2)
(D) k1  k 2 but heat flow through material (1) is less than that through (2)
27. A rod of length L with sides fully insulated is of a material whose thermal conductivity varies with

temperature as K  , where  is a constant. The ends of the rod are kept at temperature T1
T
and T2 . The temperature T at x, where x is the distance from the end whose temperature is T1 is
x
 T L x T2
T2 x
T2  T1
(A) T1  2  (B) ln (C) T1e T1L (D) T1  x
 T1  L T1 L

28. An ice cube at temperature 20C is kept in a room at temperature 20C . The variation of
temperature of the body with time is given by-
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
29. The spectral emissive power E for a body at temperature T1 is plotted against the wavelength
and area under the curve is found to be A. At a different temperature T2 the area is found to be
1
9A. Then 
2
(A) 3 (B) 1/3 (C) 1 3 (D) 3
30. Two bodies P and Q have thermal emissivities of P and Q respectively. Surface areas of these
bodies are same and the total radiant power is also emitted at the same rate. If temperature of P
is P kelvin then temperature of Q i.e. Q is -
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 4
 Q   P   Q  1  Q 
(A)   P (B)   P (C)    (D)   P
 P   Q   P  P  P 














ASSERTION AND REASON
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
1. Statement-1 : Specific heat of a substance during change of state is infinite.

Statement-2 : During change of state Q  mL specific heat does not come in.
1
2. Statement-1 : Latent heat of fusion of ice is 336000Jkg
Statement-2 : Latent heat refers to change of state without any change in temperature.
3. Statement-1 : The equivalent thermal conductivity of two plates of same thickness in contact is
less than the smaller value of thermal conductivity.
Statement-2 : For two plates of equal thickness in contact the equivalent thermal conductivity is
1 1 1
given by  
K K1 K 2
4. Statement-1 : A man would feel iron or wooden balls equally hot at 98.4F.
Statement-2 : At 98.4F, both iron and wood have same thermal conductivity.
5. Statement-1 : A body placed in a room of temperature 10C cools from 60C to 40C in 7
minutes, so its temperature after the next 7 minutes will be 28C.
Statement-2 : According to Newton‟s law of cooling, the rate of cooling of the body is directly
proportional to the temperature difference between the body and the
surrounding.
6. Statement-1 : Newton‟s law of cooling holds good for a small temperature difference between
the body and the surrounding.
Statement-2 : Newton‟s law of cooling is a special case of Stefan – Boltzmann law.
7. Statement-1 : In adiabatic compression, the internal energy and temperature of the system get
decreased.
Statement-2 : The adiabatic compression is a fast process.
8. Statement-1 : The isothermal curves intersect each other at a certain point.

Statement-2 : The isothermal change takes place slowly, so, the isothermal curves have very
little slope.

9. Statement-1 : In isothermal process while of the heat supplied to the body is converted into
internal energy.
Statement-2 : According to the first law of thermodynamics : Q  U  pV
10. Statement-1 : The heat supplied to a system is always equal to the increase in its internal
energy.
Statement-2 : When a system changes from one thermal equilibrium to another, some heat is
absorbed or released by it.
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
11. For a gas if CP is the specific heat at constant pressure, Cv is the specific heat at constant
volume, R is the Universal Gas constant and f be the degrees of freedom then
2Cv C 
(A) f (B) f  2  P  1
R  R 
Cv CP
(C) f (D) f 1
R R
 7 
12. Three moles of an ideal gas  CP  R  at pressure PA and temperature TA is isothermally
 2 
expanded to twice its initial volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its original
volume. Finally the gas is compressed at constant volume to its original pressure PA . The correct
P–V and P–T diagrams indicating the process are
P P
PA A PA C
(A) PA (B) PA
B B
2 C 2 A
V V
VA 2VA VA 2VA
P P
PA A PA
(C) PA (D) PA
2 C B 2
T T
TA TA TA TA
2 2
13. CP is always greater than Cv due to the fact that :

(A) no work is being done on heating the gas at constant volume.
(B) when a gas absorbs heat at constant pressure its volume must change so as to do some
external work.
(C) the internal energy is a function of temperature only for an ideal gas.
(D) for the same rise of temperature, the internal energy of a gas changes by a smaller amount
at constant volume than at constant pressure.

14. A uniform cylinder of steel of mass M, radius R is placed on frictionless bearings and set to rotate
about its vertical axis with angular velocity 0 . After the cylinder has reached the specified state
I
of rotation it is heated without any mechanical contact from temperature T0 to T0  T. If is
I

the fractional change in moment of inertia of the cylinder and be the fractional change in the
0
angular velocity of the cylinder and  be the coefficient of linear expansion, then -
I 2R I   I 2R
(A)  (B)  (C)  2T (D) 
I R I 0 0 I R
15. Two rods of length L1 and L 2 are made of materials of coefficients of their expansions 1 and
 2 respectively such that L11  L2 2 . The temperature of the rods is increased by T and
correspondingly the change in their respective lengths be L1 and L2 .
(A) L1  L2 (B) L1  L2
(C) Difference in length L1  L2 is a constant and is independent of rise of temperature
(D) Data is insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
16. Two gases, initially having the same pressure, volume and temperature expand to the same
volume, the first isothermally and the second adiabatically.
(A) Greater work is done by the gas for isothermal process.
(B) The isothermal process has greater final pressure.
(C) The isothermal process has greater final temperature (same as initial value) in comparison
to adiabatic process.
(D) Data is insufficient to arrive at a conclusion.
17. In Previous Question, if compression is carried instead or expansion then
(A) greater work is done on the gas for an adiabatic process.
(B) the adiabatic process has greater final pressure.
(C) the adiabatic process has greater final temperature due to the fact that adiabatic
compression leads to heating.
(D) data is insufficient to arrive at a conclusion.
18. The indicator diagram for two processes 1 and 2 carried on an ideal gas is shown in figure. If m1
 dP 
and m2 be the slopes   for Process 1 and Process 2 respectively, then
 dV 
A
P rocess 1
P rocess 2
V
O
(A) m1  m2 (B) m1  m2 (C) m1  m2 (D) m2CV  m1CP

19. A metal rod of length L 0 , made of material of Young‟s modulus Y, area A is fixed between two
rigid supports. The coefficient of linear expansion of the rod is . The rod is heated such that the
tension in the rod is T :
(A) T  L0 (B) T  A oo (C) TA (D) T  Loo
20. A heat engine absorbs heat at 327C and exhausts heat at 127C . The efficiency of engine is
 and the maximum amount of work performed by the engine per kilocalorie of heat input is W.
(A)   0.38 (B)   0.33
(C) W = 1596 J (D) W = 1400 J
21. An ideal gas undergoes the cyclic process shown in an isotherm below.
a
Pressure (P)
b T1
T2
d c
Va Vd Vb Vc
Volume (V)
(A) T1  T2 (B) T1  T2
(C) Va Vc  Vb Vd (D) Va Vb  Vc Vd
22. A bimetallic strip is made up of two metals with different  .

(A) On heating, it bends towards the metal with high  .
(B) On heating, it bends towards the metal with low  .
(C) On cooling, it bends towards the metal with high  .
(D) On cooling, it bends towards the metal with low  .
23. The molar specific heat for a gas may have a value given by
dU  dQ 
(A) Cv  (B) Cp   
dT  dT p
dQ dV
(C) Cp  P (D) Data Insufficient
dT dT .
24. A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical strips on of copper and the other of brass. The
coefficients of linear expansions of the two metals are  C and  B respectively. On heating, the
temperature of the strip goes up by T and the strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature
R. Then R is :
(A) proportional to T (B) inversely proportional to T
(C) proportional to  B  C (D) inversely proportional to  B  C

25. n moles of an ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process in which it absorbs a heat Q1 at constant
temperature T1 such that the expansion ratio is α. It rejects a heat Q2 at constant temperature
T2   T1  . The efficiency of the cyclic process is  , the total work done in the cyclic process is W
and dU is the change in internal energy of the process.
T 
(A)   1  2  (B) W  Q1  Q2  nR  T1  T2  loge 
 T1 
(C) dU  0 (D) dU  nRT1 loge 
26. n mole of an ideal gas is heated such that its temperature, pressure and volume, all three change
simultaneously from T1, P1, V1 to T2, P2, V2. Further in this process the specific heat equals zero.
If W is the work done then
nR 1
(A) W T2  T1  (B) W  P2T2  PT
1 1
1  1 
nR 1
(C) W T2  T1  (D) W  P2T2  PT
1 1
1  1 
27. An ideal gas is heated from temperature T1 to T2 under various conditions. The correct statement
(s) is/are
(A) U = nCV (T2 – T1) for isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes
(B) Work is done at expense of internal energy in an adiabatic process and both have equal
values
(C) U = 0 for an isothermal process (D) C = 0 for an adiabatic process
28. Four rods A, B, C, D of same length and material but of different radii r , r 2, r 3 and 2r
respectively are held between two rigid walls. The temperature of all rods is increased by same
amount. If the rods donot bend, then
(A) the stress in the rods are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
(B) the force on the rod exerted by the wall are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
(C) the energy stored in the rods due to elasticity are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
(D) the strains produced in the rods are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
29. A body of mass M is attached to the lower end of a metal wire, whose upper end is fixed. The
elongation of the wire is l.
(A) Loss in gravitational potential energy of M is Mgl
(B) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is Mgl
(C) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire is 1/2 Mgl
(D) Heat produced is 1/2 Mgl.
30. When the temperature of a copper coin is raised by 80°C, its diameter increases by 0.2%.
(A) Percentage rise in the area of a face is 0.4 %
(B) Percentage rise in the thickness is 0.4 %
(C) Percentage rise in the volume is 0.6 %
(D) Coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 0.25 104 C1.

31. Two metallic sphere A and B are made of same material and have got identical surface finish.
The mass of sphere A is four times that of B. Both the spheres are heated to the same
temperature and placed in a room having lower temperature but thermally insulated from each
other.
4
3
(A) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 2 .
2
3
(B) The ratio of heat loss of A to that of B is 2 .
2
3
(C) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to that of B is 2 .
4
3
(D) The ratio of the initial rate of cooling of A to that of B is 2 .
32. A gas expands such that its initial and final temperature are equal. Also, the process followed by
the gas traces a straight line on the P-V diagram :
(A) The temperature of the gas remains constant throughout.
(B) The temperature of the gas first increases and then decreases
(C) The temperature of the gas first decreases and then increases
(D) The straight line has a negative slope.
33. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a condition VP 2  constant. The gas is
initially at a temperature T, pressure P and volume V. The gas expands to volume 4V.
P
(A) The pressure of gas changes to
2
(B) The temperature of gas changes to 4T
(C) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is parabola
(D) The graph of above process on the P-T diagram is hyperbola.
P2
34. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a condition  constant [   density of

the gas]. The gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and density  . The gas expands such

that density changes to .
2
(A) The pressure of the gas changes to 2P
(B) The temperature of the gas changes to 2T

(C) The graph of above process on the P–T diagram is parabola
(D) The graph of the above process on the P–T diagram is hyperbola.
35. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas have volume 1 cm3 each at N.T.P.
(A) Number of molecules is same in both the gases.
(B) The rms velocity of molecules of both the gases is the same.
(C) The internal energy of each gases is the same
(D) The average velocity of molecules of each gas is the same.

36. A container holds 1026 molecules/ m3 , each of mass 3 1027 kg. Assume that 1/6 of the
molecules move with velocity 2000 m/s directly towards one wall of the container while the
remaining 5/6 of the molecules move either away from the wall or in perpendicular direction, and
all collisions of the molecules with the wall are elastic
(A) number of molecules hitting 1m 2 of the wall every second is 3.33 1028
(B) number of molecules hitting 1m 2 of the wall every second is 2 1029
(C) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 24 105 Pa
(D) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 4 105 Pa
37. An ideal gas is taken from state 1 to state 2 through optional path A, B, C & D as shown in P-V
diagram. Let Q, W and U represent the heat supplied, work done & internal energy of the gas
respectively. Then
(A) QB  WB  QC  WC (B) QA  QD  WA  WD
(C) WA  WB  WC  WD (D) QA  QB  QC  QD
38. Two gases have the same initial pressure, volume and temperature. They expand to the same
final volume, one adiabatically and the other isothermally
(A) The final temperature is greater for the isothermal process
(B) The final pressure is greater for the isothermal process
(C) The work done by the gas is greater for the isothermal process
(D) All the above options are incorrect
39. In the previous question, if the two gases are compressed to the same final volume
(A) the final temperature is greater for the adiabatic process
(B) the final pressure is greater for the adiabatic process
(C) the work done on the gas is greater for the adiabatic process
(D) all the above options are incorrect
40. A cyclic process ABCD is shown in the p-V diagram. Which of the following curves represents the
same process if BC & DA are isothermal processes
(A) (B) (C) (D)

41. For two different gases X and Y, having degrees of freedom f 1 and f2 and molar heat capacities
at constant volume and respectively, the ln P versus ln V graph is plotted for adiabatic process,
as shown
(A) f1  f 2 (B) f 2  f1
(C) CV2  CV1 (D) CV1  CV2
COMPREHENSION TYPE
COMPREHENSION # 01 : Question No.42 to 46 (5 question)
Solids and liquids both expand on heating. The density of substance decreases on expanding
according to the relation
1
2 
1   (T2  T1 )
where, 1 — density at T1
2 — density at T2
 —coeff. of volume expansion of substances
when a solid is submerged in a liquid, liquid exerts an upward force on solid which is equal to the
weight of liquid displaced by submerged part of solid.
Solid will float or sink depends on relative densities of solid and liquid.
A cubical block of solid floats in a liquid with half of its volume submerged in liquid as shown in
figure (at temperature T)
S — coeff. of linear expansion of solid
L — coeff. of volume expansion of liquid
S — density of solid at temp. T
L — density of liquid at temp. T
42. The relation between densities of solid and liquid at temperature T is :

(A) S = 2L (B) S = (1/2)L
(C) S = L (D) S = (1/4)L
43. If temperature of system increases, then fraction of solid submerged in liquid

(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) remains the same (D) inadequate information

44. Imagine fraction submerged does not change on increasing temperature the relation between L
and S is :
(A) L = 3S (B) L = 2S (C) L = 4S (D) L = (3/2)S
45. Imagine the depth of the block submerged in the liquid does not change on increasing
temperature then
(A) L = 2 (B) L = 3 (C) L = (3/2) (D) L = (4/3)
46. Assume block does not expand on heating. The temperature at which the block just begins to
sink in liquid is
(A) T + 1/L (B) T + 1/(2L) (C) T + 2/L (D) T + L/2
Two rods A and B of same cross-sectional are A and length l

connected in series between a source (T 1 = 100°C) and a sink
(T2 = 0°C) as shown in figure. The rod is laterally insulated
47. The ratio of the thermal resistance of the rod is

RA (A)
   (D)
 4
(A) = (B) (B)
=3 (C) (C)
= (D)
RB T T T
Temp(K) T T T
Temp(K)
T T T
Temp(K)
T T T
Temp(K) 3
48. If TA and TB are the temperature drops across the rod A and B, then
TA 3 TA 1 TA 3 TA 4
(A) = (B) = (C) = (D) =
TB 1 TB 3 TB 4 TB 3
49. If GA and GB are the temperature gradients across the rod A and B, then
GA 3 GA 1 GA 3 GA 4
(A) = (B) = (C) = (D) =
GB 1 GB 3 GB 4 GB 3
The figure shows a radiant energy spectrum graph for a black body at a
temperature T.
50. Choose the correct statement(s)

(A) The radiant energy is not equally distributed among all the possible wavelengths
(B) For a particular wavelength the spectral intensity is maximum
(C) The area under the curve is equal to the total rate at which heat is radiated by the body at
that temperature
(D) None of these

51. If the temperature of the body is raised to a higher temperature T', then choose the correct
statement(s)
(A) The intensity of radiation for every wavelength increases
(B) The maximum intensity occurs at a shorter wavelength
(C) The area under the graph increases
(D) The area under the graph is proportional to the fourth power of temperature
52. Identify the graph which correctly represents the spectral intensity versus wavelength graph at
two temperatures T' and T (T < T')
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
A very tall vertical cylinder is filled with a gas of molar mass M under isothermal conditions at
temperature T. The density and pressure of the gas at the base of the container is  0 and p0 ,
respectively
(A) Pressure decreases with height
(B) The rate of decreases of pressure with height is a constant.
dp
(C)    g where  is density of the gas at a height h.
dh
RT
(D) p
M
54. Choose the correct statement(s) if gravity is assumed to be constant throughout the container
(A) Both pressure and density decreases exponentially with height.
Mgh

(B) The variation of pressure is p  p0 e RT
Mgh

(C) The variation of density   0 e RT
(D) The molecular density decreases as one moves upwards.

(A) The density of gas cannot be uniform throughout the cylinder.
(B) The density of gas cannot be uniform throughout the cylinder under isothermal conditions.
dT R
(C) The density of gas is constant if 
dh Mg
dT Mg
(D) The density of gas is uniform if 
dh R

MATRIX MATCH TYPE
56. A gas undergoes a process according to the graph. P is pressure, V is volume, W is work done
by the gas, U is change in internal energy of the gas and Q is heat given to the system.
Column - I Column - II
(A) For process AB p. U  0, Q  0
(B) For process BC q. U  0, Q  0
(C) For process CD r. Q  U W  0
(D) For process DA s. Q  U  0
57. A copper rod (initially at room temperature 20C ) of non-uniform cross section is placed
between a steam chamber at 100C and ice-water chamber at 0C.
(A)  dQ  will be
Initially, rate of heat flow 
p. Maximum at Section A

 dt 
(B)
At steady state, rate of heat flow 
 dQ  will be q. Maximum at Section B

 dt 
Maximum at Section C
(C)
 dT  r.
At steady state, temperature gradient  
 dx 
will be
(D) At steady state, rate of change of temperature s. Minimum at Section B
 dT 
  at a certain point
 dt 
t. Same for all section will be

58. A horizontal thermally insulated cylinder of length 2 is separated by a thin insulating piston
dividing the cylinder in two equal parts. The piston is connected by ideal springs and initially
springs are non-deformed. Left part contains 2 moles of H 2 and right part contains 2 moles of
O2 at same initial temperature. The left part of the cylinder is fitted with a thermostat which
maintains the constant temperature of the gas and through which only heat transfer can take
place. The following two processes are performed on the given system. After process I, the
system is brought back to its initial state.
Process I : Heat Q is supplied to the right part and piston is displaced to the left by a distance
2
Process II : Heat Q is given to the right part and as a result piston displaces to the left by a
distance . The gas on the left dissociates into its atoms.

2
(A) In process I p. Temperature of the gas on left remains
constant.
(B) In process I, if piston displaces to q. Heat is rejected by the gas on the left.
the right by same amount
(C) In process II r. Total work done by both the gases is
positive.
(D) In process II if partial taken place s. Heat is absorbed by the dissociation has
gas on the left.


EXERCISE # 04 SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE (LEVEL # 01)

1. A light rigid bar is suspended horizontally from two vertical wires, one of steel
and one of brass, as shown in figure. Each wire is 2.00 m long. The diameter
of the steel wire is 0.60 mm and the length of the bar AB is 0.20 m. When a
mass of 10 kg is suspended from the centre of AB bar remains horizontal.
(i) What is the tension in each wire?
(ii) Calculate the extension of the steel wire and the energy stored in it.
(iii) Calculate the diameter of the brass wire.
(iv) If the brass wire were replaced by another brass wire of diameter 1 mm, where should the
mass be suspended so that AB would remain horizontal? The Young modulus for steel
 2.0  1011Pa, the Young modulus for brass  1.0  1011Pa.
2. A steel rope his length L, area of cross-section A, Young‟s modulus Y. [Density = d]

(a) It is pulled on a horizontal frictionless floor with a constant horizontal force F = [dALg]/2
applied at one end. Find the strain at the midpoint.
(b) If the steel rope is vertical and moving with the force acting vertically up at the upper end.
Find the strain at a point L/3 from lower end.
3. An aluminum container of mass 100 gm contains 200 gm of ice at 20C. Heat is added to the
system at the rate of 100 cal/s. Find the temperature of the system after 4 minutes (specific heat
of ice = 0.5 and L = 80 cal/gm, specific heat of Al = 0.2 cal/gm/°C)
4. A U-tube filled with a liquid of volumetric coefficient of 105 / C lies in a vertical plane. The
height of liquid column in the left vertical limb is 100 cm. The liquid in the left vertical limb is
maintained at a temperature  0C while the liquid in the right limb is maintained at a temperature
 100C. Find the difference in levels in the two limbs.
5. A thin walled metal tank of surface area 5m2 is filled with water tank and contains an immersion
heater dissipating 1 kW. The tank is covered with 4 cm thick layer of insulation whose thermal
conductivity is 0.2 W/m/K. The outer face of the insulation is 25C. Find the temperature of the
tank in the steady state
6. A glass flask contains some mercury at room temperature. It is found that at different
temperatures the volume of air inside the flask remains the same. If the volume of mercury in the
3
flask is 300cm , then find volume of the flask (given that coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury and coefficient of linear expansion of glass are 1.8  104  C and 9  106  C
1 1
respectively)
7. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period of 0.5 sec at 20C . If the clock is used in a climate
where average temperature is 30C , approximately. How much fast or slow will the clock run in

106 sec. invar  1 106 / C 

8. A pan filled with hot food cools from 50.1C to 49.9C in 5 sec. How long will it take to cool from
40.1C to 39.9C if room temperature is 30C?
9. A composite rod made of three rods of equal length and cross-section as shown in the fig. The
thermal conductivities of the materials of the rods are K/2, 5K and K respectively. The end A and
end B are at constant temperatures. All heat entering the face A goes out of the end B there
being no loss of heat from the sides of the bar. Find the effective thermal conductivity of the bar
A B
K/2 5K K
10. An iron bar (Young‟s modulus  1011N / m2 ,   106 / C ) 1 m long and 103 m2 in area is heated
from 0C to 100C without being allowed to bend or expand. Find the compressive force
developed inside the bar.
11. A solid copper cube and sphere, both of same mass & emissivity are heated to same initial
temperature and kept under identical conditions. What is the ratio of their initial rate of fall of
temperature?
12. A cylindrical rod with one end in a stream chamber and other end in ice cause melting of 0.1 gm
of ice/sec. If the rod is replaced with another rod of half the length and double the radius of first
and thermal conductivity of second rod is 1/4 that of first, find the rate of ice melting in gm/sec
13. Three aluminum rods of equal length form an equilateral triangle ABC. Taking
O (mid point of rod BC) as the origin. Find the increase in Y-coordinate of
center of mass per unit change in temperature of the system. Assume the
length of the each rod is 2m, and αal = 4 3  106 / C
14. Three conducting rods of same material and cross-section are shown in figure.
Temperature of A, D and C are maintained at 20C,90C and 0C. Find the
ratio of length BD and BC if there is no heat flow in AB
15. If two rods of length L and 2 L having coefficients of linear expansion α and 2 respectively are
connected so that total length becomes 3 L, determine the average coefficient of linear expansion
of the composite rod.
16. A volume of 120 ml of drink (half alcohol + half water by mass) originally at a temperature of
25C is cooled by adding 20 gm ice at 0C . If all the ice melts, find the final temperature of the
drink. (density of drink = 0.833 gm/cc, specific heat of alcohol = 0.6 cal/gm/°C)
17. A solid receives heat by radiation over its surface at the rate of 4 kW. The heat convection rate
from the surface of solid to the surrounding is 5.2 kW, and heat is generated at a rate of 1.7 kW
over the volume of the solid. The rate of change of the average temperature of the solid is Find
the heat capacity of the solid.

18. The figure shows the face and interface temperature of a composite slab
containing of four layers of two materials having identical thickness.
Under steady state condition, find the value of temperature .
19. Two identical calorimeter A and B contain equal quantity of water at 20C. A 5 gm piece of metal
X of specific heat 0.2calg1  C

1
is dropped into A and a 5 gm piece of metal Y into B. The
equilibrium temperature in A is 22C and in B 23C . The initial temperature of both the metals is
40C. Find the specific heat of metal Y in calg  C  .

1 1
20. Two spheres of same radius R have their densities in the ratio 8 : 1 and the ratio of their specific
heats are 1 : 4. If by radiation their rates of fall of temperature are same, then find the ratio of their
rates of losing heat.
21. In the square frame of side l of metallic rods, the corners A and C are
maintained at T1 and T2 respectively. The rate of heat flow from A to C is . If
A and D are instead maintained T1 & T2 respectively find, find the total rate of
heat flow.
22. A hot liquid contained in a container of negligible heat capacity loses temperature at rate 3 K/min,
just before it begins to solidify. The temperature remains constant for 30 min. Find the ratio of
specific heat capacity of liquid to specific latent heat of fusion is in K 1 (given that rate of losing
heat is constant).
23. A thermostatted chamber at small height h above earth's surface maintained at 30C has a clock
fitted in it with an uncompensated pendulum. The clock designer correctly designs it for height h,
but for temperature of 20C. If this chamber is taken to earth's surface, the clock in it would click
correct time. Find the coefficient of linear expansion of material of pendulum. (earth's radius is R)
24. The coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is 20 times the coefficient of linear expansion of
glass. Find the volume of mercury that must be poured into a glass vessel of volume V so that the
volume above mercury may remain constant at all temperature.
25. Two 50 gm ice cubes are dropped into 250 gm of water into a glass. If the water was initially at a
temperature of 25C and the temperature of ice 15C. Find the final temperature of water.
(specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/gm/°C and L = 80 cal/gm). Find final amount of water and ice.
26. Water is heated from 10C to 90C in a residential hot water heater at a rate of 70 litre per
3
minute. Natural gas with a density of 1.2kg / m is used in the heater, which has a transfer
efficiency of 32%. Find the gas consumption rate in cubic meters per hour. (heat combustion for
natural gas is 8400 kcal/kg)

27. A metal rod A of 25 cm lengths expands by 0.050 cm. When its temperature is raised from 0C
to 100C. Another rod B of a different metal of length 40cm expands by 0.040 cm for the same
rise in temperature. A third rod C of 50cm length is made up of pieces of rods A and B placed end
to end expands by 0.03 cm on heating from 0C to 50C. Find the lengths of each portion of the
composite rod.
28. A substance is in the solid form at 0C . The amount of heat

added to this substance and its temperature are plotted in the
following graph. If the relative specific heat capacity of the
solid substance is 0.5, find from the graph
(i) the mass of the substance ;
(ii) the specific latent heat of the melting process, and
(iii) the specific heat of the substance in the liquid state.
29. One end of copper rod of uniform cross-section and of length 1.5 meters is in contact with melting
ice and the other end with boiling water. At what point along its length should a temperature of
200C be maintained, so that in steady state, the mass of ice melting is equal to that of steam
produced in the same interval of time? Assume that the whole system is insulated from the
surroundings.
30. A vessel containing 100 gm water at 0C is suspended in the middle of a room. In 15 minutes the
temperature of the water rises by 2C. When an equal amount of ice is placed in the vessel, it
melts in 10 hours. Calculate the specific heat of fusion of ice.
31.

The maximum in the energy distribution spectrum of the sun is at 4753A and its temperature is
6050K. What will be the temperature of the star whose energy distribution shows a maximum at
9506A .















A wire of cross-sectional area 4  104 m2 modulus of elasticity 2  10 N / m and length 1 m is
11 2
1.
stretched between two vertical rigid poles. A mass of 1 kg is suspended at its middle. Calculate
the angle it makes with the horizontal.
2. A metal spherical shell of mean radius 20 cm and wall thickness 1 mm is completely filled with a
liquid of bulk modulus = 10 GPa, and volumetric thermal expansion coefficient  2  104 / K.
Then shell is then sealed from all sides at room temperature, with the liquid at atmospheric
pressure. The Young‟s modulus of the metal shell is 100 GPa and its linear thermal expansion
coefficient is 1 105 / K. The temperature of the system is now raised by TC. If the fracture
tensile stress of the metal shell is 0.1 GPa, at what value of T will it rupture?
3. A copper calorimeter of mass 100 gm contains 200 gm of a mixture of ice and water. Steam at
100C under normal pressure is passed into the calorimeter and the temperature of the mixture is
allowed to rise to 50C. If the mass of the calorimeter and its contents is now 330 gm, what was
the ratio of ice and water in the beginning? Neglect heat losses.
1 1
Given : Specific heat capacity of copper  0.42  10 Jkg K ,
3
1 1
Specific heat capacity of water  4.2  10 Jkg K ,
3
1
Specific heat of fusion of ice  3.36  10 Jkg
5
1
Latent heat of condensation of steam  22.5  10 Jkg
5
4. An isosceles triangle is formed with a rod of length 1 and coefficient of linear expansion 1 for
the base and two thin rods each of length 2 and coefficient of linear expansion  2 for the two
pieces, if the distance between the apex and the midpoint of the base remain unchanged as the
2
temperatures varied show that
1
2
2 1
5. A solid substance of mass 10 gm at 10C was heated to 2C (still in the solid state). The heat
required was 64 calories. Another 880 calories was required to raise the temperature of the
substance (now in the liquid state) to 1°C, while 900 calories was required to raise the
temperature from 2C to 3C. Calculate the specific heat capacities of the substances in the
solid and liquid state in calories per kilogram per kelvin. Show that the latent heat of fusion L is
related to the melting point temperature t m by L  85400  200tm .
6. A steel drill making 180 rpm is used to drill a hole in a block of steel. The mass of the steel block
and the drill is 180 gm. If the entire mechanical work is used up in producing heat and the rate of
raise in temperature of the block and the drill is 0.5 °C/s. Find
(a) the rate of working of the drill in watts, and
(b) the torque required to drive the drill.
Specific heat of steel = 0.1 and J = 4.2 J/cal. Use : P   

2
7. A brass rod of mass m = 4.25 kg and a cross sectional area 5cm increases its length by 0.3
mm upon heating from 0°C. What amount of heat is spent for heating the rod? The coefficient of
linear expansion for brass is 2  105 / K, its specific heat is 0.39 kJ/kg. K and the density of brass
is 8.5  10 kg / m .
3 3
9 8
8. A submarine made of steel weighing 10 g has to take 10 g of water in order to submerge when
the temperature of the sea is 10C. How much less water it will have to take in when the sea is at
15C? (Coefficient of cubic expansion of sea water  2  104 / C, coefficient of linear expansion
of steel  1.2  105 / C )
9. A flow calorimeter is used to measure the specific heat of a liquid. Heat is added at a known rate
to a stream of the liquid as it passes through the calorimeter at a known rate. Then a
measurement of the resulting temperature difference between the inflow and the outflow points of
the liquid stream enables us to compute the specific heat of the liquid. A liquid of density
0.2g / cm3 flows through a calorimeter at the rate of 10cm3 / s. Heat is added by means of a
250-W electric heating coil, and a temperature difference of 25°C is established in steady-state
conditions between the inflow and the outflow points. Find the specific heat of the liquid.
3
10. Toluene liquid of volume 300cm at 0C is contained in a beaker an another quantity of toluene
3 3
of volume 110cm at 100C is in another beaker. (The combined volume is 410cm ). Determine
the total volume of the mixture of the toluene liquids when they are mixed together. Given the
coefficient of volume expansion   0.001/ C and all forms of heat losses can be ignored. Also
find the final temperature of the mixture.
11. Ice at 20C is filled upto height h = 10 cm in a uniform cylindrical vessel. Water at temperature
C is filled in another identical vessel upto the same height h= 10 cm. Now, water from second
vessel is poured into first vessel and it is found that level of upper surface falls through
h  0.5cm when thermal equilibrium is reached. Neglecting thermal capacity of vessels, change
in density of water due to change in temperature and loss of heat due to radiation, calculate initial
temperature of water.
Given, Density of water, ρW  1gmcm3
Density of ice,  ρi  0.9gm / cm3
Specific heat of water, sw  1cal / gmC
Specific heat of ice, si  0.5cal / gmC
Specific latent heat of ice, L = 80 cal/gm

12. A composite body consists of two rectangular plates of the same dimensions but different thermal
conductivities K A and K B . This body is used to transfer heat between two objects maintained at
different temperatures. The composite body can be placed such that flow of heat takes place
either parallel to the interface or perpendicular to it. Calculate the effective thermal conductivities
K and K  of the composite body for the parallel and perpendicular orientations. Which
orientation will have more thermal conductivity?
13. A highly conducting solid cylinder of radius a + and length l is surrounded by a co-axial layer of a
material having thermal conductivity K and negligible heat capacity. Temperature of surrounding
space (out side the layer) is T0 , which is higher than temperature of the cylinder. If heat capacity
per unit volume of cylinder material is s and outer radius of the layer is b, calculate time required
to increase temperature of the cylinder from T1 to T2 . Assume end faces to be thermally
insulated.
14. A vertical brick duct(tube) is filled with cast iron. The lower end of the duct is maintained at a
temperature T1 which is greater than the melting point Tm of cast iron and the upper end at a
temperature T2 which is less than the temperature of the melting point of cast iron. It is given that
the conductivity of liquid cast iron is equal to k times the conductivity of solid cast iron. Determine
the fraction of the duct filled with molten metal.
2
15. A lagged stick of cross section area 1cm and length 1 m is initially at a temperature of 0C . It is
then kept between 2 reservoirs of temperature 100C and 0C . Specific heat capacity is
10J / kgC and linear mass density is 2 kg/m. Find
(a) temperature gradient along the rod in steady state.

(b) total heat absorbed by the rod to reach steady state.
2
16. A cylindrical block of length 0.4 m an area of cross-section 0.04m is placed coaxially on a thin
metal disc of mass 0.4 kg and of the same cross-section. The upper face of the cylinder is
maintained at a constant temperature of 400K and the initial temperature of the disc is 300K. If
the thermal conductivity of the material of the cylinder is 10 watt/m-K and the specific heat of the
material of the disc in 600 J/kg-K, how long will it take for the temperature of the disc to increase
to 350K? Assume, for purposes of calculation, the thermal conductivity of the disc to be very high
and the system to be thermally insulated except for the upper face of the cylinder.
17. A solid copper sphere cools at the rate of 2.8C per minute, when its temperature is 127C. Find
the rate at which another solid copper sphere of twice the radius lose its temperature at 327C,
if in both the cases, the room temperature is maintained at 27C .

18. End A of a rod AB of length L = 0.5 m and of uniform cross-sectional area is maintained at some
constant temperature. The heat conductivity of the rod is k = 17 J/s-m°K. The other end B of this
rod is radiating energy into vacuum and the wavelength with maximum energy density emitted

from this end is 0  75000A . If the emissivity of the end B is e = 1, determine the temperature
of the end A. Assuming that except the ends, the rod is thermally insulated.
19. The shell of a space station is a blackened sphere in which a temperature T = 500K is maintained
due to operation of appliances of the station. Find the temperature of the shell if the station is
enveloped by a thin spherical black screen of nearly the same radius as the radius of the shell.
20. A liquid takes 5 minutes to cool from 80C to 50C . How much time will it take to cool from
60C to 30C ? The temperature of surrounding is 20C. Use exact method.



1. What internal pressure (in the absence of an external pressure) can be sustained -
(a) by a glass tube;
(b) by a glass spherical flask, if in both cases the wall thickness is equal to r  1.0 mm and
the radius of the tube and the flask equals r  25 mm?
2. A copper rod of length l is suspended from the ceiling by one of its ends. Find:
(A) the elongation l of the rod due to its own weight;
(B) the relative increment of its volume V / V .
3. Find the elastic deformation energy of a steel rod of mass m  3.1 kg stretched to a tensile strain
  1.0.103 .
4. A steel cylindrical rod of length l and radius r is suspended by its end from the ceiling.
(A) Find the elastic deformation energy U of the rod.
(B) Define U in terms of tensile strain l / l of the rod.
5. What work has to be performed to make a hoop out of a steel band of length l  2.0 m, width
h  6.0 cm, and thickness   2.0 mm? The process is assumed to proceed within the elasticity
range of the material.
6. One end of a rod, enclosed in a thermally insulating sheath, is kept at a temperature T1 while the
other, at T2 . The rod is composed of two sections whose lengths are l1 and l2 and heat
conductivity coefficients x1 and x2 . Find the temperature of the interface.
7. Two rods whose lengths are l1 and l2 and heat conductivity coefficients x1 and x2 are placed
end to end. Find the heat conductivity coefficient of a uniform rod of length l1  l2 whose
conductivity is the same as that of the system of these two rods. The lateral surfaces of the rods
are assumed to be thermally insulated.
8. A rod of length l with thermally insulated lateral surface consists of material whose heat
conductivity coefficient varies with temperature as x   / T , where  is a constant. The ends of
the rod are kept at temperatures T1 and T2 . Find the function T  x  , where x is the distance from
the end whose temperature is T1 , and the heat flow density.
9. Two chunks of metal with heat capacities C1 and C2 are interconnected by a rod of length l and
cross-sectional area S and fairly low heat conductivity x. The whole system is thermally insulated
from the environment. At a moment t  0 the temperature difference between the two chunks of
metal equals  T 0 . Assuming the heat capacity of the rod to be negligible, find the temperature
difference between the chunks as a function of time.
10. Find the temperature distribution in a substance placed between two parallel plates kept at
temperatures T1 and T2 . The plate separation is equal to l , the heat conductivity coefficient of
the substance x  V T .

11. Find the temperature distribution in the space between two coaxial cylinders of radii R1 and R2
filled with a uniform heat conducting substance if the temperatures of the cylinders are constant
and are equal to T1 and T2 respectively.
12. Solve the foregoing problem for the case of two concentric spheres of radii R1 and R2 and
temperatures T1 and T2 .
13. A constant electric current flows along a uniform wire with cross-sectional radius R and heat
conductivity coefficient x . A unit volume of the wire generates a thermal power w. Find the
temperature distribution across the wire provided the steady-state temperature at the wire surface
is equal to T0 .
14. The thermal power of density w is generated uniformly inside a uniform sphere of radius R and
heat conductivity coefficient x . Find the temperature distribution in the sphere provided the
steady-state temperature at its surface is equal to T0 .
15. The temperature of one of the two heated black bodies is T1  2500 K . Find the temperature of the
other body if the wavelength corresponding to its maximum emissive capacity exceeds by
  0.50  m the wavelength corresponding to the maximum emissive capacity of the first black
body.
16. A copper ball of diameter d  1.2 cm was placed in an evacuated vessel whose walls are kept at
the absolute zero temperature. The initial temperature of the ball is T0  300 K . Assuming the
surface of the ball to be absolutely black, find how soon its temperature decreases   2.0 times.
17. A vessel of volume V  30 l contains ideal gas at the temperature 0 C . After a portion of the gas
has been let out, the pressure in the vessel decreased by p  0.78 atm (the temperature
remaining constant).
Find the mass of the released gas. The gas density under the normal conditions   1.3 g / l .
18. Two identical vessels are connected by a tube with a valve letting the gas pass from one vessel
into the other if the pressure difference p  1.10 atm . Initially there was a vacuum in one vessel
while the other contained ideal gas at a temperature t1  27 C and pressure p1  1.00 atm . Then
both vessels were heated to a temperature t2  107 C . Up to what value will the pressure in the
first vessel (which had vacuum initially) increase?
19. A vessel of volume V  20 l contains a mixture of hydrogen and helium at a temperature t  20 C

and pressure p  2.0 atm . The mass of the mixture is equal to m  5.0 g .
Find the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to that of helium in the given mixture.
20. A vessel contains a mixture of nitrogen  m1  7.0 g  and carbon dioxide  m2  11 g  at a

temperature T  290K and pressure p0  1.0 atm .
Find the density of this mixture, assuming the gases to be ideal.

21. A vessel of volume V  7.5 l contains a mixture of ideal gases at a temperature

T  300K : v1  0.10 mole of oxygen, v2  0.20 mole of nitrogen, and v3  0.30 mole of carbon
dioxide. Assuming the gases to be ideal, find:
(A) the pressure of the mixture;
(B) the mean molar mass M of the given mixture which enters its equation of state
pV   m / M  RT , where m is the mass of the mixture.
22. A vertical cylinder closed from both ends is equipped with as easily moving piston dividing the
volume into two parts, each containing one mole of air. In equilibrium at T0  300K the volume of
the upper part is   4.0 times greater than that of the lower part. At what temperature will the
ratio of these volumes be equal to    3.0 ?
23. A vessel of volume V is evacuated by means of a piston air pump. One piston stroke captures
the volume V . How many strokes are needed to reduce the pressure in the vessel  times?
The process is assumed to be isothermal, and the gas ideal.
24. A smooth vertical tube having two different sections is open from both ends
and equipped with two pistons of different areas (Figure). Each piston slides
within a respective tube section. One mole of ideal gas is enclosed between
the pistons tied with a non-stretchable thread. The cross-sectional area of the
upper piston is S  10 cm greater than that of the lower one. The combined
2
mass of the two pistons is equal to m  5.0 kg . The outside air pressure is
p0  1.0 atm . By how many kelvins must the gas between the pistons be
heated to shift the pistons through l  5.0 cm ?
25. Find the maximum attainable temperature of ideal gas in each of the following processes:
(A) p  p0  V 2 ;
(B) p  p0 e  V , where p0 ,  and  are positive constants, and V is the volume of one mole
of gas.
Find the minimum attainable pressure of ideal gas in the process T  T0   V , where T0 and 
2
26.
are positive constants, and V is the volume of one mole of gas. Draw the approximate p vs V
plot of this process.
27. A tall cylindrical vessel with gaseous nitrogen is located in a uniform gravitational field in which
the free-fall acceleration is equal to g . The temperature of the nitrogen varies along the height h
so that its density is the same throughout the volume. Find the temperature gradient dT / dh .
28. An ideal gas of molar mass M is contained in a tall vertical cylindrical vessel whose base area is
S and height h . The temperature of the gas is T , its pressure on the bottom base is p0 .
Assuming the temperature and the free-fall acceleration g to be independent of the height, find
the mass of gas in the vessel.

29. A thermally insulated vessel containing a gas whose molar mass is equal to M and the ratio of
specific heats C p / CV   moves with a velocity v. Find the gas temperature increment resulting
from the sudden stoppage of the vessel.
30. Gaseous hydrogen contained initially under standard conditions in a sealed vessel of volume
V  5.0 l was cooled by T  55K. Find how much the internal energy of the gas will change and
what amount of heat will be lost by the gas.
31. What amount of heat is to be transferred to nitrogen in the isobaric heating process for that gas to
perform the work A  2.0 J ?
32. As a result of the isobaric heating by T  72K one mole of a certain ideal gas obtains an amount
of heat Q  1.60 kJ . Find the work performed by the gas, the increment of its internal energy, and
the value of   C p / CV .
33. Two moles of a certain ideal gas at a temperature T0  300K were cooled isochorically so that the
gas pressure reduced n  2.0 times. Then, as a result of the isobaric process, the gas expanded
till its temperature got back to the initial value. Find the total amount of heat absorbed by the gas
in this process.
34. Calculate the value of   C p / CV for a gaseous mixture consisting of v1  2.0 moles of oxygen
and v2  3.0 moles of carbon dioxide. The gases are assumed to be ideal.
35. Find the specific heat capacities cV and c p for a gaseous mixture consisting of 7.0 g of nitrogen
and 20 g of argon. The gases are assumed to be ideal.
36. One mole of a certain ideal gas is contained under a weightless piston of a vertical cylinder at a
temperature T . The space over the piston opens into the atmosphere. What work has to be
performed in order to increase isothermally the gas volume under the piston n times by slowly
raising the piston? The friction of the piston against the cylinder walls is negligibly small.
37. Three moles of an ideal gas being initially at a temperature T0  273K were isothermally
expanded n  5.0 times its initial volume and then isochorically heated so that the pressure in the
final state became equal to that in the initial state. The total amount of heat transferred to the gas
during the process equals Q  80 kJ . Find the ratio   C p / CV for this gas.
38. Draw the approximate plots of isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes for the
case of an ideal gas, using the following variables: (a) p, T; (b) V, T.
39. One mole of oxygen being initially at a temperature T0  290K is adiabatically compressed to
increase its pressure   10.0 times. Find: (a) the gas temperature after the compression; (b) the
work that has been performed on the gas.

40. A certain mass of nitrogen was compressed   5.0 times (in terms of volume), first adiabatically,
and then isothermally. In both cases the initial state of the gas was the same. Find the ratio of the
respective works expended in each compression.
41. The volume of one mole of an ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent  is varied according to the
law V  a / T , where a is a constant. Find the amount of heat obtained by the gas in this process
if the gas temperature increased by T .
42. In a certain polytropic process the volume of argon was increased   4.0 times. Simultaneously,
the pressure decreased   8.0 times. Find the molar heat capacity of argon in this process,
assuming the gas to be ideal.
43. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals  is expanded according to the law p   V ,
where  is a constant. The initial volume of the gas is equal to V0 . As a result of expansion the
volume increases  times. Find:
(A) the increment of the internal energy of the gas;
(B) the work performed by the gas;
(C) the molar heat capacity of the gas in the process.
44. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals  is expanded so that the amount of heat
transferred to the gas is equal to the decrease of its internal energy. Find:
(A) the molar heat capacity of the gas in this process;
(B) the equation of the process in the variables T , V ;
(C) the work performed by one mole of the gas when its volume increases  times if the
initial temperature of the gas is T0 .
45. A vessel of volume V  5.0 l contains m  1.4 g of nitrogen at a temperature T  1800 K. Find the
gas pressure, taking into account that   30% of molecules are disassociated into atoms at this
temperature.
46. Under standard conditions the density of the helium and nitrogen mixture equals   0.60 g / l.
Find the concentration of helium atoms in the given mixture.
47. A parallel beam of nitrogen molecules moving with velocity v  400 m / s impinges on a wall at an
angle   30 to its normal. The concentration of molecules in the beam n  0.9.1019 cm3 . Find the
pressure exerted by the beam on the wall assuming the molecules to scatter in accordance with
the perfectly elastic collision law.
48. How many degrees of freedom have the gas molecules, if under standard conditions the gas
density is   1.3 mg / cm and the velocity of sound propagation in it is v  330 m / s .
3
49. Determine the ratio of the sonic velocity v in a gas to the root mean square velocity of molecules
of this gas, if the molecules are (A) monatomic; (B) rigid diatomic

50. A gas consisting of N-atomic molecules has the temperature T at which all degrees of freedom
(translational, rotational, and vibrational) are excited. Find the mean energy of molecules in such
a gas. What fraction of this energy corresponds to that of translational motion?
51. Suppose a gas is heated up to a temperature at which all degrees of freedom (translational,
rotational, and vibrational) of its molecules are excited. Find the molar heat capacity of such a gas
in the isochoric process, as well as the adiabatic exponent  , if the gas consists of
(a) diatomic; (b) linear N-atomic; (c) network N-atomic molecules.
52. An ideal gas consisting of N-atomic molecules is expanded isobarically. Assuming that all
degrees of freedom (translational, rotational, and vibrational) of the molecules are excited, find
what fraction of heat transferred to the gas in this process is spent to perform the work of
expansion. How high is this fraction in the case of a monatomic gas?
53. Find the molar mass and the number of degrees of freedom of molecules in a gas if its heat
capacities are known: cV  0.65 J /  g.K  and c p  0.91 J /  g.K  .
54. Find the number of degrees of freedom of molecules in a gas whose molar heat capacity
(A) at constant pressure is equal to C p  29 J /  mol.K  ;
(B) is equal to C  29 J /  mol.K  in the process pT  const.
55. Find the adiabatic exponent  for a mixture consisting of v1 moles of a monatomic gas and v2
moles of gas of rigid diatomic molecules.
56. An ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of alternate isothermal and
adiabatic curves (Figure). The isothermal processes proceed at the
temperatures T1 , T2 , and T3 . Find the efficiency of such a cycle, if in each
isothermal expansion the gas volume increases in the same proportion.
57. An ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of
(A) isochoric, adiabatic, and isothermal lines;
(B) isobaric, adiabatic, and isothermal lines, with the isothermal process proceeding at the
minimum temperature of the whole cycle. Find the efficiency of each cycle if the absolute
temperature varies n-fold within the cycle.
58. An ideal gas goes through a cycle consisting of isothermal, polytropic, and adiabatic lines, with
the isothermal process proceeding at the maximum temperature of the whole cycle. Find the
efficiency of such a cycle if the absolute temperature varies n-fold within the cycle.
59. An ideal gas with the adiabatic exponent  goes through a cycle (figure) within
which the absolute temperature varies  -fold. Find the efficiency of this cycle.



EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS QUESTIONS

1. A thin paper cup filled with water does not catch fire when placed over a flame. This is because
[KVPY 2014]
(A) The water cuts off oxygen supply to the paper cup.
(B) Water is an excellent conductor of heat.
(C) The paper cup does not become appreciably hotter than the water it contains.
(D) Paper is a poor conductor of heat.
2. Ice is used in a cooler in order to cool its contents. Which of the following will speed up the
cooling process? [KVPY 2014]
(A) Wrap the ice in a metal foil.
(B) Drain the water from the cooler periodically.
(C) Put the ice as a single block.
(D) Crush the ice.
3. An aluminum piece of mass 50 g initially at 300C is dipped quickly and taken out of 1kg of water,
initially at 30 C. If the temperature of the aluminum piece immediately after being taken out of
the water is found to be 160C, what is the temperature of the water then? [KVPY 2014]
–1 –1
(Specific heat capacities of aluminum and water are 900 Jkg K , respectively.)
(A) 160C (B) 45C (C) 31.5C (D) 28.5C
4. One mole of ideal gas undergoes a linear process as shown in figure below. Its temperature
expressed as a function of volume V is, [KVPY 2015]
P0
 0, 0  V0
PV
0 0 PV
0
(A) (B)
R R
PV  V  PV   V 2 
(C) 0
1   (D) 0
1    
R  V0  R   V0  
 
5. 1 Kg of ice at 20C is mixed with 2 Kg of water at 90C. Assuming that there is no loss of
energy to the environment, what will be the final temperature of the mixture? (Assume latent heat
of ice = 334.4 KJ/Kg, specific heat of water and ice are 4.18 kJ/(kg.K) and 2.09 kJ/(kg.K),
respectively.) [KVPY 2015]
(A) 30C (B) 0C (C) 80C (D) 45C

6. A 20 gm bullet whose specific heat is 5000 J (kg–C) and moving at 200 ms plunges into a 1.0 kg
block of wax whose specific heat is 3000 (Kg–C). Both bullet and wax are at 25C and assume
that (i) the bullet comes to rest in the wax and (ii) all its kinetic energy goes into heating the wax.
Thermal temperature of the wax in C is close to [KVPY 2016]
(A) 28.1 (B) 31.5 (C) 37.9 (D) 42.1
7. Two identical thin metal strips, one of aluminum and the other of iron are riveted together to form
a bimetallic strip. The temperature is raised by 50°C. If the central planes of the two strips are
separated by 2 mm and the coefficients of thermal expansion for aluminum and iron are
-6 -6
respectively 30×10 / °C and 10×10 / °C , the average radius of curvature of the bimetallic strip is
about. [NSEP 2014]
(A) 50 cm (B) 100 cm (C) 150 cm (D) 200 cm
8. Temperature of 100 g of water in a thermoflask remains fixed for a pretty long time at 50° C . An
equal mass of sand at 20° C is poured in the flask and shaken for some time so that the
temperature of the mixture is 40° C . Now the experiment is repeated with 100 g of a liquid at
50° C and equal amount of sand at 20° C when the temperature of the mixture is found to be
30° C . The specific heat of the liquid (in kJ kg 1K 1 ) is [NSEP 2014]
(A) 1.05 (B) 2.01 (C) 1.55 (D) 1.95
9. Let vavg , vp and vrms be respectively the average, the most probable and the root mean square
speeds of gas molecules according to Maxwell‟s distribution. Then, [NSEP 2014]
(A) vavg < vp vrms (B) vp < vrms < vavg (C) vrms < vp < vavg (D) vp < vavg < vrms
10. A coal-based thermal power plant producing electricity operates between the temperature 27°C
and 227°C . The plant works at 80% of its maximum theoretical efficiency. Complete burning of 1
kg of coal yields 36000 kJ of heat. A house needs 10 units of electricity each day. Coal used for
supplying the amount of energy for the house in one year is [NSEP 2014]
(A) 1141 kg (B) 580 kg (C) 605 kg (D) 765 kg
11. Two simple pendulums with heavy bobs–one using iron wire and the other aluminium wire are
excited simultaneously. It is found that when the first pendulum completes 1000 oscillations the
other completes 1001. When the temperature is raised by t°C , it is found that the two pendulums
now oscillate together. If the coefficients of thermal expansion of iron and aluminium are
10×10-6 / °C and 30×10-6 / °C , the value of t is. [NSEP 2014]
(A) 77.2°C (B) 123.2°C (C) 100.1°C (D) 105.2°C
12. Which of the following statements/s in case of a thermodynamic process is/are correct?
(The symbols carry their usual meaning.) [NSEP 2015]
(A) Δ Eint = W indicates an adiabatic process. (B) Δ Eint = Q suggests an isochoric process.
(C) Δ Eint = 0 is true for a cyclic process.
(D) Δ Eint =  W indicates an adiabatic process.

13. The graph of specific heat of water (on Y axis) against temperature (on X axis) between 0°C and
100°C . [NSEP 2015]
(A) Is a straight line parallel to the temperature axis.
(B) Is a straight line passing through a point (15°C,1cal / g -°C) and having a small positive
slope.
(C) Has a minimum between 14.5°C and 15.5° .
(D) Has a minimum at about 30°C .
14. Two thin rods of lengths l1 and l2 at a certain temperature are joined to each other end to end.
The composite rod is then heated through a temperature  . The coefficients of linear expansion
of the two rods are α1 and α 2 respectively. Then, the effective coefficient of linear expansion of
the composite rod is. [NSEP 2015]
α1  α 2 l1α 2  l2 α1 l1α1  l2 α 2
(A) (B) α1α 2 (C) (D)
2 l1  l2 l1  l2
15. The earth is getting energy from the sun whose surface temperature is Ts and radius is R. Let the
radius of the earth be r and the distance from the sun d. Assume the earth and the sun both to
behave as perfect black bodies and the earth is in thermal equilibrium at a constant temperature
Te . Therefore, the temperature Ts of the sun is xTe x is [NSEP 2015]
2d 2R 4d d
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R r r R
Group of Q. 16 to 24 is based on the following paragraph.
Equal volumes of two liquids ( L1 and L 2 ) are taken in two identical calorimeters. Both L1 and L 2
are initially at about 80°C. Calorimeters are corked fitted with thermometers to record the
temperatures of the liquids. The temperatures are recorded every 30 s alternating between the
two liquids, that is the temperatures are recorded at an interval of 11 min for any one liquid. The
graphs of temperatures θ (°C) versus time t (min) for two liquids L1 and L 2 are as show.
 C
1
L1
2
1.9 Min. L2
2.5 Min.
t Min.

16. From the graphs it can be said that [NSEP 2015]

(A) Newton‟s law of cooling is not valid.
(B) The specific heat of L 2 is greater than that of L1 .
(C) The observations recorded are not consistent.
(D) None of the above statements is correct.
17. Equal volumes of the two liquids are necessary so that. [NSEP 2015]
(A) Heat contents of the two liquids are equal. (B) The exposed surfaces are equal.
(C) The calculations are simplified. (D) None of the above.
18. The nature of the outer surface of the calorimeters. [NSEP 2015]
(A) Should be blackened and rough. (B) Should be silvered and rough.
(C) Should be silvered and polished/shining. (D) Could be arbitrary.
19. Which of the following arrangements would be the ideal environment for the two calorimeters?
[NSEP 2015]
(A) A double walled box, both inner and outer space filled with water.
(B) A double walled box with water in the inner box and empty outer box.
(C) A double walled box with water in the outer box and empty inner box.
(D) In air without any box.
20. The two curves will [NSEP 2015]

(A) Intersect at some later time.
(B) Merge after a long time.
(C) Remain separate at all time.
(D) Be parallel to the X axis distinct after a long time.
21. Give: mass of L1 = 5g and mass of L2 = 62.5g . If water equivalent of calorimeters is assumed
 s1 
to be negligible, then   equals. [NSEP 2015]
 s2 
(A) 1.04 (B) 0.60 (C) 0.95 (D) 1.64
22. If ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of L1 and L 2 respectively then, identify the correct statement.
[NSEP 2015]
(A) s1 > s2 ,ρ1 > ρ2 (B) s1 > s2 ,ρ1 < ρ2 (C) s1 < s2 ,ρ1 > ρ2 (D) s1 < s2 ,ρ1 < ρ2
23. If the experiment is carried out with equal masses of the two liquids, then [NSEP 2015]
(A) L1 will cool faster.
(B) L 2 will cool faster.
(C) Both the liquids will cool at the same rate.
(D) Nothing can be said about the rates as data are insufficient.

24. The entire experiment is repeated with other two liquids having nearly the same specific heats.
Then, [NSEP 2015]
(A) The two curves will be coincident.
(B) The two curves will be parallel.
(C) The two curves will intersect at a point.
(D) Nothing can be said about the two curves as data are insufficient.

EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER

1. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are placed on a table. Box A contains one mole
of nitrogen at temperature T0 , while Box B contains one mole of helium at temperature   T0 .

7
3
The boxes are then put into thermal contact with each other, and heat flows between them until
the gases reach a common final temperature. (Ignore the heat capacity of boxes). Then, the final
temperature of the gases, Tf in terms of T0 is [2006]
7 3 5 3
(A) Tf  T0 (B) Tf  T0 (C) Tf  T0 (D) Tf  T0
3 2 2 7
2. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically and in
this process the temperature of the gas increases by 7C. The gas is R  8.3Jmol1K 1   [2006]
(A) triatomic (B) a mixture of monoatomic and diatomic
(C) monoatomic (D) diatomic
3. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature T1 and the other at T2 . The rod is
composed of two sections of lengths l1 and l2 and thermal conductivities k1 and k 2 respectively.
The temperature at the interface of the two sections is [2007]
T1 l1 l2 T2
k1 k2
(A) k2l2T1  k1l1T2  / k1l1  k2l2  (B) k2l1T1  k1l2T2  / k 2l1  k1l2 
(C) k1l2T1  k2l1T2  / k1l2  k 2l1  (D) k1l1T1  k2l2T2  / k1l1  k2l2 
4. If Cp and Cv denote the specific heats of nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure and
constant volume respectively, then [2007]
R R
(A) Cp  Cv  (B) Cp  Cv  (C) Cp  Cv  R (D) Cp  Cv  28R
28 14
1
5. A carnot engine, having an efficiency of   as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the
10
work done on the system is 10J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower
temperature is [2007]
(A) 99 joule (B) 90 joule (C) 1 joule (D) 100 joule
6. When a system is taken from state i to state f along the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal and W
= 20 cal. Along the path ibf Q = 36 cal . W along the path ibf is [2007]
a f
b
i
(A) 6 cal (B) 16 cal (C) 66 cal (D) 14 cal

3
7. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of 8  104 N / m2 . The density of the gas is 4kg / m .
What is the energy of the gas due to its thermal motion? [2009]
(A) 3  104 J (B) 5  104 J (C) 6  104 J (D) 7  104 J
8. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to the other end under steady-state. The
variation of temperature ¸ along the length x of the bar from its hot end is best described by
which of the following figure. [2009]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Directions: Question numbers 9, 10 and 11 are based on the following paragraph.
Two moles of helium gas are taken over the cycle ABCDA, as shown in the P - T diagram.
9. Assuming the gas to be ideal the work done on the gas in taking it from A to B is [2009]
(A) 200 R (B) 300 R
(C) 400 R (D) 500 R
10. The work done on the gas in taking it from D to A is [2009]

(A)  414R (B)  414R
(C) 690R (D) 690R
11. The net work done on the gas in the cycle ABCDA is [2009]
(A) Zero (B) 276 R (C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
12. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Carnot engine as the working substance. If during the adiabatic
expansion part of the cycle the volume of the gas increases from V to 32 V, the efficiency of the
engine is [2010]
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.75 (D) 0.99
13. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of molecular mass M and ratio of specific heats
. It is moving with speed  and is suddenly brought to rest. Assuming no heat is lost to the
surroundings, its temperature increases by : [2011]
   1 M 2
(A) M2K (B) K
2R 2R
   1    1
(C) M2K (D) M2K
2R 2    1 R

14. Three perfect gases at absolute temperatures T1,T2 and T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules
are m1,m2 andm3 and the number of molecules are n1,n2 andn3 respectively. Assuming no loss of
energy, the final temperature of the mixture is : [2011]
n1T1  n2 T2  n3 T3 n1T1  n2 T2  n3 T3
2 2
(A) (B)
n1  n2  n3 n1T1  n2 T2  n3 T3
(C)
n12 T12  n22 T22  n3 2 T3 2
(D)
 T1  T2  T3 
n1T1  n2 T2  n3 T3 3
1
15. A Carnot engine operating between temperatures T1 and T2 has efficiency . When T2 is
6
1
lowered by 62K, its efficiency increases to . Then T1 and T2 are, respectively :
3
[2011]
(A) 372 K and 330 K (B) 330 K and 268 K
(C) 310 K and 248 K (D) 372 K and 310 K
16. 100g of water is heated from 30C to 50C . Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the
change in its internal energy is (specific heat of water is 4148 J/kg/K): [2011]
(A) 8.4 kJ (B) 84 kJ (C) 2.1 kJ (D) 4.2 kJ
17. Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA (consisting of two isochoric and
two isobaric lines) as shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is nearly:
(Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas) [2012]
(A) 15.4% (B) 9.1%
(C) 10.5% (D) 12.5%
18. A liquid in a beaker has temperature Î¸(t) at time t and Î¸0 is temperature of surroundings, then
according to Newton's law of cooling the correct graph between loge loge   0  and it is [2012]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19. A Carnot engine, whose efficiency is 40%, takes in heat from a source maintained at a
temperature of 500 K It is desired to have an engine of efficiency 60%. Then, the intake
temperature for the same exhaust (sink) temperature must be [2012]
(A) efficiency of Carnot engine cannot be made larger than 50%
(B) 1200 K
(C) 750 K
(D) 600 K

20. The above p-v diagram represents the thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with an ideal
monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, extracted from the source in a single cycle is : [2013]
(A) p0 v 0 (B)  13  (C)  11  (D) 4p0 v 0

 2  p0 v 0  2  p0 v 0
   
21. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature , and then allowed to cool in a room which is at
temperature 0 , the graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t will be closed to:
[2013]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
22. Three rods of Copper, Brass and Steel are welded together to form a Y – shaped structure. Area
of cross – section of each rod  4cm . End of copper rod is maintained at 100C where as ends
2
of brass and steel are kept at 0°C. Lengths of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12
cms respectively. The rods are thermally insulated from surroundings except at ends. Thermal
conductivities of copper, brass and steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units respectively. Rate of
heat flow through copper rod is: [2014]
(A) 6.0 cal/s (B) 1.2 cal/s
(C) 2.4 cal/s (D) 4.8 cal/s
23. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic process ABC as shown in figure. The process
BC is adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are 400 K, 800 K and 600 K respectively.
Choose the correct statement: [2014]
(A) The change in internal energy in the process BC is –500 R.
B
(B) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic process is 250 R. 800 K
(C) The change in internal energy in the process CA is 700 R. P
600 K
(D) The change in internal energy in the process AB is –350 R. A C
400 K
V

24. Consider a spherical shell of radius R at temperature T. The black body radiation inside it can be
U
considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal energy per unit volume u=  T 4 and
V
1 U 
pressure p  . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic expansion the relation between T
3  V 
and R is: [2015]
1 1
(A) T  e3R (B) T (C) T (D) T  e R
R R3
25. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated closed chamber. As the gas undergoes an adiabatic
expansion the average time of collision between molecules increases as Vq where V is the
 Cp 
volume of the gas. The value of  is :     [2015]
 Cv 
3  5  1  1 3  5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 2 2 6
26. A solid body of constant heat capacity 1 J/°C is being heated by keeping it in contact with
reservoirs in two ways:
(i) Sequentially keeping in contact with 2 reservoirs such that each reservoir supplies same
amount of heat. (ii) Sequentially keeping in contact with 8 reservoirs such that each reservoir
supplies same amount of heat. In both the cases body is brought from initial temperature 100°C
to final temperature 200°C. Entropy change of the body in the two cases respectively is: [2015]
(A) ln2,ln2 (B) ln2,2ln2 (C) 2ln2,8ln2 (D) ln2,4ln2
27. „n‟ moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process A  B as shown in the figure. The maximum
temperature of the gas during the process will be: [2016]
3P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2nR 2nR nR 4nR
28. An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible process in which its molar heat capacity C
remains constant. If during this process the relation of pressure P and volume V is given by
PVn  constant, then n is given by (Here CP and C V are molar specific heat at constant
pressure and constant volume, respectively): [2016]
C  CP CP  C C  CV CP
(A) n (B) n (C) n (D) n
C  CV C  CV C  CP CV
29. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature T. It is dropped in a copper calorimeter of
masss 100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room temperature. subsequently, the temperature of

the system is found to be 75C . T is given by: (Given: Room temperature  30C, specific heat
of copper  0.1cal / gmC ) [2017]
(A) 825C (B) 800C (C) 885C (D) 1250C
30. The temperature of an open room of volume 30 m increases from 17C to 27C due to the
3
sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the room remain 1  105 Pa. If ni and n f are the number
of molecules in the room before and after heating, then n f  ni will be: [2017]
(A) 2.5  1025 (B) 1.61  1023 (C) 1.38  1023 (D) 2.5  1025
31. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at0C so that it is equally compressed from all
sides. K is the bulk modulus of the material of the cube and  is its coefficient of linear
expansion. Suppose we want to bring the cube to its original size by heating. The temperature
should be raised by: [2017]
P P 3
(A) 3PK (B) (C) (D)
3 K K PK


EXERCISE # 09 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER

1. If 0.05 kg steam at 373 K is mixed with 0.45 kg ice at 20C then find the resultant temperature.
[2006]
2. Column I Column II [2006]

(a) JK process (P) W  0
(b) KL process (Q) W  0
(c) LM process (R) Q  0
(d) MJ process (S) Q  0
3. STATEMENT-1 [2007]
The total translational kinetic energy of all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is 1.5
times the product of its pressure and its volume because
STATEMENT-2
The molecules of a gas collide with each other and the velocities of the molecules change due to
the collision.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
4. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top, the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then
released, to a position where it can stay in equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of the piston
from the top is [2007]
 2P0 R2   P0 R2  Mg 
(A)  2  (2L) (B)   (2L)
 R P0  Mg   R P0 
2
 P0 R2  Mg   P0 R2 
(C)   (2L) (D)  2  (2L)
 R P0   R P0  Mg 
2
COMPREHENSION
A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has a radius R and length L 0 . The cylinder is open at its bottom
and has a small hole at its top. A piston of mass M is held at a distance L from the top surface, as shown
in the figure. The atmospheric pressure is P0 .

5. The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a distance 2L from the top. The pressure in the
cylinder between its top and the piston will then be [2007]
(A) P0 (B) P0 / 2
P0 Mg P0 Mg
(C)  (D) 
2 R2 2 R2
6. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top, the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then
released, to a position where it can stay in equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of the piston
from the top is [2007]
 2P0 R2   P0 R2  Mg 
(A)  2   2L  (B)    2L 
 R P0  Mg   R P0 
2
 P0 R2  Mg   P0 R2 
(C)    2L  (D)  2   2L 
 R P0   R P0  Mg 
2
7. The piston is taken completely out of the cylinder. The hole at the top is sealed. A water tank is
brought below the cylinder and put in a position so that the water surface in the tank is at the
same level as the top of the cylinder as shown in the figure. The density of the water is . In
equilibrium, the height H of the water column in the cylinder satisfies [2007]
ρg  L0 – H  + P0  L0 –H  + L0 P0 = 0
2
(A)
ρg  L0 –H  –P0  L0 –H  – L0 P0 = 0
2
(B)
ρg  L0 –H  + P0  L0 –H  – L0 P0 = 0
2
(C)
ρg  L0 –H  + P0  L0 – H  + L0 P0 = 0
2
(D)
8. Column I gives some devices and Column II gives some processes on which the functioning of
these devices depend. Match the devices in Column I with the processes in Column II. [2007]
Column I Column II

(A) Bimetallic strip (P) Radiation from a hot body

(B) Steam engine (Q) Energy conversion
(C) Incandescent lamp (R) Melting
(D) Electric fuse (S) Thermal expansion of solids
9. Column I contains a list of processes involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with
Column II. Describing the thermodynamic change during this process. [2008]
Column I Column II
(A) An insulated container has two chambers separated by a (p) The temperature of
valve. Chamber I contains an ideal gas and the chamber II the gas decreases
has vacuum. The valve is opened.
I II
ideal gas vacuum
(B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its original volume (q) The temperature of
the gas increases or
1
such that pressure P  , where V is the volume of the remains constant
V2
gas.
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its original (r) The gas loses heat
1
volume such that its pressure P  4/3 , where V is its
V
volume.
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its pressure P (s) The gas gains heat
and volume V follows the behaviour shown in the graph.
P
V
V1 2V1
An ideal gas is expanding such that PT  constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of the
2
10.
gas is : [2008]
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T T T T
11. C V and C p denote the molar specific heat capacities of a gas at constant volume and constant
pressure, respectively. Then [2009]
(A) Cp  CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(B) Cp + CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(C) Cp / CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
(D) Cp .CV is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas

12. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice at 0°C and the other end B in water at
100°C. If a point P on the rod is maintained at 400°C , then it is found that equal amounts of water
and ice evaporate and melt per unit time. The latent heat of evaporation of water is 540 cal/g and
latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of  x from the ice end A,
find the value of  .
[Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding.] [2009]
P
13. The figure shows the P-V plot of an ideal gas taken through a cycle ABCDA. The A
3
part ABC is a semi-circle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then, [2009]
(A) The process during the path A  B is isothermal 2
D B
(B) Heat flows out of the gas during the path B  C  D 1

C
(C) Work done during the path A  B  C is zero
0
1 2 3 V
(D) Positive work is done by the gas in the cycle ABCDA
i  2j 2i  j  3k
14. If a and b are vectors in space given by a  and b  , then the value of
5 14
 2a  b. a  b  a  2b is - [2010]
1
15. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to of its initial volume. If the initial
32
temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is a T,i the value of a is - [2010]
16. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.] [2010]
p  1 p  p  p  1
2
(A) 2
p 1 (B) 3
p  1 p  1 p2  2
2
(C) (D)
17. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial
temperature to be T1 , the work done in the process is [2011]
9 3 15 9
(A) RT1 (B) RT1 (C) RT1 (D) RT1
8 2 8 2
18. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D and E of different thermal conductivities (given in
terms of a constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All slabs are
of same width. Heat „Q‟ flows only from left to right through the blocks. Then in steady state
[2011]

(A) heat flow through A and E slabs are same.

(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum.
(C) temperature difference across slab E is smallest.
(D) heat flow through C = heat flow through B + heat flow through D.
19. One mole of a monatomic gas is taken through a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram.
Column II give the characteristics involved in the cycle. Match them with each of the processes
given in Column I. [2011]
Column I Column II
(A) Process A → B (p) Internal energy decreases
(B) Process B → C (q) Internal energy increases.
(C) Process C → D (r) Heat is lost
(D) Process D → A (s) Heat is gained
(t) Work is done on the gas
20. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass = 4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass
 Vrms  helium  
= 40 amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio of the rms speeds   is-
 Vrms  argon  
[2012]
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
21. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber balloon at 30C. The balloon is fully expandable
and can be assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The temperature of the gas in the
balloon is slowly changed to 35C. The amount of heat required in raising the temperature is
nearly (take R = 8.31 J/mol.K) [2012]
(A) 62 J (B) 104 J (C) 124 J (D) 208 J
22. Two rectangular blocks, having identical dimensions, can be arranged either in configuration I or
in configuration II as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal conductivity k and the
other 2k. The temperature difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the

configurations. It takes 9 s to transport a certain amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end
in the configuration I. The time to transport the same amount of heat in the configuration II is
[2013]
(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s
23. Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gases have their atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of
their partial pressures, when enclosed in a vessel kept at a constant temperature, is 4 : 3. The
ratio of their densities is [2013]
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:2 (C) 6:9 (D) 8:9
24. One mole of mono-atomic ideal gas is taken along two cyclic processes E  F  G  E and
E  F  H  E as shown in the PV diagram. The processes involved are purely isochoric,
isobaric, isothermal or adiabatic. [2013]

Match the paths in List I with the magnitudes of the work done in List II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists.
List I List II
P. GE 1. 160 P0 V0 ln2
Q. GH 2. 36 P0 V0
R. F H 3. 24 P0 V0
S. FG 4. 31P0 V0
Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 4 3 2 1
(B) 4 3 1 2
(C) 3 1 2 4
(D) 1 3 2 4
25. The figure shows the variation of specific heat capacity (C) of a solid as
a function of temperature (T). The temperature is increased
continuously from 0 to 500 K at a constant rate. Ignoring any volume
change, the following statement(s) is (are) correct to a reasonable
approximation. [2013]
(A) the rate at which heat is absorbed in the range 0-100 K varies

linearly with temperature T.

(B) heat absorbed in increasing the temperature from 0-100 K is less than the heat required for
increasing the temperature from 400 – 500 K.
(C) there is no change in the rate of heat absorption in range 400 – 500 K.
(D) the rate of heat absorption increases in the range 200 – 300 K.
26. Heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to
raise the temperature of 0.5 kg water by 40 K. This heater is replaced by a new heater having
two wires of the same material, each of length L and diameter 2d. The way these wires are
connected is given in the options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise the temperature
of the same amount of water by 40K? [2014]
(A) 4 if wires are in parallel (B) 2 if wires are in series
(C) 1 if wires are in series (D) 0.5 if wires are in parallel.
27. Parallel rays of light of intensity I  912Wm2 are incident on a spherical black body kept in
8 2 4
surroundings of temperature 300 K. Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant   5.7 10 Wm K and
assume that the energy exchange with the surroundings is only through radiation. The final
steady state temperature of the black body is close to [2014]
(A) 330 K (B) 660 K
(C) 990 K (D) 1550 K
COMPREHENSION # 02
In the figure a container is shown to have a movable (without friction) piston on top.
The container and the piston are all made of perfectly insulating material allowing
no heat transfer between outside and inside the container. The container is divided
into two compartments by a rigid partition made of a thermally conducting material
that allows slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the container is filled
with 2 moles of an ideal monatomic gas at 700 K and the upper compartment is
filled with 2 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole
3 5
of an ideal monatomic gas are Cv  R,CP  R, and those for an ideal diatomic
2 2
5 7
gas are Cv  R,CP  R.
2 2
28. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it does not move. When equilibrium is achieved,
the final temperature of the gases will be [2014]
(A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513 K (D) 490 K
29. Now consider the partition to be free to move without friction so that the pressure of gases in both
compartments is the same. Then total work done by the gases till the time they achieve
equilibrium will be [2014]
(A) 250 R (B) 200 R (C) 100 R (D) 100R

30. A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state i with internal energy Ui  100J to the final
state f along two different paths iaf and ibf, as schematically shown in the figure. The work done
by the system along the paths af, ib and bf are Waf  200J,Wib  50J and Wbf  100J
respectively. The heat supplied to the system along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf ,Qib and Qbf
respectively. If the internal energy of the system in the state b is Ub = 200jand Qiaf = 500J , the
Qbf
ratio is - [2014]
Qib
31. A container of fixed volume has a mixture of one mole of hydrogen and one mole of helium in
equilibrium at temperature T. Assuming the gases are ideal, the correct statement(s) is(are)
[2015]
(A) The average energy per mole of the gas mixture is 2RT.
6
(B) The ratio of speed of sound in the gas mixture to that in helium gas is .
5
1
(C) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to that of hydrogen molecules is .
2
1
(D) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to that of hydrogen molecules is .
2
32. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal cylinder by a

spring loaded piston (as shown in the figure). Initially the gas is at
temperature T1 , pressure P1 and volume V1 and the spring is in its
relaxed state. The gas is then heated very slowly to temperature
T2 , pressure P2 and volume V2 . During this process the piston moves out by a distance x.
Ignoring the friction between the piston and the cylinder, the correct statement(s) is(are) [2015]
1
(A) If V2  2V1 and T2  3T1, then the energy stored in the spring is P1V1
4
(B) If V2  2V1 and T2  3T1, then the change in internal energy is 3P1V1
7
(C) If V2  2V1 and T2  3T1, then the work done by the gas is P1V1
3
17
(D) If V2  2V1 and T2  3T , then the heat supplied to the gas is P1V1
6

33. Two spherical stars A and B emit blackbody radiation. The radius of A is 400 times that of B and
 A 
A emits 104 times the power emitted from B. The ratio   of their wavelengths  A and B at
 B 
which the peaks occur in their respective radiation curves is [2015]
34. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is kept above the metal surface to read the power
P
radiated (P) by the metal. The sensor has a scale that displays log2   , where P0 is a constant.
 P0 
When the metal surface is at a temperature of 487°C , the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that
the emissivity of the metallic surface remains constant. What is the value displayed by the sensor
when the temperature of the metal surface is raised to 2767°C? [2016]
35. An incandescent bulb has a thin filament of tungsten that is heated to high temperature by
passing an electric current. The hot filament emits black-body radiation. The filament is observed
to break up at random locations after a sufficiently long time of operation due to non-uniform
evaporation of tungsten from the filament. If the bulb is powered at constant voltage, which of the
following statement(s) is (are) true? [2016]
(A) The temperature distribution over the filament is uniform
(B) The resistance over small sections of the filament decreases with time
(C) The filament emits more light at higher band of frequencies before it breaks up
(D) The filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb
36. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered (joined) together. Initially each of
the wires has a length of 1 m at 10C . Now the end P is maintained at 10C , while the end S is
heated and maintained at 400 0C. The system is thermally insulated from its surroundings. If the
thermal conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal
5 1
expansion of PQ is 1.210 K , the change in length of the wire PQ is [2016]
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm (C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
37. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state
at pressure Pi  10 Pa and volume Vi  10 m changes to a final state at Pf    105 Pa

5 3 3 1
32  
3
and Vf  8 10 m in an adiabatic quasi-static process, such that P V  constant. Consider
3 3 5
another thermodynamic process that brings the system from the same initial state to the same
final state in two steps: an isobaric expansion at Pi followed by an isochoric (isovolumetric)

process at volume Vf . The amount of heat supplied to the system in the two-step process is
approximately [2016]
(A) 112 J (B) 294 J (C) 588 J (D) 813 J
38. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water at a constant rate of P watts. In a
closed circulation system (as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the cooler is used
to cool an external device that generates constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature
of water fed into the device cannot exceed 30C and the entire stored 120 litres of water is
initially cooled to 10C . The entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of P (in
watts) for which the device can be operated for 3 hours is
1 1 3
(Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg K and the density of water is 1000 kg m ) [2016]
(A) 1600 (B) 2067 (C) 2533 (D) 3933
Answer Q.25, Q.26 and Q.27 by appropriately matching the information given in the
columns of the following table.
An ideal gas is undergoing a cyclic thermodynamic process in different ways as shown in the
corresponding P.V diagrams in column 3 of the table. Consider only the path from state 1 to state
2. W denotes the corresponding work done on the system. The equations and plots in the have
standard notations as used in thermodynamic process. Here  is the ratio of heat capacities
volume. The number of moles in the gas in n.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
1
(I) W1 2   PV  PV  Isothermal
 1 2 2 1 1
(II) W1 2  PV2  PV1 Isochoric
(III) W1 2  0 Isobaric

V 
(IV) W1 2  nRT ln  2  Adiabatic
 V1 
39. Which of the following options is the only correct representation of a process in which
U  Q  PV ? (2017)
(A) (II) (iv) (R) (B) (III) (iii) (P) (C) (II) (ii i) (P) (D) (II) (iii) (S)
40. Which one of the following options correctly represents a thermodynamic process that is used as
correction in the determination of the speed of sound in an ideal gas? (2017)
(A) (I) (iv) (Q) (B) (III) (IV) (R) (C) (I) (ii) (Q) (D) (IV) (ii) (R)
41. Which one of the following options is the correct combination? (2017)
(A) (IV) (ii) (S) (B) (III) (ii) (S) (C) (II) (iv) (R) (D) (II) (iv) (P)
42. A human body has a surface area of approximately 1 m2 . The normal body temperature is 10 K
above the surrounding room temperature T0 . Take the room temperature to be T0  300K . For
T0  300K , the value of (2017)
(A) Reducing the exposed surface area of the body (e.g. by curling up) allows humans to
maintain the same body temperature while reducing the energy lost by radiation
(B) IF the body temperature rises significantly then the peak in the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the body would shift to longer wavelengths
(C) The amount of energy radiated by the body in 1 second is close to 60 Joules.
(D) If the surrounding temperature reduces by a small amount T0  T0 , then to maintain the
same body temperature the same (living) human being needs to radiate W  4 T 03 T0
more energy per unit time.


ANSWER KEYS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
E D C B B C D B C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D A C B C D B B C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
B A B B A A D B B B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A B B A C C C D B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A A A C A D A B C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D A B C C A A B D B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C A B D D A D

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AB AC AB ABC BC ABC ABC CD CD BD
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
BC BC ABC BD ABC AB ABCD BC ACD ACD
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
AC BD AD BD ACD AD BD ABC ABC AB
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
BC B A A A A A B B AB
51 52 53 54 55 56
ABCD B ACD ABCD ABD A – p,r; B – p; C – q, r; D - q
57 58
A – p,r; B – t; C – q, r; D – t A – p,q,r; B – p,r,s; C – p,q, r; D – p,q,r
1. (i) 50 N (ii) 0.045 J (iii) 8.4  104 m, (iv) x = 0.12 m

2. (a) (dgL)/4Y (b) (dgL)/6Y
3. 25.5C 4. 0.1 cm 5. 65C 6. 2000cm3
7. 5 sec slow 8. 10 sec 9. 15K/16 10. 10, 000 N
1/3
11. 6 12 0.2 13. 4  106 m / C
π
 
5
14. 7/2 15. 16. 4C 17. 1000 J (C°)–1
3
4
18. 5C 19. 27/85 20 2:1 21.  3 
 
22. 1/90 23. h/5R 24. 3V / 20
25. 0C , 125/4 g ice, 1275/4 g water 26. 104.2 27. 10cm , 40cm
1
28. (i) 0.02kg (ii) 40,000calkg
(iii) 750calkg1K 1
29. 10.34 cm 30. 80 k cal/kg 31. 3025 K
300
1. 1/200 rad 2. C 3. 1 : 1.26
17
5. 800 calkg1K 1,1000 calkg1K 1 6. (a) 37.8 J/s (Watts), (b) 2.005 N-m
7. 25 kJ 8. 9.02  105 gm

5000J / Ckg decrease by 0.75cm ,25C

3
9. 10.
11. 45C
K A  KB 2K AKB
12. K11  K  ,K  ,K  
2 K A  KB
a2 s b  T T 
13. loge   loge  0 1 
2K a  T0  T2 
l1 k(T1  Tm )
14.  15. (a) –100 °C/m, (b) 1000 J
l k(T1  Tm )  (Tm  T2 )
16. 166.3 sec 17. 9.72C / min

18. TA  423K 19. T  4 2  500  600K
20. 10 minutes

r r
1. (A) p  m  20 atm; (B) p  2 m  40 atm.
r r
Here  m is the glass strength.
1
2. (A) l   gl 2 / E;
2
(B) V / V  1  2  l / l , Where  is the density, and  is Poisson’s ratio for copper.
3. U  1/ 2 m E 2 /   0.04 kJ , Where  is the density of steel.
U  2 / 3 r 2lE   l / l  .
2
4. (a) U  1/ 6  r 2l 3  2 g 2 / E; (b)
Here  is the density of steel.
5. A  1/ 6  2 h 3 E / l  0.08 kJ .
6. T   x1T1 / l1  x2T2 / l2  /  x2 / l1  x2 / l2 
7. x   l1  l2  /  l1 / x1  l2 / x2  .
T  x   T1 T2 / T1  ; q   / l  ln T2 / T1 
x /l
8.
9. T   T 0 e t , where   1/ C1  1/ C2  Sx / l.
 
2/3
T  T1 1   x / l  T2 / T1   1
3/2
10.
 
T2  T1 r
11. T  T1  ln .
ln  R2 / R1  R1
T2  T1  1 1 
12. T  T1    .
1/ R1  1/ R2  R1 r 

13. T  T0   R2  r 2   / 4 x
14. T  T0   R2  r 2   / 6 x
15. T2  bT1 /  b  T1   1.75 kK .
16. t   n3  1 c d /18 T03  3 hours, where c is the specific heat capacity of copper, O
A
P rocess 1
P rocess 2
V
is its density.
17. m  V p / p0  30 g , where p0 is the standard atmosphereic pressure.
2 1 2 1
18. p 1 p T / T  p   0.10 atm
19. m1 / m2  1  a / M2  /  a / M1  1  0.50, where a  mRT / pV .
p0  m1  m2 
20.   1.5 g / l.
RT  m1 / M1  m2 / M 2 
21. (A) p   v1  v2  v3  RT / V  2.0 atm;
(B) M   v1M1  v2 M 2  v3 M 3  /  v1  v2  v3   36.7 g / mol.
22. T  T0 '  2  1 /   2  1  0.42 kK .
ln 
23. n .
ln 1  V / V 
24. T   mg  p0 S  l / R  0.9 K .
25. (a) Tmax  2 / 3  p0 / R  p0 / 3 ; (b) Tmax  p0 / e R
26. pmin  2R T0 .
27. dT / dh  Mg / R  33 mK / m.
28. m  1  e Mgh / RT  p0 S / g.
29. T  1/ 2Mv 2   1 / R.
30. U   p0V T / T0   1  0.25 kJ , Q  U .
31. Q  A /   1  7 J .
32. A  RY  0.60 kJ,  U  Q R  T  1.00 kJ,   Q/  Q R  T   1.6.
33. Q  vRT0 1  1/ n   2.5 kJ .
v1 1   2  1  v2 2   1  1
34.   1.33.
v1   2  1  v2   1  1
35. cV  0.42 J /  g.K  , c p  0.65J /  g.K 
36. A  RT  n  1  ln n  .
37.   1   n  1 /  Q / vRT0  ln n   1.4.
38. See Figure where V is an isochore, p is an isobaric line, T is an isothermal line, and S is an adiabatic line.

39. (A) T  T0   1 /   0.56 kK ; (B)  

A  RT0   1/  1 /   1  5.6 kJ .
40. The work in the adiabatic process is n    1  1 /   1 ln  1.4 times greater.
41. Q  RT  2    /   1 .
42. C  R  n    /  n  1  1  4.2 J /  K .mol  , where n  ln  / ln  .
43. (a) U  V02  2  1 /   1 ; (b) A  1/ 2V02  2  1 ;
(c) C  1/ 2R   1 /   1 .
TV 
 1 /2
44. (a) C   R /   1 ; (b)  const;
(c)  
A  2RT0 1  1 /2 /   1 .
45. p  1    mRT / MV  1.9atm, where M is the mass of an N 2 mole.
46. n   p / kT   / m2  / 1  m1 / m2   1.6 1019 cm3 ,
where m1 and m2 are the masses of helium and nitrogen molecules.
47. p  2nmv2 cos2   1.0 atm, where m is the mass of a nitrogen molecule.
48. i  2 /   v 2 / p  1  5.
49. v / vsq  i  2 / 3i ; (a) 0.75; (b) 0.68
  3N  3 kT for volume molecules.

50.   1/ 2  N  1 and 1/  2 N  5 / 3 respectively.
 3N  5 / 2  kT for linear molecules.

51. (a) CV  7 / 2R,   9 / 7;
(b) CV   3N  5 / 2  R,    6 N  3 /  6 N  5  ;
(c) CV  3  N  1 R,    N  2 / 3 /  N 1 .
 1/  3N  2  kT for volume molecules.

52. A/Q   For monoatomic molecules A / Q  2 / 5.
1/  3N  3 / 2  kT for linear molecules.

53. M  R /  c p  cv   32 g / mol , i  2 /  c p / cv  1  5.
54. (a) i  2  c p / R  1  5;
(b) i  2 C / R  1/  n  1  3, where n  1/ 2 is the polytropic index.
55.    5v1  7v2  /  3v1  5v2  . 56.   1  2T3 / T1  T2  .

ln n
57. In both cases   1 .
n 1
n 1
58.   1 .
n ln n
 
  1 2 .
 
59.
1    1  
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS CORNER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D C C A C D A D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C BCD D D A D B D D
21 22 23 24
D B D D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D A C B A B B C A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C C A D A A A C B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C D A B B D A C A
31
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0°C (a)-(S), (b)-(P, R), (c)-(R), (d)-(Q, S) B D A D C
8 9
(A) S, Q ;(B) Q; (C) P, Q; (D) Q, R or
(A) q (B) p, r (C) p, s (D) q, s
(A) S, (B) Q, (C) P, (D) R
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
C BD 9 BD 5 4 C A ABC OR ABCD

19 20 21 22 23 24
(A) → (p, r, t) (B) → (p, r) (C) → (q, s) (D) → (r, t) D D A D A
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
ABCD BD A D D 2 A,B,D B OR ABC 2
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
9 C,D A C B

WAVES & SOUND
INDEX
 CONCEPTS IN BRIEF (WAVES & SOUND) 85 – 93

 SOLVED EXAMPLES 94 – 103
 EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS& INPHO QUESTIONS 131
 EXERCISE # 08 JEE (MAIN) CORNER 132 – 133
 EXERCISE # 09 JEE (ADVANCED) CORNER 134 – 136
 ANSWER KEYS 137 – 139
WEIGHTAGE OF ‘WAVES & SOUND’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) in Last Three Years
JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 1 4/120
2016 2 8/120
2017 1 4/120
JEE (ADVANCED)
MARK /
YEAR No. Of Qs.
PHYSICS TOTAL MARKS
2015 1 4/168
2016 1 3/124
2017 1 4/122
WAVES & SOUND 85
WAVES & SOUND

2.1 | WAVE MOTION
A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy (and momentum) from one place to the other
without the transport of matter. It is well spread over a region of space without clear cut
boundaries. It cannot be said to be localized here or there.
2.2 | EQUATION OF A TRAVELLING WAVE

If a wave travels in negative x-direction with speed v , its general equation may be written as
y  f (t  x / v )
The wave traveling in positive x-direction (equation) can also be written as
 vt  x 
y f 
 v 
2.3 | EQUATION OF A SIMPLE HARMONIC PLANE WAVE
In case of harmonic wave the displacement of successive particles of the medium is given by a
sine wave or cosine function of position.
Suppose this disturbance is propagating along positive x-direction then
y  A sin k ( x  vt )
where A and k are constants.
2
k

This constant k is called propagation constant or wave number. Now equation turns into
2 y=Asin
2
x
y  A sin ( x  vt ) y x


2 O x
At t 0 y  A sin x B D
 /2
C 
2.3.1 | RELATION BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION

Time taken for one complete cycle of wave to pass any point is the time period (T).
This is also the time taken by the disturbance in propagating a distance  .

v  f where f = frequency (Hz)
T
2
  2 f = circular frequency (rad/s)
T
2.3.2 | DIFFERENT FORMS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC WAVE EQUATION

  t x  
y  A sin(t  kx   )  A sin 2    
  T  2  
  x 
 A sin 2 f  t      where  = phase angle.
  v  

86 WAVES & SOUND
2.4 | INTERFERENCE OF WAVES GOING IN SAME DIRECTION

Suppose two identical sources send sinusoidal waves of same angular frequency  propagates
in positive x-direction. Let the amplitudes of the two waves be A1 and A2 and the two waves differ
in phase by an angle  . Their equations may be written as
y 1  A1 sin(kx  t )
and y 2  A2 sin(kx  t   ) .
According to the principle of superposition, the resultant wave is represented by

y  y 1  y 2  A1 sin(kx   t )  A2 sin(kx   t   )
We can evaluate it using the method described to combine two simple harmonic motions.
If we write A1  A2 cos   A cos 
And A2 sin   A sin  ,
we get y  A[sin(kx   t )cos   cos(kx   t )sin  ]  A sin(kx  t   ) .
Thus, the resultant is indeed a sine wave of amplitude A with a phase difference  with the first
wave.
2
Anet  A12 cos2   A22 sin2 
 ( A1  A2 cos  )2  ( A2 sin  )2 A
A2
2 2
 A  A  2 A1A2 cos 
1 2  
A1
or, Anet  A12  A22  2 A1A2 cos 
A sin  A2 sin 
Also, tan   
A cos  A1  A2 cos 
These relations may be remembered by using a geometrical model. We draw a vector of length
A1 to represent y 1  A1 sin(kx  t ) and another vector of length A2 at an angle  with the first
one to represent y 2  A2 sin(kx  t   ) . The resultant of the two vectors then represents the
resultant wave y  A sin(kx   t   ) .
Resultant amplitude Anet is maximum when cos    1 , or   2n this is called as
Constructive Intereference and the resultant amplitude is A1  A2
Resultant amplitude Anet is minimum when cos    1 , or   (2n  1) , where n is an integer.
This is called as Destructive Interference and the resultant amplitude in this case is | A1  A2 | .
2.4.1 | LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVE

In a longitudinal wave, the particles of the medium carrying the mechanical wave move
back and forth along the direction of propagation. Sound in air is a longitudinal wave.
In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of propagation, for example the waves in a taut string.

WAVES & SOUND 87
2.4.2 | STANDING WAVES

A standing wave is formed when two identical waves traveling in the opposite directions
along the same line, interfere.
Consider two waves of the same frequency, speed and amplitude, which are traveling
in opposite directions along a string. Two such waves may be represented by the
equations
y 1  a sin(kx   t ) and y 2  a sin( kx   t )
Hence the resultant may be written as
y  y 1  y 2  a sin(kx   t )  a sin(kx  t )
y  2a sin kx cos  t This is the equation of a standing wave.
.
2.4.3 | REFLECTION OF WAVES

(a) Waves on reflection from a fixed end undergoes a phase change of 180º.
Reflected Wave
Incident Wave
(b) While a wave reflected from a free end is reflected without a change in phase.
Incident Wave Reflected Wave
2.5 | POWER & INTENSITY OF A PLANE PROGRESSIVE WAVE

 Power transmitted  2 2 f 2 A2 S
 energy per unit length  2 2 f 2 A2 
Here, f is Frequency, A is Amplitude, S is Area of cross – section, μ is Linear mass density & 
3
is Density (kg/m ).
2.6 | WAVE SPEED

The speed of any mechanical wave, transverse or longitudinal, depends on both an inertial
property of the medium (to store kinetic energy) and an elastic property of the medium (to store
potential energy).
2.6.1 | TRANSVERSE WAVE IN A STRETCHED STRING

l
 v2  T
T  (  )   or, v T  R
R R  O
T is Tension in the string and μ is Linear Density of the string.

88 WAVES & SOUND
2.7 | LAWS OF TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS OF A STRING: SONOMETER

The fundamental frequency of vibration of a stretched string fixed at both ends is given by
1 T
  .
2 
2.7.1 | STATIONARY WAVES IN STRINGS

N ANANA
N A A N N N
L L
(b) (c)
A string of length L is stretched between two points. When the string is set into
vibrations, a transverse progressive wave begins to travel along the string.
Figure (a) In the simplest form, the string vibrates in one loop in which the ends are
the nodes and the centre is the antinode. This mode of vibration is
known as the fundamental mode and the frequency of vibration is
known as the fundamental frequency or first harmonic.
1
L  1  2L
2
If f1 is the fundamental frequency of vibration, then the velocity of
transverse waves is given as,
v  1f1 or f1  v / 2L
 v  2Lf1
2
Figrue (b)  L2  2  L
2
v  2 f2  v  Lf2 or f2  v / L = 2f1
The frequency f2 is known as second harmonic or first overtone.
3 2
Figure (c) L3  3  L
2 3
If f3 is the frequency in this mode of vibration, then,
2
v  3 f3  v  L f3 or f3  3v / 2L =3f1
3
The frequency f3 is known as the third harmonic or second overtone.
Thus a stretched string in addition to the fundamental node, also vibrates
with frequencies which are integral multiples of the fundamental
frequencies. These frequencies are known as harmonics.

WAVES & SOUND 89
2.8 | SOUND WAVE IN FLUIDS

Sound wave in air is a longitudinal wave. As a sound wave passes through air, potential energy is
associated with periodic compressions and expansions of small volume elements of the air.
B
v .

p
Here, B is bulk modulus given by B 
V / V
&  is density of fluid.
2.8.1 | VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AN IDEAL GAS
The motion of sound wave in air is adiabatic.
PVγ = constant.
After differentiating, we get
dp 
V   pV  1  0
dV
dp
Since B  V p
dV
p
 V

p RT
Using the gas equation  where M is the molar mass.
 M
 RT
Thus, V  (T = Temperature in Kelvin)
M
The above expression proves that if T is constant then Velocity of sound is independent
of pressure. V  T
2.8.2 | SOUND WAVES IN SOLIDS

Sound waves can travel in solids just like they can travel in fluids. The speed of
longitudinal sound waves in a solid rod can be shown to be
v  Y / ,
where Y is the Young’s modulus of the solid and  its density.
2.9 | EQUATATION OF SOUND WAVE

A longitudinal wave in a fluid (liquid or gas) can be described either in terms of the longitudinal
displacement suffered by the particles of the medium or in terms of the excess pressure
generated due to the compression or rarefaction.
s s+s
A s  s0 sin  (t  x / v )
x x+x

90 WAVES & SOUND
Excess pressure developed in element x is given by

s0 
pB cos  (t  x / v ) [B is bulk modulus]
v
B
The pressure amplitude p0 and the displacement amplitude s0 are related as, p0  s0  Bks0 ,
v
where k is the wave number.
2.10 | INTENSITY & LOUDNESS OF SOUND WAVES

The intensity of a sound wave is defined as the average energy crossing a unit cross-sectional
area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave in unit time. It may also be stated
as the average power transmitted across a unit cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction
of propagation.
v 2 p02
I p0 
2 v 2 2 v
We see that the intensity is proportional to the square of the pressure amplitude p0 .
The loudness of sound that we feel is mainly related to the intensity of sound. It also depends on
the frequency to some extent.
Accordingly, intensity level  of a sound wave is defined by the equation

I 
  10log   decibel
 I0 
12 2
Where I0  10 W / m is the reference or threshold intensity level to which any intensity I is
compared.
2.11 | STATIONARY WAVES IN AIR COLUMN

2.11.1 | OPEN PIPE
If both ends of a pipe are open and a system of air is directed against an edge,
standing longitudinal waves can be set up in the tube. The open ends are a
displacement antinodes and pressure nodes
A A A
3/4
2/4
L N 2/2
3/2
1/2
(a) (b) (c)

(a) For fundamental mode of vibrations,
1
L  1  2L
2
v
v  1f1  v  2Lf1 or f1 
2L

WAVES & SOUND 91
(b) For the second harmonic or first overtone,

L  2 or 2  L
v 2v
v  2 f2  v  Lf 2 or f2    2f
L 2L
(c) For the third harmonic or second overtone,
 2
L  3 3  3  L
2 3
2 3
v  3 f3  v  Lf3 or f3 
3 2L
2L
 In the general case,   where n  1,2.......
n
v nv
Frequency   where n  1,2......
 2L
2.11.2 | CLOSED PIPE

If one end of a pipe is closed the reflected wave is 180º out of phase with the incoming wave.
Thus the displacement of the small volume elements at the closed end must always be zero.
Hence the closed end must be a displacement node and pressure antinode
A
A 3 N A
2 4
4 N 3
2 A
L
4 2 N
1
A 3
2 A
N 2 N
N
(a) (b) (c)
(a) This represents the fundamental mode of vibration,

L  1  1  4L ,
4
if f1 is the fundamental frequency, then the velocity of sound waves is given as,
v
v  1f1  v  4Lf1 or f1 
4L
(b) This is the third harmonic or first overtone.
 4
L  3 2  2  L
4 3
4 v
v  2 f2  v  Lf2 or f2  3  3f1
3 4L
(c) This is the fifth harmonic or seconds overtone.
 4
L  5 3  3  L
4 5
4 5V
v  3 f3  v  Lf3 or f3   5f1
5 4L
4l
In general,  where n = 0, 1, 2 ……
(2n  1)
Velocity of sound = v
(2n  1)v
Frequency  where n = 0, 1, 2 ……
4L

92 WAVES & SOUND
2.12 | BEATS
When two interacting waves have slightly different frequencies the resultant disturbance at any
point due to the superposition periodically fluctuates causing waxing and waning in the resultant
intensity. The waxing and waning in the resultant intensity of two superposed waves of slightly
different frequency are known as beats.
y 1  A sin(2 f1t  1 )
y 2  A sin(2 f2 t  2 )
By the principle of superposition, the resultant displacement is
y  y1  y 2  A sin(2 f1t  1 )  A sin(2 f 2t  2 )
 f f    1  2  
Y  R sin 2  1 2 t   
  2   2 
f f 
where, R = 2 A cos 2   1 2  t
 2 
Frequency of beat i.e. number of beats in one second or

Beat frequency = f1 ~ f2 .
2.13 | DOPPELER EFFECT

The apparent shift in frequency of the wave motion when the source of sound or light moves with
respect to the observer, is called Doppler Effect.
2.13.1 | CALCULATION OF APPARENT FREQUENCY
Suppose v is the velocity of sound in air, vs is the velocity of the source of sound(s), v0
is the velocity of the observer (O), and f is the frequency of the source.
(i) Source moves towards stationary observer.
The apparent wavelength is given by
v  vs
' 
f
Thus, apparent frequency
Velocity of sound relative to O
f'
Wavelenght of wave reaching O
(ii) Source moves away from stationary observer. Now, apparent wavelength
v  vs
' 
f
 Apparent frequency
f'v /'n
 v 
or f'f 
 v  vs 

WAVES & SOUND 93
(iii) Observer moves towards stationary source.

Velocity of sound relative to O
f'
Wavelenght of wave reaching O
here, velocity of sound relative to O = v + v0
and wavelength of waves reaching O = v/f
v  v0  v  v0 
 f' f 
v /f  v 
(iv) Observer moves away from the stationary source.

v  v0  v  v0 
f' f 
v /f  v 
(v) Source and observer both moves toward each other.

v  v0  v  v0 
f' f 
v  vs  v  vs 
f
(vi) Both moves away from each other.

 v  v0 
f'f 
 v  vs 
(vii) Source moves towards observer but observer moves away from source
 v  v0 
f'f 
 v  vs 
(viii) Source moves away from observer but observer moves towards source.
 v  v0 
f'f .
 v  vs 


94 WAVES & SOUND
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: One end of each of two identical springs, each of force constant 0.5 N/m are attached on
the opposite sides of wooden block of mass 0.01 kg. The other ends of the springs are
connected to separate rigid supports such that the springs are unscratched and are
collinear in a horizontal plane. To the wooden piece is fixed a pointer which touches a
vertically moving plane paper. The wooden piece kept on a smooth horizontal table is
now displaced by 0.02 m along the line of springs and released. If the speed of the paper,
perpendicular to the springs’ length, is 0.1 m/s, find the equation of the path traced by the
pointer on the paper and the distance between two consecutive maxima on this path.
Solution : The effective force constant of the spring system is 2 k (since they constitute a parallel
combination). The angular frequency of simple harmonic oscillation is
2K 2  0.5
   10 rad/s
m 0.01
The amplitude A  0.02 m
The speed of the paper may be assumed as the speed m
of wave-propagators and the curve traced on the paper
can be represented by the equation
y  A sin   t  kx  …(i)
v v 2v
The wavelength     …(ii)
f  / 2 
2   10
 k    100
 v 0.1
Substituting the value in (i), we get the required equation of the path
y   0.02 m  sin 10t  100x 
The distance between the two consecutive maxima is the wavelength
2v 2   0.1
   0.0628 m .
 10
Example 2: A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length 2.45 m hangs from the ceiling.
(a) Find the speed of transverse wave in the rope at a point 0.5 m distance from the
lower end.
(b) Calculate the time taken by a transverse wave to travel the full length of the rope.
Solution : (a) The speed of the transverse wave is given by

T
v , where T  tension and   linear mass density

At a distance x from the free end of the rope, the tension
xg
T  xg  v  xg …(i)

Here x  0.15 m, g  9.8 m/s2  v  0.5 m .  9.8 m/s 2   2.21 m/s

WAVES & SOUND 95
(b) The speed of the wave at a distance x from the free end is
dx 1 dx
v  xg {from (i)} or, dt 
dt g x
Integrating over the whole length of the rope,
t 
1 dx  2.45
t   dt   2 2  1 s.
0 g 0 x g 9.8
Example 3: A wave pulse starts propagating in the +x direction along a non-uniform wire of length 10
m with mass per unit length given by    0  x and under a tension of 100 N. Find the
time taken by a pulse to travel from the lighter end (x = 0) to the heavier end.
 0  102 kg/m and =g  10-3 kg/m2 
Solution : The speed of the wave pulse
T T dx
v  
  0  x dt
t 
0  x 2 1  3/2 3/ 2
 t   dt   dx  0      0  
0 0
T 3 T
substituting the values, we get
2 1  102  9  1010  10 3/ 2 3/2

t 
3 9  10  100 
3
  
 102  
2  100  3/ 2 3


10   10    0.227s .
27
Example 4: When a train is approaching the observer, the frequency of the whistle is 100 cps. When
it has passed the observer, it is 500 cps. Calculate the frequency when the observer
moves with the train.
Solution : When the source (the train) moves towards the observer, the apparent frequency
v
is f  f …(i)
v  vs
v
while the source is moving away, the apparent frequency f   f …(ii)
v  vs
 v 
  1
f  v  vs 100 2  v s  v
  or   or 3 …(iii)
f  v  v s 50 1  v  vs
  1
 vs 
When the observer moves with the train, there is no relative motion between the
source and the observe and hence he will listen the true frequency f . Substituting
3 200
(iii) in (i), we get 100  f or f   66.6 Hz.
2 3

96 WAVES & SOUND
Example 5: When 0.98 m long metallic wire is stressed, an extension of 0.02 m is produced. An
organ pipe 0.5 m long and open at both ends, when sounded with this stressed metallic
wire, produces 8 beats in its fundamental mode. By decreasing the stress in the wire, the
frequency of beats is found to decrease. Find the Young’s modulus of the wire. The
density of metallic wire is 104 kg/m3 and speed of sound in air is 292 m/s.
Solution : Frequency of the transverse vibration of the stretched string in

1 T
f1  , …(i)
2  L  L  
T L YAL 1 YL
Here Y , or T  , And   A  f1  …(ii)
A L L 2 L  L  L
when the stress in the wire is decreased, f1 will decrease, consequently the beat
1 YL v
frequency will decrease if f1  fpipe  f1  fpipe  8 or  8
2  L   L  L 2
1 Y  0.02 292
Substituting the value, we get  8
2  0.98  0.02  0.98  10h4 2  0.5
Simplifying, we get Y  1.764  1011 N/m 2
Example 6: The fundamental frequency of a sonometer wire increases by 6 Hz if its tension is

increased by 44% keeping the length constant. Find the change in the fundamental
frequency of the sonometer wire when the length of the wire is increased by 20% keeping
the original tension in the wire.
1 T
Solution : Fundamental frequency of sonometer wire is f 
2L 
when length L is constant, f  T
1
 f k T or logf  logk  logT
2
f 1 T T
Differentiations,  Given that f  6 Hz, =0.44
f 2 T T
6  2 300
 f  Hz
0.44 11
Next, when T is constant and length is changed,
k
f  kL1
L
logf  logk  logL
f L  L  20 300
Differentiating,   f      f   100  11 = -5.5 Hz
f L  L 
 The fundamental frequency of sonometer wire will decrease by 5.5 Hz

WAVES & SOUND 97
Example 7: Two metallic strings A and B of different materials are connected in series forming a joint.
The strings have equal cross-sectional area. The length of A is  A  0.3m and that of B is
 B  0.75m . One end of the combined string is tied with a support rigidly and the other
end is loaded with a block of mass m passing over a frictionless pulley. Transverse
waves are set up in the combined string using an external sources of variable frequency.
Calculate
(a) Lowest of frequency for which standing waves are observed such that
the joint is a node,
(b) The total number of antinodes at this frequency.
The densities of A and B are 6.3  103 kg/m3 and 2.8  103 kg/m3 respectively.
Solution : (a) Let p and q be the number of loops formed in A and B
p T q T
 nA  , and nB 
2 A A A 2 B A B
nA p  B B p   0.03 6.3 5
  . .  1 nA  nB   . A . A  
nB q  A  A q  B B 0.75 2.8 3
p 3 6 9
 the ratio of the number of loops  , , ,....
q 5 10 5
p 3
for the lowest frequency, 
q 5
this means that A will have 3 loops and B will have 5 loops. Hence the
3 T 5 T
required minimum frequency fmin  
2 A A A 2B AB
3 mg m
or fmin   .
2  0.3 A  6.3  103 25.7A
(b) the total number of antinodes at this minimum frequency is 3+5 = 8
Example 8: A source S emitting sound of 300 Hz is fixed on S D

block A which is attached to free end of a spring A B
SA SB
S A as shown in the figure. The detector D fixed
on block B attached to the free end of spring SB
detects this sound.
The blocks A and B are simultaneously displaced towards each other through a distance of
1.0 m and then left to vibrate. Find the maximum and minimum frequencies of sound
detected by D of the vibrational frequency of each block is 2 Hz. (velocity of sound = 340
m/s)

98 WAVES & SOUND
Solution : The motion of A and B is synchronized. Hence the maximum and minimum frequencies
 v  vD 
detected by D will be fmax    f,
 v  vS 
(when S and D are approaching each other while at their equilibrium position.)
 340  A   340  12.56 
  f    300  323 Hz
 340  A   340  12.56 
Similarly, the apparent frequency will be minimum when the source and the detector
recede from each other with maximum speed ( = A)
 v  A   340  12.56 
 fmin    .f    300 = 278.6 Hz
 v  A   340  12.56 
Example 9: Determine the speed of sound in a gas in which two wavelengths of 1m and 1.01 m
respectively produce 10 beats in 3 s.
Solution : Let the speed of sound = V. The corresponding frequencies are

v v v v
f1   Hz, and f2   Hz
1 1  2 1.01
 f1  f2 , the beat frequency (or the number of beats per second) will be
10 v v 10 1010
f1  f2  Hz or   or v  = 336.67 m/s
3 1 1.01 3 3
Example 10: The frequency of sound produced by a bell is 500 Hz. The velocity of the source relative
to still air is 60 m/s. An observer moves at 30 m/s along the same line as the source.
Calculate the frequency of sound wave measured by the observer. Consider all the
possible cases (speed of sound v = 340 m/s)
sv 0 v
Source 
Observer
Solution : Case (i) let the observer at right side of the source. Both source and observe is moving in
right direction. There will be apparent increase in frequency because Vsource  Vobserver
 V  Vobserver   340  30 
f   f0  s  Hz  500   Hz  550Hz
 Vs  Vsource   340  60 
Case (ii) Source is moving right and observer is moving left
Source Observer
   
There will be apparent increase in frequency since both are moving towards each other.
 V  Vobserver   340  30 
f   f0  s  Hz  500   Hz  660Hz (more than that as in case (i))
V
 s  Vsource   340  60 
Case (iii) Both source and observer is receding from each other.
Source Observer
   
There will be an apparent decrease in frequency
 V  Vobserver   340  30 
f   f0  s  Hz  500   Hz = 387.5 Hz.
 Vs  VSource   340  60 

WAVES & SOUND 99
Case (iv) Both source and observer is moving towards left.

Source Observer
   
 V  Vobserver   340  30 
f   f0  S   500   Hz = 462.5 Hz.
 VS  VSource   340  60 
You should repeat the example assuming that the observer is to the left to the source.
What conclusions can be derived from the this example? Do you get a different set of
four apparent frequencies
Example 11: An un-stretched spring has a length of 1.0 m and a mass of 0.2 kg. When a body of mass
2 kg is hung from the spring it stretches 3 cm. Determine the velocity of longitudinal wave
along the spring.
Solution : The spring constant or force constant of the spring

F
k  0.2 kg/m. Hence the velocity of the longitudinal wave along the spring in
L
kL 66.67  1.0
v   18.26m/s
 0.2
Example 12: Given the equation for a wave on a string y  0.03 sin  3x  2t  ,
where y and x are in meters and t is in seconds.
(a) At t  0, what are the values of the displacement at x = 0, 0.1 m, 0.2 m and 0.3m ?
(b) At x  0.1m, what are the values of the displacements at t = 0, 0.1s and 0.2 s ?
(c) What is the equation for the velocity of oscillation of the particles of the string?
(d) What is the maximum velocity of oscillation?
(e) What is the velocity of propagation of the wave?
Solution : (a) At t  0, y   0.03 sin 3x  m

for , x = 0, y  0.03 sin (0) = 0
 0.3  180 
x  0.01m, y  0.03 sin  0.3rad   0.03sin  
  
 0.03  sin 17.2   0.03  0.2957  8.87  10 3 m
Similarly for x  0.2 m, y  0.03 sin  0.6 rad   1.69  10 2 m

and for x  0.3 m, y  0.03 sin  0.9 rad   2.35  10 2 m.
(b) At x  0.1m, y = 0.03 sin (0.3 – 2t)
-3
At t  0, y = 0.03 sin (0.3 radian) = 8.87  10 m
t  0.1 s, y  0.03 sin  0.3  0.2 
 0.03 sin  0.1 rad   2.99  10 3 m
t  0.2 s, y  0.03 sin  0.3  0.4   2.99  10 3 m

100 WAVES & SOUND
(c) Velocity of particle,

dy d
  0.03 sin  3x  2t  
dt dt 
 0.6 cos  3x  2t   6  10 2 cos  3x  2t  m/s
(d) Maximum velocity or the velocity amplitude  6  10 2 m/s

(e) Comparing y  0.03 sin  3x  2t  with the wave equation
y  A sin  kx   t  ,
2
we have k   3, and   2f  2

 2
 v  f    0.667 m/s .
k 3
Example 13: A train approaching a railway crossing at a speed of 120 km/h sounds a short whistle at
frequency 640 Hz when it is 300 m away from the crossing. The speed of sound in air is
340 m/s. What will be the frequency heard by a person standing on a road perpendicular
to the track through the crossing at a distance of 400 m from the crossing?
Solution: The observer A is at rest with respect to the air and the source is traveling at a velocity of 120
100
km/h i.e., m/s . As is clear from the figure, the person receives the sound of the whistle in a
3
direction BA making an angle  with the track where cos   300 / 500  3 / 5 . The component
of the velocity of the source (i.e., of the train). Along this direction
100 3
AB is  m/s = 20 m/s.
3 5
300m C

400m
A (person)
As the source is approaching the person with this component, the frequency heard by the
observer is
 340
v  v  640 Hz = 680 Hz.
  u cos  340  20

WAVES & SOUND 101
Example 14: A wave y i  ai sin (x / C1  t) reached the boundary of media 1 and 2, at which it is
partly reflected into medium 1 and partly transmitted into medium 2. Call these waves
y r  ar sin (x / C1  t) and y t  at sin (x / C2  t) , respectively. Assuming that at the
boundary the displacement arising from the transmitted wave, show that ai  ar  a t .
Further, assuming that the slope of the displacement wave at the boundary of medium 1
is equal to the slope of the displacement wave at the boundary of medium 2, show that
ar C1  C2

ai C1  C2
Solution: The wave in medium 1 is given by

 x   x 
y1  y i  y r  ai sin    t   a r sin    t
C
 1  C
 1 
and that in medium 2 is

 x 
y 2  y t  at sin    t
 C2 
At the boundary
x  0, y1  y 2
 ai sin( t)  ar sin t  at sin(t)
or a i  a t  ar ( sin t  0)
 dy1    x    x 
   ai cos    t   ar cos    t
 dx  C2  C1  C1  C1 
dy1   x 
 at cos    t
dx C2 C
 2 
dy1 dy 2
At the boundary x  0 
dx dx
ai  a a
 cos t  r cos t  t cos t
C1 C1 C2
ai  ar a a  ar
or  t  i ( ai  ar  a t )
C1 C2 C2
ar C1  C2
or  .
ai C1  C2

102 WAVES & SOUND
Example 15: A metallic rod of length 1 m is rigidly clamped at its mid-point. Longitudinal stationary
waves are set up in the rod in such a way that there are two nodes on either sides of mid-
point. The amplitude of antinode is 2  10 6 m. Write the equation of motion at a point 2
cm from the mid-point and those of the constituent waves in the rod. (Young’s modulus =
3
2  1011Nm 2 , density = 8000 kg m ).
y Mid-point
Solution: Figure shows the longitudinal displacement y
as a function of x from x = 0 to x = L, where L
is length of the rod. O A A x
A A A A
N N N N N
We know that the separation from a node and
L

the next antinode is and that between two
4

consecutive nodes or antinodes is .
2
Therefore
      5
L      
4 2 2 2 2 4 2
Here  is the wavelength of either of the interfering waves. Thus
2L 2  1
   0.4 m
5 5
The speed of longitudinal waves in a metal of Young’s modulus Y and density  is given
by
1/ 2
Y  2  1011 
v    5000ms 1
  8000 
v 5000
 Frequency    12500 Hz.
 0.4
Notice from figure that there is an antinode at the ends x  0 and x  L of the rod. Hence
the equation of the stationary wave is (here A is the amplitude of each of the interfering
waves)
 2x 
y  2A cos   sin(2vt) …(i)
  
At any instant of time, the amplitude is given by
 2x 
A(x)  2A cos   …(ii)
  

WAVES & SOUND 103
At x  0 , there is an antinode,
i.e. A(0)  2  106 m (given).
Putting x  0 in Eq. (ii) we have,
A(0)  2  106 m  2A
or A  1 10 6 m . Putting values of A,  and  in Eq. (i) we get
 2x 
y  2  106 cos   sin(2  12500  t)
 0.4 
or y  2  10 6 cos(5 x) sin (25000 t) …(iii)
where x and y are in metre and t in seconds. For a point at a distance of 2 cm from the
mid-point, the value of x is
x = 50 cm + 2 cm = 52 cm = 0.52 m
using this value of x in Eq. (iii), the required equation of motion at a point 2 cm from the
mid-point is
y  2  10 6 cos(5   0.52) sin (25000 t)
 2  106 cos(2.6 ) sin (25000 t)
or y  2  106 cos(0.6 ) sin (25000 t)
The equations of the constituent waves (incident wave and reflected wave) in the rod are
y1  1 10 6 sin5p(5000t  x) and
y 2  1 10 6 sin5p(5000t  x) .









104 WAVES & SOUND

1. The equation of a wave travelling along the positive x-axis, as shown in figure at t = 0 is given by
       
(A) sin  kx  t   (B) sin  kx  t   (C) sin  t  kx   (D) sin  t  kx  
 6  6  6  6
2. Figure shown the shape of part of a long string in which transverse waves are produced by
attaching one end of the string to tuning fork of frequency 250 Hz. What is the velocity of the
waves?
(A) 1.0 ms–1 (B) 1.5 ms–1 (C) 2.0 ms–1 (D) 2.5 ms–1
3. A uniform rope having some mass hanges vertically from a rigid support. A transverse wave
pulse is produced at the lower end. The speed (v) of the wave pulse varies with height (h) from
the lower end as:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4. A pulse shown here is reflected from the rigid wall A and then from free end B. The shape of the
string after these 2 reflection will be
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
5. A string 1m long is drawn by a 300Hz vibrator attached to its end. The string vibrates in 3
segments. The speed of transverse waves in the string is equal to
(A) 100 m/s (B) 200 m/s (C) 300 m/s (D) 400 m/s
6. A wave represented by the equation y  A cos  kx   t  is superimposed with another wave to

form a statioary wave such that the point x =0 is a node. The equation of the other wave is:
(A)  A sin  kx   t  (B)  A cos  kx   t  (C) A sin  kx  t  (D) A cos  kx   t 

WAVES & SOUND 105
 20 
7. A standing wave y  A sin   x  cos 1000  t  is maintained in a taut string where y and x are
 3 
expressed in meters. The distance between the successive points oscillating with the amplitude
A/2 across a node is equal to
(A) 2.5 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 5 cm (D) 10 cm
8. A firecracker exploding on the surface of a lake is heard as two sounds a time interval t apart by a
man on a boat close to water surface. Sound travels with a speed u in water and a speed v in air.
The distance from the exploding firecracker to the boat is
uvt t(u  v) t(u  v) uvt
(A) (B) (C) (D)
uv uv uv uv
9. How many times more intense is 90 dB sound than 40 dB sound?

(A) 5 (B) 50 (C) 500 (D) 10 5
10. Three coherent waves of equal frequencies having amplitude 10m,4m and 7m respectively,

arrive at a given point with successive phase difference of . The amplitude of the resulting
2
wave in mm is given by
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) 4
11. A person standing at a distance of 6 m from a source of sound receives sound wave in two ways,
one directly from the source and other after reflection from a rigid boundary as shown in the
figure. The maximum wavelength for which, the person will receive maximum sound intensity, is
16 8
(A) 4m (B) m (C) 2m (D) m
3 3
49
12. The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity due to superposition of two waves is . Then the
9
ratio of the intensity of component waves is
25 16 4 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 25 49 49
13. Two waves of sound having intensities I and 4I interfere to produce interference pattern. The
phase difference between the waves is p/2 at point A and p at point B. Then the difference
between the resultant intensities at A and B is
(A) 2I (B) 4I (C) 5I (D) 7I

106 WAVES & SOUND
14. Sound waves of frequency 660 Hz fall normally on a perfectly reflecting wall. The shortest
distance from the wall at which the air particle has maximum amplitude of vibration is (velocity of
sound in air is 330 m/s)
(A) 0.125 m (B) 0.5 m (C) 0.25 m (D) 2 m
15. An open organ pipe of length L vibrates in second harmonic mode. The pressure vibration is
maximum
(A) at the two ends
(B) at a distance L/4 from either end inside the tube
(C) at the mid-point of the tube
(D) none of these
16. A tuning fork of frequency 340 Hz is vibrated just above a cylindrical tube of length 120 cm. Water
is slowly poured in the tube. If the speed of sound is 340 ms–1 then the minimum height of water
required for resonance is:
(A) 95 cm (B) 75 cm (C) 45 cm (D) 25 cm
17. In a closed end pipe of length 105 cm, standing waves are set up corresponding to the third
overtone. What distance from the closed end, amongst the following, is a pressure Node?
(A) 20 cm (B) 60 cm (C) 85 cm (D) 45 cm
18. In case of closed organ pipe which harmonic the pth overtone will be
(A) 2p + 1 (B) 2p - 1 (C) p + 1 (D) p-1
19. First overtone frequency of a closed organ pipe is equal to the first overtone frequency of an open
organ pipe. Further nth harmonic of closed organ pipe is also equal to the mth harmonic of open
pipe, where n and m are:
(A) 5, 4 (B) 7, 5 (C) 9, 6 (D) 7, 3
20. The first resonance length of a resonance tube is 40 cm and the second resonance length is 122
cm. The third resonance length of the tube will be
(A) 200 cm (B) 202 cm (C) 203 cm (D) 204 cm
21. A tuning fork of frequency 280 Hz produces 10 beats per sec when sounded with a vibrating
sonometer string. When the tension in the string increases slightly, it produces 11 beats per sec.
The original frequency of the vibrating sonometer string is:
(A) 269 Hz (B) 291 Hz (C) 270 Hz (D) 290 Hz
22. A closed organ pipe and an open pipe of same length produce 4 beats when they are set into
vibrations simultaneously. If the length of each of them were twice their initial lengths, the number
of beats produced will be
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 8
23. The speed of sound in a gas, in which two waves of wavelength 1.0 m and 1.02 m produce 6
beats per second, is approximately:
(A) 350 m/s (B) 300 m/s (C) 380 m/s (D) 410 m/s

WAVES & SOUND 107
24. The frequency changes by 10% as a sound source approaches a stationary observer with
constant speed vs. What would be the percentage change in frequency as the source recedes the
observer with the same speed. Given that vs < v. (v = speed of sound in air)
(A) 14.3% (B) 20% (C) 10.0% (D) 8.5%
25. Consider two sound sources S1 and S2 having same frequency 100Hz and the observer O
located between them as shown in the fig. All the three are moving with same velocity in same
direction. The beat frequency of the observer is
(A) 50Hz (B) 5 Hz (C) zero (D) 2.5 Hz
26. Source and observer both start moving simultaneously from origin, one along x-axis and the other
along y-axis with speed of source = twice the speed of observer. The graph between the
apparent frequency observed by observer f and time t would approximately be :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27. A source S of frequency f0 and an observer O, moving with speeds v1 and v 2 respectively, are
movinng away from each other. When they are separated by distance a (t =0), a pulse is emitted
by the source. This pulse is received by O at time t1 then t1, is equal to-
a a a a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
vs  v 2 v1  v s vs  v2 v1  v 2  v s
28. A sounding body of negligible dimension emitting a frequency of 150 Hz is dropped from a height.
During its fall under gravity it passes near a balloon moving up with a constant velocity of 2m/s
one second after it started to fall.The difference in the frequency observed by the man in balloon
just before and just after crossing the body will be :
(Given that -velocity of sound = 300m/s; g  10m / s2 )
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 4


108 WAVES & SOUND

1. A wave is propagating along x-axis. The displacement of particles of the medium in z-direction at
2
t  0 is given by: z  exp   x  2  , where ' x ' is in meters. At t  1s, the same wave
 
2
disturbance is given by: z  exp   2  x   . Then, the wave propagation velocity is -
 
(A) 4 m/s in + x direction (B) 4 m/s in x direction
(C) 2 m/s in + x direction (D) 2 m/s in x direction
2. A block of mass 1 kg is hanging vertically from a string of length 1 m and mass/length = 0.001
Kg/m. A small pulse is generated at its lower end. The pulse reaches the top end in
approximately
(A) 0.2 sec (B) 0.1 sec (C) 0.02 sec (D) 0.01 sec
3. A wire of 10 2 kgm1 passes over a frictionless light pulley fixed on the top of a frictionless inclined
plane which makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Masses m and M are tied at two ends of
wire such that m rests on the plane and M hangs freely vertically downwards. The entire system
is in equilibrium and a transverse wave propagates along the wire with a velocity of 100ms1 .
m 1 m
(A) M  5kg (B)  (C) m  20kg (D) 4
M 4 M
4. A composition string is made up by joining two strings of different masses per unit length  
and 4. The composite string is under the same tension. A transverse wave pulse :
Y   6 mm  sin  5t  40x , where ‘t’ is in seconds and ‘x’ in meters, is sent along the lighter string
towards the joint. The joint is at x = 0. The equation of the wave pulse reflected from the joint is
(A)  2mm  sin  5t  40x  (B)  4mm  sin  40x  5t 
(C)   2mm  sin  5t  40x  (D)  2mm  sin  5t  10x 
5. In the previous question, the percentage of power transmitted to the heavier string through the
joint is approximately
(A) 33% (B) 89% (C) 67% (D) 75%
6. A wave pulse on a string has the dimension shown in figure. The waves speed is v = 1 cm/s. If
point O is a free end. The shape of wave at time t = 3 s is :
(A) (B) (C) (D)

WAVES & SOUND 109
7. A wave is represented by the equation y  10 sin 2 100t  0.02 x   10 sin 2 100t  0.02 x  .
The maximum amplitude and loop length are respectively
(A) 20 units and 30 units (B) 20 units and 25 units
(C) 30 units and 20 units (D) 25 units and 20 units
8. The resultant amplitude due to superposition of two waves y1  5sin  wt  kx  and

y2  5 cos  wt  kx  150 
(A) 5 (B) 5 3 (C) 5 2 3 (D) 5 2 3

th
9. A taut string at both ends vibrates in its n overtone. The distance between adjacent Node and
Antinode is found to be 'd'. If the length of the string is L, then
(A) L  2d  n  1 (B) L  d  n  1 (C) L  2dn (D) L  2d  n  1
10. A metallic wire of length L is fixed between two rigid supports. If the wire is cooled through a
temperature difference T (Y = young’s modulus,   density,   coefficient of linear
expansion) then the frequency of transverse vibration is proportional to :
 Y  
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Y  Y Y
11. A string of length 1m and linear mass density 0.01kgm 1 is stretched to a tension of 100N.
When both ends of the string are fixed, the three lowest frequencies for standing wave are f1 , f 2
and f 3 . When only one end of the string is fixed, the three lowest frequencies for standing wave
are n1 , n2 and n3 . Then
(A) n3  5 n1  f3  125Hz (B) f3  5 f1  n2  125 Hz
f1  f 2
(C) f3  n2  3 f1  150 Hz (D) n2   75 Hz
2
12. The frequency of a sonometer wire is f , but when the weights producing the tensions are
f
completely immersed in water the frequency becomes and on immersing the weights in a
2
f
certain liquid the frequency becomes . The specific gravity of the liquid is:
3
4 16 15 32
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 12 27

110 WAVES & SOUND
13. A wave travels uniformly in all directions from a point source in an isotropic medium. The
displacement of the medium at any point at a distance r from the source may be represented by
(A is a constant representing strength of source)
(A)  A / r  sin  kr  t  (B)  A / r  sin  kr  t 

 
(C)  Ar  sin  kr  t  (D)  A / r 2  sin  kr  t 
14. The ratio of intensities between two coherent soud sources is 4 : 1. The differenmce of loudness
in dB between maximum and minimum intensities when they interfere in space is:
(A) 10 log 2 (B) 20 log 3
(C) 10 log 3 (D) 20 log 2
15. In Quincke’s tube a detector detects minimum intensity. Now one of the tube is displaced by 5
cm. During displacement detector detects maximum intensity 10 times, then finally a minimum
intensity (when displacement is complete). The wavelength of sound is:
(A) 10/9 cm (B) 1 cm (C) 1/2 cm (D) 5/9 cm
16. An open organ pipe of length l is sounded together with another organ pipe of length l  x in
their fundamental tones  x  l  . The beat frequency heard will be (speed of sound is v):
vx vl2 vx v x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4l2 2x 2l2 2l
17. A sufficiently long close organ pipe has a small hole at its bottom. Initially the pipe is empty.
Water is poured into the pipe at a constant rate. The fundamental frequency of the air column in
the pipe
(A) continuously increasing
(B) first increases and them becomes constant
(C) continuously decreases
(D) first decreases and them become constant
18. An organ pipe P1 closed at one end vibrating in its first overtone. Another pipe P2 open at both
ends is vibrating in its third overtone. They are in a resonance with a given tuning fork. The ratio
of the length of P1 to that of P2 is :
(A) 8/3 (B) 3/8
(C) 1/2 (D) 1/3
19. A pipe’s lower end is immersed in water such that the length of air column from the top open end
has a certain length 25 cm. The speed of sound in air is 350 m/s. The air column is found to
resonate with a tuning fork of frequency 1750 Hz. By what minimum distance should the pipe be
raised in order to make the air column resonate again with the same tuning fork?
(A) 7 cm (B) 5 cm
(C) 35 cm (D) 10 cm

WAVES & SOUND 111
20. A closed organ pipe of radius r1 and an open organ pipe of radius r2 and having same length 'L'
resonate when excited with a given tunning fork. Closed organ pipe resonates in its fundamental
mode where as open organ pipe resonates in its first overtone, then
L
(A) r2  r1  L (B) r2  r1 
2
(C) r2  2r1  2.5L (D) 2r2  r1  2.5L
21. If l1 and l2 are the lengths of air column for the first and second resonance when a tuning fork of
frequency n is sounded on a resonance tube, then the distance of the displacement antinode
from the top end of the resonance tube is:
1 l2  3l1 l2  l1
(A) 2  l2  l1  (B)  2l1  l2  (C) (D)
2 2 2
22. A closed orgain pipe has length ‘l’ . The air in it is vibrating in 3rd overtone with maximum
displacement amplitude ‘a’. The displacement amplitude at distance l / 7 from closed end of the
pipe is:
(A) 0 (B) a (C) a/2 (D) none of these
23. Two tuning forks A & B produce notes of frequencies 256 Hz & 262 Hz respectively. An unknown
note sounded at the same time as A produces beats. When the same note is sounded with B,
beat frequency is twice as large. The unknown frequency could be:
(A) 268 Hz (B) 260 Hz (C) 250 Hz (D) 242 Hz
24. An engine whistling at a constant frequency n0 and moving with a constant velocity goes past a
stationary observer. As the engine crosses him, the frequency of the sound heard by him
changes by a factor f. The actual difference in the frequencies of the sound heard by him before
and after the engine crosses him is
1 2 1 1 f 2 
(A) n0(1  f ) (B) n0  
2 2  f 
 1 f  1  1 f 
(C) n0   (D) n0
1 f  2  1  f 
25. A stationary sound source 's' of frequency 334 Hz and a stationary observer 'O' are placed near a
reflecting surface moving away from the source with velocity 2 m/sec as shown in the figure. If the
velocity of the sound waves is air is V = 330 m/sec, the apparent frequency of the echo is
(A) 332 Hz (B) 326 Hz

(C) 334 Hz (D) 330 Hz

112 WAVES & SOUND
3
26. A detector is released from rest over a source of sound of frequency f 0 = 10 Hz. The frequency
observed by the detector at time t is plotted in the graph. The speed of sound in air is (g = 10
m/s2)
(A) 330 m/s (B) 350 m/s (C) 300 m/s (D) 310 m/s
27. An observer starts moving with uniform acceleration 'a' towards a stationary sound source of
frequency f. As the observer approaches the source, the apparent frequency f' heard by the
observer varies with time t as:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28. A source of sound S having frequency f. Wind is blowing from source to observer O with velocity
u. If speed of sound with respect to air is C, the wavelength of sound detected by O is:
C u Cu C C  u  C
(A) (B) (C) (D)
f f C  u  f f


WAVES & SOUND 113

ASSERTION AND REASON
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
1. Statement-1 : In a sinusoidal travelling wave on a string potential energy of deformation of

string element at extreme position is maximum.
Statement-2 : the particles in sinusoidal travelling wave perform SHM.
2. Statement-1 : When a pulse on string reflects from free end, the resultant pulse is formed in
such a way that slope of string at free end is zero.
Statement-2 : Zero resultant slope ensures that there is no force component perpendicular to
string.
3. Statement-1 : When a closed organ pipe vibrates, the pressure of the gas at the closed end
remains constant.
Statement-2 : In a stationary-wave system, displacement nodes are pressure antinodes, and
displacement antinodes are pressure nodes.
4. Statement-1 : The pitch of wind instruments rises and that of string instruments falls as an
orchestra warms up.
Statement-2 : When temperature rises, speed of sound increases but speed of wave in a string
fixed at both ends decreases .
5. Statement-1 : Two sound waves of same intensity in a particular medium will have
displacement amplitude in ratio of 2 :1 if they have frequency in the ratio 1 : 2.
Statement-2 : Two wave of same velocity amplitude in a particular medium have equal
intensity.
6. Statement-1 : When the medium in which sound wave is propagating is moving, than the
frequency of sound wave does not change.
Statement-2 : Frequency of sound is independent of velocity of medium.

114 WAVES & SOUND
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
7. A wave equation is given as y  cos  500t  70x  , where y is in mm, x in m adn t is in sec.
(A) The wave must be a transverse porpagating wave.
50
(B) The speed of the wave is m/s
7
(C) The frequency of oscillations 1000 Hz
20 
(D) Two closest points which are in same phase have separation cm.
7
8. At a certain moment, the photograph of a string on which a harmonic

wave is travelling to the right is shown. Then, which of the following is
true regarding the velocities of the points P, Q and R on the string.
(A) vP is upwards (B) v Q  v R
(C) vP  v Q  vR
(D) vQ  vR
9. A perfectly elastic uniform string is suspended vertically with its upper end fixed to the ceiling and
the lower end loaded with the weight. If a transverse wave is imparted to the lower end of the
string, the pulse will
(A) not travel along the length of the string (B) travel upwards with increasing speed
(C) travel upwards with decreasing speed
(D) travelled upwards with constant acceleration
10. One end of a string of length L is tied to the ceiling of a lift accelerating upwards with an
acceleration 2g. The other end of the string is free. The linear mass density of the string varies
linearly from 0 to  from bottom to top.
(A) The velocity of the wave in the string will be 0.
(B) The acceleration of the wave on the string will be 3g/4 every where.
(C) The time taken by a pulse to reach from bottom to top will be 8L / 3g .
(D) The time taken by a pulse to reach from bottom to top will be 4L / 3g .
 x
11. A plane wave y  A sin   t   undergo a normal incidence on a plane boundary separating
 v
medium M1 and M2 and splits into a reflected and transmitted wave having speeds v1 and v 2
then -
(A) for all values of v1 and v 2 the phase of transmitted wave is same as that of incident wave
(B) for all values of v1 and v 2 the phase of reflected wave is same as that of incident wave
(C) the phase of transmitted wave depends upon v1 and v 2
(D) the phase of reflected wave depends upon v1 and v 2

WAVES & SOUND 115
12. The vibration of a string fixed at both ends are described by Y  2 sin  x  sin 100 t  where Y is
in mm, x is in cm, t in sec then -
1
(A) Maximum displacement of the particle at x  cm would be 1 mm.
6
1 1
(B) Velocity of the particle at x  cm at time t  sec will be 157 3 mm / s
6 600
(C) If the length of the string be 10cm , number of loop in it would be 5
(D) None of these
13. In a standing wave on a string.

(A) In one time period all the particles are simultaneously at rest twice.
(B) All the particles must be at their positive extremes simultaneously once in one time period.
(C) All the particles may be at their positive extremes simultaneously once in a time period.
(D) All the particles are never at rest simultaneously.
14. The length, tension, diameter and density of a wire B are double than the corresponding
quantities for another stretched wire A. Then.
1
(A) Fundamental frequency of B is times that of A.
2 2
1
(B) The velocity of wave in B is times that of velocity in A.
2
(C) The fundamental frequency of A is equal to the third overtone of B.
(D) The velocity of wave in B is half that of velocity in A.
15. A clamped string is oscillating in nth harmonic, then

(A) total energy of oscillations will be n2 times that of fundamental frequency
2
(B) total energy of oscillations will be  n  1 times that of fundamental frequency
(C) average kinetic energy of the string over a complete oscillations is half of that of the total
energy of the string.
(D) None of these
16. Which of the following statements are wrong about the velocity of sound in air:
(A) decreases with increases in temperature (B) increases with decrease in temperature
(C) decreases as humidity increases (D) independent of density of air.
17. The particle displacement of a travelling longitudional wave is represented by     x,t  . The
midpoints of a compression zone and an adjacent rarefaction zone are represented by the letter
‘C’ and ‘R’. Which of the following is true?
(A)  / x C   / x R (B)  / t C   / t R  0
(C) (pressure)C – (pressure)R  2  / x C x Bulk modulus of air.

(D) Particles of air are stationary mid-way between ‘C’ and ‘R’.

116 WAVES & SOUND
18. Which of the following graphs is/are correct.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19. The second overtone of an open organ pipe A and a closed pipe B have the same frequency at a
given temperature. It follows that the ratio of the
(A) length of A and B is 4 : 3 (B) fundamental frequencies of A & B is 5 : 6
(C) lengths of B to that of A is 5 : 6
(D) frequencies of first overtone of A & B is 10 : 9
20. A gas is filled in an organ pipe and it is sounded with an organ pipe in fundamental mode.
Choose the correct statement(s) : (T = constant)
(A) If gas is changed from H2 to O2 , the resonant frequency will increase
(B) If gas is changed from O2 to N2 , the resonant frequency will increase
(C) If gas is changed from N2 to He, the resonant frequency will decrease
(D) If gas is changed from He to CH4 , the resonant frequency will decrease
21. Two whistles A and B each have a frequency of 500Hz. A is stationary and B is moving towards
the right (away from A) at a speed of 50 m/s. An observer is between the two whistles moving
towards the right with a speed of 25 m/s. The velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s. Assume there is
no wind. Then which of the following statements are true:
(A) The apparent frequency of whistle B as heard by A is 444 Hz approximately
(B) The apparent frequency of whistle B as heard by the observer is 469Hz approximately
(C) The difference in the apparent frequencies of A and B as heard by the observer is 4.5 Hz.
(D) The apparent frequencies of the whistles of each other as heard by A and B are the same.
22. A car moves towards a hill with speed v c . It blows a horn of frequency f which is heared by an
observer following the car with speed v 0 . The speed of sound in air is v.
v
(A) the wavelength of sound reaching the hill is
f
v  vc
(B) the wavelength of sound reaching the hill is
f
 v  vo 
(C) the beat frequency observed by the observer is  f
 v  vc 
2v c (v  v o )f
(D) the beat frequency observed by the observer is
v 2  v c2
23. The velocity of sound in air is affected by change in the

(A) atmospheric pressure. (B) moisture content of air.
(C) temperature of air. (D) composition of air.

WAVES & SOUND 117
24. Mechanical waves

(A) are longitudinal only. (B) are transverse only.
(C) can be both longitudinal and transverse. (D) require a medium for propagation.
25. To raise the pitch of a stringed musical instrument the player can
(A) loosen the string (B) tighten the string.
(C) shorten the string (D) lengthen the string
26. When a wave goes from one medium to another, there is a change in the
(A) velocity (B) amplitude (C) frequency (D) wavelength
27. Any progressive wave equation in differential form is

1  2 y 1 2 y 1 y 1 y
(A)  (B) 
2 t 2 k 2 x 2  t k x
1 2y 1 2y 1  y 1 y
(C) 2 2
 2 2 (D) 
 t k x   t k x
28. A driver in a stationary car blows a horn which produces monochromatic sound waves of
frequency 1000 Hz normally towards a reflecting wall. The wall approaches the car with a speed
of 3.3 ms–1.
(A) The frequency of sound reflected from wall and heard by the driver is 1020 Hz.
(B) The frequency of sound reflected from wall and heard by the driver is 980 Hz.
(C) The percentage increase in frequency of sound after reflection from wall is 2%.
(D) The percentage decrease in frequency of sound after reflection from wall is 2%.
29. A plane progressive wave of frequency 25 Hz amplitude 2.5  10 5 m and initial phase zero
propagates along negative x–direction with a velocity of 300 ms–1. At any instant, the phase
difference between the oscillations at two points 6 m apart along the line is  and the
corresponding amplitude difference is A.
(A) A=0 (B) =0 (C) A  2.5  10 5 m (D) =
30. The displacement of a particle in a medium due to a wave travelling in the x–direction through the
medium is given by y=asin (t – x) where t is time in second,  and  are constants.
2
(A) The frequency of the wave is . (B) The time period of the wave is .

2 
(C) The wavelength of the wave is . (D) The velocity of the wave is .
 
31. A transverse sinusoidal wave of amplitude a, wavelength λ and frequency f is travelling on a

1
stretched sting. The maximum speed of any point on the string is v , where v is the speed of
10
propagation of the wave. If a  10 3 m and v = 10 ms–1 then λ and f are given by
103
(A)   2   10 2 m (B)   10 3 m (C) f Hz (D) f  10 3 Hz
2

118 WAVES & SOUND
32. A wave equation which gives the displacement along the y direction is given by
y  10  4 sin  60t  2x  , where x and y are in metres and t is in second. This represents a wave
(A) travelling with a velocity of 30 ms–1 in the negative x direction.
(B) of wavelength π metre.
30
(C) of frequency Hz.

–4
(D) of amplitude 10 m.
33. Two identical straight wires are stretched so as to produce 6 bps when vibrating simultaneously.
On changing the tension slightly in one of them, the beat frequency remains unchanged.
Denoting by T1 and T2, the higher and the lower initial tensions in the strings, then it could be said
that while making the above changes in tension
(A) T2 was decreased (B) T2 was increased
(C) T1 was increased (D) T1 was decreased
34. A wire of 9.8  103 kgm1 passes over a frictionless light pulley fixed on the top of a frictionless
inclined plane which makes an angle of 30˚ with the horizontal. Masses m and M are tied at the
two ends of wire such that m rests on the plane and M hangs freely vertically downwards. The
entire system is in equilibrium and a transverse wave propagates along the wire with a velocity of
100 ms–1.
m 1 m
(A) m = 20 kg (B) M = 5 kg (C)  (D) 2
M 2 M
35. A uniform rope of mass M length L hangs vertically from the ceiling, with its lower end free. A
disturbance on the rope travelling upwards starting from the lower end has a velocity v at a point
P at distance x from the lower end.
(A) Tension at point P is Mg (B) v xg
 M
(C) v 2xg (D) Tension at point P is   xg
L
0.8
36. y  x,t   2
represents a moving pulse, where x and y are in metre and t is in second,
 4x  5t  5
then
(A) pulse is moving in +x direction.
(B) in 2 s it will travel a distance of 2.5 m
(C) its maximum displacement is 0.16 m.
(D) it is a symmetric pulse.

WAVES & SOUND 119
COMPREHENSION TYPE
COMPREHENSION # 01 (Qs. 37 to 40)
The figure represents the instantaneous picture of a transverse harmonic wave

traveling along the negative x-axis. Choose the correct alternative(s) related to
the movement of the nine points shown in the figure.
37. The points moving upward is/are

(A) a (B) c (C) f (D) g
38. The points moving downwards is/are

(A) o (B) b (C) d (D) h
39. The stationary points is/are

(A) o (B) b (C) f (D) h
40. The points moving with maximum velocity is/are

(A) b (B) c (C) d (D) h
The figure represents the instantaneous picture of a longitudinal

harmonic wave travelling along the negative x-axis. Identify the correct
statement(s) related to the movement of the points shown in the figure.
41. The points moving in the direction of wave are

(A) b (B) c (C) f (D) i
42. The points moving opposite to the direction of propagation are

(A) a (B) d (C) f (D) j
43. The stationary points are

(A) a (B) c (C) g (D) k
44. The maximum displaced points are

(A) a (B) e (C) g (D) i
45. The points of maximum compression are

(A) c (B) g (C) e (D) k
46. The points of maximum rarefaction are

(A) a (B) e (C) g (D) i

120 WAVES & SOUND
A narrow tube is bent in the form of a circle of radius R, as shown in the

figure. Two small holes S and D are made in the tube at the positions
right angle to each other. A source placed at S generated a wave of
intensity I0 which is equally divided into two parts : One part travels along
the longer path, while the other travels along the shorter path. Both the
part waves meet at the point D where a detector is placed
47. If a maxima is formed at the detector then, the magnitude of wavelength  of the wave produced
is given by
R R 2R
(A) R (B) (C) (D)
2 4 3
48. If the minima is formed at the detector then, the magnitude of wavelength  of the wave
produced is given by
3 R 2R 2R
(A) 2 R (B) (C) (D)
2 3 5
49. The maximum intensity produced at D is given by

(A) 4I0 (B) 2I0 (C) I0 (D) 3I0
50. The maximum value of  to produce a maxima at D is given by

R 3 R
(A) R (B) 2 R (C) (D)
2 2
51. The maximum value of  to produce a minima at D is given by

R 3 R
(A) R (B) 2 R (C) (D)
2 2
 
An incident wave y  A sin  ax  bt   is reflected by a rigid obstacle at x  0 which reduces
 2 
intensity of reflected wave by 36%. Due to superposition, the resulting wave consists of a
standing wave and a travelling wave, which is given by Y   dA sinax.sinbt  cA cos bt  ax 
where A, a, b, c are positive constants.
52. Amplitude of reflected wave is –

(A) 0.6 A (B) 0.8 A (C) 0.4 A (D) 0.2 A
53. Value of c is –
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.3

WAVES & SOUND 121
54. Maximum displacement of a medium particle is –

(A) A (B) 0.2 A (C) 0.8 A (D) 1.8 A
Answer the following questions using the informations given below.

Molecular weight of air = 28.8
Molecular weight of water vapour = 18
 of dry air = 1.4
 of water vapour = 1.33
Standard pressure = 760 mm of Hg
Standard temperature = 0  C
Vapour pressure at 0  C = 4.8 mm of Hg
Velocity of sound in air at STP = 332 m/s
55. If m and d be the densities of the moist and dry air respectively, then
(A) m  0.251 d (B) m  0.997 d (C) m  0.755 d (D) m  0.355 d
56. If m and d be the adiabatic exponent for moist and dry air respectively then
m m m m
(A)  0.99 (B)  0.95 (C)  0.92 (D)  0.75
d d d d
57. The speed of sound in moist air at STP is

(A) 329.5 m/s (B) 330.25 m/s (C) 331.7 m/s (D) 333.7 m/s
COMPREHENSION # 06 (Qs. 58 & 59)
Two trains A and B are moving with speeds 20 m/s and 30 m/s
respectively in the same direction on the same straight track, with B
ahead of A. The engines are at the front ends. The engine of train
A blows a long whistle. Assume that the sound of the whistle is
composed of components varying in frequency from f1  800Hz to
f2  1120Hz, as shown in the figure. The spread in the frequency
(highest frequency – lowest frequency) is thus 320 Hz. The speed of sound in still air is 340 m/s.
58. The speed of sound of the whistle is

(A) 340 m/s for passengers in A and 310 m/s for passengers in B
(B) 360 m/s for passengers in A and 310 m/s for passengers in B
(C) 310 m/s for passengers in A and 360 m/s for passengers in B
(D) 340 m/s for passengers in both the trains
59. The spread of frequency as observed by the passengers in train B is

(A) 310 Hz (B) 330 Hz (C) 350 Hz (D) 290 Hz

122 WAVES & SOUND
INTEGER TYPE
60. A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length 2.45 m hangs from the ceiling. Calculate the time (in
sec) taken by a transverse wave to travel the full length of the rope.
61. The air column in a pipe closed at one end is made to vibrate in its second overtone by a tuning
fork of a particular frequency. End correction is neglected. Let P be the mean pressure of any
point in the pipe and P0 be the maximum amplitude of pressure variation. If the amplitude of
 P 
pressure variation at the middle of the column is  0  , find the value of N.
 N 
62. A steel wire of length 1m, mass 0.1 kg and uniform cross-sectional area 10 6 m2 is rigidly fixed at
both ends. The temperature of the wire is lowered by 20 C. If transverse waves are set up by
22
plucking the string in the middle, the frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration is . Find
k
11 2 5 
k . (Given for steel Y  2  10 N / m ,   1.21 10 per C )
63. Two tuning forks A and B sounded together give 6 beats per second. With an air resonance tube
closed at one end, the two forks give resonance when the two air columns are 24 cm and 25 cm
respectively. Calculate the difference of frequencies of forks in Hz.
64. A stationary observer receives sonic oscillations from two tuning forks, one of which approaches
and the other recedes with same speed. As this takes place, the observer hears the beat
frequency of 2 Hz. The speed of each tuning fork, if their oscillation frequency is 680 Hz and the
1
velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s is m / s. Find x .
x
65. The difference between the apparent frequencies of a source of sound as perceived by the
observer during its approach and recession is 2% of the natural frequency of the source. If the
velocity of sound in air is 300 m/s, what is the velocity (in m/s) of the source?
66. A train approaching a hill at a speed of 40km/hr sounds a whistle of frequency 580 Hz when it is
at a distance of 1 km from the hill. A wind with a speed of 40km/hr is blowing in the direction of
motion of the train. The frequency of the whistle as heard by an observer on the hill is k  10 2 Hz.
Find the value of k (velocity of sound in air = 1200 km/hr).

WAVES & SOUND 123
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
67. Match the columns I and II :
Column I Column II
Particles at every position are

(A) y  4 sin  5x  4t   3 cos  4t  5x   / 6  (p)
performing SHM
 x   x 
(B) y  10cos  t   sin 100  t   (q) Equation of travelling wave
 330   330 
(C) y  10 sin  2 x  120t   10 cos 120t  2x  (r) Equation of standing wave
(D) y  10 sin  2x  120t   8 cos 118t  59 / 30 x  (s) Equation of Beats
68. In the equation, y  A sin 2  ax  bt   / 4  match the following:
Column I Column II
(A) Frequency of wave (p) a
(B) Wavelength of wave (q) b
1
(C) Phase difference between two points distance apart (r) 
4a
1
(D) Phase difference of a point after a time interval of (s) /2
8b
(t) None
69. Source has frequency f . Source and observer both have same speed. For the apparent
frequency observed by observer match the following.
Column I Column II
Observer is approaching the source but source is receding from the more than
(A) (p)
observer f
(B) Observer and source both approaching towards each other (q) less than f
(C) Observer and source both receding from each other (r) equal to f
(D) Source is approaching but observer is receding (s) f


124 WAVES & SOUND
1. Two stationary sources A and B are sounding notes of frequency 680 Hz. An observer moves
–1
from A to B with a constant velocity u. If the speed of sound is 340 ms , what must be the value
of u so that he hears 10 beats per second?
2. Find the intensity of sound wave whose frequency is 250 Hz. The displacement amplitude of
–8 3
particles of the medium at this position is 1 × 10 m. The density of the medium is 1 kg/m , bulk
2
modulus of elasticity of the medium is 400 N/m .
3. Two strings A and B with μ = 2 kg/m and μ = 8 kg/m respectively are joined in series and kept on
a horizontal table with both the ends fixed. The tension in the string is 200 N. If a pulse of
amplitude 1 cm travels in A towards the junction, then find the amplitude of reflected and
transmitted pulse.
4. A parabolic pulse given by equation y (in cm) = 0.3 – 0.1(x – 5t)2 (y > 0) x in meter and t in
second travelling in a uniform string. The pulse passes through a boundary beyond which its
velocity becomes 2.5 m/s. What will be the amplitude of pulse in this medium after transmission?
5. A car moving towards a vertical wall sounds a horn. The driver hears that the sound of the horn
reflected from the cliff has a pitch half-octave higher than the actual sound. Find the ratio of the
velocity of the car and the velocity of sound.
6. The first overtone of a pipe closed at one end resonates with the third harmonic of a string fixed
at its ends. The ratio of the speed of sound to the speed of transverse wave travelling on the
string is 2 : 1. Find the ratio of the length of pipe to the length of string.
7. A stretched uniform wire of a sonometer between two fixed knife edges, when vibrates in its
second harmonic gives 1 beat per second with a vibrating tuning fork of frequency 200 Hz. Find
the percentage change in the tension of the wire to be in unison with the tuning fork.
8. Tuning fork A when sounded with a tuning fork B of frequency 480 Hz gives 5 beats per second.
When the prongs of A are loaded with wax, it gives 3 beats per second. Find the original
frequency of A.
9. The loudness level at a distance R from a long linear source of sound is found to be 40 dB. At this
point, the amplitude of oscillations of air molecules is 0.01 cm. Then find the loudness level &
amplitude at a point located at a distance '10R' from the source.
10. A sonometer wires resonates with a given tuning fork forming standing waves with five antinodes
between the two bridges when a mass of 9 kg is suspended from the wire. When this mass is
replaced by M, the wire resonates with the same tuning fork forming three antinodes for the same
position of bridges. Find the value of M.

WAVES & SOUND 125
11. A car is moving towards a huge wall with a speed = c/10 , where c = speed of sound in still air. A
wind is also blowing parallel to the velocity of the car in the same direction and with the same
speed. If the car sounds a horn of frequency f, then what is the frequency of the reflected sound
of the horn heared by driver of the car?
12. A 40 cm long wire having a mass 3.2 gm and area of c.s. 1 mm2 is stretched between the support
40.05 cm apart. In its fundamental mode. It vibrate with a frequency 1000/64 Hz. Find the young’s
modulus of the wire.
13. A steel rod having a length of 1 m is fastened at its middle. Assuming young’s modulus to be
2 1011 Pa, and density to be 8 gm/cm3 find the fundamental frequency of the longitudinal
vibration and frequency of first overtone.
14. Two identical sounds A and B reach a point in the same phase. The resultant sound is C. The
loudness of C is n dB higher than the loudness of A. Find the value of n.
15. Sound of wavelength l passes through a Quincke’s tube, which is adjusted to give a maximum
intensity I0. Find the distance through the sliding tube should be moved to give an intensity I0/2.
16. In a resonance-column experiment, a long tube, open at the top, is clamped vertically. By a
separate device, water level inside the tube can be moved up or down. The section of the tube
from the open end to the water level act as a closed organ pipe. A vibrating tuning fork is held
above the open end, first and the second resonances occur when the water level is 24.1 cm and
74.1 cm repsectively below the open end. Find the diameter of the tube.[Hint : end correction is
0.3 d]
17. In a mixture of gases, the average number of degrees of freedom per molecule is 6. The rms
speed of the molecules of the gas is c. Find the velocity of sound in the gas.
18. A fixed source of sound emitting a certain frequency appears as f a when the observer is
approaching the source with speed v and frequency f r when the observer recedes from the
source with the same speed. Find the frequency of the source.
19. A, B and C are three tuning forks. Frequency of A is 350Hz. Beats produced by A and B are 5 per
second and by B and C are 4 per second. When a wax is put on A beat frequency between A and
B is 2Hz and between A and C is 6Hz. Then, find the frequency of B and C respectively.
20. An open organ pipe filled with air has a fundamental frequency 500 Hz. The first harmonic of
another organ pipe closed at one end and filled with carbon dioxide has the same frequency as
that of the first harmonic of the open organ pipe. Calculate the length of each pipe. Assume that
the velocity of sound in air and in carbondioxide to be 330 and 264 m/s respectively.


126 WAVES & SOUND

1. The figure shows a snap photograph of a vibrating string at t = 0. The particle P is observed
moving up with velocity 20 cm/s. The angle made by string with x-axis at P is 6°.
(a) Find the direction in which the wave is moving

(b) the equation of the wave
(c) the total energy carried by the wave per cycle of the string , assuming that , the mass per
unit length of the string = 50 gm/m.
2. A uniform rope of length L and mass m is held at one end and whirled in a horizontal circle with
angular velocity . Ignore gravity. Find the time required for a transverse wave to travel from one
end of the rope to the other.
3. A symmetrical triangular pulse of maximum height 0.4 m and total length 1 m is moving in the
positive x-direction on a string on which the wave speed is 24 m/s. At t = 0 the pulse is entirely
located between x = 0 and x = 1 m. Draw a graph of the transverse velocity of particle of string
versus time at x =+1m.
4. A steel wire 8 × 10–4 m in diameter is fixed to a support at one end and is wrapped round a
cylindrical tuning peg 5 mm in diameter at the other end. The length of the wire between the peg
and the support is 0.06 m. The wire is initially kept taut but without any tension. What will be the
fundamental frequency of vibration of the wire if it is tightened by giving the peg a quarter of a
turn?
Density of steel = 7800 kg/m3,Y of steel = 20 × 1010 N/m2.
5. The displacement of the medium in a sound wave is given by the equation ; y1 = A cos (ax + bt)
where A, a & b are positive constants. The wave is reflected by an obstacle situated at x = 0.
The intensity of the reflected wave is 0.64 times that of the incident wave.
(a) what are the wavelength & frequency of the incident wave.
(b) write the equation for the reflected wave.
(c) in the resultant wave formed after reflection , find the maximum & minimum values of the
particle speeds in the medium.
6. In a stationary wave pattern that forms as a result of reflection of waves from an obstacle the ratio
of the amplitude at an antinode and a node is = 1.5. What percentage of the energy passes
across the obstacle?
7. (a) A standing wave in second overtone is maintained in a open organ pipe of length l . The
distance between consecutive displacement node and pressure node is ________ .

WAVES & SOUND 127
(b) Two consecutive overtones produced by a narrow air column closed at one end and open at
the other are 750 Hz and 1050 Hz. Then the fundamental frequency from the column is _______.
(c) A standing wave of frequency 1100 Hz in a column of methane at 20 C produces nodes that
are 20 cm apart. What is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant
volume.
8. A string, 25 cm long, having a mass of 0.25 gm/cm, is under tension. A pipe closed at one end is
40 cm long. When the string is set vibrating in its first overtone, and the air in the pipe in its
fundamental frequency, 8 beats/sec are heard. It is observed that decreasing the tension in the
string, decreases the beat frequency. If the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s, find the tension in
the string.
9. A metal rod of length l = 100 cm is clamped at two points. Distance of each clamp from nearer
end is a = 30 cm. If density and Young’s modulus of elasticity of rod material are  = 9000 kg m-3
and Y = 144 GPa respectively, calculate minimum and next higher frequency of natural
longitudinal oscillations of the rod.
10. Two speakers are driven by the same oscillator with frequency of 200 Hz. They are located 4 m
apart on a vertical pole. A man walks straight towards the lower speaker in a direction
perpendicular to the pole, as shown in figure.
(a) How many times will he hear a minimum in sound intensity, and
(b) how far is he from the pole at these moments?
Take the speed of sound to be 330 m/s, and ignore any sound reflections coming off the ground.
11. A cylinder ABC consists of two chambers 1 and 2 which contains two different gases. The wall C
is rigid but the walls A and B are thin diaphragms. A vibrating tuning fork approaches the wall A
with velocity u = 30 m/s and air columns in chamber 1 and 2 vibrates with minimum frequency
such that there is node (displacement) at B and antinode (displacement) at A. Find
(i) the fundamental frequency of air column.

(ii) Find the frequency of tuning fork.
Assume velocity of sound in the first and second chamber be 1100 m/s and 300 m/s respectively.
Velocity of sound in air 330 m/s.

128 WAVES & SOUND
12. A source emits sound waves of frequency 1000 Hz. The source moves to the right with a speed
of 32 m/s relative to ground. On the right a reflecting surface moves towards left with a speed of
64 m/s relative to the ground. The speed of sound in air is 332 m/s. Find
(a) the wavelength of sound in air by source
(b) the number of waves arriving per second which meet the reflecting surface.
(c) the speed of reflected waves.
(d) the wavelength of reflected waves.
13. A supersonic jet plane moves parallel to the ground at speed v = 0.75 mach (1 mach = speed of
sound). The frequency of its engine sound is 0 = 2 kHz and the height of the jat plane is h = 1.5
km. At some instant an observer on the ground hears a sound of frequency  = 2 0, Find the
instant prior to the instant of hearing when the sound wave received by the observer was emitted
by the jet plane. Velocity of sound wave in the condition of observer = 340 m/s.
14. A train of length l is moving with a constant speed v along a circular track of radius R, The
engine of the train emits a whistle of frequency f. Find the frequency heard by a guard at the rear
end of the train.
15. A bullet travels horizontally at 660 m/s at a height of 5 m from a man. How far is the bullet from
the man when he hears its whistle? Velocity of sound in air = 340 m/s.


WAVES & SOUND 129

1. A plane elastic wave   a cos   t  kx  propagates in a medium K. Find the equation of this
wave in a reference frame K  moving in the positive direction of the x -axis with a constant
velocity V relative to the medium K. Investigate the expression obtained.
2. Demonstrate that any differentiable function f  t   x  , where  is a constant, provides a solution

of wave equation. What is the physical meaning of the constant  ?
3. A plane wave   a cos   t  kx  propagates in a homogeneous elastic medium. For the moment
t  0 draw
(a) the plots of ,  / t, and  / x vs x ;
(b) the velocity direction of the particles of the medium at the points where   0, for the cases
of longitudinal and transverse waves;
(c) the approximate plot of density distribution   x  of the medium for the case of longitudinal
waves.
4. A plane elastic wave   ae  x cos   t  kx  , where a, , , and k are constants, propagates in a

homogeneous medium. Find the phase difference between the oscillations at the points where
the particles’ displacement amplitudes differ by   1.0% , if   0.42m1 and the wavelength is
  50 cm.
5. A plane undamped harmonic wave propagates in a medium. Find the mean space density of the
total oscillation energy w , if at any point of the medium the space density of energy becomes
equal to w 0 one-sixth of an oscillation period after passing the displacement maximum.
6. A longitudinal standing wave   acoskx.cos  t is maintained in a homogeneous medium of

density . Find the expressions for the space density of
(a) potential energy w p  x, t  ;
(b) kinetic energy w k  x, t  . Plot the space density distribution of the total energy w in the
space between the displacement nodes at the moments t  0 and t  T / 4, where T is
the oscillation period.
7. Determine in what way and how many times will the fundamental tone frequency of a stretched
wire change if its length is shortened by 35% and the tension increased by 70%.
8. A copper rod of length l  50cm is clamped at its midpoint. Find the number of natural
longitudinal oscillations of the rod in the frequency range from 20 to 50 kH z. What are those
frequencies equal to?

130 WAVES & SOUND
9. A standing wave   a sinkx.cos  t is maintained in a homogeneous rod with cross-sectional

area S and density . Find the total mechanical energy confined between the sections
corresponding to the adjacent displacement nodes.
10. A stationary observer receives sonic oscillations from two tuning from two tuning forks one of
which approaches, and the other recedes with the same velocity. As this takes place, the
observer hears the beatings with frequency v  2.0Hz. Find the velocity of each tuning fork if
their oscillation frequency is v 0  680Hz and the velocity of sound in air is v  340m / s .
11. A source of sonic oscillations with frequency v 0  1700Hz and a receiver are located at the
same point. At the moment t  0 the source starts receding from the receiver with constant
acceleration w  10.0 m / s2 . Assuming the velocity of sound to be equal to v  340 m / s, find
the oscillation frequency registered by the stationary receiver t  10.0s after the start of motion.
12. A source of sonic oscillations with frequency v 0  1700Hz and a receiver are located on the
same normal to a wall. Both the source and the receiver are stationary, and the wall recedes from
the source with velocity u  6.0 cm / s. Find the beat frequency registered by the receiver. The
velocity of sound is equal to v  340 m / s.
13. Find the number of possible natural oscillations of air column in a pipe whose frequencies lie
below v 0  1250Hz. The length of the pipe is   85cm. The velocity of sound is v  340m / s.
Consider the two cases:
(a) the pipe is closed from one end;
(b) the pipe is opened from both ends.
The open ends of the pipe are assumed to be the antinodes of displacement.
14. A source of sound with natural frequency v 0  1.8kHz moves uniformly along a straight line
separated from a stationary obserever by a distance   250m. The velocity of the source is equal to
  0.80 fraction of the velocity of sound. Find:
(a) The frequency of sound received by the observer at the moment when the source gets
closest to him;
(b) The distance between the source and the observer at the moment when the observer
receives a frequency v  v 0 .
15. A stationary source sends forth monochromatic sound. A wall approaches it with velocity
u  33 cm / s. The propagation velocity of sound in the medium is v  330m / s. In what way and
how much, in per cent, does the wavelength of sound change on reflection from the wall?


WAVES & SOUND 131
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS QUESTIONS

1. If the threshold of hearing is assumed to be the reference (0 dB), then the threshold of pain is
I0
taken to be 120 dB. Let the corresponding sound intensities be I0 and I respectively. Then
I
is [NSEP 2014]
(A) 120 (B) 1012 (C) 1012 (D) 101.2
2. Standing waves are generated on a string loaded with a cylindrical body. If the cylinder is
immersed in water, the length of the loops changes by a factor of 2.2. The specific gravity of the
material of the cylinder is [NSEP 2014]
(A) 1.11 (B) 2.15 (C) 2.50 (D) 1.26
3. Consider a body moving through air at a speed greater than that of sound. Out of the following
terms that one which is NOT connected with this event is [NSEP 2014]
(A) sonic boom (B) ultrasonic (C) Mach number (D) conical wavefront


132 WAVES & SOUND

1. A whistle producing sound waves of frequencies 9500 Hz and above is approaching a stationary
person with speed v ms–1. The velocity of sound in air is 300ms–1. If the person can hear
frequencies upto a maximum of 10,000 Hz, the maximum value of v upto which he can hear the
whistle is - [2006]
(A) 15/ms–1 (B) 15 ms–1
(C) 30 ms–1 (D) 15ms–1
2. A string is stretched between fixed points separated by 75.0 cm. It is observed to have resonant
frequencies of 420 Hz and 315 Hz. There are no other resonant frequencies between these two.
Then, the lowest resonant frequency for this string is - [2006]
(A) 1.05 Hz (B) 1050 Hz
(C) 10.5 Hz (D) 105 Hz
3. A motor cycle starts from rest and accelerates along a straight path at 2 m/s2. At the starting
point of the motor cycle there is a stationary electric sire. How far has the motor cycle gone when
the driver hears the frequency of the siren at 94% of its value when the motor cycle was at rest?
(speed of sound = 330 ms-1). [2009]
(A) 49 m (B) 98 m
(C) 147 m (D) 196 m
4. Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have frequencies (v – 1), v, (v + 1). They superpose to
give beats. The number of beats produced per second will be [2009]
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
5. The equation of a wave on a string of linear mass density 0.04 kg m–1 is given by
  t x 
y  0.02  m  sin  2   .
 0.04  s  0.50  m   
   
The tension in the string is [2010]
(A) 6.25 N (B) 4.0 N
(C) 12.5 N (D) 0.5 N

 ax 2  bt 2  2 abxt 
6. The transverse displacement y  x , t  of a wave on a string is given by y  x, t   e .
This represents a [2011]
b
(A) wave moving in – x direction with speed (B) standing wave of a frequency b
a
1
(C) standing wave of a frequency
b
a
(D) wave moving in + x direction with
b

WAVES & SOUND 133
7. A cylindrical tube, open at both ends, has a fundamental frequency, f, in air. The tube is dipped
vertically in water so that half of it is in water. The fundamental frequency of the air-column is now
[2012]
f 3f
(A) f (B) (C) (D) 2f
2 4
8. A sonometer wire of length 1.5 m is made of steel. The tension in it produce an elastic strain of
1%. What is the fundamental frequency of steel if density and elasticity of steel are 7.7 × 103
kg/m3 and 2.2 × 1011 N/m2 respectively? [2013]
(A) 188.5 Hz (B) 178.2 Hz (C) 200.5 Hz (D) 770 Hz
9. A pipe of length 85 cm is closed from one end. Find the number of possible natural oscillations of
air column in the pipe whose frequencies lie below 1250 Hz. The velocity of sound in air 340 m/s.
[2014]
(A) 4 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 6
10. A train is moving on a straight track with speed 20 ms 1. It is blowing its whistle at the frequency
of 1000 Hz. The percentage change in the frequency heard by a person standing near the track
as the train passes him is (speed of sound  320 ms 1 ) close to : [2015]
(A) 12% (B) 18% (C) 24% (D) 6%
11. A uniform string of length 20 m is suspended from a rigid support. A short wave pulse is
introduced at its lowest end. It starts moving up the string. The time taken to reach the support is
: (take g  10 ms 2 ) [2016]
(A) 2s (B) 2 2s (C) 2s (D) 2 2 s
12. A pipe open at both ends has a fundamental frequency f in air. The pipe is dipped vertically in
water so that half of it is in water. The fundamental frequency of the air column is now : [2016]
3f f
(A) (B) 2f (C) f (D)
4 2
13. In amplitude modulation, sinusoidual carrier frequency used is denoted by c and the signal
frequency is denoted by m . The bandwidth  m  of the signal is such that m   c . Which of
the following frequencies is not contained in the modulated wave? [2017]
(A) c  m (B) m (C) c (d) m  c


134 WAVES & SOUND

1. In the arrangement shown, calculate from where the mass should be hanged so that wire (2)
vibrates in second harmonic and wire (1) in first harmonic? [2006]
A C
l
B D
L
M
L L
(A) (B)
5 4
4L 3L
(C) (D)
5 4
Passage [2006]
y1  A cos(0.5x  100t)
y 2  A cos(0.46x  92t)
2. How many time is a second does a stationary observer hears loud sound (maximum intensity)
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
3. What is velocity of sound wave?

(A) 200 m/s (B) 180 m/s
(C) 100 m/s (D) 194 m/s
4. At x = 0, how many times does the net amplitude between 0 and 1 s

(A) 46 (B) 42
(C) 50 (D) 100
5. A 20cm long string, having a mass of 1.0g, is fixed at both the ends. The tension in the string is
0.5 N. The string is set into vibrations using an external vibrator of frequency 100 Hz. Find the
separation (in cm) between the successive nodes on the string. [2009]
6. A hollow pipe of length 0.8 m is closed at one end. At its open end a 0.5 m long uniform string is
vibrating in its second harmonic and it resonates with the fundamental frequency of the pipe. If
the tension in the wire is 50 N and the speed of sound is 320 ms 1 , the mass of the string is –
[2010]
(A) 5 grams (B) 10 grams
(C) 20 grams (D) 40 grams
 
7. When two progressive waves y1  4 sin  2x  6t  and y 2  3sin  2x  6t   are superimposed,
 2
the amplitude of the resultant wave is [2010]

WAVES & SOUND 135
8. A student is performing an experiment using a resonance column and a tuning fork of frequency
244 s 1. He is told that the air in the tube has been replaced by another gas (assume that the
column remains filled with the gas). If the minimum height at which resonance occurs is
 0.350  0.005  m, the gas in the tube is–
(Useful Information : 167RT  640J1/2mole1/2 ; 140RT  590J1/2 mole 1/2 .

The molar masses M in grams are given in the options.
10
Take the value of for each gas as given there.) [2014]
M
 10 7 
(A) Neon  M  20,  
 20 10 

 10 3 
(B) Nitrogen  M  28,  
 28 5 

 10 9 
(C) Oxygen  M  32,  
 32 16 

 10 17 
(D) Argon  M  36,  
 36 32 

9. One end of a taut string of length 3m along the x axis is fixed at x  0. The speed of the waves in
the string is 100ms1. The other end of the string is vibrating in the y direction so that stationary
waves are set up in the string. The possible waveform(s) of these stationary waves is (are) -
[2014]
x 50 t
(A) y  t   A sin cos
6 3
x 100 t
(B) y  t   A sin cos
3 3
5 x 250 t
(C) y  t   A sin cos
6 3
5x
(D) y  t   A sin cos 250t
2
10. Four harmonic waves of equal frequencies and equal intensities I0 have phase angles
 2
0, , and . When they are superposed, the intensity of the resulting wave is nI0 . The value of
3 3
n is - [2015]

136 WAVES & SOUND
11. Two loudspeakers M and N are located 20 m apart and emit sound at frequencies 118 Hz and
121 Hz, respectively. A car is initially at a point P, 1800 m away from the midpoint Q of the line
MN and moves towards Q constantly at 60 km/hr along the perpendicular bisector of MN. It
crosses Q and eventually reaches a point R, 1800 m away from Q. Let v  t  represent the beat
frequency measured by a person sitting in the car at time t. Let vP ,v Q and vR be the beat
frequencies measured at locations P, Q and R, respectively. The speed of sound in air is
330 ms1. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true regarding the sound heard by the
person? - [2016]
(A) vP  vR  2v Q
(B) The rate of change in beat frequency is maximum when the car passes through Q
(C) The plot below represents schematically the variation of beat frequency with time
(D) The plot below represents schematically the variation of beat frequency with time
12. A block M hangs vertically at the bottom end of a uniform rope of constant
mass per unit length. The top end of the rope is attached to a fixed rigid
support at O. A transverse wave pulse (Pulse 1) of wavelength 0 is produced
at point O on the rope. The pulse takes time TOA to reach point A. If the wave
pulse of wavelength 0 is produced at point A (Pulse 2) without disturbing the
position of M it take time TOA to reach point O. Which of the following options
is/are correct? [2017]
(A) The velocities of the two pulses (Pulse 1 and Pulse 2) are the same at the midpoint of
rope
(B) The velocity of any pulse along the rope is independent of its frequency and wavelength
(C) The wavelength of Pulse1 becomes longer when it reaches point A
(D) The time TAO  TOA


WAVES & SOUND 137
ANSWER KEYS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A C A B B C D D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A B A B C D A C D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
D A B D C B C A


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A D C C B D B A A B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D B B B C B B D C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
C B C B D C A A


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D A D A A A ABD CD BD BC
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
AD AB AC CD AC ABCD ACD BC CD BD
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
BC BD BCD CD BC ABD AB AC AD BCD
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
AC ABCD BD AD BD BC AD C BC CD
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
B C A ABD AD C ABC ACD B A
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
B B A D B A C B A 1
61 62 63 64 65 66 67
2 2 6 2 3 6 (A)  p, q ,(B)  s, (C)  p, r, (D)  s
68 69
(A)  q, (B)  t, (C)  s, (D)  t (A)  r; (B)  p; (C)  q; (D)  r

138 WAVES & SOUND

 2  10 9 1 2
Q.1 2.5 ms–1 Q.2 W/m2 Q.3 Ar = – cm, At = cm Q.4 0.2 cm
4 3 3
Q.5 1:5 Q.6 1:1 Q.7 1% Q.8 485 Hz
Q.9 30 dB, 10 10 m Q.10 25 kg Q.11 11f / 9
9 2
Q.12 1  10 Nm Q.13 2.5 kHz, 7.5 kHz Q.14 6 Q.15 /8
f r  fa
Q.16 3 cm Q.17 2c/3 Q.18 Q.19 345, 341 or 349 Hz
2
Q.20 33 cm and 13.2 cm
 1 
Q.1 (a) negative x ; (b) y = 4×10–3 sin 100  3t  0.5x  2 –5
 (x , y in meter) ; (c) 72 ×10 J
 400 

Q.2 Q.3
2
Q.4 10800 Hz
Q.5 (a) 2 /a, b/2, (b) y2 = ± 0.8 A cos (ax  bt), (c) max.=1.8 b A, min. = 0,
Q.6 96 % Q.7 (a) l / 6 ; (b) 150 Hz; (c)1.28 Q.8 67.6 N
Q.9 10 kHz, 30 kHz Q.10 (a) 2 ; (b) 9.28 m and 1.99 m
Q.11 1650 Hz, 1500 Hz
Q.12 (a) 0.3 m, (b) 1320, (c) 332 m/s, (d) 0.2 m Q.13 5.9 sec Q.14 f
Q.15 9.7 m

ANS. 1   a cos 1  V / v  t  kx , where v   / k .
ANS.2
ANS.3
2 2
ANS.4    In 1      0.3 rad .
 

WAVES & SOUND 139
ANS.5 w  2 w0
3
ANS.6 (a) w p  1 2  a 2 2 sin 2 kx.cos 2  t ; (b) wk  1 2  a 2 2  cos 2 kx.sin 2  t. See figure.
1  T / T
ANS.7 Will increase    2 times.
1  l / l
2n  1 E
ANS.8 vn   3.8  2n  1 kHz;
2l 
four oscillations with frequencies 26.6, 34.2, 41.8 and 49.4 kHz .
 v0
ANS.9 W  1  S   2a 2 / k.
4
ANS.10 u
v  1   v / v   1  2vv  0.5 m / s
0
2
ANS.11 v  v0 / 1  2 wt / v  1.35 kHz

ANS.12 v  2v0 u /   u   0.60 Hz
v v
ANS.13 (a) vn   2n  1 , six oscillations;(b) vn   n  1 , also six oscillations. Here n  0,1, 2,.......
4 2
v0
ANS.14 (a) v   5 kHz; (b) r   1   2  0.32 km.
1  2
2u
ANS.15 Deceases by  2.0%.
v  u 
EXERCISE # 07 KVPY, OLYMPIADS CORNER
1 2 3
C D B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D B C A A A B D A
11 12 13
B C B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A A A D 5 B 5 D ACD 3 ABC
12
AD

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XI MODULE - VI

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS

Modus Operandi for Practice

Step – I CatalyseR 's Practice Sheets & NCERT

Step – II CatalyseR 's Module & Exercise of Concepts of Physics

Step – III Previous Years’ JEE Subjective & Objective Questions,

This Study Package is Prepared by

WEIGHTAGE OF ‘HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS’ IN JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED)

JEE (MAIN) Formely known as AIEEE

HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS

1.1.1 | CAUSE OF THERMAL EXPANSION

As temperature increases, vibration energy of the constituent particles increase which

1.1.2 | TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSION

co-efficient of superficial expansion)

(1) For isotropic solid, 1  2  3   (say)

1.2 VARIATION IN DENSITY

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.3 | APPARENT EXPANSION OF LIQUID IN A CONTAINER

Initially container was completely filled with liquid. Temperature is increased by t

So coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid w.r.t. container

1.4 THERMAL STRESS

Energy stored in rod E  1  stress × strain × volume

1.5 | VARIATION OF TIME PERIOD OF PENDULUM CLOCKS

CatalyseR Eduventures (India) Pvt. Ltd.

1.6 MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH BY METALLIC SCALE

lactual  lmeasure  lone division and lone division  (1cm) (1  t )

1.6.1 | FOR VARIABLE 

(1) variation of  with distance

Total expansion =  (expansion of length dx)   (ax  b)dxt

(2) variation of  with temperature. Let   f (T ) l   l0 f (T )dT

The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water from

1.7.2 | SPECIFIC HEAT

It is heat required to raise temperature by 1º C or 1º K for unit mass of the body.

1.7.3 | LATENT HEAT

The amount of heat required to change one phase of 1 gm of a substance to another

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.7.4 | MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY

1.7.5 | THERMAL CAPACITY

1.7.6 | WATER EQUIVALENT

1.7.7 | PRINCIPLE OF CALORIMETRY

1.8 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

1.8.1 | ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1.8.2 | First law of Thermodynamics

It is the consequence of conservation of energy.

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and dU  d[( f / 2)nRT ] f = degree of freedom

dW   PdV (P = pressure of the gas of which work is to be calculated)

W  +ve for work done by gas (in expansion of gas)

Process C Monoatomic Diatomic Polyatomic

V=constant CV  ( f / 2) R (3/2) R (5/2) R 3R

P=constant f 2 (5/2) R (7/2) R 4R

1.8.3 | Indicator Diagram & different thermodynamic processes

dQ  dU  nCV dT Q   nCV dT  nCV (T2  T1 )

1.8.5 | Isochoric Process (P=constant)

Nothing is impossible, the word itself says ‘I’m possible’!

1.8.6 | Isothermal Process (T=constant)

By First Law of Thermodynamics

1.8.7 | Adiabatic Process (dQ = 0)

dW  dU By First Law of Thermodynamics

Slope of adiabatic curve is more in magnitude in comparison to the slope of the

1.8.8 | Polytropic Process

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1.8.9 | Work Done on Gas