Geometric modeling

Curves

Computer-aided design
 Modeling Analytic Curves
(Parabola)

Computer-aided design
 Representation of a Parabola

Computer-aided design
 Application of a Parabola
Parabolic solar concentrator

Computer-aided design
 Parametric Representation of a Parabola

Non-P Eqn.: y2 = 4 ax
One way of representation:
x = a.tan2Φ
y = ±(2).(a.tanΦ) 1/2
P(Φ) = [a.tan2Φ , ±2(a.tanΦ)1/2]T

However, this representation does not yield a figure

with maximum inscribed area and thus is not efficient
visual representation.

Computer-aided design
 Need of Efficient Algorithm
Parametric Representation of a Parabloa
Another way of representation:
x = a.u2 and y = 2.a.u
where, 0 ≤ u ≤ ∞ (u is not an angle).

P(u) = [a.u2 2a.u]T

0≤u≤∞

Computer-aided design
 Need of Efficient Algorithm
Parametric Representation
of a Parabola

x = a.u2 and y = 2.a.u

The parabola, like an ellipse is not a closed curve. Thus
the amount of parabola to be displayed must be limited
by choosing a minimum and maximum value of u.
e.g. If the range of x-coordinate is limited then
umin = (xmin/a)1/2 and umax = (xmax/a)1/2
If the range of y-coordinate is limited then
umin = ymin/2a and umax = ymax/2a

Computer-aided design
 Recursive Relation of a Parabola
Having established umin and umax, the parabola in I-quadrant can
be generated with increment in u as
δu = (umax - umin)/n-1
(i)th point:
xi = a.ui2
yi = 2.a.ui …….(a)
(i+1)th point
xi+1 = a.(ui+δu)2
yi+1 = 2.a.(ui+ δu)……(b)
xi+1 = a.ui2 + 2auiδu+ a(δu)2
yi+1 = 2.a.ui+ 2.a.δu……(c)
Computer-aided design
 Recursive Relation of a Parabola
xi+1 = a.ui2 + 2.a.uiδu+ a(δu)2
Yi+1 = 2.a.ui+ 2.a.δu……(c)

Recursive Relation:
xi+1 = xi + yiδu + a(δu)2
yi+1 = yi+2aδu …………………(d)

New point on the parabola is obtained at the cost of 3

Adds and one multiply within inner loop.

Computer-aided design
 Model Solution
Generate a parabolic segment in the I quadrant for
1≤x≤4 for the parabola given by: x = au2 = u2 and
y = 2au = 2u
The range of x-coordinate is limited. Therefore, let’s
determine limits of u.
umin = (xmin/a)1/2 = (1/1) = 1
umax = (xmax/a)1/2 = (4/1)1/2 = 2
Let n = 10.
δu = (umax – umin)/n–1 = (2–1)/10–1 = 1/9

Computer-aided design
 Recursive Relation of a Parabola
First point: u1 = umin =1
Therefore, x1 = (a.u12) = (1.12) = 1
y1 = 2au1 = 2(1)(1) = 2
For successive points, Recursive Relation:
xi+1 = xi + yδu + a(δu)2
yi+1 = yi+2aδu …………………(d)
For 2nd point:
x2 = x1 + y1δu + a(δu)2 = 1+2(1/9)+1(1/9)2 = 1.235
y2 = y1+2aδu = 2+2(1)(1/9) = 2.222
x3 =
y3 =
Once user defines 1st point other points are automatically generated as δu, a are constant.

Computer-aided design
 Model Solution
Successive points are generated
i Xi yi 4

1 1 2
2 1.235 2.222 2

3 1.494 2.444
4 1.778 2.667 1 4

5 2.086 2.889
6 2.420 3.112 xi+1 = xi + yδu – a(δu)2
7 2.778 3.333 yi+1 = yi+2aδu …………………(d)
8 3.160 3.556
9 3.568 3.778
10 4.000 4

Computer-aided design
 Modeling Analytic Curves
(Hyperbola)

Computer-aided design
 Representation of a Hyperbola

Computer-aided design
 Parametric Representation of a Hyperbola

Non-P Eqn.: x2/a2 – y2/b2 = 1

Vertex at (a,0) and the asymptotic slopes are ±b/a
One way of Parametric representation:
x = ±a.secu
y = ±b.tanu
P(u) = [±a.secu ±b.tanu]T

However, this P-Rep doesn’t yield maximum inscribed

area.

Computer-aided design
 Parametric Representation of a Hyperbola

Non-P Eqn.: x2/a2 – y2/b2 = 1

Parametric representation:
x = ±a.secu
y = ±b.tanu
Recursive Relation:
bxi
xi +1 = 
b cosu − yi sin u
byi + b tan u
yi +1 = 
b − yi tan u

Computer-aided design
 Parametric Representation of a Hyperbola

An alternate P-Rep of a hyperbola which yields the

polygon with maximum inscribed area is
x = a.coshu
y = b.sinhu
P(u) = [a.coshu b.sinhu]T

Computer-aided design
 Recursive Relation of a Hyperbola
1st Point:
xi = a.coshui
yi = b.sinhui ……..(a)
Successive points with δu as increments:
δu = (umax – umin)/n–1

If x range is limited then

umin = cosh-1(xmin/a)
umax = cosh-1(xmax/a)

cosh-1(x) = ln[x+(x2–1)1/2]
Computer-aided design
 Recursive Relation of a Hyperbola

1st Point:
xi = a.coshui
yi = b.sinhui ……..(a)
Successive Points:
xi+1 = a.cosh(ui+δu)
= a(coshu.coshδu + sinhu.sinhδu) …. x(b/b)

yi+1 = b.sinh(ui+δu)
= b(sinhu.coshδu + coshu.sinhδu) …. x(a/a)
xi+1 = xi.coshδu + (a/b).yi.sinhδu)
yi+1 = (b/a) xi.sinhδu + yi.coshδu)
Computer-aided design
 Model Solution
Generate 8 points on the hyperbolic segments in the I
quadrant for 4≤x≤8 with a=2, b=1.
The range of x-coordinate is limited. Therefore, let’s determine
limits of u.
umin = cosh-1(xmin/a) = 1.317
umax = cosh-1(xmax/a) = 2.063
n = 10.
δu = (umax – umin)/n–1 = (2.063–1.317)/8–1=0.107

Computer-aided design
 Model Solution
Successive points are generated
i Xi yi
1 4.000 1.732
2 4.393 1.956
3 4.836 2.201
4 5.334 2.472
5 5.892 2.771
6 6.518 3.102
7 7.218 3.468
8 8.000 3.873
xi+1 = xi.coshδu + (a/b).yi.sinhδu)
yi+1 = (b/a) xi.sinhδu + yi.coshδu)

Computer-aided design
 Modeling Synthetic Curves

Computer-aided design
What is synthetic curve?

Computer-aided design Slide #22

Need for synthetic curves

Computer-aided design Slide #23

Uses

1. Functional Requirement: Which curve is best suited from the fluid

dynamics point of view?

Computer-aided design Slide #24

Uses

2. Aesthetic Requirement: Which curve is best suited?

Computer-aided design Slide #25

Uses

3. Ergonomic Requirement(s): Which curve is best suited from the

ergonomics point of view??

Computer-aided design Slide #26

Why not analytic curves?

▪ Analytic curves are usually not sufficient to meet geometric design

requirements of some products

▪ Analytic curves don’t provide the flexibility that synthetic curves offer

▪ Some physical phenomena may require more smoothness than that is

possible with analytic curves/surfaces

▪ Car bodies, ship hulls, airplane fuselage and wings, propeller blades,
shoe insoles and bottles

Computer-aided design Slide #27

Techniques to design synthetic curves

Curve fitting technique:

▪ Curve passes through all the data points P0, P1, ……Pn-1, Pn. This type of
process is called as ‘curve interpolation’.

Computer-aided design Slide #28

Techniques to design synthetic curves

Curve Fairing Technique:

▪ Curve passes only through the end points P0 and Pn. Other points are
the control points to define shape of the curve. This type of process is
called as ‘curve approximation’.

Computer-aided design Slide #29

Objectives of synthetic curves

1. Shape Control

2. Quality of the curves

What a smooth curve it is! Smoothness

What a fair curve it is! Fairness
What a sweet curve it is! Sweetness
Computer-aided design Slide #30
Techniques to Design Curves

▪ There is no commonly agreed definition of the ‘fairness’, ‘smoothness’,

or ‘sweetness’ of a curve.
▪ Here it is used in the qualitative sense of ‘pleasing to the eye’.
▪ What if we have a quantitative representation ?

Computer-aided design Slide #31

Continuity

Various continuity requirements are required to

be satisfied at the data points to improve degree
of smoothness of the resulting curve or surface.
The order of continuity becomes important when
a complex curve is modelled by several curve
segments placed together end to end.

Computer-aided design Slide #32

C0 Continuity | Position Continuity

▪ Two curve segments join together

Computer-aided design Slide #33

C1 Continuity | Tangent Continuity

▪ Along with C0(position), tangents are collinear at the joining point.

Computer-aided design Slide #34

C2 Continuity | Curvature Continuity

▪ C2: Along with C0, C1, center of curvature is same for both curves.

▪ Cn: Directions and magnitudes of n-th derivative are equal at the joint.

Computer-aided design Slide #35

Relation between continuity (C) and degree of polynomial (n)

❑In general, a mathematical spline (curve) is a ‘piecewise polynomial of

degree n’ has continuity of derivatives of order n-1. at the common
joints between segments.
❑ Piecewise polynomial of low degree are most useful for curve fitting
because low degree polynomial reduce the computational requirements
as well as reduce numerical instabilities.
❑ Numerical instabilities do not allow for unique solution when several
points are joined in a common curve.

Computer-aided design Slide #36

Synthetic Curves under Study

Major CAD/CAM packages offer three types of synthetic curves:

a) Hermite Cubic Spline

b) Bezier

c) B-Spline

Computer-aided design Slide #37

Synthetic or Free Form Curves Cubic Spline | Bezier | B Spline

Various Synthetic Curves with reference to 5 points having same x- and y-

coordinates.

Computer-aided design Slide #38

 THANK YOU !

Computer-aided design