REFRIGERATION


 Refrigeration

 process of lowering the temperature and
maintaining it in a given space for the purpose of
chilling foods, preserving certain substances, or
providing an atmosphere conducive to bodily
comfort.
 Storing perishable foods, furs, pharmaceuticals, or
other items under refrigeration is commonly known
as cold storage.
 Such refrigeration checks both bacterial growth and
adverse chemical reactions that occur in the normal
atmosphere.
1. household
refrigerators,

2. industrial
freezers,
3. cryogenics, and
4. air conditioning

Applications
of refrigeration
 Mechanical Refrigeration

 Is the removal of heat by utilizing a refrigerant
subjected to cycles of refrigerating thermodynamics
and employing a mechanical compressor.

 Uses a vapor-compression cycle.

Parts of a Vapor-compression
refrigeration

 Compressor
 Condenser
 Expansion valve
 Evaporator
Compressor

 It is the heart of the vapor-compression system.

 Types of refrigeration compressors

 Reciprocating
 Rotary
 Centrifugal

 As the compressors compressing the refrigerant,

additional heat is added to the refrigerant. These heats
are:
 Heat of compression
 Mechanical friction heat
 Compressors winding heat
 Suction line heat
Condenser

 Receives superheated refrigerant from the
compressor, remove the superheat and then liquefy
the refrigerant.

 It is the ultimate point of rejection from the

refrigeration system.

 Condensers are either water-cooled or air-cooled.

Expansion
valve 

 It must reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant.

 It must regulate the flow of the refrigerant to the

compressor.
 Types of Expansion
valve

 Thermostatic expansion valve - is used for
refrigerant flow control and operates at varying
pressures resulting from varying temperatures. This
valve maintains constant superheat in the
evaporator.

 Capillary tubes - is a refrigerant control. The

capillary is simply a length of tubing with a small
inside diameter which acts as a constant throttle on
the refrigerant entering the evaporator.
Evaporator

 Is a heat exchanger which transfers heat from the
substance being cooled to a boiling refrigerant.

 The purpose of the refrigeration system is to remove

heat from the air, water, or some other substance.

 this removal is performed by the evaporator.

 Cooling medium

 Refrigerant - - is a substance which produces a
refrigerating effect by its absorption of heat while
expanding or evaporating.

 R134A(tetrafluoroethane): with a boiling point of

only -26C it is becoming the new standard in
refrigerators, automobiles, and all other common
uses.

 Class 2 refrigerants do not require special

certification nor do they damage the ozone layer.
 PRINCIPLES OF
REFRIGERATION

 The mechanical refrigeration system or the vapor-
compression system has four stages taking place in
the compressor, the condenser, the expansion valve,
and the evaporator. It is divided into two pressure
sides: the low- pressure side and the high-pressure
side.
 PRINCIPLES OF
REFRIGERATION

 Compressor – It is referred to as the “heart” of the system. The compressor
compresses the low-pressure gas refrigerant into high- pressure gas refrigerant, thus
increasing the temperature; it also lowers the pressure in the evaporator, and it keeps
the refrigerant moving in the system.

 Evaporator- It is a coil of tubes where heat is being absorbed in order that it may be
moved and transferred to the condenser. It is known as freezer, cooling coil, or
chilling unit. It can be found on the low-pressure side of the system.

 Condenser- It is also a coil of tubes where heat being absorbed in the evaporator
discharges in the atmosphere. It can be found in the high-pressure side of the system.

 Expansion valve- It controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator. It reduces the
high-pressure liquid refrigerant to a low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the correct
quantities to operate the system at maximum efficiency and without overloading the
compressor.
 REFRIGERANT

 If the compressor is the “heart” of the system, the
refrigerant is the blood of the system. A refrigerant is
a fluid that easily boils at a lower temperature. It
absorbs heat in the evaporator and discharges it into
the condenser.
 Units of Heat

BTU – is the quantity of heat required to
change the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1oF
from 600F to 610F.
 Energy conversion

1Btu = 778 ft-lb
1 Btu = 1.055 KJ
1 Btu = 0.252 Kcal
1 Kcal = 4.187 KJ
1KJ = 1000 N.m
 Specific heat

 The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of that substance to one degree Fahrenheit.
Not all substances have the same specific heat.

 In 1 lb. of water, to increase the temperature of 17 oF to 18 oF, you need to

add a specific heat of 1 BTU; while in 1 lb. of copper, to increase the 17 oF
to 18 oF, you need to add .09 BTU of specific heat.
 SPECIFIC HEAT
Items
 Specific Heat, BTU per lb.

Most fruits and vegetables………………………………………….. 0.92

Meat:
Beef……………………………………………………………... 0.77
Fish, poultry……………………………………………………. 0.82
Lamb, pork…………………………………………………….. 0.66

Dairy product:
Milk………………………………………………………………. 0.92
Butter……………………………………………………………. 0.64
Eggs…………………………………………………………....... 0.76
 To find the heat required to change the temperature of any substance,
multiply its weight times its specific heat times the change in temperature
required, or:

Q = W x S ( t2 – t1 )
 where: Q = heat, BTU
W = weight, lb.
S = specific heat, BTU/lb
t2 = final temperature
t1 = initial temperature

EXAMPLE: How much heat must be removed from 750 lbs. of butter to cool it
from 98 oF to 34 oF?
Solution :

Q = W x S (t2 – t1)
= 750 lbs. x 0.64 BTU/lb. x (34o - 98o)
= -30, 720 BTU of heat ANS.
 SENSIBLE HEAT

 It is the heat added or removed from a substance that
can be measured by a change in the temperature of
the substance, without changing its state.

 Example, if 1 lb of water at 15oF is being added 5

BTU of heat energy, the water temperatures will
become 20oF, but will remain as water. Its
temperature changes but not its state.
 LATENT HEAT

 It is the heat added or removed from a substance to
cause a change of state without a change of
temperature.

 Example, if 1 lb of water at 212 oF is being added of

970 BTU of heat energy, the temperature will remain
in 212 oF but its state will change from water to
steam.
 SIX PRINCIPAL
COMPONENTS OF V-C S

 EVAPORATOR
 ACCUMULATOR
 COMPRESSOR
 CONDENSER
 CAPILLARY TUBE
 STRAINER-DRIER
 SIX PRINCIPAL
COMPONENTS OF V-C S

 ACCUMULATOR- a storage tank which traps liquid refrigerant coming
from the evaporator and prevent it from flowing into the compressor. Liquid
refrigerant can damage the compressor.

 STRAINER-DRIER- it filters dirt or tiny particles that can cause clogging in

the system; it also absorbs moisture inside the system.

 CAPILLARY TUBE- it is one type of expansion valve made of a small

diameter with a length of 8 to 12 ft. It serves as the metering device that
controls the flow of the refrigerant into the evaporator.

 HEAT EXCHANGER- the suction line and the capillary tube are soldered to
one another so that the heat inside the capillary tube of high pressure as will
as high temperature liquid refrigerant will be absorbed by the lower
temperature-pressure gas refrigerant into the suction line.
Vapor-compression
cycle

 Processes of Vapor-compression
cycle

 1-2 = reversible and adiabatic compression from
saturated vapor to the condenser pressure

 2-3 = reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure

desuperheating and condensation

 3-4 = irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from

saturated liquid to the evaporator pressure.

 4-1 = reversible addition of heat at constant pressure

in evaporation to saturated vapor.