IT MAKES EARTH HABITABLE  Ones water reaches its boiling point, its temperature

remains constant (it cannot exceed 100 ‘c) But, that

temperature depends on the atmospheric pressure.
 PRESENCE OF WATER
 Goldilucks zone – It is a habitable zone where
 ATMOSPHERE temperature is just right. Not too cold and not too hot
 MAGNETIC FIELD for liquid water to exist in a planet.

WATER
Water is a polar in nature. It is also known to be a
universal solvent. Moreover, It is important in
biochemical processes such as cellular respiration
and photosynthesis, as well as energy production.
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds
the Earth. It helps life possible by providing us with
air to breath, shielding is from the harmful ultra
violet radiation from the sun, trapping heat to warm
the planet, and preventing extreme temperature
differences between day and night.

CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER
 TASTELESS
LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
 ODORLESS TROPOSPHERE – The lowest part of the atmosphere
 TRASNPARENT
and also the part where we live in. It contains the
 FROMLESS
weather.

STRATOSPHERE – It absorbs the harmful UV rays

WHY POLAR IN NATURE from the sun and heats up the air.

WATER IS POLAR IN NATURE BECAUSE OF THE MESOSPHERE – It is where meteors burn, creating
UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS AND “shooting stars”
MOLECULES.
THEREMOSPHERE – It has high temperature and
large variability.
WHY UNIVERSAL IN SOLVENT EXOSPHERE – The uppermost layer of the
WATER IS CAPABLE OF DISSOLVING MORE atmosphere, blending into space. The gravity is so weak
SUBSTANCES THAN ANY OTHER LIQUID. that gas molecules can escape into space.

A SINGLE DROP OF WATER CONTAINS OF BILLIONS OF

MOLECULES.
Earth’s atmosphere contains about 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and 0.1% other gases.
TYPE 1 GRADE WATER (ULTRAPURE WATER) - Purest form of water

RAINWATER – Purest source of water

NITROGEN
SPRING WATER – Best drinkable water
It is abundant because nitrogen dilutes oxygen in
100 ‘c or 212 ‘f – Boiling point
terms of its pressure in the atmosphere or
0 ‘c or 32 f – Freezing point atmospheric level. Ones it enters the ecosystem,
some organism, specifically microorganisms, try to
Ultra heating– Heating above its boiling point without boiling convert it to ammonium oxide which is then
converted into fertilizers.
Importance?
Breathable Air: The atmosphere contains the gases,
primarily oxygen and nitrogen, that we and other living EARTH'S
organisms need to breathe. Oxygen is essential for the DYNAMIC
ATMOSPHERE
respiration process, where living things convert
nutrients into energy. SOLAR
INTERACTION OF
THE
RADIATION ATMOSPHERE
AND ENERGY AMONG OTHER
CIRCULATION SUBSYSTEM

Temperature Regulation: The atmosphere helps HUMAN

TEMPERATUR TEMPERATURE WEATH CLIMAT IMPACT ON
regulate the planet's temperature. It traps heat from the E DRIVEN BY DRIVEN ER E AIR AND
AIR WATER
Sun through the greenhouse effect, keeping temperatures CIRCULATION CIRCULATION WATER
CYCLE.
within a range suitable for life. Without this effect, Earth
would be too cold to support most forms of life.
BIOSPHERE
Protection from Space Debris: The atmosphere acts as The biosphere is the “life zone” of the Earth, it
a shield, burning up many incoming meteoroids and houses all living organisms and all organic matter
small debris from space before they reach the surface. that has not yet decomposed. It is a narrow zone
This prevents frequent and potentially catastrophic where soil, water, and air combine to sustain life.
impacts.

UV Radiation Blocker: The atmosphere absorbs and
scatters much of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. This protects living organisms from the
damaging effects of excessive UV exposure, which can
cause skin cancer and other health issues.
HYDROSPHERE
The hydrosphere contains all the water found on our
planet: surface water, ground water, atmosphere,
and frozen water.

Water Cycle: The atmosphere plays a crucial role in the GEOSPHERE

water cycle. It transports water vapor, forming clouds The solid part of the earth, from core to the surface.
and precipitation. This cycle provides freshwater for The geosphere is the earth itself: the rocks,
plants, animals, and human activities.
minerals, and landforms

Weather and Climate: The atmosphere is responsible

for creating weather patterns and climate. It distributes CYROSPHERE
heat and moisture around the planet, creating diverse
climates that support different ecosystems and habitats. The frozen water part of the earth system

In summary, the atmosphere provides us with breathable

air, regulates temperatures, shields us from space
dangers, protects us from harmful radiation, maintains
the water cycle, shapes weather and climate, enables
communication, and supports our ability to explore and
understand the cosmos. All these factors make it an
essential component for sustaining life on Earth.
MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnetic field is like an invisible force around
magnets. It makes magnets attract or repel things.
When things move in this field, they feel a push or
pull. This power helps generate electricity and is
used in things like MRI machines.

Importance?
Earth's magnetic field is like a giant protective
bubble around our planet. It stops harmful stuff
from the Sun. This protective shield helps maintain
the planet's atmosphere and keeps conditions
suitable for life. It also keeps animals on track
when they travel, and creates beautiful lights in the
sky. It's like Earth's bodyguard, making sure life
can thrive.

SOLAR HEATING
 Most of the energy comes from the Sun
 The amount of energy or solar radiation that
reaches Earth is called INSOLATION.
 The Sun’s energy is responsible for win
circulation, formation of ocean current,
water cycle, and changes in weather pattern.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
the propagation of energy through space or medium
in the form of electromagnetic waves.
X-RAYS
are form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to
light. They have shorter wavelengths and higher
energy, allowing them to pass through objects for
things like medical imaging. X-rays are crucial for
medical diagnostics, as they can pass through the
body, revealing internal structures and helping
doctors to identify issues. They are also used in
various industries for quality control and in
scientific research to study the atomic and
molecular levels of materials.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
the waves created by the vibration between an
electric field and magnetic field

WAVELENGTH
Is the distance between the consecutive crest of the
wave. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the
gamma rays it has.
HEAT TRANSFER
It is the transfer of energy from objects of different
How is electromagnetic radiation emitted?
temperature
Electromagnetic radiations are emitted through the
HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
movement of charged electrons and protons
When an object is at different temperature from its
surroundings, then the heat transfer takes place so
the body and surroundings reach the same
temperature.
If the object warm-up or cool down their kinetic
energy changes.
WHAT IS KINETIC ENERGY
Energy which body possesses by virtue of being in
motion.
Heat can travel from one place to another in several
ways. The different modes of heat transfer include:
Conduction

 Convection
 Radiation
Meanwhile, if the temperature difference exists
between the two systems, heat will find a way
to transfer from the higher to the lower system
CONDUCTION
A process in which the transfer of heat takes place
between objects by direct contact.
An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal
energy towards the lower kinetic energy area. High-
speed particles clash with particles moving at a slow
speed, as a result, slow speed particles increase their
kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat
transfer and takes place through physical contact.
Conduction is also known as thermal conduction or
heat conduction.
CONDUCTORS THAT ALLOWS HEAT TO EASILY PASS THROUGH
 Metal
 Diamond
 Sand
2. Blood circulation in warm-blooded animals takes
place with the help of convection, thereby
regulating the body temperature.
RADIATION
It is whenever heat is transferred through empty
space by electromagnetic waves.
These waves carry away the energy from the
emitting body. Radiation takes place through a
vacuum or transparent medium which can be either
solid or liquid.
Thermal radiation is the result of the random motion
of molecules in matter. The movement of charged
electrons and protons is responsible for the emission
of electromagnetic radiation. Let us know more
about radiation heat transfer.
Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic,
crystalline substance, generally organic, with
specific chemical composition.
WHY INORGANIC?
It was not made by living organisms. They are
chemical compounds or natural elements found on
Earth.

WHY IMPORTANT?
CONVECTION
It plays a dominant role in the development of
It is the transfer of energy by circulating it through civilization.
air and liquid
 Hot molecules go up and cold molecules go
down when water is heated.
 Warm air rises and cold air descends in hot
surface
 REASON: Hot/Warm water is less dense
than cold. ROCKS
1.Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser Are generally made up of two or more minerals,
move at the bottom while the molecules which are mixed up through geological processes.
less dense move upwards resulting in the circular
motion of the molecules so that water gets heated.
Rock cycle occurs in earth’s crust.
IGNEOUS
 Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock
material, called magma, cools and hardens
either beneath the Earth's surface (intrusive
or plutonic igneous rocks) or on the surface
(extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks).
SEDIMENTARY
 Sedimentary rocks form when rocks break
into smaller pieces on the Earth's surface,
which then get carried to new places by
things like water and wind, piling up in
layers and sticking together over time to
become solid rock, and sometimes changing
due to factors like pressure and heat.
METAMORPHIC
 Metamorphic rocks are formed when pre-
existing rocks, either sedimentary, igneous,
or other metamorphic rocks, undergo
changes in temperature, pressure, or the
presence of chemically active fluids deep
within the Earth. These changes cause the
minerals and texture of the original rock to
transform, resulting in a new type of rock
known as a metamorphic rock.
CHARACTERISTICS
 Texture
 Hardness
 Color
 Cluster
 Fracture
 Odor
FACTORS AFFECTING ROCK CYCLE
TEMPERATURE
 Temperature affects the rock cycle by
making rocks break down faster when it's
hot and causing them to melt to form new
rocks. Temperature also helps change rocks
into different types through processes like
metamorphism and cooling, and it can lead
to cracks in rocks when it goes up and down,
which contributes to erosion.
LOCATION
 The location where rocks are found can
affect the rock cycle because different
environmental conditions and processes, like
weathering and erosion, are more active in
specific places, leading to variations in rock
types and formations.
PRESSURE
 Pressure affects the rock cycle by squeezing
rocks deep underground, which, along with
high temperatures, transforms them into
metamorphic rocks.
EARTH'S MINERALS
SILICATE MINERALS NON-SILICATE MINERALS
(Ferromagnesian & Non-ferromagnesian) (Carbontes, sulfates, malides, oxides, sulfides, phospate)
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
(Crystal form, hardness,
IGNEOUS ROCKS color, streak, luster, transparency, fracture, tenacity)
SEDIMENTARY Metamorphic
(Volcanic/Extrusive (Clastic, non-clastic,
and Plutonic/Intrusive) biochemical/chemical, detrital) (Foliated & Non-foliated)
ROCK CYCLE
(TRANSSFORMATION OF 1 ROCK TYPE TO THE OTHERS)
Economic minerals are extracted from the earth by
quarrying, mining, pumping and used in wide range
application related to construction, manufacturing,
agriculture, and energy supply.
NATURAL RESOURCES
 TIMBERLAND – For growing and
harvesting timber
 AGRICULTURE LAND – To produce
foods for humans
 Aquatic
 MINING AREA – To extract minerals
MINING
 The process of extracting useful materials
from the Earth.
 Most mining areas are located in plateau
areas because they are rich in materials
disposition.
REPUBLIC ACT NO 2313
This act lets the director of mines to make a deal
with private companies to develop and sell minerals
from a government mineral area in Zambales
province’s Masinloc and Candelaria municipalities.
REPUBLIC ACT NO 7076
The government wants to help small-scale mining,
create jobs, and share resources fairly.
PD 463 MINERAL RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT DECREE OF 1974
The Philippines owns its mineral resources, and the
government takes care of exploring, using, and
protecting them properly.
MINING ACT OF 2004
The government’s goal is to responsibly explore,
develop, and use mineral resources to help the
economy grow. They want to do this in a way that is
sustainable, fair, and respectful to Filipino culture
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural
Resources)
Responsible for the conservation, management, and
development of the country’s environment and
natural resources. responsible for the formulation
and implementation of policies, guidelines, and
rules related to environmental management
BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources)
Responsible for the conservation, management, and
development of the country’s aquatic resources. It
also assists the innovative services contributing to
the nation's food security and improving fisherfolk
quality of life.
DA (Department of Agriculture)
Responsible for promotion of agricultural
development.
PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology)
Studies and monitors volcanoes and earthquakes.
METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES
Metallic mineral resources are rocks that have
valuable metals in them, like gold or copper. People
dig these rocks up to get the valuable metals for
things like jewelry or building things.

NON-METALLIC MINERAL
RESOURCES
Non-metallic mineral resources are things from the
ground that aren’t metals, but still have valuable
purposes like sand and limestone. People use them
for making things like glass, cement and fertilizers.
Examples are: sand, gravel, limestone, clay, and
marble. Such materials lack metallic characteristics
it in a cyclic manner. The waste fraction is almost
constant throughout mine operation.
SURFACE MINING
Surface mining is like taking things from the
Earth’s surface, kind of like scooping up sand from
a beach. People use big machines to dig up things
like coal, rocks, or minerals that are easy to reach
on the top layer of the ground.

WHAT IS AN ORE?
An ore is an aggregate of minerals from which one
or more minerals can be extracted profitably.

Examples of Metals obtained from Ores

 Aluminum or Iron – appliances and vehicles
 Metals for conductors or semi-conductors
 Gems, gold, and silver – jewelry
 Lead from galena
 Copper from malachite and azurite
 Zinc from sphalerite
 Many other metals found in rocks
OPEN PIT MINING
Open-pit mining is like digging a big hole in the
ground to get valuable rocks and minerals. It’s like
a big, open excavation where people use machines
to take out the stuff they want, like gold or coal.
________________________________________
waste continues to be stripped off during operation.
Widen the area to ensure slope stability as pit
deepens.
THE UNIVERSE
STRIP MINING
Strip mining is when people remove the top layer of
STATIC OR NEWTONIAN UNIVERSE
soil to get things like coal or minerals from the (1687)
ground. It is a bit like peeling off the top layer of a a set of principles and laws developed by Isaac Newton
cake to get to the yummy stuff underneath. to explain how objects move and interact under the
overburden is stripped off (dumped as spoil banks
or spoil piles), the ore removed, and waste replaces
influence of forces, particularly gravity. It describes how
things stay still, move, and respond to pushes or pulls.
However, as our understanding of the universe grew and
more complex phenomena were discovered (such as
relativistic effects and quantum mechanics), it became
clear that the Newtonian model had limitations and was
not a complete description of the universe, particularly
on very small scales or at very high speeds. This
eventually led to the development of Albert Einstein's
theory of relativity and the modern understanding of
physics.
1.Gravity: Newton said things with weight pull on each
other. Like how the Earth pulls things down.
2. Mass and Inertia: Stuff resists changing how it
moves. If something's still, it wants to stay still. If it's
moving, it wants to keep moving.
3. Forces and Motion: Pushing or pulling makes stuff
change how it moves. Bigger push means bigger change,
and heavier things change less.
4. Action and Reaction: When you push something, it
pushes you back equally hard. Like a bouncing ball, but
for everything.
BIG BANG MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE
(1929)
The Big Bang model is like the universe's "birthday
story." A very long time ago, all the matter and energy
were packed into a tiny, super hot and dense point. Then,
suddenly, it burst open and started expanding. This
explosion is the Big Bang. It's why the universe is still
stretching out today. This idea helps explain how
everything around us, including galaxies and stars, came
to be.
By George Lemaire
EINSTEIN UNIVERSE (early 20th century)
1.Special Theory of Relativity: Einstein proposed that
time and space are not separate things, but they're linked
together in a single fabric called spacetime. He also
introduced the idea that nothing can move faster than
light and that time can pass differently depending on
how fast you're moving. This theory changed how we
think about motion, time, and space.
2.General Theory of Relativity: This goes even deeper.
Einstein said that gravity isn't just a force between
masses, but it's actually the bending of spacetime caused
by mass and energy. It's like how a heavy ball makes a
mattress sink, except it's happening all around us. This
theory explains things like how planets move around the
Sun and even why light bends near massive objects.
Einstein's ideas are a big deal in modern physics and
have been proven right in many experiments. They've
also led to new understandings of the universe, like the
existence of black holes.
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
An oscillating universe is a theory that suggests the
universe goes through cycles of expansion and
contraction, like a sort of cosmic heartbeat. In this idea,
the universe starts by expanding from a big bang, then
slows down, stops, and eventually contracts back to a
small point. Then, it expands again, repeating the cycle.
This theory was explored as a possible model for the
universe's behavior, but current observations and
evidence suggest that the universe is actually expanding
at an accelerating rate and might not contract back. This
idea of an oscillating universe is intriguing, but it's not
the prevailing view in modern cosmology.
STEADY STATE UNIVERSE (1948)
The steady-state universe was a theory suggesting that
the universe is expanding and continuously creates new
matter to keep a constant appearance. It's an alternative
to the Big Bang theory, but the evidence supports the
Big Bang as a more accurate explanation for the
universe's origin and evolution.
INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE (1980)
The inflationary universe theory says that right after the
Big Bang, the universe went through a super-fast
expansion. This explains why the universe looks uniform
on a large scale. It's like blowing up a balloon really
quickly. This idea helps us understand some mysteries
about the universe's structure.
BY ANDREI LINDE AND ALAN GUTH
MULTIVERSE
A multiverse refers to the idea that there might be many PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS (Gerard
different universes, each with its own set of physical
laws, constants, and conditions. This concept suggests Kuiper)
that our universe is just one of many, and there could be
The Protoplanet Hypothesis is like saying planets are
other universes with different properties and realities.
made from material that comes together in a spinning
The multiverse idea arises from certain theories in
physics and cosmology, although it's still speculative and cloud around a young star. Imagine little pieces sticking
debated, as there's currently no direct evidence for the together and growing into big planets over time. This
existence of other universes beyond our own. helps us understand how planets form around stars.

THEORIES IN THE FORMATION

OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

SOLAR NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

(Immanuel Kant and Pierre-Simon Laplace)
Long ago, a big cloud in space squeezed and spun. It
made the Sun in the middle and pieces stuck together to
make planets, moons, and more. Like a space family
forming from a cloud!
MODERN LAPLACIAN THEORY (Pierre-
Simon Laplace)
The theory argued that this nebula condensed into rings,
which eventually formed the planet and a central mass-
the sun.
PLANTISIMAL HYPOTHESIS (Thomas
Chowder Chamberin and Forest Ray
Maulton)
Another star passed very closed to the sun, exerting
gravitational force great enough to tear great masses of
material from opposite sides of the sun.
TIDAL HYPOTHESIS (James Hopwwod
Jeans and Harold Jeffreys)
There is supposed near-collision between the sun and
another star but believed that the material pulled out of
the sun came out as a cigar shaped filament of solar
gases
IMPORTANCE OF GEAVITY IN THE
FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Gravity is like a super strong magnet in space. It
pulled a big cloud of gas and dust together, making
a spinning disk. In the center, the Sun formed and
started shining. Gravity also made clumps of stuff
stick together to create planets and moons. The
spinning and pulling made each planet go around
the Sun in its own path. So, gravity made the whole
solar system come together.
HOW DOES INFLATION THEORY
EXPLAIN THE FLATNESS OF THE
EARTH?
after the Big Bang, the universe underwent a rapid
and exponential expansion. This expansion is
believed to have smoothed out irregularities and
inconsistencies in the distribution of matter and
energy, resulting in the uniformity and flatness of
the universe that we observe today.
HOW DOES THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THEORIES EXPLAIN THE FORMATION
OF THE UNIVERSE?

Imagine scientists looking at the sky and noticing

that galaxies are moving away from each other.
This made them think about how the universe
began. They came up with the idea of the Big Bang,
which says that the universe started from a very hot
and dense state a long time ago and has been
expanding ever since.

They tested this idea and found evidence like

leftover heat from the early universe. Over time,
they added more details, like the concept of
inflation that explains why the universe looks so
even.

So, the development of the Big Bang theory helps

us understand how the universe started, grew, and
turned into what we see today.