Module 1 Introduction To Optical Communication Systems 4X1

Contents
Module 1: Optical Communication Systems

An Introduction
1 Introduction
By Hailu Dessalegn Ayalew (Instructor) 2 Need for Fiber-Optic Communications
3 Evolution of Lightwave Systems
4 Optical Communication Systems
5 Lightwave System Components

Bahir Dar University Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering 6 References :-Text book 1, Chapter 1
Communication Engineering Chair
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) February 14, 2024

Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 1 / 29 By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 2 / 29
1. Introduction Contd...
List of some important invention related to optical communication, that
History of Fiber Optical Communication
have contributed to reach to this level:
✫ The Morse telegraph was introduced in the 1837, by Samuel
✫ 1626 Snell (Holland):- Snell’s Law
F.B , Transmission rate: 1bit/s; Max of 10bit/sec.
✫ 1870 Tyndall (UK):- Light guiding in a thin water jet
✫ Distance: Due to the application of relay stations: 1000km
✫ 1897 Rayleigh (UK):- Analysis of waveguide
✫ Advanced telegraph 1874, Trans rate 120bit/s. (Émile Baudot)
✫ 1910:- Theoretical study of dielectric waveguides
✫ Invention of the telephone 1876, by Alexander G.B
✫ 1920:- Experimental study of dielectric waveguides
✫ First coaxial cable system 1940 with the capability to transmit
300 voice channels. ✫ 1930 Lamb (Germany):- Experiments with silica fiber
✫ The first microwave system was put into service in 1948 with ✫ 1936-40 USA:- Communication using a waveguide
a carrier frequency of 4GHz. Coaxial and microwave systems ✫ 1951 Heel, Hopkins and Image transmission with fiber bundles
were operating at 100Mbit/s. High speed coaxial systems need Kapany(UK)
repeater spacing of 1km. ✫ 1958 Goubau et.al. (USA):- Experiments with the lens guide
✫ The first lightwave system deployed in 1974 , that uses light ✫ 1958-9 Kapany et.al. (UK):- Optical fiber with cladding
as the carrier and fiber as communication medium. ✫ 1961 Kapany and Snitzer (UK) Mode analysis of optical fiber
By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 3 / 29 By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 4 / 29
Contd... Contd...
✫ 1962 USA:- Operation of semiconductor laser ✫ 1978:- Development of 0.2 dB/km loss fiber at 1.55 µ m
✫ 1964 Goubau and Christian (USA):- Light guide with periodic ✫ 1984:- Development of 0.157 dB/km loss fiber at 1.55 µ m
lenses ✫ 1986:- Development of 0.154dB/km loss fiber at 1.55 µ m
✫ 1966 Kao and Hockham (UK):- Suggestion of using OF’s for
long-distance transmission Among the tens of thousands of developments and inventions that
✫ 1969 Uchida et. al. (Japan):- Graded index optical waveguides have contributed to this progress four stands out as milestones:
✫ 1970:- Development of low loss silica fiber (Corning Glass 1. The invention of the LASER (in the late 1950’s)
works–US ) 2. The development of low loss optical fiber (1970’s)
✫ 1970 Kapron and Keck (USA):- Fiber transmission loss less than 3. The invention of the optical fiber amplifier (1980’s)
20dB/km 4. The invention of the fiber Bragg grating (1990’s)
✫ 1972:- Development of 4 dB/km loss fiber
Before 1970, optical fibers were used mainly for medical imag-
✫ 1972 Gambling et. al. (UK):- Giga-Hertz bandwidth over 1km ing and were considered impractical for communication because
✫ 1975 Payne and Gambling (UK):- Prediction of zero material dis- of the high losses they offered to the light propagating through them.
persion at 1.3 µ m In 1970, fibers with less than 20 dB loss and in 1979 0.2 dB loss at
✫ 1976:-Development of 0.5 dB/km loss fiber at 1.2 µ m 1.55 µ m totally changed the scenario.
2. Need for Fiber Optical Communication Contd...

✫ A commonly used figure of merit for communication sys-
tems is the bit rate– distance product BL, where B is the bit
rate and L is the repeater spacing, the distance after which an
optical signal must be regenerated to maintain its fidelity.
✫ Increase of the bit rate distance product BL for different commu-
nication Technologies over time.
Contd... 3. Evolution of Fiber optic systems
✫ Light is the form of electromagnetic Wave just as radio waves, First Generation Fiber Optic Systems
but with high frequency and shorter wavelength. The spectral Purpose:
range of concern in photonics is usually in a wavelength range
✫ Eliminate repeaters in T-1 systems used in inter-office trunk lines
between 10µ m (mid-IR) and 100 nm (deep-UV).
Technology:
✫ uses GaAs semiconductor laser and operating region was
near 0.850 µ m.
✫ Multimode silica fibers ( 3 – 8 dB/km loss ) ,
✫ Bit rate 45 Mb/Sec, and Repeater Spacing 8 – 12 km
Limitations:
✫ Fiber attenuation
✫ Intermodal dispersion,
Deployed since 1974
Contd... Contd...
Second Generation Fiber Optic Systems Third Generation Fiber Optic Systems
Opportunity: Opportunity:
✫ Development of low-attenuation fiber (removal of H2O and other ✫ Development of Indium Gallium Arsenide photodiode
impurities) Technology:
✫ Eliminate repeaters in long-distance lines. ✫ 1.55 µ m single-mode semiconductor lasers
Technology: ✫ Single-mode, low-attenuation silica fibers ( Loss less than 0.2
✫ uses InGaAsP semiconductor laser near 1.3 µ m. dB/km), Up to 50 km.
✫ SM, low-attenuation silica fibers (less than 0.5 dB/km loss), ✫ Bit rate 2.5 Gb/s, and Repeater Spacing in excess of 100 km
✫ Bit rate up to 1.7Gb/s, and Repeater Spacing up to 50 km ✫ Example, OC-48 signal: 810 multiplexed 64-kb/s voice chan-
✫ DS-3 signal: 28 multiplexed DS-1 signals carried at 44.736 nels carried at 2.488 Gbits/s
Mbits/s Limitation:
Limitation: ✫ Fiber attenuation (repeater spacing 100 km)
✫ Fiber attenuation ✫ Fiber dispersion,
Deployed since 1978 Deployed since 1982
Contd... Contd...
Fourth Generation Fiber Optic Systems Fifth Generation Fiber Optic Systems
Opportunity:
✫ The focus of development for the fifth generation of fiber optic commu-
✫ Development of optical amplifiers to reduce the need for repeater;
nications is on extending the wavelength range over which a WDM
dispersion compensation for managing fiber dispersion and WDM to
system can operate.
increase data capacity.
✫ The conventional wavelength window, known as the C-band, covers the
Technology(deployment began in 1994): wavelength range 1.53-1.57µm and dry fiber has a low loss window
✫ 1.55 µm single-mode, narrow-band semiconductor lasers promising an extension of that range to 1.3-1.65µm.
✫ Single-mode ( Loss less than 0.1 dB/km), low-attenuation, ✫ Other developments include the concept of “optical solitons” pulses
dispersion-shifted silica fibers, Up to 1400 km. that preserve their shape by counteracting the effects of dispersion with
✫ WDM of 10 Tb/s signals the nonlinear effects of the fiber by using pulse of a specific shape.
Nonlinear effects limit the following system parameters: ✫ Technology used-WDM with RAMAN Amplifier and Optical Soliton
✫ Signal launch power ✫ Wavelength-1530 to 1570 nm
✫ Propagation distance without regeneration/re-clocking ✫ Bit Rate (B)-40 to 160 Gb/s
✫ WDM channel separation and Maximum number of channels ✫ A new record was set in 2011 when 64-Tbit/s transmission was real-
ized over 320 km of a single-mode fiber using 640 WDM channels that
Polarization-mode dispersion limits the Propagation distance without
spanned both the C and L bands with 12.5-GHz channel spacing
regeneration/re-clocking.
Contd... Contd...
In a 2012 experiment, SDM was used to demonstrate data
Sixth Generation Fiber Optic Systems
transmission at 1000Tbit/s (or 1Pbit/s) by employing a 12-
✫ a peak spectral efficiency of about 16 bit/s/Hz, the maximum capacity core fiber. Each fiber core carried 222 WDM channels, and
of a single-mode fiber is estimated to be 200 Tb/s. This is an enor- each wavelength transmitted a 380-Gbit/s bit stream over a 52-
mous number and was thought to be high enough until recently km-long multicore fiber with a spectral efficiency of 7.6bit/s/Hz..
✫ The focus of development for the sixth generation is to find a way to
enhancing capacity of fiber optic communications networks at a
reduced energy cost per transmitted bit.
✫ One way to meet the demand would be to deploy more and more
fiber cables. However, this approach will result in a larger and larger
fraction of the total electrical power being devoted to supporting
optical transport networks.
✫ employ multimode fibers such that several WDM bit streams can be
transmitted over different modes of the same fiber
✫ employ multicore fibers in which several cores share the same
cladding.
4. Optical Communication Systems Contd...
Fiber optics is a medium for carrying information Benefits of Fiber Optics
from one point to another in the form of light.
✫ Enormous potential bandwidth:- The maximum capacity of
single mode step index fiber is in Tb/Sec w.r.t coaxial cable band-
width of 500 MHZ.
✫ Small size and weight:- Optical fibers have very small diameter
i.e. 125 µ m which is just like a human hair while the diameter of
one copper is 0.8mm.The ratio of weight as compared to other
cables is 25:1.
✫ Electrical isolation:- Optical fibers are fabricated from glass
which are electrical insulated hence they don’t exhibit interfer-
ence problem.
✫ Immunity to Interference and Cross talk:- The material of op-
tical fiber is dielectric/glass hence there is no possibility of cross
talk or leakage.
Contd... Contd...
✫ Signal Security:- The light from optical fibers doesn’t radiate signifi-
cantly and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security.
✫ Low transmission loss:- Laser light travels with high speed on pure
transparent glass. This development of optical fiber over the last four
decades has resulted in the production of O/F cables with very low
attenuation less than 0.1 dB/Km.
✫ Ruggedness and Flexibility:- Cable structures have been developed

which have proved flexible, compact and extremely high.
✫ System Reliability and Ease of Maintenance:- Due to low trans-

mission loss, intermediate repeaters and line amplifiers are reduced.
Hence with few repeaters system reliability is generally enhanced. The
optical component life time is 20 to 30 years.
✫ Potential Low Cost:- The glass which generally provides the opti-
cal fiber transmission medium is made from sand which is available
in abundance.
Contd... Contd...
Limitations of Fiber Optics Comparison of Optic Fiber and Satellite Communication
✫ Bandwidth and data rates: Optic Fiber supports higher band-
✫ Very small hole on the surface of fiber may weakens the width and data rates as compared to satellite.
tensile strength.
✫ Mobility: Optic Fiber cannot be used in mobile applications and
✫ A small bend on optical fiber causes radiation loss. is suitable for fixed locations. Satellite communication is suitable
for mobile applications.
✫ Alignment problem, connectors and core misalignment. ✫ Reliability: Fiber Optic communication is more reliable than
satellite.
✫ The cost of fusion splicing is high. ✫ Terrain: Fiber optic is more suitable for urban areas and plains
where digging / laying is easier. Satellite communication is suit-
able for remote areas and rough terrains like mountainous areas.
✫ The fault localization is some what difficult.
✫ Delay: Optic fiber has minimum or no delays making is suitable

✫ Clean environment is required during splicing. A small dust par-
for real time applications. Satellite communication has an inher-
ticle can create high attenuation.
ent propagation delay.
Contd... Contd...
✫ Interference: Optic fiber has less or no Electromagnetic Inter-

ference EMI whereas Satellite communication has high EMI.
✫ Coverage: Satellites are suitable for providing point to multi-

point services with large coverage like TV and radio.
✫ Cost:
• Initial Cost: Depends on the size of network and whether the
user wants to deploy complete network or part of it and lease the
rest.
• Recurring Cost: Satellite has higher recurring cost than optic
fiber communication.
Contd... 5. Lightwave System Components
Applications of Optical Fibers
Element of an Optical Fiber Transmission link
✫ Long Distance Communication Backbones
✫ Inter-exchange Junctions
✫ Video Transmission
✫ Broadband Services
✫ Computer Data Communication (LAN, WAN etc..)
✫ Hight EMI Areas

✫ Military Application
✫ Non-communication Applications (Sensors etc. . . )

Contd... Contd...
✫ Input Signals are electrical signals, and the driver circuit will ✫ Optical Splice:- Used to connect Permanent connection be-
Convert electrical into optical signals. tween two fibers.
✫ Repeater:- Used to regenerate the original signal.
✫ The light beam pulses are then fed into a fiber–optic cable
where they are transmitted over long distances.
✫ At the receiving end, a light sensitive device known as a pho-
tocell or light detector is used to detect the light pulses. This
✫ Light source: LED or ILD (Injection Laser Diode):-amount of photocell or photo detector converts the light pulses into an
light emitted is proportional to the drive current electrical signal. The electrical pulses are amplified and re-
shaped back into digital form.
✫ Source to fiber coupler:- A mechanical interface to couple the ✫ Light detector: PIN (p-type-intrinsic-n-type) or APD
light emitted by the source into the optical fiber (avalanche photo diode) both convert light energy into current.
✫ Optical Amplifiers:- Used to amplify light signal (Example: RA-
✫ Beam Splitter and Coupler:- Used to split or combine the light MAN Amplifier, EDFA – Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier e.t.c)
paths.
✫ There are also other optical devices such as Optical filters, Op-
✫ Connectors:- Used to connect temporary connection between tical Modulators, Optical Switches e.t.c
two fibers.
THANK YOU!!!
By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 29 / 29

Module 1 Introduction To Optical Communication Systems 4X1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 1 Introduction To Optical Communication Systems 4X1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

Module 1: Optical Communication Systems

By Hailu Dessalegn Ayalew (Instructor) 2 Need for Fiber-Optic Communications

3 Evolution of Lightwave Systems

4 Optical Communication Systems

5 Lightwave System Components

By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) February 14, 2024

2. Need for Fiber Optical Communication Contd...

✫ Ruggedness and Flexibility:- Cable structures have been developed

✫ System Reliability and Ease of Maintenance:- Due to low trans-

✫ Delay: Optic ﬁber has minimum or no delays making is suitable

✫ Interference: Optic ﬁber has less or no Electromagnetic Inter-

✫ Coverage: Satellites are suitable for providing point to multi-

✫ Computer Data Communication (LAN, WAN etc..)

✫ Hight EMI Areas

✫ Non-communication Applications (Sensors etc. . . )

By Hailu D. (BDU-BiT FECE) Hailu.Dessalegn@bdu.edu.et February 14, 2024 29 / 29

You might also like