CITY COLLEGE OF SAN FERNANDO

City of San Fernando, Pampanga

The Teacher and the School Curriculum

Pangan, Alyssa C.
2BSE ENGLISH

Activity 1.
1. What Philosophies must be emphasized in the Philippine curricula (K to 12, Teacher Education
Curricula, etc.) during pandemic or any national or global crisis? Choose two from the given
Philosophies. Explain your answer ( 20 pts., not more than 8 sentences).

- In my perspective, during pandemics or any other national or international crises, the philosophies
that need to be highlighted in Philippine curricula are Progressivism and Reconstructionism.
Progressivism comes first. The progressive viewpoint holds that children's experiences should
inform their education. This ideology attempts to encourage democratic social living, which is
necessary for the learners to be knowledgeable and conscious of their rights regardless of any
potential local, national, or international crises. This also has to be stressed because this ideology
fosters lifelong learners' growth and development. Reconstructionism comes next, and in my
opinion, this is the second concept that needs to be emphasized in Philippine curricula at this time
of world crisis. Reconstructionism is a schooling philosophy that sees classrooms as instruments
for resolving societal issues. Social problems will exist at a time when there may be a national or
international crisis, and people should be knowledgeable enough to come up with some solutions
on their own. Reconstructionism is also seen as more of a cure for a society that aims to create a
more objective social order, which is essential if individuals are to be able to learn and have
enough knowledge about what to do in times of need.

2. Differentiate Operant from Classical Conditioning and how do teachers apply these two theories in
the classroom? (10 pts.)
- Behavioral psychology's foundational ideas include classical and operant conditioning. Operant
conditioning is a type of learning in which actions can be influenced by their results, which can be
either rewards or penalties. Teachers use this theory in the classroom by rewarding or punishing
students depending on the situation. Through this process, an association is created between the
behavior and the consequences of that behavior. As an illustration, a student participating and
reciting in class can receive praise from the teacher as a reward. That kid will be more motivated
to be engaged and take part in the conversation after receiving that reward or reinforcement. The
 student is seen copying someone else's answer sheet in the example of the punishment. As a
result, the teacher will punish them by denying them access to outdoor recess. The students may
learn their lesson from this and reduce their inappropriate behavior. While traditional training links
unconscious behavior to appropriate action. Like operant conditioning, this theory can be applied
in the classroom to manage behavior.

3. In what way do psychological foundations enable curriculum workers ( curriculum developers,

teachers, administrators) to perform their educational responsibilities? ( 10 pts.)

- Understanding the teaching and learning processes provided by groups of psychologists is made
easier by the psychological foundations of the curriculum. Consequently, these psychological
foundations make it possible for curriculum developers to fulfill their educational duties. This is
due to the fact that these psychological foundations act as a guide and aid curriculum workers in
both teaching and learning. Therefore, how will the curriculum workers be able to learn their
educational responsibilities with the aid of these psychological foundations? These psychological
foundations will be available for the curriculum workers to use as they learn and acquire them.
The curriculum will be something they can both learn and teach.

4. Among the three (3) schools of thought : Constructivism, Humanism and Behaviorism what is the
most prevalent guiding theory which exists in the K to 12 curriculum? Justify your answer in 5
sentences. ( 15 pts.)

- Constructivism, one of the three schools of thought, is, in my opinion, the one with the greatest
presence in K–12 curricula. According to constructivism, rather than simply absorbing information
passively, students actively create their own knowledge. Constructivism is a widely accepted
theory that ought to be included in the K–12 curriculum because it will aid students in their
learning. Since reality is determined by experiences, this notion is utilized by educators to
motivate pupils to actively construct or create their own knowledge. Constructivism must serve as
their guiding principle since the K–12 curriculum places a greater emphasis on experiential
learning activities in order to maximize student learning.

5. In what ways do we address Multiple Intelligences in the classroom? ( 10)

- Having areas in the classroom that are suitable for each type of intelligence is the best method to
set up a classroom to support multiple intelligences. There should be a quiet room for reading,
writing, and preparing speeches for linguistic intelligence. There need to be a space where pupils
may carry out scientific experiments to develop their logical and mathematical intelligence. Include
a space that may be used to manipulate objects or create artwork to develop visual-spatial
intelligence. An area that is open for body movement could be provided for people with bodily-
kinesthetic intelligences. Include a distinct space for listening to and composing music, maybe
with soundproofing or headphones, for musical intelligence. There should be a space with big
tables for group work for interpersonal intelligence, and places for solitary activity for intrapersonal
intelligence.