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Geological history of Mengkarang formation for enhancing the geodiversity of

Merangin Geopark

Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · July 2017

DOI: 10.1063/1.4991270

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Geological history of Mengkarang formation for enhancing the geodiversity of
Merangin Geopark
A. D. Prasetio, R. Syahputra, T. H. W. Kristyanto, A. S. Tempessy, and Rokhmatuloh

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1862, 030166 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4991270

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991270
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1862/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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Geological History of Mengkarang Formation for Enhancing
the Geodiversity of Merangin Geopark
A. D. Prasetio1, R. Syahputra2, T. H. W. Kristyanto2, A. S. Tempessy2, and
Rokhmatuloh2, a)
1
Reservoir Geophysics Graduate Program, Department of Physics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA), Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
2
Geology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA),
Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: rokhmatuloh.ssi@ui.ac.id

Abstract. Merangin area, a national geopark in Jambi Province, is currently being proposed to be the global Geopark to
the UNESCO. To make it successful, Merangin Geopark should fulfil the essential requirement, i.e. having outstanding
rock outcrop and influence the global process or geological history of the world. The most attractive outcrop in Merangin
Area is the Permian Mengkarang Formation with abundance of floral fossil. As the oldest exposed formation in Jambi,
Mengkarang Formation has its unique tectonic process that made this formation exposed in the surface with the shape of
inversed “U” curve. Therefore, this research aimed to model the geological history of Merangin as fulfilment of the
Global Geopark requirement. This research used three methods, first of all, field work that consists of the stratigraphic
measurement, geological structure investigation, and rock sampling. The next method was the laboratory work that
consisted of petrographic analysis, paleontological analysis, and XRD (X-Ray powder Diffraction) analysis. The last
method was the studio work that consisted of the stratigraphic parameter analysis in this area, structural geology analysis,
and modelling the geological history of this area. The result of this research shows that the historical geology in
Merangin area has its unique tectonic sedimentation, and denudation process that made the Permian Mengkarang
Formation exposed to the surface in unique “U” shape. This research will add knowledge about Merangin Geopark to
help fulfilling the requirement of the proposed Merangin Global Geopark.

INTRODUCTION
Permian Mengkarang Formation [1], the oldest exposed formation in Jambi, has its unique tectonic process that
made this formation exposed with the shape of an inversed “U” curve [2, 3]. The tectonic process occurring in this
area must be the main cause of this unique shape. Geological history from Early Permian epoch will be investigated
to know what process apparently occurs in this area. This investigation will start from the Early Permian when the
Sibumasu Block separated from Gondwanaland [4]. The result of this research is the geological history of Merangin
as fulfillment of Global Geopark requirement and the process that created the “U” shape of Mengkarang Formation
in its recent geological condition [5, 6].
In this research, we have investigated the recent tectonic regime of Permian Mengkarang Formation based on the
geological structural analysis, joint measurement, rock sampling for XRD analysis, and add Teluk Wang Formation
on the geological map.

DATA AND METHODS

These are data gathered from field; containing geological structure measurement (joint) and stratigraphic
sampling (Fig. 1). There are 6 locations of geological structure measurement on the Granitoid Formation and

International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016 (ISCPMS 2016)
AIP Conf. Proc. 1862, 030166-1–030166-5; doi: 10.1063/1.4991270
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1536-2/$30.00

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 01 02 03

04 05 06

FIGURE 1. Research area geological map with geological structural analysis from joint measurement.

TABLE 1. Geological structural analysis from the field showing the stress and strain direction.

Location σ1 σ2 σ3 shmax shmin

01 N007°E/22° N181°E/68° N276°E/02° 007° 097°
02 N355°E/05° N171°E/81° N265°E/01° 175° 085°
03 N354°E/04° N092°E/67° N262°E/23° 172° 082°
04 N070°E/01° N166°E/81° N340°E/09° 070° 160°
05 N017°E/36° N221°E/52° N116°E/12° 022° 112°
06 N202°E/30° N022°E/60° N292°E/00° 022° 112°

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Mengkarang Formation [6]. The joint measurement is analysed using the Win Tensor software to reconstruct the
stress and strain force direction. Joint data measurement consists of conjugated shear joint that will be chosen based
on the dominant direction of the shear joint. The summari of this analysis result is shown on Table 1.
Another field work which is stratigraphic sampling in some location, shows that the research area consists of 4
formation units. The first formation unit is Permian Mengkarang Formation, composed by intercalation of sandstone
and claystone. The Second formation unit is Permian Teluk Wang Formation, composed by volcanic conglomerate.
The next unit is Granitoid (Triassic-Jurassic), and last but not least, the Quarternary Kasai Formation (Qtk).
Furthermore, there were 3 samples consisting of 1 loose sand sample and 2 sandstone sample that were analysed
using XRD (X-Ray powder Diffraction). The loose sand sample was taken from location 01, and sandstone sample
from location 04 and 06. Each sample was taken from different location and river stream. The XRD result shows
that the mineral composition of loose sand sample from location 01 is quartz, albite, illite, and kaolinite. The mineral
composition of sandstone sample from location 04 is quartz, kaolinite, and calcite. More over the mineral
composition sandstone sample from location 06 is quartz, albite, illite, and kaolinite. Although the loose sand
sample (location 01) and the sandstone sample (location 06) were taken from different river stream, the mineral
composition is exactly the same.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Research location is based on the regional tectonic setting was a part of Cathaysian Land and constitute a
shallow sea of Palaeo-Tethys on Early Permian epoch [7]. The sedimentation of Mengkarang Formation started at
that age [3] and in shallow marine depositional environment so based on this depositional environment, the
sediments were of fine grain material (Fig. 2) [1, 8]. Teluk Wang Formation lies on the top of the Mengkarang
Formation, with different composition of volcanic product and compose the volcanic conglomerate. Granitoid was
formed in the epoch of Triassic-Jurassic as an intrusion on the Mengkarang Formation. This process occurred in the

FIGURE 2. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Tethys region showing sketches of the distribution of land and seas for
Southeast Asia. E.M.= East Malaysia; P.P. =Peusangan–Pelepat volcanic arc; S = Sibumasu; S.C. = South China; W.B. =
West Burma; W.C. = West Cimmerian Continent; W.S. = West Sumatra.

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massive tectonic event: the amalgamation of Sibumasu Block (Chimerian Continent) with Cathaysian Land. The
uplift of West Sumatera land occurred at the Late Jurasic until the Early Cretaceous [4], this event uplifts the West
Sumatera Block from the shallow sea into the land, and rotated its orientation clockwise. There is a large time gap
between Teluk Wang Formation (Permian) and Kasai Formation (Quarterly). This gap interpret as there is a major
tectonic event causing in research area no sedimentary deposition can occurs because the unstable condition. Other
interpretation is a sustain condition to sedimentary deposition but, because of the major tectonic event, the sediment
eroded intensively and reworked or was transported to another basin.
The Geological Structure data analysis shows that the tectonic regime in the research area are dominated by the
north-south compressional stress, and relative northwest-southeast shear plane that similar with recent tectonic
setting in Sumatera [9]. Rock outcrops in this area were not recorded the tectonic event from early Permian, because
the long term tectonic event can be destroying them and rework the sedimentation process;
reforming another younger sediment clastic rocks. Geological structure analysis at location 04 has a different result
if compared to other locations. These differences are due to the location 04 being an intersection between the main
river and the tributary meaning it is the intersection between the compressional zone with the extensional zone.
Outcrop pattern in research area showing “U” shape because that zone becoming the strain plane from north-
south stress force. The strain direction must be perpendicular to the stress direction, and the strain plane should also
be parallel to the stress direction. The strain zone then becomes the weak zone; inducing the formation of a river
channel. Morphologically, the inversed “U” shape of Mengkarang Formation is the valley and inside that shape is
the hill composed by the volcanic Kasai Formation. The valley is the weak zone that vertical erosion occurs
intensively on softer Kasai Formation, and vertical erosion intensity reduces on the harder Granitoid and
Mengkarang Formation.
XRD sample analysis showing the same result mineral composition between the loose sand in location 01 and
the rock sample in the location 06. Similarity in the mineral composition implies that the loose sand material come
from the same formation in location 06. The loose sand material possibly the same weathered of rock sample in
location 06 but from different location. It means that Mengkarang Formation in rework process; creating another
younger sedimentary rock that will be formed in the fluvial system.

CONCLUSIONS
The geological history of Merangin area starts from the Early Permian where palaeogeographic of this area were
shallow sea and a part of Cathaysianland. Sedimentation started in this area as the origin of Mengkarang Formation.
The next major tectonic event in this area was the amalgamation of Sibumasu Block and Cathaysianland that
occurred in Late Triassic. In this epoch, there is no sedimentation process that takes place in this area. In the early
Cretaceus, The West Sumatera Block uplifted from shallow sea into land, and rotated clockwise nearly recent
azimuth. Last, in the Middle Eocene, the subduction zone in the south of Sumatera taken place and create volcanic
arc in the Sumatera Land.
The inversed “U” shape outcrop of Permian Mengkarang Formation occurs because of recent tectonic regime
that stress north-south and creating strain plane parallel to the main stress force. The strain plane becomes the weak
zone and forms a water channel that now becomes a river. The vertical erosion intensity reduces when conformed to
hard formations such as the Granitoid and Mengkarang Formation. The “U” shape outcrop does not only consist of
theMengkarang Formation, but there is Teluk Wang Formation on the top of it as well.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our work is a part of Hibah Publikasi Internasional Terindeks untuk Tugas Akhir Mahasiswa (Hibah PITTA)
2016 in Universitas Indonesia.

REFERENCES
1. C. S. Hutchison, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 60, 1-18 (2014).
2. C. S. Vozzenin, in The pretertiairy Fossils of Sumatra and Their Environments, edited by H. Fontaine and S.
Gafoer (CCOP Technical Secretariat, Bangkok, 1989).
3. I. M. Van Waveren et al., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 30, 333-341 (2005).
4. I. Metcalfe, Gondwana Res. 19, 3-21 (2011).

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 5. UNESCO, Guidelines and Criteria for National Geoparks seeking UNESCO’s Assistance to Join the Global
Geoparks Network (GGN) (UNESCO, Paris, 2014), p. 13.
6. N. Suwarna et al., Geology of the Sarolagun, Sumatera (Geological Research and Development Center,
Bandung, 1994).
7. I. M. van Waveren, E. A. P. Iskandar, M. Booi, and J. H. A. van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Scripta Geologica
135, 1-28 (2007).
8. K. Wakita and I. Metcalfe, J. Asian Earth Sci. 24, 679-702 (2005).
9. A. J. Barber and M. J. Crow, Gondwana Res. 6, 1-28 (2003).

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