GENERAL BIOLOGY
ST nd
Examination Reviewer (1 and 2 Summary of Lessons)
(STEM 12) | QUARTER 3 - SEM 2 2023
1st Summary of Lessons
1. Law of Dominance –this is also called Mendel’s
first law of inheritance.
2. Genotype –is the gene pair an individual carries
for a particular trait symbolized with a pair of letter.
3. Recessive trait – is a trait that requires two
recessive alleles for the trait to be expressed.
4. Fraternal Twins –are twins that are derived from
separate fertilization events, within the fallopian
tubes.
5. Punnett square –is used to predict genotypes and
phenotypes.
6. Identical Twins –Is also known as monozygotic
twins
7. Gregor Mendel –Is the Father of Genetics.
8. Dominant trait –is a trait that requires at least one
dominant allele for the trait to be expressed.
9. Identical Twins –is also known as monozygotic
twins.
10. Phenotype –Is the observable trait of an individual
based on his genotype.
MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
a) Law of Dominance
o According to the law of dominance, hybrid
offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the
phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are
called the recessive traits while the alleles that
determine the trait are known as the dominant
traits.
b) Law of Segregation
 The law of segregation states that every
individual possesses two alleles and only one
allele is passed on to the offspring.
c) Law of Independent Assortment
 The law of independent assortment states that
the inheritance of one pair of genes is
independent of inheritance of another pair.
Punnett Square
A cross between a dwarf pea plant (homozygous
recessive) and a tall pea plant (heterozygous).
The off springs are: 50% heterozygous tall, 50%
homozygous short
2nd Summary of Lessons
bellarchives
1. Precambrian Period –First multicellular
eukaryotic organisms developed.
2. Paleozoic Era –known as the "old/ancient life"
era.
3. Mesozoic Era–There were intense volcanic
activity and contributed to environmental changes
leading up to the extinction event.
4. Mesozoic Era –This is known as the age of
reptiles.
5. Cenozoic Era –Encompasses the rise of human
civilization and the relatively stable climate
conditions
6. Mesozoic Era –Dinosaurs, crocodiles and
pterosaurs ruled the land and air.
7. Paleozoic Era –First vascular plants appeared.
8. Precambrian Period–Formation of the earth
around 4.6 billion years ago to the beginning of the
Cambrian period.
9. Cenozoic Era –characterized by the proliferation
and diversification of mammals, birds and
flowering plants present
10. Cenozoic Era –This is known as the current
geologic era spanning from about the million years
ago to the present
11. Paleozoic Era –where Cambrian is the earliest
period of this era.
12. Precambrian Era –Significant oxygenation of the
atmosphere and oceans, allowing for
diversification and expansion of eukaryotic lives.
13. Cenozoic Era –Transition from bipedal apes to
early hominins, expansion of brain size and
emergence of homo sapiens
14. Mesozoic Era –It is divided in 3 periods namely,
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous.
15. Precambrian era –Snowball earth event or the
Cryogenian period
16. Paleozoic Era –A period in this era is nicknamed
as "Age of Fishes".
17. Precambrian Era –First multicellular eukaryotic
organism developed.
18. Paleozoic Era –has 5 different periods namely
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, and Permian.
19. Cenozoic Era –This era provides the geological
and paleontological content for understanding the
evolutionary history of humans and our ancestors
20. Paleozoic Era –The first land plants, non-vascular
like the bryophytes emerged during this period.
There are three eras, namely:
1. Paleozoic Era
2. Mesozoic Era
3. Cenozoic Era
 There are three periods in the Cenozoic Era:
 Paleogene
GENERAL BIOLOGY
ST nd
Examination Reviewer (1 and 2 Summary of Lessons)
(STEM 12) | QUARTER 3 - SEM 2 2023

 Neogene
 Quarternary

At present, we are in Holocene epoch of the

Quarternary period of the Cenozoic Era of the
Phanerozoic Eon.

NATURAL SELECTION
1. Who proposed the theory of biological evolution by
natural selection?
A. Gregor Mendel
B. Charles Darwin
C. Theodore Schwann

2. It is the process through which populations of living

organisms adapt and change.
A. Mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection

3. More offspring are born than can possibly survive,

A. Competition
B. Overproduction
C. Variation

4. Differences exist among members of the same

population that make them more fit to survive than
others.
A. Variation
B. Competition
C. Overproduction

5. The accumulation of characteristics that improve a

species ability to survive over long period of time.
A. Overproduction
B. Adaptability
C. Variation

bellarchives