Epp Lessons Combine

Beauty Care (Nail Care)
Learning Outcomes:
1. Recognize tools and material used in nail care
2. Use nail care tools and equipment appropriately
3. Maintain and keep safe tools and equipment

4. Follow policies in occupational health and safety
Introduction
Nail care is a service referring to cosmetic beauty treatment of fingernails and toenails
which can be done at home or in beauty salons. This service is availed of by both women
and men. Preparation of the guest starts with cleaning of the fingernails or toenails, giving
massage to the hands or feet, application of nail polish, and giving the final retouch.
Cleanliness of the workplace is a very important factor to prevent infection. For hygienic
purposes, tools and equipment need to be sterilized before using them. Health and safety
practices are given emphasis, as well as the risks and hazards to protect the lives of the
workers and the guests.
Nail care service may be manicure or pedicure. When working with the fingernails, the
term is manicure, and when working with toenails, the term is pedicure.
Tools, Materials and Equipment in Nail care

There are several tools and materials and equipment needed by the nail care attendant.
To make her a successful performer, she has to familiarize herself with all of these tools and
material in giving manicure or pedicure
Tools/Implements for Nail Care
Tools are also referred to as implement. These are durable handheld matenals and must
be sterilized after used with a client. There are times when these implements need to be
disposed especially when they do not perform well when used by the beauty attendant.
They are the following
Nail file. This is used to shape the free edge of the nails to
smoothen them. This is usually made up of metal
Emery board. This is a wooden sand paper-like material used to

filesoft and fragile nails. It has two sides, one side has fine texture and
the other side is coarse.
Pusher. This is used to push back and loosen dead cuticle. It is

and made of steel.
Nail clipper. This is used to trim or shorten fingernails or toenails.
Cuticle nipper. It is used to trim excess cuticle found at the base

of the nails usually made of metal.
Buffer. It is a tool used to smoothen and polish the nails.

Nailbrush. It is used to brush the nails to cleanse the cuticle or
debris around it.
Orangewood stick. This is used to remove excess nail polish around

the nails, It is made of wood and is disposable.
Materials Needed in Nail Care
Materials are supplies used in giving manicure or pedicure which are disposed of after use
for each client. The following are the materials used in nail care:
Cotton. This is moistened with nail polish remover to remove old nail
polish. It is also used to wrap the pointed end of the orange wood
stick to remove excess nail polish under the edge and around the
nails
Plastic spatula. This is used to get nail cosmetics from its container.
Towels. This is used to dry the hands and nails of the client. These
come in different sizes. The bigger one is usually used for drying the
feet when giving pedicure and the smaller one is towel for the hands.
Garbage bin/bag. This is a disposable bag or receptacle where

rubbish is thrown to keep the place clean and free from clutters.
Nail Cosmetics
There are several nail cosmetics a manicurist should be familiarized with These come in
different brands and are contained in small bottles with different shapes. The correct
application of these is a must and care should be taken especially on clients who have
allergies or sensitivities.
The following are the different nail cosmetics:
Nail polish remover. Commonly known as acetone. This is used with

cotton to remove old nail polish
Nail polish solvent. This is used in thinning out nail polish which
already has become thicker in solution.
Cuticle remover. This is applied around the nails to soften the cuticle
before it has to be pushed and trimmed or removed.
Hand lotion/hand cream. This is applied to hands before applying the

nail color to retain its moisture. Use of hand lotion will prevent the
hands from being dry, cracked and wrinkled.
Nail bleach. This is used to remove yellow stains from the nails
Nail whitener. This is applied under the free edge of the nails to
make it appear white.
Nail color. This comes in different colors. This is applied over the
fingernails or toenails to beautify and protect the nails.
Cuticle oil. It is used to lubricate the skin around the nail surface.
Base coat. This serves as a base applied to the nails before nail
color. It prevents the enamel from chipping, thus gives a good
quality grip of the enamel to the surface of the nails
Top coat or sealer. This is colorless and applied over colored nail
polish. The use of this will keep the polish longer in use before it
starts to chip that points to the need for another nail care service.
Liquid nail dry (quick dry). This is applied to dry the nail polish color
immediately and to prevent this from getting smeared.
Equipment in Nail Care
Nail care services need some equipment that is necessary to give satisfaction to the
clients. The term equipment includes permanent items that are durable and used for a
longer period of time until they wear out and need replacement.
The following are the equipment used in nail care:

Disinfection container. This is a receptacle used to hold the
disinfectant solution in which tools or objects to be sanitized are
immersed. It is provided with cover to prevent the solution from
being contaminated especially when not in use.
Manicure pillow. This is a hand cushion used by the client to keep

her hands steady and relaxed.
Finger bowl. It is bowl that has a special shape for soaking the
client's fingers in warm-soapy water or anti-bacterial soap.
Sanitized wipe container. This is usually made of glass and is

used to hold clean absorbent cotton or lint-free wipes.
Supply tray. This is used to hold different materials and

tools used in nail care such as the nail polish, cuticle
remover, cotton balls container and other needs.
Electric nail dryer. This is used to shorten the length of time
needed to completely dry the client's nails after the
application of the nail polish. This is optional.
Use of Nail Care Tools/Implements
The correct and proper way of handling nail care tools greatly contributes to the success
of nail care service. Your client will trust you upon observing your confidence in handling
tools and equipment while giving her your services.
Nail clippers
Hold firmly the clippers with the cutting edges

downward between your thumb, index, and middle
finger. With utmost care, press the clipper handles
together. to remove the excess nail length and as
desired by the client.
Nail file
With your dominant hand, hold firmly the nail file and
position it under the free edge of the nails. Supporting
the hand of your other hand slide the nail file across. the
free edge of the center of the nail with. one stroke.
Direction should be from the corner to the center of the
nails. Avoid bling the nail with back-and-forth direction
es this may cause splitting or breakage of the nails Care
must be taken that you do not go deep into the corners.
Feel the free edges of the nails if there are rough spots,
bevel lightly by filing with downward stroke using the fine
side of the emery board.
Emery board
This is used in similar manner with the nail file Using the fine
surface, bevel the rough surface of the nails to smoothen
it.
Cuticle nail pusher
Hold this in the same manner as you hold the pencil while
writing. Before pushing back the cuticle, the cuticle has to
be moistened first with the cuticle remover. With the dull
spade side, loosen the cuticle by pushing back lightly and
carefully against the side of the fingernails.
Cuticle nipper
Pick up the cuticle nipper by the handle with the cutting

edges facing towards you. The bent tip of your index
finger must be on top of the shank Position your thumb
on the side of the handle and the remaining fingers over
the opposite handle.
Nail brush
Insert your ring finger in between the handle of the nail

brush. With a downward motion, brush the nails from
the base to the fingertips to clean the nails and fingers.
Nail buffer
Place the thumb and ring finger under the handle of the
buffer, while the index and the middle fingers are on its
top and the pinkie finger is on its side. Smoothen the
nails by using downward motion from the base to the
fingertips.
Orangewood stick
Hold the stick in the same way that you hold a pencil when you write. An orangewood stick
has the following multiple purposes:
(1) to loosen cuticle Slightly dip into solvent the cotton

tipped orangewood stick and work around the base of
the nail;
(2) to clean under the free edge of the nail- Work from
the center toward each side. Care must be taken by
applying with gentle pressure to prevent live tissue at
the root of the nails from being injured.
Maintenance and Safekeeping of Tools and Equipment
The has to take care of all the tools and equipment in nail care service. It is a must to
clean and disinfect all these after serving each client. If properly handled and maintained,
better performance is ensured and usage is prolonged. Checking the tools and equipment
every after use is necessary and immediate
Maintenance and safekeeping of tools are very important and therefore checking the
conditions of these will contribute to the safety of both the client and the manicurist
Ways of maintaining tools and equipment:
1. Sterilization. It is the process of destroying all microorganisms present in an object or place.
2. Sanitization. It is the process of destroying some, not all microorganisms.

Manicurist needs to familiarize herself/himself with the disinfectant and antiseptic which
are needed to sterilize and sanitize tools and equipment in the beauty salon. But before the
process of disinfecting and sanitizing, preparation of the tools and equipment has to be
considered.
The manicurist has to bear in mind that tools or implements should not be used unless
these are effectively sanitized and sterilized. Potential diseases shall be prevented if this is
done strictly. Before starting the work, see to it that tools are organized in its place. A
professional manicurist always maintains a high standard of personal hygiene. The following
will guide the manicurist in the correct processes of sanitizing and disinfecting:
Preparation of Equipment to be Sanitized
1. Read the instructions/directions on the disinfectant and understand them very well.
2. Measure and mix the required disinfectant following the direction.
3. Saturate a rag or cloth for cleaning with the disinfectant solution and wipe the entire
surface or area of equipment.
4. Wipe dry the surface area with paper towel or cleaning cloth.
5. Throw away used sanitizing solution and used towels.
Preparation of Metal Tools/Implements for Sterilization

1. Soak the tools in hot, soapy water solution to remove any waste, dirt or oil residue. Rinse
them thoroughly.
2. Soak the tools or implements in a 70% to 90% alcohol solution for 20 minutes.
3. Remove the tools/implements from the solution, wipe them dry. and place them into a dry
sterilizer.
Preparation of the Sanitizing Jar
1. Cleanse first the sanitizing jar with disinfectant. Wipe it dry.
2. Arrange a thin layer of sterile cotton at the bottom of the jar

3. From the wet or dry sanitizer, remove the tools or implements and place them into the
sanitizing jar with handles up, except for the metal nail files.
4. With 70% to 90% alcohol solution, fill the jar enough solution to cover cutting edges and tips
of orangewood stick.
Keeping the Workplace Clean and Safe

1. Beauty salons must be in good sanitary condition. It must be well-lighted and well-
ventilated.
2. The salon premises should be free from rodents, vermin, flies, and other similar insects.
3. Continuous running hot and cold water must be provided in all salon establishments.
4. Washable and clean curtains are necessary including floor coverings which are clean and
free from dust.
5. Hair trimmings on the floor must be kept at frequent intervals. Cotton and other waste
materials must be removed from the floor immediately and deposited in a closed container
or garbage bin.
6. The rest rooms should be well sanitized and provided with bathroom tissues and other
needs of the clients.
Things to Do After Every Manicure Service
1. Sanitize properly and keep clean all tools or implements ready for the next use.
2. Provide a separate trash bin for empty bottles and containers.
3. Store, arrange used cosmetic products and other chemicals in their proper place. Label
them properly.
4. Clean and sanitize finger bowls before using for the next patron or client.
5. Sterilize metal tools and instrument following proper sterilization procedure. Store them in a
clean dry place until the next use.
6. Dispose tools or implements which are made of porous materials such as nail files, nail
buffers, nail brushes and orangewood stick. Some of these are made of wood and cannot
be sterilized and therefore may harbor bacteria easily and may cause disease to both the
manicurist and the client.
7. Dispose properly waste materials in an enclosed waste container fitted with polythene
bag Sanitize and disinfect garbage container in a well-ventilated area wearing protective
gloves while doing this.
8. Dispose contaminated wastes following the correct procedure as prescribed by the local
authorities.
9. Repair immediately any tool or equipment which are in poor condition. Otherwise dispose
of them properly for the safety of both the client and the manicurist.
Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

Occupational Health and Safety is a planned system of working to prevent illness or injury
where you work by recognizing hazards and risks. Health and safety are the responsibility of
all persons in the beauty establishments. Hazards and risks must be identified by the
manicurist. Evaluate and control or eliminate the hazard or modify the risk that it poses.
Common Hazards in the Beauty Salon
Several hazards are present in beauty salons and these needs utmost attention. Some of
these are identified here and what to do with these hazards are given below:
1. Electrical hazard
Electrical appliances used in the beauty salons can create serious health and safety risks,
especially in wet condition. Using damage tools and equipment poses great risk. Electrical
shock can cause electrocution. Burns and injuries may result from falls.
What to do? You need to ask the electrician to check all pieces of electrical equipment in
the salon or workplace. This can be done annually or as often as possible.
2. Chemical hazard
Substances used and/or produced at work that are a potential harm to the health and
safety of people at work are hazardous. Skin irritation, asthma, poisoning and cancer are
some of the effects to the health of the workers.
What to do? This can be prevented through good ventilation which will get rid of the fumes
and chemical smell that builds up in a salon It is advisable to use appropriate personal
proton equipment or clothing (PPE)
3. Fire hazard
Accident may happen like fire since the salon has its electrical appliances Lack of
awareness on fire safety can harm persons in the workplace
What to do? An emergency exit route should be provided and this must be the easiest route
that clients and staff can use to leave the building or salon safely
4. Biological hazards
This is also known as biohazards These refer to substances that pose danger to living
organisms, primarily the human being These microorganisms live on the skin and easily
spread between clients and manicurist. Unwashed hands, soiled equipment or contact with
blood or body substances may cause the transfer of the microorganism from one perso n to
another
What to do? Extra care must be taken into consideration and manicurist should assume that
all blood and other body substances are potential sources of infection. Therefore sanitation
and sterilization should always be the priority in the salon
5. Ergonomics
In the nail care service, manicurist/pedicurist uses repetitive movements with force like filing
and buffing the nails. Holding uncomfortable positions for a long period of time causes
musculoskeletal injuries to the manicurist
What to do? In performing these tasks, always pay attention to proper position of your body
to prevent injuries such as back pain neck, wrist and shoulder pain.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) At Work
Personal protective equipment refers to clothing equipment designed and wo rn by the

manicurists or salon workers to protect them from risks of injury or illness. Of course, this is only
considered as a control measure to minimize exposure to risk. Other important safety
measures are of great factors that should always be considered.
Examples of personal protective clothing for salon worker are gloves, eyewear, apron, and
protective mask Advantages of wearing PPE at work:
1. Nails and skin are prevented from injury.
2. Potentially harmful chemicals to the skin are prevented from being absorbed. Harmful
chemicals may cause allergies, irritation or other related problems
3. Wearing dust mask prevents the manicurist from breathing in lot of dust or particles while
filing or buffing nails.
4. Breathing in of air contaminated with chemical and/or biological agents is prevented.

Caregiving
Learning Outcomes
1. Recognize caregiving tools, materials and equipment
2. Perform calculations in administering medicine to the patient
3. Discuss occupational health and safety procedures is caregiving
Introduction
Caregiving is providing care or assistance to a person who may be ill, disabled, or needs
help with his/her day-to-day activities. This may also refer to providing care for physical and
emotional needs of a family member or a friend at home. There are home for the aged
which house these people for an immediate care from qualified caregivers who are paid for
their services.
A caregiver is a person who provides assistance to any person who cannot live alone by
himself/herself due to some developmental, physical, or psychological needs (Ilagan, 2013).
The services of a caregiver is important and that his/her services give assurance to the client
that he/she can still live a healthy life with his/her cooperation. It is necessary for the
caregiver to provide compassion and patience which is equally important to the skills and
techniques he/she must possess in caring for the client.
Lesson 1: Caregiving Tools, Materials and Equipment
Learning Outcomes
Identify caregiving tools, materials and equipment
Introduction
One of the most important tasks of a caregiver is to make sure that he/she can identify
and use the appropriate tools, materials, equipment and paraphernalia that are applicable
to the specific job. As a future caregiver, being well-versed with the different tools and
equipment will prepare you to be successful in the health care profession someday.
For Taking Vital Signs
BP Apparatus Aneroid (Sphygmomanometer)
This is mercury-free aneroid unit which consists of a cuff that

can be applied with one hand for self-testing, a stethoscope
that is built or attached, and a bulb which inflates and
deflates automatically with the data displayed. It has an easy-
to-read gauge which functions in any position.
Stethoscope
This is an instrument used for listening to the action or beating of the heart
with a circular piece usually placed against the chest with tube leading to
earpieces.
Clinical thermometer
This is an instrument used for measuring body

temperature which is made of glass narrowing above the
bulb so that the mercury column stays in position even
when the instrument is removed from the body.
For Cleaning, Washing and Ironing
Bottle Sterilizer
This is used to sterilize bottles through boiling to destroy microorganisms

in containers like feeding bottles.
Baby bath tub
This is used for bathing infants especially those who are

not yet able to sit up on their own. Some baby bath tubs
are designed to allow the baby to recline while keeping
his head from out of the water.
Bedpan
This is usually made up of metal, glass, or plastic used for

toileting of a bedridden patient. This can be used both for
urinary and fecal discharge.
Washing machine.
It is an electric appliance used for washing clothes and

linen.
Flat iron or clothes iron
This is another appliance which is used to iron or press clothes, draperies and other linen
and used along with ironing board.
Ironing board
This is a long, narrow padded board with collapsible supporting

legs and used as a working surface in ironing clothes and other
linen.
For Meal Preparation
A caregiver must also have the knowledge and skills in preparing the food for his/her
client or person under his/her care. Meal preparation is very important as this affects the
health and nutrition of the person, especially the sick. Moreover, he/she must be familiar with
the appropriate tools and equipment used in food preparation
Food processor
This is a multi-purpose tool which is used for chopping

shredding, and pureeing food ingredients.
Coffee maker
This is an electric countertop appliance which brews coffee

automatically.
Air pot or thermos
This is a storage vessel provided with insulation material

which keeps its contents hotter or cooler than its surrounding
for a longer period of time.
Blender
It is an electric kitchen or laboratory appliance which is used

to mix, make puree, or emulsify food and other similar
substances.
Electric can opener
It is a very useful device used in opening canned

goods with ease, accuracy and safety.
Knife
This is a cutting tool with an exposed cutting sharp
edge used to cut or slice vegetables, fruits, meat and
other kinds of food.
Kitchen shears
These are useful in opening food packages, cutting tape or

string of packed foods, or removing tags or labels from items.
Chopping board
This is used for cutting or chopping meat or vegetables and is

made of flat, wooden or plastic board.
Lesson 2: Performing Calculations
Learning Outcome:
Performs calculations in administering medicine to the patient
Introduction
In this lesson you are expected to learn how to perform calculations related to
administering medicine to patients. You cannot afford to commit mistake here for that could
mean life or death to a patient.
Performing Calculations
It is not enough that a caregiver identifies all the tools and materials in caregiving. He/She
also has to learn how to administer medicines to the patient. It is very important that the right
amount of medicine is given to the patient. This a great factor for the speedy recovery of the
sick. Conversion from one unit to another when applicable in giving medicine must be a part
of the knowledge that the caregiver has to acquire.
The manner and system of measurement are part of our daily activities at home or in
school. In organizing our tasks, preparing our meals, we need to perform calculations to
ensure that we do not put our lives at stake.
A review of our mathematical skills is necessary especially in the safe administration of

medicines to our patient. The knowledge we have in ratio and proportion shall be very
useful.
In administering the medicine, there are three measurement systems that are used in
pharmacology: the household measurement system, the metric system, and the apothecary
system.
For patients who are only at home and not in hospital, the household measurement
system is usually used. Teaspoons, drops, ounces, cups, pints quart, gallons, and pounds are
included as measurements used under the household measurement system.
The apothecary measurement system has weight measurements like dram, ounce, grain
(gr), scruple, and pound. The volume units of measurement in the apothecary measurement
system are a fluid ounce, a pint, a minim, a fluid dram, a quart and a gallon.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT(S)
1 teaspoon 1 teaspoon = 60 drops
1 teaspoon = 5 mL
1 tablespoon 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoon
1 tablespoon = 15 mL
1 fluid ounce 1 fluid ounce = 2 tablespoon
1 fluid ounce = 30 mL
1 ounce (weight) 16 ounces = 1 pound
1 ounce = 30 g
UNIT OF MEASUREMENT APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT(S)

1 cup 1 cup = 8 ounces
1 cup = 16 tablespoon
1 cup = 240 mL
1 pint 1 pint = 2 cups
1 pint = 480 mL
1 quart 1 quart = 2 pints
1 quart = 4 cups
1 gallon 1 gallon = 4 quarts
1 gallon = 8 pints
1 gallon = 3,785 mL
1 pound 1 pound = 16 ounces
1 pound = 480 grams

Calculating pediatric dosages for oral drugs
Application of the information in the previous lesson to calculate the amount of medicine
to the patient will start here. Always follow the physician's order and drug labels, the methods
of converting quantities from one unit of measurement to another. If not sure about the
tasks, always ask the assistance from somebody who may be senior to you. In dealing with
pediatric patient, bear in mind that children are completely different from adults. An
inaccurate dosage may harm the child.
Administering pediatric oral drugs
Tablets and capsules are hard to take by infants and young children. thus they are given
liquid medicine. In some cases where liquid medicines are not available, tablets may be
crushed and mix with just a little water. If it is mixed in a large amount of water, the child may
not be able to finish the liquid and therefore the entire dosage is not taken.
Tools used in giving out pediatric oral drugs
Cup..........................................................advisable for children
Dropper...................................................used for infant
Syringe.....................................................used for infants

Spoon with hollow handle....................used for toddlers
Methods to calculate pediatric doses
• Body Surface Area (BSA) Method. This is also called the dosage-per- kilogram-of-
bodyweight method. Physicians usually use this because this is the most accurate and
safest method in calculating pediatric dose.
• Clark's Rule. This method uses the weight of the child in calculating approximate
dosage.
• Young's Rule. This is applicable to children who are two years of age and above.
• Fried's Rule. This is used to calculate doses for children who are two years and below.
Important reminders in calculating doses:
• It is necessary to use calculator in solving equations.

• Verify from a drug handbook if in doubt, or call a pharmacist.
• Always keep a record of the patient's weight in kilogram. This will keep you from
weighing the patient all the time.
Occupational health and safety is the campaign and maintenance of the well-being of
workers in every occupation. This is to provide a safe working environment to achieve an
injury-free workplace and a healthy atmosphere that protect every worker against illness.
These healthy and safety practices. in effect, may also protect co-workers, family members,
clients, and other members of the community who are affected by the workplace
environment.
Lesson 3: Occupational Health and Safety
Learning Outcomes:
1. Discuss the policies and practices of occupational health and safety
2. Recognize hazards and risks in the workplace
3. Identify practical ways to prevent hazards and risks
Hazards and Risks
Hazard is anything that may cause harm to individual. Chemicals, electricity, open
drawers, and inadequate ventilation are some examples of this.
Risk is the possibility that somebody could be harmed by these chemicals, electricity,
open drawers, inadequate ventilation, and other hazards in the workplace and the
indication of how serious the harm can be.
Types of Hazards
1. Physical hazards - These are the most normal occurrences in the workplace and are
usually easy to detect. However, most of the time, this type of hazards is neglected due to
lack of knowledge of people who do not see situations as hazards.
• Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:

• Electrical hazards - In nursing homes and day care institutions. improper wiring and
frayed cords must be checked. Sometimes these are not given attention to and may
pose danger to the sick person and the caregiver.
• Endless noise in a nursing home is definitely a hazard especially to people who are
suffering from depression.
• Spills on floors is definitely a hazard to everyone. It is important that caregivers should
immediately wipe or mop spills on the floor to avoid accident.
2. Biological hazards - The caregiver may be exposed to this type of hazard if he/she is
working with animals, people or infectious materials. Day care centers, hospital, hotel
laundry, nursing homes, laboratories are places with biological hazards.
3. Ergonomic hazards - These occur when a caregiver's nature of work, body position and
working conditions put pressure on his/her body. Caregivers do not immediately notice the
effect of these hazards on their bodies. At the start, it may only be sore muscles but long
term exposure to this type of hazard may cause musculoskeletal problems.
Examples of ergonomic hazards:
• standing for long period of time

• too much bending and reaching performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads
• holding body parts for long periods of time
• awkward movements especially if they are repetitive
• repeating the same movements over and over
Some of the effects of ergonomic hazards:
• pain in the shoulders

• back injury
• too much impact on wrist and hands
• numbness in some parts of the body
• muscle cramps
4. Chemical hazards - When a worker or caregiver is exposed to any chemical preparation
in the workplace, then chemical hazard is present. Some chemicals may be safe, but there
are caregivers who are sensitive to solutions which may cause skin irritation, illness or
breathing problem.
Chemical hazards may cause lung diseases, difficulty in breathing, and allergy.
5. Psychological hazards. When a caregiver's work environment becomes stressful or

demanding, psychological hazards will take occur. Caregivers may suffer depression,
anxiety, loss of confidence, loss of concentration at work, and deterioration of their
performance at work.
Caregivers may be exposed to these psychological hazards:
• verbal abuse from dissatisfied clients

• burn out, fatigue and on call duty
• unreasonable expectations from patients or clients
• unreasonable expectations from supervisors and management
Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace
Caregivers have to know whether there are health and safety problems in their
workplace. Hazards and risks vary from one workplace to another. Work routines may be the
same, but hazards will differ depending on the type of the location of the building
establishment, the attitudes of caregivers, clients, or employers. Hazards and risks can be
prevented; however, caregivers must be able to identify these in the workplace.
Ways for caregivers to determine health and safety problems:
1. They should observe the workplace.
2. They have to examine complaints from their co-workers.
3. They should check accident records.

4. They should examine chart on results of inspections done by the employers or private
organizations.
5. They may use checklist and examine the workplace. 6. They may study reports or any
other vital information about the nursing home.
Practical Ways to Prevent Hazards and Risks
• Have a closer look at electricity. See to it that all electrical equipment you use are in
good condition. Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed. Use
electrical equipment with dry hands.
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment properly. Wear gown longer than your clothing.
When removing the gown, try to avoid touching the outside portion since this is
considered contaminated. A caregiver should wear a clean gown every client care.
• Mask should be worn and must fit comfortably over the nose and mouth. A wet mask is
considered contaminated and should be disposed properly after use. A clean mask
should be used for every client contact.
• Gloves should be used when issue of contamination is present. It is a must for a
caregiver to use gloves especially when he/she has open wounds on the hands.
Importance of Climate, Soil, and Water in Tree Crop Production
Good judgment and efficiency are needed to succeed in tree farming Several factors
must be considered in order to prosper in this kind of activity. Experienced fruit tree growers
consider climate, soil, temperature, and humidity as factors that contribute to successful tree
farming.
Climate
Different tree species grow best in certain climatic conditions. The different climatic
conditions wherein trees are exposed to include rainfall, sunshine, high temperature. low
temperature, humidity, and wind.
Of all the above-mentioned conditions. long light rain is the most suitable for tree crops
because water penetrates the soil and keep it moist for a certain period of time.
Temperature affects the growth of crops. A high temperature ripens fruits before they
should and affects the fruit tissues. Fruits spoil easily and the color and taste are affected by
heat.
Soil
Soil is the material that holds the tree and provides it with water and nutrients in order to
grow. The roots of a tree anchor to the soil. The roots also absorb nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, and other nutrients which the tree needs to live. Leaves and organic materials
improve the texture and fertility of the soil.
The best kind of soil for fruit and tree crop growing is dry, warm, porous, sandy, and loamy.
Growing of fruit and tree crops in sticky soil or clay is not advisable because it is wet, cold,
and slow to dry after the rain.
Water
Water has an important role in the life of plants. Water is very much needed in the
formation of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and other nutrients and in transporting
these elements from the leaves of the tree to the roots, trunks, branches, and fruits. These
nutrients must first dissolve in water before they are absorbed into the tree body.
Water is also used in transplanting crops. Water supply must be below the level of the tree
plantation and surfaced by means of stand pipes and s reservoir.
If late blossoming or ripening of fruit is desired, planting should be done on the northern
slope. If early blossoming is desired and when there is danger of typhoons which might
destroy trees, consider planting on the southern slope.
Types and Drainage of Soil
Fruit and tree crops grow in all types of soil provided these are not sandy, rocky, shallow
or wet. The roots of trees must deeply penetrate the soil. The soil must be properly drained
and have a good texture. Good texture means that it is fine and mellow, not hard or lumpy.
Study Helps
1. What factors affect the growth of trees?
2. How do you choose the species of trees to plant?
3. How does exposure affect the growth of trees?
Different Methods of Plant Propagation
Sexual Propagation of Plants
Propagation by Seeds
Seed propagation is the most common and easy method of propagating plants. In
propagating fruit trees, the use of seed is not advisable because of the varying
characteristics of plant seedlings.
Propagation by seed is, however, practical in these instances:

1. Seeds are used by plant breeders who need a large seedling population with different
characteristics from which they select good varieties.
2. Seeds are used by nursery men who need a large seedling population as rootstocks for
certain outstanding varieties.
Asexual Propagation
Asexual propagation is done without the help of the sex organs of the plant. In the
asexual method, plants multiply in different ways, as follows.
1. By suckers which are stems or roots that grow from a subterranean portion of a plant or
tree.
Example: Banana and strawberry
Asexual reproduction by
suckers in strawberry.
banana
2. By rhizomes or creeping stems which produce roots along their surface and develop new
plants from buds on the upper side.
Example: Ginger
3. By underground runners or ratoons as in the case of sugarcane and pineapple.
4. By the germinating tissues of the leaves which come in contact with the damp surface of
the soil.
Example: Begonia
5. By rootstocks through which the plants reproduce by division and separating some of its
roots.
Example: Orchids and other herbaceous plants
6. By tubers which are thickened stems, bearing buds or nodelike scars.
Examples: Sweet potato and yam
7. By bulbs, which are modified leaves folded around one another.

Examples: Garlic and Onions
Methods of Artificial Plant Propagation
New plants are produced and multiplied by cutting.

Asexual plant propagation is an artificial method of propagating plants through which
new plants are produced and multiplied by using the parts and buds of selected mother
plants.
Artificial plant propagation is done by:
A. Cutting. New plants are produced and multiplied by cutting and planting parts of the
plant. The plant propagated is a "cutting." The different cuttings used are tubers, stems, leaf,
and root and rootstock.
a. Tuber Cutting - Thickened portions of the leaf or stems are used in propagation.
b. Stem Cutting - This is used in propagating annuals and perennials. e. Leaf Cutting To start a
new plant, the blade leaf and petioles are used. Plants that develop germinal tissues from
the leaves are propagated by this method.
d. Root and Rootstock Cutting Plants that tend to
grow sucker sprouts from the roots can be
propagated this way.
The Kataka-taka propagates through
leaf cutting.
B. Layering. A part or branch of the tree is introduced into the soil to develop roots while
being fed by the parent plant.
C. Marcotting. In marcotting, the stems are induced to take roots while still attached to the
mother plant.
Steps in Marcotting
1. Remove a ring of the bark below the node 3-5 centimeters long.
2. Scrape the cambium layer but not too deep into the wood to prevent healing before root
formation takes place.
3. After callus formation has taken place, wrap the cut surface with a moist, but not wet
sphagnum moss. If sphagnum moss is not available, use moistened soil and wrap with
coconut husk.
Steps on Marcotting
4. Cover securely with plastic and tie around on both ends with a cotton twine to prevent
the drying of the rooting medium. When using wrapping material other than plastic, water
the marcot regularly to prevent the drying and hardening of the soil.
5. When enough roots grow, cut off the marcot just below the ball of sphagnum moss or soil
that holds the roots. For plants that root easily, this can be as short as one month.
6. After cutting the marcot, place in a pot big enough to provide sufficient room for the roots
to develop further before transplanting to the field.
7. Place in a cool and shady place to hasten recovery.
D. Grafting. This is an artificial plant propagation through which a stem of one plant, called
the "scion" (top portion), is inserted into the rootstock of another plant, so that the two will
unite and grow together as one plant. The scion and rootstock must be compatible for them
to unite permanently.
Grafting is classified into cleft, side, whip or tongue, saddle, bark, and crown grafting. For
fruit growers, cleft grafting is most commonly used.
Cleft grafting is used when grafting a new top of a tree which is several years old."
Steps in Cleft Grafting
1. Select a clean, smooth limb between 2 to 3 cm in diameter and saw it off.

2. With a sharp narrow blade, split the stub through the middle, taking care to make a clean
slit.
3. Cut two scions with three buds each and about 10 to 15 cm. Sharpen the lower end of
each scion to form a long, evenly tapering wedge.
4. Open the cleft in the stub by forcing a chisel or any similar instrument into its center.
5. Insert the wedge-shaped end of a scion so that its innermost bark lies against the
innermost bark of the split stub.
6. Cover all cut surfaces immediately with soil. Let both scions grow from one to two years.
E. Budding. This method makes use of a single bud as the scion instead of the stem bearing
several buds. It is transferring the lateral bud from the scion to the stock of the same family or
genus. It is generally used on young plants or smaller branches of large plants where the
buds can be inserted into shoots 1 to 3 cm in diameter. The most common form of budding
are shield, patch, plate, and chip budding.
Steps in T-Budding
1. Pick well-developed buds from the terminal growth of a variety.

2. Clip off the leaves immediately to stop evaporation.
3. Select a smooth area and cut a T-shaped slit through the bark.
4. Insert the bud and cut a bud from the bud stalk with a shield-shaped piece of bark and a
very thin layer of wood under the slit. Slip the bud on the stock and shove it into position.
5. Tie the bud securely above and below with a soft cord and a plastic sheet or raffia.
6. If union has taken place after two weeks, cut the raffia on the side away from the bud to
prevent girdling. A living bud is greenish in color, while a dead one is blackish.
7. Cut the stock smoothly when it reaches the height of 30 cm. Cover the surface with pine
tar or house paint to prevent decay.
F. Inarching. In this method of propagation, the scion is made to unite with the rootstock
while growing on their own root systems. Inarching is usually done on branches where the
scion stem is of the same size as the rootstock.
Steps in Inarching
1. Select an actively growing rootstock and bring it to the branch you intend to graft.
2. Cut a longitudinal slit half its thickness on the branch, and make a similar cut on the scion.
Then fit them together.
3. Tie firmly with a string or cotton twine.
4. Cut the scion below the point of union, and the rootstock above the union when the two
have been united. Make the first cut about half the thickness of the scion stem.
5. Make the second cut after a week.

6. If the scion does not show any sign of wilting after the second cut, cut it off completely.
Except for the regular watering of the rootstock, no other treatment is needed for inarched
plants after they are tied together.
Study Helps
1. What is the most common method of seed propagation?

2. How are seeds propagated?
3. Describe the different types of sexual and asexual plant propagation.

Proper Methods of Germinating Seeds of Fruit and Tree Crops
Many tropical and subtropical variety of fruits are propagated from seeds. The hard
covering of most seeds makes it necessary to propagate before they are planted. Some
seeds such as the coconut, mango, or mabolo which are left on the ground under the tree
are covered by dry rotting leaves. The tough seed coat which are kept moist, softens during
the rainy season and the seed germinates. Other kinds of seeds need special preparation to
germinate before planting.
Common ways of seed germination are as follows:
1. Stratification, Seeds are placed between layers of moist sand following these steps:
a. Fill the bottom of a shallow box 8 to 12 cm with at least 3 cm of sand.

b. Place a thin layer of seeds on top of the sand.
c. Follow this with another 3 cm of sand. Continue filling the box alternately with sand
and seeds until the box is filled up to the rim.
d. Bury the box up to its rim in a well-drained space outdoors and cover with straw or
place under the shade of a tree.
e. Keep the sandbox barely moist, not wet.
Fine seeds that cannot be screened may be placed between the folds of a cheesecloth.
The box should remain undisturbed, particularly by mice or rats and stray animals. After 1 to 1
1/2 months, the seed coats have already softened. Stratified seeds should never be left dry.
2. Freezing. This method hastens the germination of seeds. It is most Tapplicable to fruits with
many seeds such as chico, atis, kaimito, santol, and mabolo. 3. Use of seedboxes. Before
sowing the seeds in the seedbox, make small furrows for the seeds.
a. Use a piece of wood about 2 inches wide and 1/2 inch thick to measure and mark
the rows. The space between rows should be about two to four centimeters.
b. Press the top of the wooden stick on the soil lightly, making a U-shaped furrow. Then
press deeper into the soil to the desired depth and remove. Repeat the procedure as
needed.
c. Sow the seeds evenly and thinly after the furrows are made.
d. Cover the seeds with pulverized soil. Press the soil into the hole and water the seeds.
e. Keep the seedbox in a shady place until they have sprouted. During the dry season,
cover the box with a sheet of paper to keep the moisture and prevent the soil from
drying.
4. Use of seedbeds. Use a stick to make furrows in the seedbeds for the seeds. Sow the seeds
and sprinkle with water before covering them, following the same procedure in germinating
seeds in seedboxes.
Germinating Seeds in Cans or Plastic Bags

1. Prepare germinating tin cans or plastic bags by removing top lid of the can. Puncture
holes at the bottom for drainage. If plastic bags were used, cut holes at the bottom.
2. Prepare a germinating medium. Use a mix by weights of 40% clay-loam soil. 30% compost,
20% dung or manure and 10% sand. Pulverize the soil before adding the other components.
Mix thoroughly for best results.
3. Fill the tin cans or plastic bags with the mixture 3/4 full.
4. Arrange the cans properly in the nursery.
5. Moisten the soil mixture by sprinkling water evenly.

6. Prepare the seeds for sowing. Wash to remove dirt and pulp.
Study Helps
1. What is the most common method of seed germination?
2. How is germinating seeds in seedboxes done?

3. How long does it take for seedlings to be transplanted?
Fishery Tools and Their Uses
Fishery Farm Tools

There are different types of hand tool which designed for specific purposes. It was used
throughout the world by industry. Each hand tool is designed for a particular job and should
be used for those purposes only.
Classification of hand tools according to use
Hand tools can be classified into four different sections according to various purposes and
uses.
1. Cutting, Pinching, Gripping Tools - these tools are used for cutting, pinching, and gripping
purposes. Cutting tools are used not only to cut a physical object but also used to removed
metal or wood from the work piece by means of sheer deformation and for gripping objects
by using leverage. Examples are pliers and cutters.
2. Striking Tools - these are the most widely used tools and most often abused tool. Chiseling,
punching and riveting can be done properly using striking tools. Hand-held striking tools have
been used in a variety of disciplines as leverage devices provided striking force to complete
endless variety of tasks. Examples are hammers and chisels.
3. Driving Tools - these are tools designed to insert, tighten, loosen, and remove screws, bolt,
nails and other pointed objects or hard turn items by applying torque. Examples are
screwdrivers, nut drivers, hand wrenches, and T-handle wrenches.
4. Struck or Hammered Tools - these tools are used for forcing a bolt, pin, or rivet in or out of a
hole. Examples are punches, nail sets, and chisels.
Different kinds of hand tools
A. Pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, for bending, compression. Generally,
pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one
end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the
other side. This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the
hand's grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be
used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers. or
physical
Types of Pliers
Slip-joint pliers - are great for tightening. They have a joint which can be
used for two different width openings. They are the most common type
of pliers used at home.
Parrot nose wrench pliers- are noted for their grip. They are a
combination of pliers and pipe wrench with 750 offset nose. These kinds
of pliers are ideal for pipes and tubings.
General utility or water pump pliers - are all-purpose pliers with as many
as five jaw- opening adjustments. Their teeth shaped for positive grip on
round objects. are
Groove joint pliers are similar to slip joint pliers having several joints to fit
many jobs of various sizes. They are also referred as --Channel lock.
Needle-nose pliers-used for reaching places with restricted clearance.

These kinds of pliers have a pointed nose and may have side cutters.
They are typically used for all electrical and electronics works.
Plumber's special pliers are available with smooth jaws or jaws
covered with a soft material to prevent scratching when used on
plated plumbing fixtures.
B. Wrenches
Wrench is a tool, usually operated by hand, for tightening bolts and nuts. A wrench or nut
so that it can be twisted by a pull at right angles to the axes of the lever and the bolt or nut.
Open-end wrenches have ends with straight-sided slots that fit over the part being
tightened; box-end wrenches have ends that enclose the nut and have six, eight, 12, or 16
points inside the head. A socket wrench is essentially a short pipe with a square or hexagonal
hole and either a permanent or a removable handle.
Classification of Wrenches
1. Pipe wrenches- It is use in plumbing for gripping round or cylindrical shape.

2. General-use wrenches- it is use in bolts and nuts that have flat and parallel surfaces such
as square or hexagonal shape.
Types of wrenches
Combination wrench is double-ended wrench with one end being
like an open-end wrench and the other end like a box-end wrench.
Both ends usually fit the same size or bolt. They are made in metric
and standard sizes.
Adjustable wrench is use for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts,

having movable lower jaw to adjust wrench size, depending on the
size of the nuts or bolts.
Socket wrench -are like closed end wrenches but they are cylindrical
in shape. They can easily fit over nut in a recessed hole which is
otherwise inaccessible with open or closed ended wrenches.
Flare-nut wrench or tube wrench, or line wrench are almost same as
box end wrench and were used for gripping the nuts on the ends of
tubes. They have narrow openings to allow the wrench to fit over the
tubes.
C. Hammer
A hammer is a tool meant to deliver an impact to an object. The most common uses are
for driving nails, fitting parts, forging metal and breaking up objects. Hammers are often
designed for a specific purpose, and vary widely in their shape and structure. The usual
features are a handle and a head, with most of the weight in the head. The basic design is
hand-operated, but there are also many mechanically operated models for heavier uses,
such as steam hammers.
Types of hammers
Curved Claw Hammer is use for nail pulling and general

carpentry work.
Straight claw rip hammer - is mainly use for general and heavy
carpentry work, ripping and framing.
Hand drilling hammer is design to do powerful jobs like striking

masonry nails, steel chisels masonry drills.
Ball peen hammer is used for bending or shaping soft metal, for
riveting and for center punching This type of hammer has a
round face with beveled edges and the other end has a ball-
shaped peen for metal working
D. Screwdrivers
A screwdriver is a tool for driving screws or bolts with special slots, and sometimes for
rotating other machine elements with the mating drive system. The screwdriver is made up of
a head or tip, which engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply torque by rotating the tip,
and some way to position and support the screwdriver. A typical hand screwdriver comprises
an approximately cylindrical handle of a size and shape to be held by a human hand, and
an axial shaft fixed to the handle, the tip of which is shaped to fit a particular type of screw.
Types of screwdrivers
Philips has a crossed slot with a flat tip, it used for tightening and
loosening Philips' head screws and bolts.
Clutch Head-is used for tightening and loosening clutch head screws
and bolts. It has four points of contact and locks into the screw head
when turned counter clockwise.
Standard (slotted)- has a single slotted tip which is flared to the sides
above the tip and used for tightening and loosening slotted screws and
bolts.
Nut Driver is in varied sizes from 3/16|| to ½ used for tightening and
loosening hexagonal screws and bolts.
E. Measuring Tools
Types of Measuring Tools
Try square- Is an L-shaped square having a a handle called the

bodies and a thin metal blade marked in graduations scale/ruler. This
square is used basically to mark a straight line across a wood piece
for cutting.
Ruler is the most popular type of measuring tool. Ruler usually has 6- or
1-inches length. The rules or ruler are made of wood, metal or plastic.
It is to be noted that the thinner the rule, the easier it is to measure
accurately.
Caliper - Caliper is a tool used for measuring the distance between

two symmetrically opposing sides. It can be like a compass with
inward or outward facing points and the tips can be adjusted to fit
across the points to be measured. When the calipers removed, the
distance between the tip is measured using a ruler,
F. Shovel
Types of shovels
Garden shovel- the same general design as a round point shovel, but it
is smaller and lighter. It is used for lighter task and for less muscular
persons.
Round point shovel - The most versatile and widely used shovel. It is
used to dig, scoop or shovel dirt from one point to another.
Scoop shovel is used to move light materials such as Sawdust or
dried manure. It isn't advisable to use for heavy wet materials
because of the volume that can hold which will cause you
backache.
G. Fork
Types of Fork
Barn fork has long angled tines. Besides hay, it is also used for
moving garden pruning, weeds, and other organic materials.
Spading fork performs multitude of garden tasks. Primarily, it is used

for tilling the soil and breaking up heavy dirt clods. It is invaluable in
weeding large areas where there is no danger of injuring the roots
of desirable plants. It comes in many sizes; long or short handles;
different tine length; and number of tines. The tines of less
expensive brands tend to bend so it is worth investing on quality
when you make your choice.
Other tools use for farming
Bow rake is traditionally called steel rake. Its head may be bent
where from 8inches to 24 inches wide. The head is connected to
the handle by a steel _bow' at each end. These bows act as
shock absorbers, giving this tool the strength to do serious raking of
heavier materials
Level head rake is much the same as a how rake, except that
the back of the head is straight and even, and connects to
the handle in the center. Its straight edge is used for leveling
seedbeds. The corners may also be used for creating furrows.
Pick and mattock is used for seriousdigging through hard

packed soil and clay. The pick (pointed end) or the mattock
(wide blade) is used to chop down, into the soil, and the
cradle design of the head can then be used as a lever to
break open the soil, allowing for easy shoveling.
Sickle is a curved, hand-held farm tool typically used for

harvesting grain crop or cutting grass for hay. The inside of the
curve is sharp, so that the user can draw or swing the blade
against the base of the crop, catching it in the curve and
slicing it at the same time.
Pruning saw has large cutting teeth than a normal saw for
quick cuts through branches and limbs over an inch in
diameter. Always undercut the branch before making the
final top cut to avoid damage to the bark of the tree or shrub
Secchi disk is used to measure water turbidity. The reading is

sometimes called Secchi Disk Transparency. Productive ponds
usually have a Secchi Disk Transparency depth between 10-
30 cm.
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Lesson 2. Sewing, Food Preservation, and Industrial Arts
Learning to sew for the family is an enjoyable activity. Sewing is a skill can be developed
by every member through constant practice. For a start, one can begin in sewing simple
projects such as a hand towel, a placemat or a centerpiece, using swatches of cloth. Then
you can start sewing household linens.
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

 learn how to sew;
 how to plan for food preservation;
 practice food preservation; and
 make simple electrical gadgets.
Getting Started:
How can you make sewing interesting? How do you develop your skill in sewing simple
linens for the home? What benefits do you get when you have the skill in sewing? Do you still
remember the first time you sew a fabric? In this lesson, you will recall the steps in sewing.
Discussion:
Learning to sew for the family is an enjoyable activity. Sewing is a skill can be developed
by every member through constant practice. For a start, one can begin in sewing simple
projects such as a hand towel, a placemat or a centerpiece, using swatches of cloth. Then
you can start sewing household linens.
Importance of Sewing as a Skill
Acquiring a skill in sewing starts by cultivating your interest in it. Get hooked with simple
home project like hand towels, place mats, napkin, apron, pillow cases, and simple curtain
Learning Module on Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan

21
during your spare time. As practice makes perfect, your simple sewing experience develop
into a skill giving way to more creative and complicated projects.
Specifically, skill in sewing serves a number of benefits:
1. It can be form of hobby or recreation for oneself.
2. It encourages creativity and artistic inclination of the individual.
3. It can start a home business for the family.
4. The home business can expand into a livelihood or gainful occupation for the
community.
Benefits Derived from Sewing as a Skill
1. It is easy to find a job when you have the skill.

2. It opens many job opportunities here and abroad.
3. You can open up a cottage industry in the community
4. Your cottage industry can provide employment to others.
5. The community will benefit from this cottage industry through taxes and through a
healthy economy where people spend their income from their employment.
Preparing Your Sewing Tools

Sewing can be made easy and fast when good quality sewing tools are on hand. Here
are the sewing tools classified according to their use:
1. For Sewing:
a. Hand Needles – Needles are mad of fine steel. Their points are sharp and eyes
are smooth and well-polished. Needles are sold in a variety of sizes; lower numbers
indicate larger needles. Keep needles in the pincushion before and after use. When
needles become dull or rusty, use an emery bag to remove the rust.
b. Sewing Machine needles – they come in assorted sizes that allow you to work
with different fabrics. The smaller the number, the finer the needles.
c. Needle Threader – To use, slip the flexible wire loop through the eye of a hand
needle. Feed the thread through it and pull the wire back out, bringing the thread with it.

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d. Tread - Treads are sold in balls or spools, carrying 50, 70 and 100 yards. Silk,
nylon, and dacron are the most elastic. Mercerized cotton thread is stronger and mre
elastic than plain cotton thread.
2. For Holding
a. Pins – Pins should be sharp, slender and smoothly finished. There are three
types of pins according to length and diameter. Silk pins are the finest kinds and are used
for fine and delicate fabrics. Dressmaker pin are a little coarse and are used for most
fabrics. Bank pins are heavy utility pins used for papers.
b. Thimble – A thimble with well-formed depressions make it easy to push the
needle through the cloth when sewing by hand. The thimble is worn comfortably on the
middle finger of the sewing hand.
c. Pincushion – A pincushion is usually filled with wool, sawdust, or hair filling. Its
covering can be made of velvet, felt, or wool fabric. The permits the pin to slip in and out
of the cushion.
d. Emery Bag – The emery bag is good for polishing needles and pins. It is filled
with fine sand or fine ground glass.
3. For Cutting:
a. Pinking Shears – This pair of Scissors has saw tooth edge rather than straight
blade. They are used to prevent cut fabric edges and seams from unravelling.
b. Fabric Shears – They are large scissors designed to cut fabrics. It keep the
blades sharp, do not use to cut paper or other non-fabric materials.
c. Sewing Shears – These are small scissors used for cutting notches, clipping
curves, and snipping threads.
4. For Measuring:
a. Tape Measure - A 60-inch tape measure that has numbers on both sides
starting at opposite ends. Select a tape that is firm and will not ravel at the edge. Keep
your tape measure neatly rolled or folded after use.
b. Ruler – This comes in wood, plastic, or metal. Its measurements are in inches
and centimeters. It is used for longer lines, use a yardstick as it is generally longer that a
ruler.

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c. Gauges – These are made from pieces of cardboard. They are cut of different
width. Gauges simplify measuring hems and seam allowances.
d. French Curve – This is a curved cardboard used for drawing curve lines like the
arms eye, neckline and crotch.
5. For Marking:
a. Tracing Wheel – this is a saw-toothed metal disk. It is used for transferring
markings from the pattern to the cloth.
b. Tracing Paper – This is used with a tracing wheel to transfer markings from the
pattern to cloth. Light paper is preferred because dark paper leaves marks that may be
difficult to remove.
c. Tailors Chalk – This comes in cake and pencil form. It is used for marking
directly on the side of the fabric. Care should be taken with strong colors because they
leave marks on the Cloth which are often difficult to remove.
6. For Pressing:
a. Pressing Equipment – This is used for pressing. It is done during the construction
of a garment to ensure a good fit and a neat appearance.
b. Flat Iron – It must be keep clean at all times. If starch has stuck to it, wipe and
clean it with a damp cloth then dry immediately. Store a flat iron carefully. Never wrap
the cord around a hot iron. The heat will damage the iron cord.
c. Ironing Board – This should be strong, flat padded, smooth, and adjustable in
height. It is made either of wood or metal. Pads designed for removable covers are sold
in the market.
d. Press Cloths – These are necessary for ironing some fabrics.
Muslin, cheese, cloth, and white cotton materials are commonly used.
e. Bowl and Sponge – A slightly wet sponge or cloth is useful for dampening
fabric before pressing.
Preparing the Sewing machine for Sewing

Every girl or boy who wants to use the sewing machine properly should be skillful in
these basic operations:
 Setting the needle properly
 Winding the thread on the bobbin

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 Threading the bobbin’s case

 Threading the upper part of the machine
 Taking up the lower thread
 Regulating the length of the stitch
Setting the Needle Properly
The position of the bar slots determine the way the needle is threaded. If the bar slot is on the
left, the needle is threaded from the left to right. If it’s on the right, the needle is threaded
from the right to left.
The steps in setting the needle are the following:
1. Raise the thread, take up to the highest point.

2. Loosen the needle clamp screw.
3. Insert the needle upward into the needle clamp, with the flat side facing right.
4. Tighten the needle clamp screw.
The steps in winding the thread on the bobbin are the following:
1. Release the balance wheel.

2. Place the spool of thread on the pool spin.
3. Wind the thread on the bobbin a number of times.
4. Fit the bobbin carefully into the bobbin winder.
5. Begin threading and continue until the bobbin is filled.
6. The bobbin winder will automatically release the bobbin when it is filled up.
Threading the Sewing Machine
Look at the picture closely and follow these steps in threading the upper part of the
machine.
1. Place the spool of the thread on the spool pin.
2. Raise the thread take up lever to its highest point.
3. Bring the thread across the thread guide and down.

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4. Pull the thread between the two pieces of metal of the tension regulator.
5. Pull it over the bar through the tension spring.
6. Bring the thread up; pass it through take-up lever.
7. Pull nit down through the thread guides and finally through the needle.
8. Pull about three to four inches of thread and push at the back.
Taking Up the Lower Thread
1. Hold the end of the upper thread and take a stitch by turning the balance wheel
once.
2. Pull the loop up to bring out the end of the lower thread.
3. There are now two threads under the presser foot. Draw them back.
Threading the Bobbin
1. Place the bobbin in the case.

2. Pull an extra piece of thread from the bobbin.
3. Lead the thread into the slot and back under the tension spring. Leave the thread end
about three to four inches long.
A Review on How to Operate the Sewing Machine
Treadling – Sewing machines are operated either by foot or by an electric motor. The first
type is known as a treadle machine and the latter as an electric sewing machine. Generally,
the treadle id the most commonly used. To sew well, it is necessary to learn to treadle by
following these steps:
1. Place the feet on the treadle with one lower than the other.
2. Turn the band wheel towards you to start the machine.
3. Treadle continuously until the band wheel turns steadily in one direction.
4. Practice treadling until you can produce a smooth rhythmic motion.

26
Stitching
Without using thread, practice, practice stitching on a fabric in a smooth, slow speed.
Later, learn to hold the fabric while stitching, and then gradually increase your speed.
Learning to handle the machine and the fabric before using thread will make it easier for
you to stitch a fabric later. Proceed to stitching with thread. Fasten the thread or place it
back under the presser foot to prevent knots. Place the fabric to be stitched in such a way
that the bigger part lies at the left. Lower the needle to where the first stitch should begin
before bringing down the presser foot. Then, start the machine and continue stitching at an
even space. Slow down towards the end of the stitching and stop the machine on the last
stitch.
Healthy and Safety Practices in Sewing
Before starting to sew on the machine, it is important to remember these sewing

practices and safety habits:
1. Light should come from the left shoulder. Do not sew when the light is very bright or very
dim.
2. Sir erect o the chair directly in front of the machine.
3. Check if the machine is threaded correctly before you start to stitch.
4. Use your feed when treadling.
5. Use scissors for cutting the thread. Do not cut thread using your teeth.
6. Use the pin cushion for pins and needles.
7. Keep the sewing room neat and clean before and after sewing.
Sewing Household Linens
Here are some household linens you can work on:
I. Curtains – are part of home furnishings. When hung well, they give the room a touch of
beauty and elegance.
Different Types of Curtain
When you have decided what materials to buy, the next decision is how much to buy.
In considering how much to buy, choose the styles of curtains you would like to have for the
different rooms in the house. The following information on styles can serve as guide.

27
 Draperies are curtain pieces that hang from the window head. They may be made to
reach the window sill, the window apron, or a line about an inch from the floor.
Draperies can be used alone, with or without shades or valance. A valance is a strip of
cloth that runs across the window head. Draw draperies are full enough to close across
the glass or fall aside panels. Draperies can be extended across. More than one can
be mounted beyond the sides of the window casing to make the window look larger or
to cover an entire wall.
 Glass curtains are usually hung close to the window without drawing pulls. They can use
alone or with draperies. They can be straight panels or shirred. They can be short or
floor length.
 Cafe curtains are panels hanging from a rod placed consist of one or more tiers and/or
a top heading. The length may vey, reaching down to the window sill or the floor.
Café curtain give the room an easy, informal look.
 Ruffled curtains, look very feminine. Ruffles are deal for sheer or medium weight fabrics.
They can be tied back or made to overlap. They can be set with or without valance.
Ruffled curtains are used in bedrooms, kitchens, or informal living or dining room.
 Other Styles of Curtains today, any homes prefer curtains with straps. Look at the
examples below:
Guides in making and Hanging Curtains
1. To determine the length of the curtain, measure the length of the window from top and
to the window sill. For café curtains, add 12 inches allowance below the window sill. for
draperies, measure at floor length.
2. To determine the width, measure from the side of the window, moving across to the
other side. Add 10 to 15 centimeter for the width to cover enough space on the side.
3. To estimate the material needed for the curtain, decide first whether the curtains are
shirred or pleated floor-length or just below the window sill.
4. For shirred curtains, double the width. For example, if the width of your window
measures 80 centimeter, double this and you have 160 centimeters. The extra 80 centimeters
is for the shirrings.

28
5. For pleated curtains, measure the number of centimeters intended for each pleat. Then
estimate how many pleats you need for a window. If one window needs 12 pleats of 20
centimeters wide per pleats, then multiply 12 by 8 and you get a total 96 centimeters. This is
the width of the curtains with pleats.
6. The length of your curtains will determine the measurement of the cloth of fabric you will
buy in meters. The width of the curtains determines the width of the cloth. If the length of the
window for café curtains is 118 centimeters plus an additional 30 centimeters drop from the
window sill, then you need to buy a fabric with a length of (118 + 30 = 148cm) 148
centimeters.
II. European Sham Glamour – is a kind of household linen – a pillow with fabric border.
Here are simple steps in making this project.
1. Cut the fabric with the following measurements:
Front: Length – length of the pillow + 5 inches
Width – width of the pillow +10 inches
Back: Length – length of the pillow +10 inches
Width – width of the pillow + 5 inches
2. Fold the pillow back piece in half lengthwise and cut across the foldline. These
two pieces will create the back opening and overlap.
3. Double-turn an inch hem on the edges of the ovelap. Press and edgestitch.
4. Align the front piece and the two back pieces, right side to right side. Pin in
place.
5. Stitch in inch seam around the entire pillow. Trim the seam allowance and
corners. Turn right side out.
6. Mark a two-inch border around the pillow with chalk or a marker. Topstitch.
III. Round Table Cloths – This household linen is perfect for hiding imperfections of the table.
It adds to the physical appearance of the table to make it more elegant. Below are
the basic steps in making this project:
 Cut the fabric with following measurements:
Diameter of the round table + twice the drop length + 1 inch all around

29
 Fold the fabric in half and then in half again. Pin in place. Draw an arc from
corner to corner by measuring at regular intervals and marking. Cut through all
four layers.
 Sew a narrow-rolled hem. Snap your circular table cloth into place.
IV. Shower Curtain
This household linen does not require for a waterproof fabric. It does not need to have
the right water stuff to withstand the water treatment. The following are the basic
procedures in making this project:
 Cut the fabric with the following measurements:
Length – length from the shower ring to at least 7 inches below the sill + 10
inches
Width – width of the shower rod + 4 inches
 Double turn a one-inch side hem on each side, press, and stitch.
 Double turn a three-inch hem along the top and stitch; double-turn a two-inch
hem along the bottom and stitch.
 Make 12 buttonholes. Position the first two inch from the sides. Measure in
between the two side buttonholes and divide by 10 wherein each buttonholes
will be placed.
 Mark each button home. Place them inch from the top of the curtain, making
them inch long.
V. Pajama -
Here are simple steps in making this project:
 Cut out two fabric pieces of length equaling the length of the pants you need plus
3 inches. Fold by the center and mark as the pattern
When cut, you will get When you open it up, it

two fabric pieces like this. will look like this.

30
 Sew the crotch seams together – the red lines in the picture below. Bring the crotch
seam to the middle. Now sew the inseam – the leg seams.
 Turn the pants right-side out. Turn the waist edge to the inside and sew a casing for
elastic. Leave 2 inch unstitched so that you can insert the elastic/garter.
Sew the leg hem.
Insert the elastic through this unstitched

space. Sew the elastic/garter edges
together. Sew the unstitched portion shut.
Finished product 😊

31
Activity 1. DIY Pajama
You are going to apply the steps in making a pajama. Follow the guidelines below:
 Make a project plan for the sewing project. This plan will guide you properly in working
the project in a systematic and orderly manner.
 Choose a fabric for this project. Make sure it is comfortable.
 Measure your desired length of the pajama. Please follow the steps in measuring the
length, waist, and hips.
 After measuring, cut the fabric and start hand sewing.
 Document your from start to finish. Take pictures of you while doing this project. Make
sure that you are the one who will begin and end this project.
 Make a narrative report of your experience in doing the project. Please indicate
pictures.
Outline of the Project Plan for a Pajama Sewing Project

Name: _______________________________________________________________________
Section ______________________________________________________________________
Date Started: ________________________________________________________________
Date Finished: _______________________________________________________________
I. Objectives



II. Tools/Materials Needed Scorecard for Evaluating a Household Linen
A. Appearance (20%)
III. Design/Illustration  Neat
 Well-proportioned
 Attractive
B. Workmanship (40%)
IV. Procedure
 Surface is even and fine
  Ends are well secured
  Stitches are firm, smooth, and secured
  Decorations matched the material and project
 C. Use (20%)
 Project can be used at home
V. Evaluation
 Can also be a good décor or give away
D. Enthusiasm (20%)
 Enjoys doing the project
 Proudly shows project to family and friends
 Finished project in time

32
Narrative Report
Name: _______________________________________________________________________
Section ______________________________________________________________________
Date Started: ________________________________________________________________
Date Finished: _______________________________________________________________
*Note: Narrate what happened from start to finish. Add photos of evidences. Don’t forget to add your
photo wearing your DIY pajama.  Enjoy! 
Food Preservation
Success in food preservation starts with careful planning. Know the following when
planning foods for preservation: what to preserve, the tools and equipment needed, what to
buy, how much to buy, when to buy, and how much money is needed. Careful planning
also means preparing and checking all that is required before starting to work.
Factor to Consider in Planting Foods to Preserve

In planning what foods to preserve, consider the following:
1. Availability of food in the community

Are this food produced in the community? Are they easy found in the market and
retail store? Is there an abundance of this? Can you choose those that are of good
quality needed for your project?
The best guide is to consider those foods that are in season. In season means the time
that they are harvested. When newly harvested they are very fresh, plenty, and can
be bought at the lowest price.
2. Knowledge and Skills

This is an important consideration. How much do you know about food preservation?
How much experience do you have? These are question you need to ask yourself
before starting.
To acquire knowledge and skills, consider the following pointers:

 Read as much literature on food preservation as you can

33
 Observe films, videos, and TV demos in food preservation.

 Assist your mother in marketing. Examine the quality of fruits, vegetables, meat,
fish, and other foods she buy. Examine those that are found in the market.
 Know where these food are brought and where they are cheapest.
 Know how to interpret and follow a recipe
 Know the different tools and equipment and how each on is used properly.
 Have a collection of recipes on food preservations.
 Consult your teacher, or any expert in food preservation.
Following these pointers can greatly help you gain the practical knowledge and the beginning kills to
make a good start. Remember, to start on trial and error in expensive if you fail. It means a waste of
time, effort, and money.
3. Tools and Equipment

Tools and equipment are important aids to preparation and cooking. Without them,
you cannot do your preparation and cooking. Without this tools and equipment, you
cannot execute the steps in a recipe and measure the ingredients accurately. Such
as; pare, slice, chop, and cook at the right time at the right temperature. Know what
tools and equipment you need and how to use each properly.
Some common tools and equipment in food preparation include the following:
-Measuring cups and spoons -trays

-Weighing scale -sterilizer
-Set of knives -packaging material – bottles, cans, plastic packages
-Mixing bowls -plastic sealer
-Chopping board -kettle, pots, pans, and other cooking equipment
-Utility plates -stove
4. Budget
This refers to the amount of money intended for the project. How much money do you
need to make one kind of preserve? How many do you plan to make? Determine the
budget by estimating the cost of the following:
 Tools, utensils, and equipment
 Ingredients
 Packaging materials
 Light, water, fuel
 Labor, if needed
 Others like transportation

34
It is wise to make a survey of the cost of the above by comparing prices from different
stores, open markets, and factory outlets. Choose the lowest price for the same
quality.
Remember to make a complete list of what to buy, how much to buy, where to buy,
and when you buy these. Approximate the amount of money needed. It is advisable
to have a little more money that what is needed in the budget for unexpected or
emergency expenses.
Guides in Preparing Your Food Preserves

When preparing food preserves, be guided by the following:
1. Select the right kind and quality of ingredients needed for the recipe. For
example, green saba is good for banana chips, while ripe saba is good for saba
in syrup.
2. Wash all ingredients properly. Cut off unwanted portions. Pare the skin thinly to
remove blemishes or bruises which may affect the flavor of the product.
3. Prepare those ingredients in the correct amount or quality prescribed by the
recipe. Remember to measure properly using standard measuring cups and
spoons or weighing scale.
4. Prepare equipment and tools for preparing and cooking. Wash thoroughly to
remove dirt and unpleasant odor.
5. Always maintain strict hygiene and sanitation, starting with the surrounding, tools
and equipment, and ingredients.
6. Wear your kitchen working outfit. Remove pieces of jewelry, especially rings,
watches, and bracelets. Then, wash your hands thoroughly before starting to
work.
7. Read and Follow the instructions in the recipe carefully, from the exact
measurement of ingredients to the step-by-step procedure in cooking. If
possible, post a copy of recipe in front of your working table to remind you of
what to do every step of the way.
8. Remember to sterilize your bottles and other containers before using them. They
should be free from bacteria that may spoil the food.
Ways of Food Preservation
Food Preservation and Its Goal
Food preservation is the process of preparing food for future consumption by preventing its
spoilage. The proper storage and preparation of food for future use has been a major concern not

35
only of the family but also of the industry. Food preservation is the answer to the problem of
inadequate food supply as well as the need for nutritious and palatable meals for the family.
The goal of food preservation is the prevention of spoilage. Delay in the use of fresh food alters its
freshness, taste, and nutritive value. Spoiled food becomes unfit for use. Correct food preservation
techniques, however, can prevent spoilage and retain the nutritive value, natural color, and texture
of the food. It is also very important to maintain the sanitary quality of food.
Importance of Food Preservation
Food preservation is important for the following reasons:
1. It contributes to better nutrition for the family by preventing scarcity of food.

Balanced meals may be attained only if there is a year-round supply of fruits and
other food.
2. It is a means of increasing the family income. When harvest is abundant and the
food supply is more than enough for the family, the excess products can be
preserved and sold in the market.
3. It helps in the economic development of the country because farmers are
encouraged to produce more, since the excess food can be preserved and sold in
the market.
4. Food are made available throughout the year. They may be preserved in
preparation for a coming event like the town fiesta, Christmas, and other special
occasions.
5. One of the purposes of food preservation is to make the food or harvest available in
places where they are not prepared or grown.
6. It is profitable as a hobby as well as a means of livelihood.
Ways/Methods of Food Preservation
1. Salting – This method makes use of salt as the main ingredient together with other
ingredients like sugar, pepper, and other spices. Salt is in the form of rock salt or fine
salt. Salt is a preservative agent that is effective in keeping away bacteria from
food.
There are two ways of salting. One is putting salt directly into the food, as in
salting fish. Some examples are all types of salted dried fish, pork tocino, beef tapa,
and longganisa. Another type of salting is injecting brine solution (salt, sugar, and
salitre are dissolved in water) into the food, as in curing of ham. Examples include
salted eggs, pork ham, and fruits like bignay, sampaloc, kamias.

36
2. Drying – this method involves the removal of the water ontent in food until it
becomes dry. Bacteria do not thrive in dried food because they need water to
grow. The drier the food, the better because the least are the chances that
bacteria will stay in.
Drying can be done in three ways: one is solar or sun drying. Food is spread out on
slotted trays and is placed where the sunrays can directly penetrate the food. This
drying is done in the late hours of the morning to the early hours of the afternoon
where the sun is high. Drying takes as many days depending on the extent of
dryness of the food.
During the rainy season, however, it is not advisable to do solar drying because the
atmosphere and the surrounding are full of moisture or water. In place of this is the
use of mechanical driers where food is spread out on trays, place inside
compartments of a mechanical drier and allowed to rotate continuously until the
moisture from the food is removed. In effect, the food is dried by the use of air
produced by the drier. In the olden days, where there were no mechanical driers,
sliced meat of fish were hanged and placed on areas where the wind blows. The
food naturally dries as the water or moisture it contains tends to evaporate with the
wind. Another way of drying which some homemakers use is oven drying. The oven
is heated to a very low temperature and food is placed inside and allowed to dry.
The presence of dry heat in the oven allows evaporation of water in food.
3. Sugar Preservation – This method makes use of sugar as its preservative agent. This is
used in making jams, jellies, marmalades, candies, and other sugar preserves. Some
fruits which are used for jams are pineapple, papaya, strawberry, and mango; for
jellies, there are guava and tamarind; for marmalades, there is orange; and for
candies, there are kundol, mango, half-ripe papaya, pomelo rind, watermelon rind,
kamias, tamarind, pineapple, jackfruit, and many others. Fruit preserves where syrup
is boiled and added to whole or sliced fruits include jackfruit preserves, lychee in
syrup, and mango in syrup. For vegetables, there re red monggo in syrup, yellow
beans in syrup, nata de coco, and kaong in syrup. Those made into jam include,
ube jam, camote jam, gabi jam, and coco jam.
4. Freezing – in this method, the food is place in a freezing compartment. As soon as
thefood reaches a temperature of 0°C, the moisture in the surface freezes. The more
rapid the freezing, the better the result. Through this method, the good quality of the
food is maintained.
5. Pasteurizing – this is heating food like wine, milk, and fruit juices, to at least 62°C for
30 minutes for conventional pasteurization or to flash pasteurization of 88°C for 1

37
minute, or 103°C for 10-15 seconds, or 121°C doe 1-3 seconds. Flash pasteurization
produces products that are superior in color and flavors than conventional
pasteurization. It is also time saving.
Working on Industrial Art Projects
How do you develop your skill in decorating finished products and doing repairs? What
benefits do you gets from having skills in decorating, repairing, and making simple gadgets?
Success in marketing a product depends not only on its durability and functionality but also on
its aesthetic appearance. It is important therefore to maintain the good quality of the product, not
only on the quality of workmanship but also the enhanced appearance of the product through the
decorations applied on its surface.
Importance and Methods of Enhancing/Decorating Products
Importance of enhancing/decorating products are the following:
1. Improves the quality of the product.

2. Customers are easily attracted to a well-decorated product.
3. It can entice customers to buy the product even with its face value.
4. It can increase sale.
5. It can bring more profit.
Methods of enhancing/decorating products include the following:
1. Sketching – freehand drawing on the surface of the product. By using your creativity
and imagination in the application of different colors you can create a beautiful and
attractive design on a product.
2. Shading – creating shades of lights and dark patterns in a composition or design, thus
creating illusions of space and distance. Shading can be done through the proper use
of colors of different hues, values, and intensity.
3. Outlining – a drawing in which only the contours of a product are seen, thus
emphasizing the shape of a design.
4. Carving – forming a design by cutting. Carving wood is one of the processes involved
in woodworking. The tool commonly used in carving is the chisel. Use mallet in driving
the chisel. This will prevent damage to the chisel’s handle.
5. Smoothening – the process of removing lint and rough edges on wood. This gives the
surface of the wood a very fine texture. Tools used for smoothening are sandpaper
and a hand plane. Sandpaper comes in varying textures from rough to fine. These are

38
usually numbers; numbers 60-150 are rough and number 250 to 1000 are smooth. If the
surface you will smoothen is rough, it is advisable to start using number 60 sandpaper. If
the surface you will smoothen is somewhat smooth, you can use number 250 to further
smoothen the surface. *A hand plane is a rectangular, wooden device measuring
approximately 8 inches and 2 inches. It has a carved part at the center where the
metal blade is usually inserted and screwed to keep it in place.
6. Finishing – this is a process of applying materials like paint, varnish. And color materials
to improve the appearance of the project.
Application:
A. Practice Food Preservation. Document the process and make a narrative report.
Follow the procedure below:
Pickled Papaya
Ingredients:
4 cups green papaya, grated

1 small red pepper, seeded and cut into strips
1 cup vinegar
2 small carrots, pared and sliced thinly
1 small green pepper, seeded and cut into strips
2 tbsps. Ginger strips
5 cloves garlic, thinly sliced
¼ cup thinly sliced onions
5 tsp. raisins
Pickling solution: 1 cup vinegar, 1 cup water, 1 cup sugar, 2 teaspoons salt
Procedure:
1. Combine grated papaya and coarse salt. Knead together for a few minutes. Squeeze
out the juice.
2. Soak the grated papaya in 1 cup vinegar overnight, then squeeze out the vinegar
from the papaya.
3. Boil the pickling solution (vinegar, sugar, and salt).
4. Once boiling, add vegetables and raisings.
5. Pack grated papaya in sterilized jars. Pour the hot pickling solution.

39
Making Simple Electrical Gadgets
Electricity is always at work in your home or office. Sometimes, it becomes necessary to

repair, improve, or install new electrical lines or equipment or appliances using electricity, or
to repair or improve existing lines. You can start making simple electrical gadgets which are
of practical use at home. This includes extension cords, doorbells, plugs, and simple lamp
shakes.
Basic Tools and Equipment in Making Simple Electrical Gadgets
It is convenient to be familiar with the basic tools you would need to adequately do
the job – making electrical gadgets. The following are the tools you needed:
1. Screwdriver – used to drive in or remove screws that fasten electrical wires or other
electrical accessories.
2. Pliers – used to grip, pull, and cut electronic wires. For electrical work, the pliers have
insulated handles, usually rubber or hard plastic. There are four basic types:
a. Cutter – whose pair of sharp blades are commonly use to cut wires and to
remove a portion of the wire insulation (stripping)
b. Long-nose – with tapered and elongated nose, to reach narrow spaces that the
standard pliers cannot reach.
c. Mechanical – whose vise-like teeth enable a firm grip on wires or objects that
have to be pulled or held firmly.
d. Combination plier – the nose portion incorporates both a teeth portion for
stripping as well as bladed portion for cutting.
3. Wire Stripper – used to remove the insulation from wire, usually to enable the wire to be
spliced or connected to gadgets, or other electrical devices.
4. Electric Drill and Drill Bit – used to bore holes for screws or bolts to secure devices or for
passage of wire through solid materials such as wood or masonry. When an electric drill is not
available, a manual drill or a chisel may be used.

40
5. Multi-tester-VOM – used to measure the resistance in ohms and voltage that flow in a
circuit both AC and DC current.
How to Make Extension Cord

Materials Needed:
Electrical cord
Wire cutters
Male electric plug
Screw driver
Female electric plug
Procedure:
1. Separate one end of electrical wire to about 10

centimeters each.
2. Peel off the skin or insulator of the wire ends by 2

centimeters.

41
3. Loosen the screw of the male electric plug. Open

cover of male plug with a screwdriver.
4. Insert the wire into the male plug. Twist

both ends of the wire to keep the wires
making contact with each other.
Tighten the screws down to hold the
wires securely.
5. Put back the cover of the plug so the wire will not be
exposed and cause electric shock.
6. Repeat steps 1-4 on the other end of the electrical wire, this time with the
female plug. Once the steps have been done, you now have a complete extension cord.
Safety Precautions and Practices
1. Always keep your hands dry when working with wires, switches, and any
electrical connection.
2. Do not overload. Decrease the load of your connection to avoid short circuits
which can cause fire.
3. Keep away combustible materials like clothes, rugs, papers, and chemical near
electrical wirings or connections.
4. Do not insert pieces of metal like coins in the fuse box.
5. Always keep floors dry.

42
6. Report broken bulbs or dangling electrical wirings immediately to the authority.
Summary of the Lesson:
 Sewing is a skill that can be developed by everyone through constant practice.

 Factors to consider in choosing foods to preserve include the availability of food,
knowledge and skills, tools and equipment, and budget.
 In choosing foods good for preservation, select fresh and good quality fruits,
vegetables, meat, fish, and poultry.
 There are different methods of preserving fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry. These
include the oldest method which is drying to the modern which is canning.
 There are five methods of enhancing products and they are as follows: sketching,
shading, outlining, carving, and smoothening.
Assessment:
A. Underline the correct answer.

1. (Needles, Emery Bag) are made of fine steel.
2. Keep the needles in the (pin cushion, thread) before and after use.
3. (Cutter, Shears) are used for general cutting.
4. (Thread, Pin Cushion) is sold in balls or spools carrying 50, 70, and 100 yards.
5. The (pin cushion, emery bag) is good for polishing needles.
6. The (gauge, French curve) simplifies measuring hemlines and short distances.
7. The (curved stick, tracking wheel) is a saw-toothed metal disc.
8. A (French curve, ruler) is a curved cardboard used for drawing lines like arms
eye, neckline, and crotch.
9. The (tailor’s chalk, pin cushion) comes in cake and pencil form.
10. (Pressing, Starching) is done during the construction of a garment to ensure a
good fit and neat appearance.
B. Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on a one whole sheet of
paper.
 What is the role of food preservation in the country’s economy?

43
 Which method of food preservation do you think is the best to prevent food
spoilage?
References/Attributions:
Department of Education. (May 2016). K To 12 Curriculum Guide Edukasyong Pantahanan at

Pangkabuhayan (EPP) And Technology And Livelihood Education (TLE) Grade 4 To Grade 6.
Retrieved on September 4, 2020 from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2019/01/EPP-CG.pdf
Basbas, Leonarda D. (2017). Learning and Living in the 21st Century Worktext in Home
Economics and Livelihood Education. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Disclaimer:
The materials, citations, and other content of this presentation belong to the author, publisher, and internet
domain maker as gleaned in the references/attributions/citations. The compiler does not claim ownership
of such material and this was done purely for presentation and academic purpose intended primarily as a
reference material for the students of CCC. This should not be utilized for any other purpose nor for
publication purposes and commercial undertaking.

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Beauty Care (Nail Care)

1. Recognize tools and material used in nail care

2. Use nail care tools and equipment appropriately

3. Maintain and keep safe tools and equipment

Tools, Materials and Equipment in Nail care

Tools/Implements for Nail Care

Emery board. This is a wooden sand paper-like material used to

Pusher. This is used to push back and loosen dead cuticle. It is

Nail clipper. This is used to trim or shorten fingernails or toenails.

Cuticle nipper. It is used to trim excess cuticle found at the base

Buffer. It is a tool used to smoothen and polish the nails.

Orangewood stick. This is used to remove excess nail polish around

Materials Needed in Nail Care

Garbage bin/bag. This is a disposable bag or receptacle where

The following are the different nail cosmetics:

Nail polish remover. Commonly known as acetone. This is used with

Hand lotion/hand cream. This is applied to hands before applying the

Equipment in Nail Care

The following are the equipment used in nail care:

Manicure pillow. This is a hand cushion used by the client to keep

Sanitized wipe container. This is usually made of glass and is

Supply tray. This is used to hold different materials and

Use of Nail Care Tools/Implements

Hold firmly the clippers with the cutting edges

Cuticle nail pusher

Pick up the cuticle nipper by the handle with the cutting

Insert your ring finger in between the handle of the nail

(1) to loosen cuticle Slightly dip into solvent the cotton

Maintenance and Safekeeping of Tools and Equipment

Ways of maintaining tools and equipment:

1. Sterilization. It is the process of destroying all microorganisms present in an object or place.

2. Sanitization. It is the process of destroying some, not all microorganisms.

Preparation of Equipment to be Sanitized

2. Measure and mix the required disinfectant following the direction.

5. Throw away used sanitizing solution and used towels.

Preparation of Metal Tools/Implements for Sterilization

Preparation of the Sanitizing Jar

1. Cleanse first the sanitizing jar with disinfectant. Wipe it dry.

2. Arrange a thin layer of sterile cotton at the bottom of the jar

Keeping the Workplace Clean and Safe

Things to Do After Every Manicure Service

2. Provide a separate trash bin for empty bottles and containers.

Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures

Common Hazards in the Beauty Salon

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) At Work

Personal protective equipment refers to clothing equipment designed and wo rn by the

1. Nails and skin are prevented from injury.

4. Breathing in of air contaminated with chemical and/or biological agents is prevented.

1. Recognize caregiving tools, materials and equipment

2. Perform calculations in administering medicine to the patient

3. Discuss occupational health and safety procedures is caregiving

Identify caregiving tools, materials and equipment

For Taking Vital Signs

BP Apparatus Aneroid (Sphygmomanometer)

This is mercury-free aneroid unit which consists of a cuff that

This is an instrument used for measuring body

This is used to sterilize bottles through boiling to destroy microorganisms

Baby bath tub

This is used for bathing infants especially those who are

This is usually made up of metal, glass, or plastic used for

It is an electric appliance used for washing clothes and

This is a long, narrow padded board with collapsible supporting

For Meal Preparation