Review of Literature

Unforeseen Natural disasters (i.e. power outage, water electricity interaction)

The testing of the machine will happen over a span of 24 hours so there is a
chance of a natural disaster such as an earthquake that may impede the machines
performance1. To ensure the test goes with no obstacles the researcher will watch or read
all forecasts for weather, earthquakes and typhoons to ensure no other events intercross
with the test. Though natural disasters maybe low, the researcher must be careful so that
the machine will not break and waste the materials used 2. Apart from earthquakes
typhoons also cause loss and waste materials 3. In the event of the natural disaster the test
will be rescheduled. The machine will be running for 24 hours, Meaning the power
source must be maintained in this time frame 4. In case of a power outage the test will be
stopped and resumed at a later date. If the scheduled test date intersects with a date for a
scheduled blackout the test will be rescheduled. Water and electricity malfunctions can
cause various problems for a paper recycling machine, including damage to the electrical
system and paper being recycled, downtime, and lost productivity 5. To avoid these issues,
it is important to ensure proper installation, maintenance, and operation of the machine,
use appropriate electrical safety measures, and have backup power sources available in
case of a power outage. And many parts must be replaced after the machines
malfunction6.
1
Jsme. “Damage to Machines and Equipment, and Good Practices for Seismic
Countermeasures” December 25,
2013.https://www.jsme.or.jp/jsme/uploads/2016/08/Chapter-3-final.pdf
2
Reuters. “Natural Disasters Caused $313 Bln Economic Loss in 2022 - Aon.”
Reuters, January 25, 2023.
https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/natural-disasters-caused-313-bln-
economic-loss-2022-aon-2023-01-25/#:~:text=Jan%2025%20(Reuters)%20%2D
%20Natural,%2C%20insurance%20broker%20Aon%20(AON.
3
ReliefWeb. “Philippines Hit by over Half a Billion Dollars in Damages from
Typhoon Rai; Farming and Fishing Hardest Hit - Philippines,” January 10, 2022.
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-hit-over-half-billion-dollars-
damages-typhoon-rai-farming-and-fishing.
4
Degruyter. “The Effects of Power Outages on the Performance of Manufacturing Firms
in the MENA Region” December 01, 2020.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/rmeef-2020-0011/html?
lang=en#:~:text=Power%20outages%20have%20generally%20direct,Mansur%2C
%20and%20Wang%202015
5
“Water and Industrial Accidents | UNECE,” n.d. https://unece.org/environment-
policy/water/areas-work-convention/water-and-industrial-accidents.
6
Mammone, Steven. “Water Damaged Electrical Equipment.” Electrical Safety
Foundation International, August 17, 2021. https://www.esfi.org/water-damaged-
electrical-equipment/.
Wiring & Coding Error and Hydraulic malfunction (machine faults)
If the wrong wires are connected to the wrong inlets or outlets, it could cause
many malfunctions7. Rewiring circuits in the machinery will have to be thorough and
precise. And to rewire the machine after use, it would have to be dried first just in case
exposed wires touch the water and electrocute the researcher 8. Coding errors in the
machine can lead to malfunctions or unintended behavior of the machine. Error In coding
may cause timing malfunctions and cause water to leak into the wiring. It's important to
thoroughly test and debug code before deploying it on the machine, and to continue
testing and monitoring the machines performance to identify and address any errors that
may arise9. Collaborating with other developers and utilizing tools such as version control
and debugging software can also help prevent and address coding errors in machinery.
Hydraulic malfunctions in robotics can have a serious impact on the performance and
safety of the machine. It's important to regularly inspect and maintain the hydraulic
system of a machine to prevent malfunctions and ensure safe and efficient operation.
Unstable Base, Ground or Framework (Construction Faults)
The machine is made mostly of metal so the weight will be very heavy. the
machine must have stable ground that can support its weight. if the machine is set on
unstable ground and impedes the machines performance the machine will be checked for
damages and repaired if needed. If no damage was done the machine will be moved and
the test will restart. An unstable machine framework can result in reduced efficiency, 10
increased maintenance costs, reduced product quality, safety hazards, and lost revenue.
Unstable machines may not operate at peak efficiency, leading to increased downtime and
reduced productivity. Frequent maintenance and repairs are often required, which can be
costly. Products produced by unstable machines may be of lower quality, leading to
increased scrap, rework, and customer complaints. Unstable machines can pose a safety

7
Advanced Electrical Services (YKS) Ltd. “5 Most Common Electrical Problems
in Factories.” AES, June 16, 2022. https://www.advancedelectrical.org.uk/5-most-
common-electrical-problems-in-factories/.
8
Thiele, Timothy. “Checking for Incorrect Electrical Wiring.” The Spruce, June
14, 2022. https://www.thespruce.com/checking-for-incorrect-electrical-wiring-
1152518#:~:text=But%20here's%20the%20catch%3A%20If,little%20tab
%20inside%20the%20socket.
9
“Differences Between Testing and Debugging.” BYJUS, March 31, 2023.
https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-testing-and-debugging/#:~:text=It
%20is%20basically%20a%20process%20using%20which%20we%20fix
%20any,and%20testing%20the%20software%20successfully.
10
“Internal Failure Cost” N/D, 2015.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/internal-failure-cost
hazard to operators and other personnel, and may result in lost revenue if production
quotas are not met or products do not meet customer specifications.