`

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING ARDUINO UNO

By
SATHEESH PS (41130491)
SHANLEY D ( 41130512)
SRIMAN S (41130535)
SUJAY SARVESH KK (41130540)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

OCTOBER 2023

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this EPICS Report is the bonafied work of Satheesh PS
(41130491), Shanley D(41130512), Sriman S (41130535),Sujay Sarvesh
KK(41130540). who carried out the project entitled “WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR USING ARDUINO UNO” under my by JUNE 2023 to OCTOBER
2023.

Internal Guide

Dr . RAMYA, ME., Ph.D.,

Head of the Department

Dr. T. RAVI, M.E., Ph.D.,

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 DECLARATION

We Sriman S, Shanley D , Sujay Sarvesh KK , Satheesh PS hereby declare that the

EPICS Report entitled “WATER LEVEL INDICATOR USING ARDUINO UNO” done
by me under the guidance of Dr .Ramya, ME,. Ph.D., at Sathyabama Institute of
Science and Technology is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering / Technology degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.

DATE:

PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge my/our sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully. We are grateful to them.

We convey my/our thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA, M.E., Ph.D., Professor & Dean,
School of Electrical and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI, Ph.D., Professor & Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing us
necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Dr . Ramya
M.E., PhD. for his/her valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement
paved way for the successful completion of our project work.

We wish to express my/our thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of
the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering who were helpful in
many ways for the completion of the project.

4
 ABSTRACT

Water plays an important role in the survival of living creatures on earth. The
advancement of computerized technology encourages people to make appropriate
equipment that can be utilized in various aspects of life, such as ease in controlling the
performance of water pumps in the shelter. In this study will be made a tool that can
do the monitoring water height automatically. "Monitoring Water Level Control Arduino
Uno using LCD which is able to monitor and control the water level in the Tandon using
ultrasonic sensors. The working principle of the appliance is that if the water reservoir
is empty or reaches the 20% level, the water sensor will detect the water level and give
signal to arduino uno to switch the water tank filler pump and send the water level data
to the LCD. If the water reservoir is in full condition or reaches the 100% level, the water
sensor will detect the water level and give signal to arduino uno to automatically turn
off the automatic water supply pump and transmit the water level data on the LCD,
making it easier to control the inventory water.

5
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCION 1
1.1 Introduction
1.2 water sensor

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM AND 8

CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.1 Proposed system
3.2 Circuit design

4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 11
4.1 Arduino UNO
4.2 Water level sensor
4.3 Calibration of water sensor
4.4 LCD

5. SOFTWARE ANALYSIS 18
5.1 Arduino IDE

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 23

7. CONCLUSION 25
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 References

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO TITLE PAGE N

Fig 1.1.1 PROJECT 1

Fig 1.2.1 WATER SENSOR 3

Fig 3.2.1 CIRCUIT DESIGN 9

Fig 3.2.2 PROTOTYPE 12

Fig 4.1.1 ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER 13

Fig 4.2.1 WATER LEVEL SENSOR 14

Fig 4.3.1 CALLIBRATION OF WATER 15

LEVEL SENSOR

Fig 4.4.1 LCD DISPLAY 16

Fig 4.5.1 I2C MODULE 17

Fig 4.6.1 JUMPER WIRE 18

Fig 5.1.1 ARDUINO IDE 18

Fig 6.1.1 RESUIT 23

7
 CHAPTER 1

INTORDUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The facility requirements in many industries, farms, hostels,

hotels, offices include an overhead tank for water, which is usually fed through an
electric pump that is switched off when the tank is filled up and switched on when
it is empty. so, the most common way of knowing when the tank is filled is by
observing when it overflows the brim. depending on the type of liquid being
handled, overfilling of such a tank could lead to a great liquid material losses
ranging in the order of thousands of naira per week de pending on the extent of
such application. these losses can be prevented if the tank is monitored
automatically by incorporating a feedback .water level indicator using water sensor
& arduino is an amazing and very useful project.

FIG 1.1.1

8
The objective of this project is to notify the user the amount of water that is present in
the overhead water tank. this project can be further enhanced to control the water level
in the tank by turning it on, when the water level is low, and turning it off when the water
level is high. thus, the arduino water level indicator helps in preventing wastage of water
in overhead tank .a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. the transmitter circuit
makes use of an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in terms of distance. this
data is sent to the receiver circuit using rf communication. The objective of this project
is to notify the user the amount of water that is present in the overhead water tank and
don‟t waste water . The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical
plants, and electrical substations and in other liquid storage systems. There are many
possible uses for this simple system, examples include monitoring a sump pit (to control
pump activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection. Electronic water level
circuits have the capability of alerting if there is a water leak somewhere in the factory.
When the water level is too high or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the
water level easily by hearing an alarm sound or from different colors of a light bulb. We
can also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles and the liquid level containers which
are huge in the companies.

A Water Level Indicator may be defined as a system by which we can get the
information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator system is quite useful to reduce
the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such reservoir. Water is most
essential thing on earth .Safe drinking water is essential to human and other life forms
even though it provides no calories or organic nutriants. The total amount of water
available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, enough to cover
the planet with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the Earth's water is in the oceans,
which is unfit for human consumption. About 4% is locked in the polar ice caps, and
the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers, streams and lakes which is
suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in India consumes an
average of 135 litres per day. This consumption would rise by 40% by the year 2025.
This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources
9
1.1 WATER SENSOR

we are going to use a water level sensor to detect water

levels. Basically, this sensor is a combination of the attached series of ten exposed
copper traces. The copper traces are merged with each other in order to have one
sense trace between two copper traces. In short, there are alternate copper traces and
sense traces. These traces form a bridge by water when dipped in the water. For power
indication, there is an onboard power LED.

This sensor works on the principle of variable resistance. The sensor consists of a
series of parallel exposed conductors. Together this series acts as a variable resistor,
whose resistance varies according to the water level in the water tank. As more water
sensor is submerged in, the better is the conductivity and the lower is the resistance.
The less the water sensor is submerged in, the poor is the conductivity and the higher
is the resistance. The output of the water level sensor is according to the resistance of
the water produced. i.e. it will produce a voltage proportional with resistance.

FIG 1.2.1

10
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1
SI TITLE OF AUTHORS PUBLICATIO METHODOLOGY INFERENCE
NO THE PAPER N USED

A Review of When water level In [1], the

Automatic
1. A.S. Muha 2022 increases and
author's paper
Water level
mad, presented the
indicator touches the
F.A. Usma design of an
sensor,
Naja K. automatic water
the LCD
Mustapha, level controller.
A.H. Naisa, The design
indicating that
& A Kabiru system uses a
there
Shehu. mercury
is water within
flow switch. The
tank
system
incorporates
two contactors
which are
energized to
provide a direct
online start of
the motor. An
over-load relay
system
.Mercury
switches have
a relatively
slow operating
11
rate due to the
inertia of
mercury
flop sequential
 The water level
sensors were
electrode resistive
sensors that
depended on the
water’s
conductivity. At the
desired points of
level detection, it
will
conduct electricity
between two fixed
probe locations or
between a probe
and the tank wall.
The water will
complete the
opening or closing
an electronic switch
or turning on
or off a water pump.
An electric water
pump controller and
level indicator have
been designed,
making use of
metallic
conductors or
probe sensors,
each positioned at
12 different levels
along the height of
the tank height to
act as sensor
 The Arduino The total amount of
water available on
2 Water ANIRUDH 2018 Uno board Earth has been
level KODAVATIGA is a estimated at 1.4
billion cubic km,
monitoring NTI microcontrol enough to cover the
ler based on planet with a layer
of about 3 km.
the About 95% of the
ATmega328 Earth's water is in
the oceans, which
. It has 14 is unfit for human
digital consumption.
Researchers have
input/output estimated that by
pins (of 2025 more than
half of the world
which 6 can population will face
be used as water shortages. A
study estimated
PWM that a person in
outputs), 6 India consumes an
average of 135
analog litres per day. This
inputs, a 16 consumption would
rise by 40% by the
MHz crystal year 2025. This
oscillator, a signifies the need
to preserve our al,
USB Siregar B et al )
connection, telecommunication
monitoring to
a power monitor water
jack, an quality .
ICSP
header, and
to support
the
microcontrol
ler.

13
 After proper
hardware
connections, a
USB cable the
ports from the
Arduino to the PC.
Using suitable
code, the results
are displayed in the
monitor. As the
water level
increases, water
gets in contact
alerting the person
that the water level
is about to reach
the maximum level
3. There is ample
amount of water
available in the
source tank and the
water overflows. In
this condition, two
red LEDs glow up
indicating that the
water is
overflowing from
the tank.

14
 CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM AND CIRCUIT DESIGN

3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

When the water stared filling to the over head water tank then
the LCD will show high, next when the level reaches up to the mid level of the over
head water tank then the LCD will show medium. after that the LCD will show full that
the tank is going to be full or full at last the buzzer sounds when tank is going to be
over flow. the water level in the tank by the indication with simple LEDs. This helps us to
do the water management on our own. By using this tutorial we are not only controlling
the water level but also monitoring it.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER
SUPPLY

LIQUID CRYSTAL
ARDUINO UNO DISPLAY (LCD)

WATER
SENSOR

15
3.2 CIRCUIT DESIGN

This water level sensor also acts as a variable resistor. The

resistance varies according to the amount of water. The resistance value is inversely
proportional to the height at which the sensor is submerged in water. When the sensor
is submerged in more water, it has better conductivity and less resistance. Also, when
the sensor is submerged in low water, it has a higher resistance due to its weak
conductivity. In this sensor, we can see three main pins. Signal Through this we can
get the water level as an analog value.

FIG 3.2.1

• In this interfacing, connect the signal pin of the sensor to the A0 of the Arduino.
• Connect the VCC of the sensor to the Digital pin 7 of the Arduino.
• Connect GND of the sensor to the Ground of the Arduino.

16
• Connect the cathode of RED, YELLOW, GREEN LED to the 2,3,4 digital pin of
the Arduino respectively.
• Connect all anodes of the LED commonly to the GND pin of the Arduino. In this
way, you can interface this sensor with the Arduino.
• Once your circuit is done, upload the following code in your Arduino software.
• To represent our threshold level there are two variables that are used as the
Upper Threshold & Lower Threshold.
• Below threshold level, red LED will turn on, above threshold level green LED will
turn on, in between these two levels yellow led will turn on.

FIG 3.2.2

17
 CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

This water level sensor also acts as a variable resistor. The

resistance varies according to the amount of water. The resistance value is inversely
proportional to the height at which the sensor is submerged in water. When the sensor
is submerged in more water, it has better conductivity and less resistance. When the
water stared filling to the over head water tank then the LCD will show high, next when
the level reaches up to the mid level of the over head water tank then the LCD will show
medium. after that the LCD will show full that the tank is going to be full.

4.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board

based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc
and initially released in 2010. The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits.[1] The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6
analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB cable or a barrel
connector that accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts, such as a rectangular 9-volt
battery. It is similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo.[5][6] The hardware reference
design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and
is available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of
the hardware are also available.

18
 FIG 4.1.1

The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark a major redesign of
the Arduino hardware and software. The Uno board was the successor of the
Duemilanove release and was the 9th version in a series of USB-based Arduino
boards. Version 1.0 of the Arduino IDE for the Arduino Uno board has now evolved to
newer releases. The ATmega328 on the board comes pre programmed with a
bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol,[1] it
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use a FTDI USB-to-UART serial
chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as
a USB-to-serial converter.

4.2 ANOLOG WATER SENSOR

In this sensor, we can see 10 copper straps. 5 of them are

power straps and the other 5 are sensory straps.

VCC – This pin should have a potential of 3.3v to 5v.

GND – Ground of this sensor.

19
Technical Features:

Signal Conversion Module:

• Supply Voltage: 3.3~5.5V

• BNC Probe Connector

• High Accuracy: ±0.1@25°C

• Detection Range: 0~14

S(signal pin) is an analog output that will be connected to the analog pin of the
Arduino.

+VCC is powering pin of the sensor. The approved input voltage is 3.3v to 5v.

-GND is simply a ground connection.

FIG 4.2.1

20
4.3 Calibration of water sensor

To make sure the sensor provides accurate data you

need to calibrate the sensor for the particular type of water you are going to use Before
initiating the project or storing the data in the sensor, you should see what readings
you are exactly getting from your sensor. Make a note of the proper values of your
sensor outputs when the sensor is completely dry, when it is partially submerged in the
water and when it is completely submerged. In this calibration, you need to do some
trial and error. It will be difficult in starting to calibrate this sensor with accurate values.
once you will get the accurate values you can handle the project very well. Now you
are ready to start

FIG 4.3,1

4.4 LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or
other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties
of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly[1]
but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.[2]

21
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden:
preset words, digits, and seven-

FIG 4.4.1

segment displays (as in a digital clock) are all examples of devices with these displays.
They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a
matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be
normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For
example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a
background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a
black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters
are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

22
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer
monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage.
Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices
such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, and mobile telephones, including
smartphones. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient
cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The phosphors used in
CRTs make them vulnerable to image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a
screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor
sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to image persistence.

4.5 I2C MODULE

I2C Module has a inbuilt PCF8574 I2C chip that converts I2C serial
data to parallel data for the LCD display. These modules are currently supplied with a
default I2C address of either 0x27 or 0x3F. To determine which version you have check
the black I2C adaptor board on the underside of the module. If there a 3 sets of pads
labelled A0, A1, & A2 then the default address will be 0x3F. If there are no pads the
default address will be 0x27. The module has a contrast adjustment pot on the
underside of the display. This may require adjusting for the screen to display text
correctly.

23
 FIG 4.5.1

4.6JUMPER WIRES
A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire)
is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end
(or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect
the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with
other equipment or components, without soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by
inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard, the header
connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

24
 FIG 4.6.1

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE ANALYSIS

5.1 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to
write and upload code to the Arduino boards. The IDE application is suitable for
different operating systems such as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the
programming languages C and C++. Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development
Environment. The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is often called as
sketching. We need to connect the Genuine and Arduino board with the IDE to
upload the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software. The sketch is saved with the
extension '.ino.'

25
The Arduino IDE will appear as:

Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE

5.2Programming Arduino

After successful hardware connections, now it’s time for

programming the Arduino. The complete code for this pH meter with Arduino is given
at the bottom part of this tutorial. The stepwise explanation of the project is given below.
The first thing to do in the program is to include all the required libraries. Here in my
case, I have included “LiquidCrystal_I2C.h” library for using the I2C interface of an LCD
display and “Wire .h” for using I2C functionality on Arduino. or using I2C functionality
on Arduino.

26
ALGORITHM

1 Start

2 When value of sensor is 0 than the output is empty.

3 When the value is 1<350 than it is medium.

4 When the value is 350<560 than the output is high.

5 Stop.

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.init();

lcd.backlight();

void loop() {

int value = analogRead(A0);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Value :");

lcd.print(value);

lcd.print(" ");
27
 Serial.println(value);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("W Level :");

if (value == 0) {

lcd.print("Empty ");

} else if (value > 1 && value < 350) {

lcd.print("LOW ");

} else if (value > 350 && value < 510) {

lcd.print("Medium");

} else if (value > 510){

lcd.print("HIGH ");

5.3 Code Description

This code contains the I2c library first. Then create an object as
“lcd” for that library and give the I2c address and the length and width of the LCD
display we are using.

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

28
Then serial monitor and I2C communication are started in the void setup. Also, the
backlight of the LCD display is turned on.

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.init();

lcd.backlight();

In the void loop, “anlogRead” reads the sensor value and inserts it into the variable
“value”. It then displays on the LCD display and the serial monitor.

int value = analogRead(A0);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Value :”);

lcd.print(value);

lcd.print(” “);

Serial.println(value);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“W Level :”);

Finally, the value is checked in IF condition and the LCD display is 0 if it is “empty”, 0-
350 is “low”, 350-510 is “medium” and 510 is “high”.

if (value == 0) {

lcd.print(“Empty “);

} else if (value > 1 && value < 350) {

lcd.print(“LOW “);
29
} else if (value > 350 && value < 510) {

lcd.print(“Medium”);

} else if (value > 510){

lcd.print(“HIGH “);

30
 CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This water level sensor also acts as a variable resistor. The

resistance varies according to the amount of water. The resistance value is inversely
proportional to the height at which the sensor is submerged in water. When the sensor
is submerged in more water, it has better conductivity and less resistance. When the
water stared filling to the over head water tank then the LCD will show high, next when
the level reaches up to the mid level of the over head water tank then the LCD will show
medium. after that the LCD will show full that the tank is going to be full.

FIG 6.1.1

31
6.2 Water Level Controller and Indicator Benefits
1. A Power Saver: Living in an age where we need to be more conscious of
the energy that we use, a water level controller is an idea for saving power.

2. A water level controller helps save money by limiting the waste of water and
electricity.

3. Automatic: Water levels are maintained at the appropriate levels thanks to the
automatic operations of these devices.

4. Water Maximization: On average, water pumps are used more during midday. A
water level controller can maximize the water usage provided during midday while
automatically reducing the water usage at night. This results in an appropriate level of
water at all times being maintained, while providing you with the maximum use of your
water at the appropriate times.

5. Robust Design: In order to minimize the problem areas of these designs, the only
moving parts are the relays. These relays are easily replaced and tested by any skilled
operator or electrician while being an inexpensive part.

6.3 Disadvantages of Water Level Controller and Indicators

1. There is a problem of burning due to a lack of short circuit protection in the water
level controller.

2. If the sensor does not make sense due to damage from the flow of water, it can be
a proper installation for this.

3. The water level controller is attached to the sensor with the wire to the water tank.
Wiring can occur at any time

32
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

The goal of this project was to prepare an automatic water level

monitor and controller that was low-cost and easy to use. This can be used to monitor
the levels of various liquids and oils in corporations and chemical labs, as well as water
tanks in our homes and environments. Also, I have discussed the advantages and
disadvantages of the water level controller and indicator.

Applications of water level sensor

The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical

plants, and electrical substations and in other liquid storage systems. There are many
possible uses for this simple system, examples include monitoring a sump pit (to control
pump activation), rainfall detection, and leakage detection.

33
REFERENCES
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2. Getu, B. N., & Attia, H. A. (2016, December). Automatic water level sensor and
controller system. In 2016 5th International Conference on Electronic Devices,
Systems and Applications (ICEDSA) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

3. Das, S., Dhar, S., Deb, P. B., & Mujamdar, P. S. (2017). Microcontroller
Based Water Level Indicator and Controller. Asian Journal of Applied Science and
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. 4. Zhang, G. (2013, May). Research on automatic water level detection technique and
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6. Big-Alabo, A., & Isaac, C. (2020). Automatic water level control system using
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7. Eltaieb, A. A. M., & Min, Z. J. (2015). Automatic Water Level Control System. Int. J.
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8. Sood, R., Kaur, M., & Lenka, H. (2013). Design and development of automatic
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10. Ajao, L. A., Abisoye, B. O., Agajo, J., Ajao, A. O., Muazu, M. B., & Salami, F. A.
(2019, March). Automated multiple water tanks control system using ATMEGA
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35