QUESTIONS EXAMPLE 3.6: From a manuscript containing 800 pages, a sample of 50 pages was taken at random, Upon scrutiny, 40 pages were found to possess one or more typographical errors. Estimate the a) Proportion of pages containing one or more errors in the entire manuscript b) Total number of pages containing one or more errors ¢) Standard errors of the estimates in (a) and (b) d) 95% confidence intervals for the population parameters and interpret the results. EXAMPLE 3.10: How large a sample without replacement should be taken of N = 50,000 households in a district so that the estimate of the proportion of households buying a given product is within +0.01 of the true proportion with 95% probability? A survey of similar nature taken some two years back indicated that the product was used by 40% of the households at that time. EXAMPLE 3.11: Suppose we want to compare two groups of children with regard to their nutritional status. If we expect p (proportion malnourished) to be 0.4 and we wish to conclude that an observed difference of 0.10 or more will be considered as significant at the .0.05 level (95% confidence level), then the sample size works out to EXAMPLE 312: A nutrition survey is to be conducted in a refugee camp. There is no accurate estimate available on the number of children in the camp. How large a sample would be needed in order to be 95% certain that the estimated prevalence does not differ from the true prevalence by more than 0.05? EXAMPLE 3.13: How large a random sample of records from a hospital admitting 20,000 patients during a year is required if we want to be 90% confident that our estimate of proportion of patients with hypertension is off by less than 0,02? An estimate of the proportion of patients having hypertension was available from a neighboring hospital to be 0.35. EXERCISE 11: (a) A population consists of 5000 units. How large a sample without replacement should be drawn from this population if it is desired to estimate all population relative frequencies within 0,075 with probability 95% ? (b) A population consists of the same number of units as in (a) above. How large a sample without replacement should be drawn from this population if it isdesired to estimate the population mean within +20 with probability 90%? It is guessed from a similar survey that the population variance is in the neighborhood of 75. EXERCISE 12: A small sub-urban area consists of approximately 50000 persons of whom 75% are Muslims, 15% are Hindus and the remaining 10% are followers of other religions. It is desired to estimate the proportion of persons in the area who are not covered by the government recent health care facilities One would like to be virtually 95% certain that this proportion is within 7.5% of the true proportion. Assuming a simple random sample, determine how large a sample is needed. EXERCISE 13: A population consists of 10000 employees in a factory. A simple random sample of 385 employees is to be selected to estimate certain attitude, measured in proportion, which will be within 2.5% of the true proportion. What variance is expected to be consistent with the sample size and the assumed error level? EXERCISE 14: For a health survey of a large population, estimates are desired for two proportions, each measuring the annual incidence of disease. For designing the sample, it is guessed that one occurs with a frequency of 50 percent and the other with a frequency of only 1 percent. To obtain the same standard error of 0.5 percent, how large a simple random sample is needed for each disease? EXERCISE 15: The sample variance of complex design based on a sample of size 300 units was estimated to be 2.5. The corresponding variance based on a simple random sample of the same size was 1.5. What is the design effect? Interpret your result. EXERCISE 16: If we want to draw an SRS from a population of 4000 items, how large the sample do we need if we desire to estimate the percent defective within 2% of the true value with 95% probability? EXERCISE 17: Among a sample of 200 TB patients, which was drawn from the total population of TB patients in the country, it was found that 28 did not comply with their out-patient treatment. The other 92 exhibited a satisfactory degree of compliance, Calculate the standard error of the percentage of non-compliers and the 95% confidence interval of the true percentage.