Des8 Midterms Borromeo

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
DESIGN 8 TITLE:
A PROPOSED CARDIAC HOSPITAL IN TALON TRES, LAS PIÑAS CITY:
CREATING A BUILT ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INNOVATIVE HOSPITAL
DESIGN
A Semestral Plate Presented to

The College of Architecture and Urban Planning
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

Architectural Design VIII
By
Borromeo, Joji Maerelton D.
2020-01189
AR. CARL JONNEL ELIPANE, UAP

Design VIII Instructor
MAY 2024
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APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis hereto titled
A PROPOSED CARDIAC HOSPITAL IN TALON TRES, LAS PIÑAS CITY:

CREATING A BUILT ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INNOVATIVE HOSPITAL
DESIGN
prepared and submitted by - in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN VIII has been examined and is recommended for
acceptance and approval for MIDTERM Examination.
__________________________________
AR. KARLO MAMIIT, UAP
.
__________________________________
AR. CARL JONNEL ELIPANE, UAP
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

with a grade of _____ on January ____, 2023.
______________________________
Ar.
Panel Chairman
________________________________ _____________________________
Ar. Ar.
Panel Member Panel Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture.
________________________________ _____________________________
Ar. Ar. JARED AARON R. CRUZ
Chairman College Dean
College Research Committee College of Architecture and
Sustainable Built Environment
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ABSTRACT
The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been on the rise globally,
including in Talon tres, Las Piñas City, Philippines. Despite advancements in cardiac care,
there remains a significant gap in access to specialized cardiac services in this area.
Currently, residents of Talon tres and surrounding communities, must travel long distances
to access specialized cardiology centers, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment
initiation (Perpetual of Medical Help Center, 2024). The lack of proximity to specialized
cardiac care facilities exacerbates the burden of CVDs and contributes to suboptimal health
outcomes for individuals living in this region. Consequently, there is an urgent need to
establish a dedicated cardiac hospital in Talon tres to address these challenges and provide
timely, comprehensive care to patients with cardiac conditions. This research proposes the
establishment of a dedicated cardiac hospital in Talon tres, Las Piñas City to meet the
growing demand for comprehensive cardiac care services.
The proposed cardiac hospital aims to address three key objectives: (1) Provide
specialized cardiovascular care for patients with the optimal standard ration of doctor, nurse,
and support personnel per patient, and through appropriate types of facilities and equipment
. (2) Select an ideal lot size and site location that can accommodate 600 in-patients and
outpatients needs and requirements through innovative hospital design and spatial
organization. (3) seeks to investigate the influence of therapeutic built environment
principles on patient outcomes in cardiac hospitals.
Designing a cardiac hospital in Talon Tres, Las Piñas City, with a focus on
therapeutic built environment and innovative hospital design has far-reaching implications
for patient health, staff satisfaction, and community well-being. By prioritizing these design
principles, healthcare facilities can create healing environments that positively impact the
lives of patients and contribute to the overall health ecosystem of the community.
Keywords: Specialized hospital, heart center, well-being, sustainability, efficiency
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researcher would like to express their outmost gratitude to our Almighty Father,
who made their research paper possible through His guidance and wisdom which He
bestowed upon us.
To their Instructor, Ar. Carl Jonnel G. Elipane, for giving them the opportunity to
enhance and practice our skills in problem solving, planning, and designing complex
structures in a challenging site and in guiding us throughout our research phases.
To their parents and guardians, who provided us with daily strength and motivation
that we needed to push through in our processes in developing and achieving our desired
outcomes.
To the authors, architects, and fellow researchers of the same field who helped in
providing us the resources and data we need through literature and shared experiences that
shaped our design strategies into fruitfulness.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................................ 2

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 5
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8
Chapter I ............................................................................................................................ 9
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 9
1.1. Background of the Study.................................................................................. 9
1.2. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................... 10
1.3. Goals of the Study .......................................................................................... 10
1.4. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 10
1.5. Significance and Purpose of the Study........................................................... 10
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................. 11
1.7. Assumptions of the Study .............................................................................. 12
1.8. Architectural Hypothesis of the Study ........................................................... 12
1.9. Definition of the Terms .................................................................................. 12
Chapter II ........................................................................................................................ 16
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.................................................................... 16
2.1. Heart Hospital Definition ............................................................................... 16
2.2. Designing a Heart Center and its Constituent Comprising Elements ............ 17
2.3 Cardiovascular Laboratory Service Design in Heart Hospitals ..........................
2.4. Design of Cardiac Surgery Operating Rooms and the Impact of the Built
Environment .......................................................................................................... 22
2.5. Local Heart Hospitals ..................................................................................... 24
2.6. Foreign Heart Hospitals ................................................................................. 27
Chapter III ....................................................................................................................... 29

METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 29
3.1 Key Theories and Concepts ............................................................................ 29
3.2. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 32
3.3. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 35
3.4. Research Design ............................................................................................. 36
3.5. Data Gathering Procedure .............................................................................. 36
3.6. Site Selection.................................................................................................. 37
3.7 Sources of Data ............................................................................................... 38
3.7.1. Primary ........................................................................................................ 38
3.7.2. Secondary .................................................................................................... 38
3.7.2.1. Online Article and Reports....................................................................... 38
3.7.2.2. Academic Journals and Research Papers ................................................. 38
Chapter IV ....................................................................................................................... 40
RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS, AND INTERPRETATIONS OF DATA ...................... 40
4.1. Legal Basis for Design ................................................................................... 40
4.1.1. National Regulations ................................................................................... 40
4.1.1.1.Character of Site According to Building Occupancy Type....................... 41
4.1.1.2. Use of Site According to Zoning Classification ..................................... 42
4.1.1.2.1. GI (General Institutional) ..................................................................... 42
4.1.1.3. The Philippine Green Building Code ....................................................... 42
4.1.1.4. Batas Pambansang Bilang 344 (B.P. 344) ............................................... 43
4.1.2. Local Regulations........................................................................................ 45
4.2. Site Profile ...................................................................................................... 47
4.2.3. Site Requirements ....................................................................................... 48
4.2.3.1. Gross Floor Area Based on Lot Type (Corner Lot) ................................. 48
4.2.3.2. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy ................. 48
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4.2.3.3. Minimum Parking Slot, Parking Area, and Loading/ Unloading Space
Requirements......................................................................................................... 49
4.2.3.3.2. Minimum Setbacks................................................................................ 49
4.2.3.3.3. Range of Required Sidewalk Widths .................................................... 49
4.2.3.3.4. Open Space Requirements by Occupancy Type and Lot Type/Location
............................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.4. Micro Site Analysis ..................................................................................... 51
4.2.4.1. Site Inventory ........................................................................................... 51
4.2.4.1.1. Community............................................................................................ 52
4.2.4.1.2. Transportation ....................................................................................... 52
4.2.4.1.3. Roads ..................................................................................................... 54
4.2.4.1.4. Drainage and Sewage ............................................................................ 54
4.2.4.1.5. Solid Waste Disposal ............................................................................ 56
4.2.4.1.6. Water Supply......................................................................................... 56
4.2.4.2. SWOT Analysis ....................................................................................... 57
4.2.4.3. Site Analysis............................................................................................. 61
4.1.2.1.1. Climate and Geographical Condition .................................................... 63
4.1.2.1.2. Current Site Condition .......................................................................... 63
4.2.Programming ................................................................................................... 64
4.2.1. User Analysis .............................................................................................. 64
Chapter V ........................................................................................................................ 65
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... 65
5.1 Summary of Findings ...................................................................................... 65
5.2 Conclusion....................................................................................................... 65
5.3 Recommendation............................................................................................. 66
References ........................................................................................................................ 67
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 69
APPENDIX A – CURRICULUM VITAE ....................................................................... 69
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City from designkultur.wordpress.com
Figure 2. Typical plans of various non-invasive cardiology rooms
Figure 3. Functional Diagram of Cardiovascular Services from US Department of Veteran

Affairs
Figure 4. Hybrid Operating Room: A state-of-the-art hybrid operating room
Figure 5. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City, Philippines
Figure 6. Philippine Heart Center Site Development Plan
Figure 7. Asian Cardiovascular Institute, Muntinlupa City
Figure 8. Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, United States of America
Figure 9. Oklahoma Heart Hospital Lobby,
Figure 10. Oklahoma Heart Hospital Inpatient Room
Figure 11. Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai, India
Figure 12. Evidence-Based Design of Healthcare Facilities Model
Figure 13. Triple-C framework for delivering sustainable healthcare
Figure 14. Key elements of Green Management of Hospitals
Figure 14.5.Operating Room Zoning Diagram: Illustration depicting the different

functional zones within a standard operating room (OR).
Figure 15. Conceptual Framework
Figure. 16 Location Map Admiral Rd, Alabang-Zapote, Talon Tres, Las Piñas City
Figure 17. Plan of SLIDING DOOR
Figure 17.1. Plan of SWING DOOR
Figure 17.2. Doorknobs, latches, vertical pull distance from ground
Figure 18. Turnabout spaces at corridors
Figure 19. Design of a ramp wider than 1.20 meters
but not less than 3000 millimeters, requiring intermediate handrails.
Figure 20. Accessible Roads to site represented by yellow line
Figure 20.1. Area figures computed by using geospatial data according to National
Statistics Office of the Philippines (web), National Statistical Coordination Board.
Figure 21. The population development of Talon Tres, Las Piñas
Figure 21.1. Road Networks to the site
Figure 22. Drainage map of Las Piñas City
Figure 23. SWOT Analysis of Project Site
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Figure 23.1. Site Analysis
Figure 24. Elevation map of Talon Tres, Las Piñas City
Figure 24.1. Top Flood-free areas in Southern Metro Manila, including Talon Tres
Figure 25. Monthly temperature and precipitation of Las Piñas in 2023
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Non-invasive modalities and area requirements
Table 2. Invasive modalities and area requirements
Table 3. Minimum TGFA for Building Use / Occupancy
Table 4. Maximum Allowed LPD
Table 5. MRF Minimum Daily Storage Space Requirements
Table 6. Allowable Max. Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA)* by Type/ Location of Lot
Table 7. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy. Table
8. Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings
Table 9. Suggested Median and Lane Widths Within Alleys/Roadways/Carriageways
by Minimum RROW Width and by Suggested Vehicle Speeds
Table 10. Minimum TOSL Requirements by Lot Type/Location
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as a leading cause of mortality globally,

presenting formidable health challenges across diverse populations. In Talon tres, Las Piñas
City, Philippines, this burden is keenly felt, as residents confront the escalating prevalence
of CVDs amidst an environment where access to specialized cardiac care remains deficient.
This research proposal endeavors to confront this pressing healthcare need by advocating
for the establishment of a dedicated Cardiac Hospital in Talon tres—a facility meticulously
crafted not only to provide comprehensive cardiac services but also to embody architectural
principles that foster healing and well-being.
The imperative for such a specialized healthcare institution emanates from several
pivotal factors. Firstly, despite notable advancements in medical technologies and
therapeutic modalities, individuals residing in Talon tres and neighboring areas encounter
significant barriers in accessing timely and specialized cardiac care. The conspicuous
absence of proximate cardiac hospitals or specialized centers necessitates arduous journeys
for patients seeking diagnosis, treatment, or management of cardiac conditions, often
resulting in substantial delays in care initiation and compromised health outcomes.
Moreover, the lack of specialized facilities exacerbates the strain on existing healthcare
infrastructure, heightening the challenges faced by already overstretched healthcare
facilities and personnel.
Furthermore, the absence of a dedicated cardiac hospital in Talon tres underscores a

critical gap in the local healthcare landscape. While general hospitals and clinics may offer
some cardiac services, they often lack the specialized expertise, facilities, and resources
required to comprehensively address the multifaceted needs of cardiac patients.
Consequently, individuals requiring specialized cardiac interventions, such as cardiac
surgery, interventional procedures, or advanced diagnostic tests, are compelled to seek care
in distant urban centers. This necessity not only disrupts familial and social networks but
also imposes significant financial burdens on patients and their families, further
compounding the challenges associated with accessing cardiac care.
This research aims to propose a comprehensive framework for the establishment of

an integrated Specialized Cardiac Hospital in Talon tres, emphasizing the imperative to
address the unmet demand for specialized cardiac care in the region. Through
interdisciplinary collaboration, stakeholder engagement, and community involvement, this
initiative seeks to lay the groundwork for the development of a sustainable healthcare
institution dedicated to serving the diverse cardiac health needs of the local population.
Moreover, by seamlessly integrating architectural innovation with medical expertise, the
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proposed hospital aspires to set a new standard for cardiac care excellence, ensuring that
patients receive the highest quality of care in a healing environment that nurtures both body
and soul.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
The research problem aims to determine the ideal site location and lot size for a
specialized cardiac hospital in Talon Tres, Las Piñas City, accommodating the needs of 600
patients by efficiently allocating space for consultation, research, treatment, and in-house
care, while ensuring functionality and compliance with regulations. Additionally, the study
seeks to establish the standard ratio of doctors, nurses, and support personnel per patient,
along with identifying the specific types of medical equipment and facilities required to
support the delivery of specialized medical services effectively. Furthermore, the research
aims to develop a detailed master plan for the specialized cardiac hospital, reflecting a
therapeutic built environment through innovative hospital design.
1.3. Goals of the Study
This study aims to:
1.3.1. To assess demand and evaluate the need for specialized cardiac services in Talon tres
and develop a comprehensive healthcare delivery model tailored to local needs,
encompassing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
1.3.2. To develop a sustainable, functional, and integrated detailed plan for establishing a
dedicated cardiac hospital in Talon tres, ensuring financial viability, infrastructure
development, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder engagement to support long-term
sustainability.
1.3.3. To improve healthcare outcomes and enhance the overall well-being of the
community in Talon tres and surrounding areas by providing accessible, high-quality
cardiac care services, improve patient satisfaction, and contribute to the overall health and
vitality of the community.
1.4. Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives to achieve the goals of the study:
1.4.1. Select the ideal site location and lot size for the specialized cardiac hospital that
efficiently allocates space in the specialized hospital for consultation, research, treatment,
and in-house care while ensuring functionality and compliance with regulations that will be
used by 600 patients.
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1.4.2. Determine the standard ration of doctor, nurse and support personnel per patient, and
the specific types of medical equipment and facilities required to support the delivery of
specialized medical services effectively.
1.4.3. Develop a detailed specialized cardiac hospital master plan in Talon tres, Las Piñas
City that reflects a therapeutic built environment through innovative hospital design.
1.5. Significance and Purpose of the Study
The proposed specialized cardiac hospital in Talon tres, Las Piñas City, carries
profound significance for the local community. By focusing on cardiac care, it addresses a
critical healthcare need in the area, providing specialized services to residents. Through
meticulous planning of staffing ratios and essential equipment/facilities, the hospital
ensures timely and effective treatment for cardiac patients, ultimately saving lives and
improving health outcomes. This initiative not only enhances healthcare accessibility but
also fosters community well-being, positioning Talon tres as a hub for advanced cardiac
care, thereby elevating the city's healthcare infrastructure and promoting a healthier
populace.
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study encompasses the comprehensive planning and design considerations for
a proposed specialized cardiac hospital in Talon tres, Las Piñas City. It involves the
determination of optimal staffing ratios, essential equipment/facilities, and architectural
design elements tailored specifically to cardiac care. The scope extends to site selection,
spatial organization, and integration of technological advancements to ensure efficient and
effective delivery of specialized medical services.
The study is limited to the conceptual and preliminary design phase of the
specialized cardiac hospital. Detailed engineering aspects, construction logistics, and post-
construction operational considerations are beyond the scope of this study. Additionally,
specific financial constraints, local regulatory requirements, and site-specific challenges
may influence the feasibility and implementation of certain architectural design elements.
Although attempts will be undertaken to integrate user requirements, the study may
not encompass the entirety of the local community's preferences, and subsequent
community input might prompt alterations in the design. Moreover, adherence to prevailing
local building codes and regulations in the proposed design may restrict certain design
options to ensure legal conformity. Additionally, the study will operate within a constrained
timeframe, potentially limiting the scope of architectural elements and features in the design
analysis. Finally, unexpected challenges associated with site-specific attributes, such as
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geological conditions or environmental issues, could affect the feasibility of certain design
aspects.
1.7. Assumptions of the Study
The study assumes a substantial demand for specialized cardiac care services in
Talon tres, Las Piñas City, reflecting the local population's healthcare needs. It is further
assumed that there is robust community backing for the establishment of a specialized
cardiac hospital, indicating widespread recognition of the necessity for such a facility.
Additionally, the study presumes the presence of an ample pool of skilled healthcare
professionals, including cardiologists, nurses, and support staff, to adequately staff the
hospital. Financial viability is also assumed, with sufficient resources or funding
mechanisms available to support the planning, construction, and operation of the
specialized cardiac hospital. Moreover, it is assumed that the proposed hospital design and
construction will align with all relevant local, national, and international building codes,
regulations, and healthcare standards to ensure compliance and safety.
1.8. Architectural Hypothesis of the Study
The student architect hypothesizes that through meticulous space optimization

methods, the architectural design of the specialized hospital will achieve a balanced
allocation of space for consultation, research, treatment, and in-house care that will
prioritize functionality, compliance with regulations, and patient comfort, thereby
enhancing overall operational efficiency.
The spatial layout will be determined by the facility planning and equipment
evaluation, which will identify essential equipment and facility requirements and establish
optimal ratios of doctors, nurses, and support personnel per patient. Through strategic
planning, the specialized cardiac hospital will be designed with the 600 user patients’ needs
and maximize the site lot’s requirements.
1.9. Definition of the Terms
Accessible Design: Design principles aimed at ensuring that the heart center is accessible
to individuals with mobility limitations or disabilities.
Cardiac Center: also known as a heart center or cardiovascular center, is a specialized

medical facility that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of heart-related
conditions and diseases. These centers typically offer a comprehensive range of cardiac
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services, including diagnostic testing, interventional procedures, surgery, rehabilitation, and

ongoing monitoring and support for patients with heart conditions.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Center: A facility offering exercise programs, education, and

support services to help patients recover from heart-related conditions.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): refer to a group of disorders that affect the heart and
blood vessels, often leading to complications such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral
artery disease.
Complex establishments: It is a complete structure consisting of interconnected or related

structures which is constructed in a contiguous area for industrial, residential, institutional,
and commercial purposes.
Emergency Room (ER) or Emergency Department (ED): The area of the hospital where
patients receive urgent medical care for sudden illnesses, injuries, or medical emergencies.
Ergonomics: Design considerations focused on optimizing the layout of equipment and

wrkspaces to improve efficiency and reduce fatigue for healthcare providers.
Equipment Integration: Planning and layout of equipment to optimize workflow and

accessibility for healthcare providers while minimizing clutter and obstruction.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Design features that allow for future expansion,
reconfiguration, or repurposing of spaces within the heart center to accommodate changing
healthcare needs and technology advancements.
Healing Environment: Design principles aimed at creating a calm and supportive

atmosphere to promote patient comfort and well-being.
Immersive: It is characterized providing, involving, or characterized by deep absorption or

immersion in something.
Innovative: It is characterized by, tending to, or introducing new goods or services or

improvement in offering goods or services.
Inpatient: A patient who is admitted to the hospital and stays overnight for treatment or
observation.
Intensive Care Unit (ICU): A specialized unit within the hospital equipped to provide
intensive medical care and monitoring for critically ill patients.
Natural Lighting: Incorporation of windows, skylights, and other design elements to

maximize natural light within the heart center, which has been shown to promote healing
and reduce stress.
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Outpatient: A patient who receives medical treatment or services at the hospital but does
not stay overnight.
Patient Flow: The movement of patients through different areas of the heart center,
including waiting areas, examination rooms, and treatment facilities.
Privacy Considerations: Design elements aimed at ensuring patient privacy and

confidentiality, such as soundproofing, visual barriers, and private consultation rooms.
Seismic Safety: Structural design considerations to ensure that the heart center can
withstand earthquakes and other seismic events, protecting patients and staff.
Site inventory: It refers to the listing of existing site conditions to determine what can be
worked with and what must be overcome to accomplish the design proposal.
Specialized hospital: It is a medical facility that focuses on providing specialized care and
treatment for specific medical conditions, diseases, or patient populations. Unlike general
hospitals, which offer a broad range of medical services, specialized hospitals concentrate
their resources, expertise, and facilities on a particular area of medicine or patient care.
Sustainable: It is characterized by the ability to maintain or support a conscious approach

to energy and ecological conservation continuously over time.
Workflow. It refers to the sequence of industrial, administrative, or other processes through

which a piece of work passes from initiation to completion.
Cardiology Department: Staffed by cardiologists and cardiac specialists who diagnose and
treat heart conditions, including coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, and
valvular disorders.
Cardiac Catheterization Lab: Equipped with advanced imaging technology and specialized
equipment for performing diagnostic and interventional cardiac procedures, such as cardiac
catheterization, angioplasty, and stent placement.
Cardiac Surgery Department: Staffed by cardiac surgeons who perform surgical

procedures to treat heart conditions, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG),
valve repair or replacement, and congenital heart defect repair.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Program: Provides exercise training, education, and support

services to help patients recover from heart surgery or manage chronic heart conditions,
with the goal of improving cardiovascular health and quality of life.
Electrophysiology Lab: Specialized facility for diagnosing and treating heart rhythm
disorders (arrhythmias) using advanced electrophysiological testing and procedures, such
as cardiac ablation and implantation of pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-
defibrillators (ICDs).
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Non-Invasive Cardiac Testing: Facilities for performing non-invasive diagnostic tests to

assess heart function and identify cardiovascular abnormalities, including
echocardiography, stress testing, Holter monitoring, and nuclear imaging studies.
Sterile Core: A designated area within the operating room suite where sterile supplies,
instruments, and equipment are stored and prepared for use in surgical procedures.
Scrub Sink: A specialized sink equipped with hands-free controls and antimicrobial soap
for surgical staff to perform pre-operative hand scrubbing to maintain sterile conditions.
Anesthesia Workstation: A specialized area within the operating room equipped with gas
delivery systems, monitoring devices, and emergency equipment for administering
anesthesia and managing the patient's airway during surgery.
Biomedical Waste: Waste generated from medical activities, such as sharps, contaminated
materials, and discarded medical equipment, which require special handling and disposal
due to their potential hazard to human health and the environment.
Hazardous Waste: Waste materials that pose a significant risk to human health or the
environment due to their chemical, biological, or physical properties, often generated from
the use of certain medical supplies and equipment in cardiac procedures.
Medical Waste Management: The systematic handling, storage, transportation, treatment,

and disposal of medical waste, including infectious, hazardous, and non-hazardous
materials, in accordance with regulatory requirements and best practices to minimize risks
to public health and the environment.
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (Cath Lab): Equipped with advanced imaging

technology and specialized equipment for performing diagnostic and interventional cardiac
procedures, such as angiography, angioplasty, and stent placement.
Electrophysiology Lab (EP Lab): Specialized facility for diagnosing and treating heart
rhythm disorders (arrhythmias) using advanced electrophysiological testing and
procedures, such as cardiac ablation and pacemaker/defibrillator implantation.
Cardiothoracic Operating Rooms: Surgical suites equipped with state-of-the-art equipment

for performing cardiac surgeries, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve
repair or replacement, and congenital heart defect repair.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Center: Facility offering exercise programs, education, and support
services to help patients recover from heart surgery or manage chronic heart conditions,
with the goal of improving cardiovascular health and quality of life.
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Non-Invasive Cardiac Testing Suite: Area dedicated to performing non-invasive diagnostic

tests to assess heart function and identify cardiovascular abnormalities, including
echocardiography, stress testing, Holter monitoring, and nuclear imaging studies.
Heart Failure Clinic: Outpatient clinic providing specialized care and management for
patients with heart failure, offering medical evaluation, treatment optimization, and ongoing
monitoring to improve symptoms and outcomes.
Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU): Specialized unit within the hospital
equipped to provide intensive care and monitoring for critically ill patients with complex
cardiac conditions or those recovering from cardiac surgery.
Cardiology Outpatient Clinic: Clinic providing outpatient services for the diagnosis,
treatment, and management of various heart conditions, including consultation, follow-up
care, and monitoring of cardiac health.
Imaging Center: Facility equipped with advanced imaging technology, such as CT

scanners, MRI machines, and PET scanners, for diagnosing and evaluating cardiovascular
diseases and conditions.
Interventional Radiology Suite: Specialized area equipped with imaging technology for
performing minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases,
such as vascular interventions and catheter-based treatments.
Echocardiography Laboratory: Facility specializing in performing echocardiograms, a

non-invasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's
structure and function, aiding in the diagnosis and assessment of heart conditions.
Clinical Research Center: Facility dedicated to conducting clinical trials and research
studies related to cardiovascular diseases, exploring new treatments, therapies, and
interventions to improve patient outcomes and advance medical knowledge in cardiology.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2. 1. Definition of a Heart Hospital
According to Sharecare, Inc. 2024, “A heart hospital is a hospital that specializes in

the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The hospital may perform cardiovascular
procedures exclusively or also provide emergency care and other services to patients.”
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Heart hospitals can treat cardiovascular disease anywhere along the spectrum of care
- using treatments ranging from the less invasive (lifestyle changes, medication) to
somewhat more invasive (balloon angioplasty, stenting) to most invasive (bypass surgery).
Your cardiologist at a heart hospital will assess the level of severity of your cardiovascular
disease and recommend appropriate life-saving treatments.
These centers boast multidisciplinary teams comprising cardiologists, cardiac

surgeons, nurses, and support staff who possess expertise in caring for patients with various
cardiac ailments. Equipped with state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and imaging technology
such as echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac MRI, heart centers offer
advanced diagnostic capabilities to accurately assess heart conditions and develop tailored
treatment plans.
Overall, heart centers play a crucial role in providing specialized care and support
for patients with heart diseases, helping to improve outcomes, enhance quality of life, and
reduce the burden of cardiovascular illness.
Figure 1. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City from designkultur.wordpress.com
2.2. Designing a Heart Center and its Constituent Comprising Elements
(1) AIA Academy of Architecture for Health (AAH). (2014). Designing a heart
center. Designing a Heart Center.
https://www.brikbase.org/sites/default/files/aah_journal_v3_2014_oct_01_0.pdf
This study suggests Integrating specialized facilities for open-heart programs into
existing hospital infrastructure poses a considerable challenge for medical institutions.
Many hospitals address this challenge by allocating open-heart operating rooms within their
current surgery suites through expansion or modification (Mathur, 2014). They also
incorporate one or two cath lab suites adjacent to imaging or surgical areas, establish chest
pain/observation units within emergency departments, designate an intensive care unit
(ICU) specifically for cardiovascular patients, and position non-invasive cardiology
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services within physicians' office buildings. However, this fragmented approach often leads
to confusion for patients and families during transfers, inefficient use of physicians' time
and resources, and increased costs. Furthermore, as cardiology and open-heart programs
expand, hospitals may face pressure to either add more facilities within existing
departments or undertake costly facility relocations (Mathur, 2014).
In the current healthcare landscape, reimbursement patterns favor bundled pricing

models that necessitate an integrated approach to delivering cardiac care efficiently and
effectively. This integrated approach entails managing cardiac care through a dedicated
cardiovascular team and standardizing clinical protocols. Central to this approach is the
consolidation of cardiac care facilities within a specialized heart center. Despite the absence
of comprehensive guidelines and standards for heart center design, a model is emerging that
advocates for consolidating all necessary cardiac care facilities into a single entity with its
own distinct identity and entrance. These heart centers may be freestanding, attached to a
hospital, or integrated within a hospital, akin to the concept of women's centers. This
approach requires:
• Delivery and management of cardiac care by a cardiovascular team and

standardization of clinical protocols
• Consolidation of facilities in a heart center for the delivery of cardiac care
2.2.1. Preventive care/screenings
Cardiovascular disease is a condition that advances gradually over time. With the aging of
the "baby boomer" population, a growing number of individuals are expected to progress
to advanced stages of congestive heart failure. Many within this demographic are unlikely
to undergo regular checkups or preventive care. Recognizing the potential benefits, payers
are increasingly acknowledging that comprehensive cardiovascular screenings can enhance
the chances of early detection and lower overall healthcare expenditures. Preventive
measures will emphasize non-invasive methods and necessitate facilities like consultation
rooms, patient education spaces, and physician offices.
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2.2.2. Non–invasive cardiology
Figure 2. Typical plans of various non-invasive cardiology rooms
New technologies are constantly being developed to diagnose and treat

cardiovascular diseases with non-invasive modalities. The use of these modalities is
expected to rise with the emphasis on preventive care. The non-invasive cardiology suite
can be organized with its own
reception/registration, waiting areas and patient lockers/changing areas. The

following are typical non-invasive modalities and area requirements:
Table 1. Non-invasive modalities and area requirements
2.2.3. Invasive cardiology
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It is typically located in the hospital “in-patient” environment as patient safety and

infection control are paramount. The functional diagram replicates and reflects the
functional diagram of the surgical platform.
Table 2. Invasive modalities and area requirements
2.2.4. Chest pain observation/prep and recovery
Nursing support areas, such as chest-pain observation zones, patient preparation,

and cath lab recovery spaces, can be consolidated. Clinical support zones encompass clean
utility, soiled utility, medication room, and nourishment areas. Patient preparation and
recovery zones can feature cubicles with curtains, three-wall enclosures, or enclosed rooms
with glazed fronts. Outpatients typically utilize these cubicles for changing before and after
procedures.
2.2.5. Cardiovascular and cardiac intensive and acute inpatient care
A cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) delivers critical care following open-
heart surgery. It is essential for the unit to offer convenient and direct access from the
cardiovascular operating suite. These units also accommodate patients receiving treatment
for a cardiac attack.
2.2.6. Cardiac rehab
rehabilitation plays a crucial role in the recovery process following cardiovascular surgery
or other cardiac interventions. Medicare reimbursement guidelines typically stipulate that
rehabilitation areas must be distinct from physical therapy spaces. Phase 2 and 3
rehabilitation post-surgery necessitate essential components such as a running track, areas
for aerobic exercise, nutrition counseling, and exercise equipment. Additionally, separate
areas should be designated for Phase 4 recovery for individuals maintaining heart health.
2.2.7. Administrative areas
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These areas are dedicated to coordinate the integrated cardiovascular service, a

management team is required for each of he services. A separate office suite should be
provided for the management team.
2.2.8. Logistical support areas
When situated adjacent to a hospital, a heart center can consolidate various logistical
services including materials management, environmental services, food provision, and
plant operations. Conversely, such services are imperative for a standalone heart hospital,
rendering its construction and operation considerably more capital-intensive. The
constituent facets of a heart center may be structured either vertically or horizontally,
affording each facet the capacity to expand and adapt to forthcoming technological
advancements. Furthermore, distinct vertical and horizontal circulation systems should be
meticulously planned for outpatient and inpatient services, adhering to design standards
commensurate with the hospital's dimensions and configuration.
2.3. Cardiovascular Laboratory Service Design in Heart Hospitals
(2) US Department of Veteran Affairs. (2016). Cardiovascular Laboratory Service

Design Guide. STANDARDS ALERT, 003C2B-SA-011.
https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/va/standards-alerts/003c2b-sa-011.
According to this study, in recent years, healthcare delivery for invasive procedures
has transitioned towards an integrated interventional platform model. This model involves
the co-location of surgical, interventional, and diagnostic radiology services on the same
platform. Shared services, such as the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU), patient preparation,
phase II patient recovery, and support spaces, are utilized to optimize service scale and
enhance workflow efficiency. Additionally, this approach aims to address ways to minimize
hospital-acquired infections (HAI) while maximizing resource utilization.
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Figure 3. Functional Diagram of Cardiovascular Services from US Department of Veteran

Affairs
2.3.1. Cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology laboratory and hybrid surgery

requirements for operative procedures
The primary principle behind implementing Hybrid OR standards for Cardiac

Catheterization and Electrophysiology Laboratories is to guarantee the provision of safe,
top-tier care for patients undergoing operative procedures, regardless of the precise physical
setting of the designated laboratory. This entails preemptively addressing potential
unforeseen events that may arise during invasive procedures, such as surgical implantations,
and taking appropriate measures to ensure patient safety and quality of care.
2.4. Design of Cardiac Surgery Operating Rooms and the Impact of the Built
Environment
(3) Barach, P., & Rostenberg, B. (2014). Design of cardiac surgery operating rooms
and the impact of the built environment. In Springer eBooks (pp. 411–424).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6566-8_34
It can be emphasized in this study the planning of cardiovascular surgical procedure

rooms or suites, irrespective of their innovation or incorporation of advanced medical
technology, is likely to achieve success only when closely integrated with the ongoing
developments in care models, medical practices, local culture, political dynamics, and a
P a g e | 22
focus on safety and reliability of care. Additionally, cardiovascular spaces should be

designed with adaptable strategies to ensure continuous evolution and readiness.
Figure 4. Hybrid Operating Room: A state-of-the-art hybrid operating room
The design of cardiac surgery operating rooms plays a crucial role in optimizing
patient outcomes and surgical efficiency while ensuring the safety and well-being of both
patients and medical staff. The built environment of these operating rooms encompasses
various architectural and engineering elements tailored to meet the specific needs of cardiac
surgery procedures.
Firstly, the layout and organization of the operating room must facilitate seamless
workflow and ergonomics, allowing surgeons and surgical teams to perform intricate
procedures with precision and ease. This includes strategically positioning surgical
equipment, monitors, and anesthesia delivery systems for optimal accessibility and
visibility during surgery.
Furthermore, the design of cardiac surgery operating rooms prioritizes infection

control and cleanliness to minimize the risk of surgical site infections and other healthcare-
associated infections. Specialized ventilation systems, sterile surfaces, and stringent
cleaning protocols are essential components of the built environment to maintain a sterile
operating environment.
In addition to functionality and infection control, the built environment of cardiac

surgery operating rooms also considers the comfort and well-being of patients. Factors such
as lighting, temperature control, noise reduction, and patient privacy are carefully addressed
to enhance the overall surgical experience and promote positive outcomes. Advancements
in technology and medical equipment continually influence the design of cardiac surgery
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operating rooms. The integration of advanced imaging systems robotic-assisted surgical

tools, and telemedicine capabilities requires flexible and adaptable architectural solutions
to accommodate evolving technological needs.
The design of cardiac surgery operating rooms and the built environment
surrounding them have a profound impact on patient safety, surgical outcomes, and the
overall quality of care delivered in cardiovascular healthcare settings. By incorporating
evidence-based design principles and multidisciplinary collaboration, healthcare facilities
can create optimal environments that support excellence in cardiac surgery and contribute
to improved patient outcomes.
2.5. Local Heart Hospitals
2.5.1. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City, Philippines
Figure 5. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City, Philippines
The Philippine Heart Center, located in East Avenue, Quezon City, Manila,
Philippines, is a government Department of Health (DOH)-specialty hospital and healthcare
institution. Established through Presidential Decree No. 673 issued by President Ferdinand
E. Marcos in 1975, it was originally named the Philippine Heart Center for Asia before
being renamed to its current form. The center was inaugurated on February 14, 1975, and
has been a hub for cardiovascular care. Renowned specialists in the field, such as Christiaan
Barnard, Denton Cooley, Donald Effler, and Charles Bailey, have practiced there.
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Avenilo P. Aventura served as the first Director of the PHC from 1974 to 1986.
Aventura, a pioneering cardiovascular surgeon, conducted several groundbreaking
operations in the Philippines, including the first successful renal transplantation in 1970,
the inaugural CABG procedure in 1972, and the development and implantation of the first
ASEAN bioprosthesis, the PHCA porcine valve. The PHC admitted its first patient, Imelda
Francisco, on April 14, 1975.
Figure 6. Philippine Heart Center Site Development Plan
The architecture of the Philippine Heart Center embodies a blend of functional

design and aesthetic appeal, reflecting its significance as a leading healthcare institution in
the Philippines. Situated in East Avenue, Quezon City, Manila, the building's structure is
characterized by modernist elements, with clean lines, geometric shapes, and a focus on
functionality.
The exterior facade showcases a contemporary design, often featuring a

combination of glass, concrete, and steel materials. The use of expansive windows allows
natural light to permeate the interior spaces, creating a bright and welcoming environment.
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The building's height and scale convey a sense of grandeur, befitting its status as a
specialized medical facility.
Internally, the layout of the Philippine Heart Center is carefully planned to optimize
patient care, staff efficiency, and operational workflows. The spacious corridors and well-
defined circulation pathways ensure ease of movement for patients, visitors, and medical
personnel. Patient rooms and treatment areas are equipped with state-of-the-art medical
equipment and amenities, designed to provide comfort and support during treatment and
recovery. In addition to its functional design, the architectural features of the Philippine
Heart Center incorporate elements of Filipino culture and heritage. Artwork, sculptures, and
decorative elements inspired by local traditions and themes adorn the interior spaces, adding
a sense of identity and belonging to the facility.
2.5.2. Asian Cardiovascular Institute of Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa
City
Figure 7. Asian Cardiovascular Institute, Muntinlupa City
The Asian Cardiovascular Institute of Asian Hospital and Medical Center is the first
and only advanced cardiovascular care facility in southern part of metropolis which offers
comprehensive cardiovascular diagnostic and treatment procedure using a holistic approach
to heart and vascular care. It brings together the best among cardiologists, cardiovascular
surgeons, interventional radiologists, electrophysiologists, and allied healthcare
professionals to provide high quality, comprehensive, and value-based care. With a focus
on innovation, research, and patient-centered care, the Asian Cardiovascular Institute aims
to deliver the highest standards of cardiovascular healthcare to patients in the Asian region.
The exterior facade of the institute is characterized by contemporary aesthetics,

featuring sleek lines and a blend of glass, concrete, and steel materials. This design not only
enhances the building's visual appeal but also allows for ample natural light to penetrate the
interior spaces, creating a bright and welcoming atmosphere.
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2.6. Foreign Heart Hospitals
2.6.1. Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, United States of America
Figure 8. Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, United States of America
Oklahoma Heart Hospital is a specialized medical facility dedicated to providing

comprehensive care and treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Collaborating closely with
physicians, WHR designed the hospital with a focus on meeting the unique needs of heart
patients. The aim was to establish an integrated approach to care delivery, leveraging
cutting-edge digital technology.
Featuring a welcoming four-story atrium with a concierge desk, the hospital offers
a friendly check-in experience. A natural color palette, incorporating elements like wood
and stone, adds warmth to the interior design. The second floor is strategically organized to
house Imaging, Diagnostics, Laboratory, Pathology, and Pharmacy departments, fostering
collaboration and shared services among these units. Patient rooms, situated in eight-bed
clusters, are designed to encourage interaction between patients, families, and staff,
employing an innovative pod layout unprecedented in healthcare settings.
The spacious patient rooms are meticulously zoned into staff and family areas,
offering scenic views of the outdoors. Specially designed beds, adaptable to various
positions, enable all 78 patient rooms to function as critical care units when needed. High-
resolution monitors installed in patient rooms and throughout the hospital provide
healthcare professionals with immediate access to patient information. Each patient room
is equipped with a convertible chair-bed and a window seat doubling as an additional bed,
ensuring comfort for family members. Additionally, the hospital's "A la Heart Café" offers
dining options, internet access, and communication facilities, providing a convenient space
P a g e | 27
for families during their stay. The third floor accommodates a large clinical practice,
complete with 36 private exam rooms and select imaging and diagnostic facilities.
Figure 9. Oklahoma Heart Hospital Lobby, Figure 10. Oklahoma Heart Hospital
Inpatient Room
2.6.2. Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai, India
Figure 11. Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai, India
Established in 2002, the Asian Heart Institute (AHI) stands as India’s premier
cardiac care hospital, renowned for its world-class services in cardiovascular medicine.
With a track record of treating over 300,000 patients, conducting 20,000 heart surgeries,
and performing 35,000 angiographies, AHI has solidified its reputation as a leader in the
field. The hospital's groundbreaking achievements include pioneering treatments for
complex heart surgeries, boasting an exceptional success rate of 99.8% in bypass surgeries
and 99.4% in cardiac surgeries — a testament to its unparalleled expertise and dedication
to patient care.
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This 250-bedded hospital has all modern amenities and implements the latest
technologies in cardiac treatment. Hospital has a wide range of cabins and wards for
patients. It has a 24-hour blood bank, pharmacy, ambulance, cafeteria, ATM, ample car
parking space and diagnostic facilities. The 24-hour monitoring of patients in ICU by senior
doctors and one to one nursing care of critical patients is provided.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Key Theories and Concepts
To provide a ground framework for the project, the researcher highlighted and
elaborated the concepts of built environment, innovative hospital design, sustainability,
efficient workflow, and therapeutic environment.
Built Environment
The “built environment encompasses places and spaces created or modified

by people including buildings, parks, and transportation systems.” In recent years,
public health research has expanded the definition of built environment to include
healthy food access, community gardens, walkability, and bikability (IDP, 2021).
The built environment for cardiac hospitals refers to the physical

infrastructure, architectural design, and spatial organization of the hospital facility
specifically tailored to accommodate the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of
patients with cardiac conditions. It encompasses all aspects of the hospital's physical
surroundings, including the layout of patient rooms, medical facilities, corridors,
waiting areas, and support spaces.
In the context of cardiac hospitals, the built environment is designed to

optimize patient care, safety, and comfort while also facilitating the efficient
delivery of medical services by healthcare professionals. This may involve
specialized features such as cardiac catheterization labs, operating rooms equipped
with advanced cardiovascular imaging technology, intensive care units for
postoperative monitoring, and rehabilitation facilities for cardiac patients.
Innovative Hospital Design
The innovative design is a form inspired by the Heart: The architectural form
of the hospital mimics the shape of the human heart, with a central atrium
representing the cardiac chambers and branching corridors symbolizing the arterial
pathways. The atrium serves as the focal point of the hospital, providing natural
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light and ventilation while promoting a sense of openness and connectivity. The
hospital incorporates biophilic design principles, integrating natural elements such
as living green walls, indoor gardens, and water features. These elements not only
enhance the aesthetic appeal of the space but also contribute to a healing
environment, reducing stress and promoting relaxation for patients, visitors, and
staff.
Different functional zones within the hospital are organized according to the
anatomical regions of the heart. For example, diagnostic and imaging facilities are
located in the "atrium" area, representing the receiving chambers of the heart, while
surgical suites and intensive care units are situated in the "ventricular" areas,
symbolizing the pumping chambers responsible for circulation.
Therapeutic Environment
By prioritizing patient-centered design, biophilic elements, stress reduction

strategies, sustainability, and therapeutic landscapes, the proposed cardiac hospital
aims to create a holistic healing environment that supports the physical, emotional,
and psychological well-being of patients and their families. Through thoughtful
architectural interventions, the hospital will set a new standard for cardiac care
facilities, promoting healing, comfort, and resilience in the face of cardiovascular
challenges.
The design will focus on minimizing stressors commonly associated with

healthcare environments, such as noise, clutter, and institutional aesthetics. Sound-
absorbing materials, soothing color palettes, and comfortable seating areas will be
strategically placed throughout the hospital to create tranquil spaces for relaxation
and reflection.
Sustainability
Sustainability is the important concepts in 20th century. Several definitions

of sustainable development have been put forth, including the following common
one: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainability relies on high efficiency and the uninterrupted function of a

continuing social, economic, and ecological system in such a way that does not
degrade and consume the resources used. Sustainable architecture is explained as a
long term thought and action philosophy including the processes of building
programming, usage, management throughout its economic life, destruction of the
building or reuse. “The characteristics of sustainable design are its ability to
P a g e | 30
integrate the life cycles of building systems with ecological systems in biosphere”
(Aydin, 2017). The aim of this study is to reveal what design inputs can be driven in
hospital buildings that differ in terms of design, application process and human
environment relationships in use.
Embracing sustainability, the cardiac hospital in Talon Tres will incorporate

energy-efficient systems, green building materials, and renewable energy sources to
minimize environmental impact and operating costs. Greenspaces will further
enhance the ecological footprint of the facility, it will also prioritize water and
energy conservation, waste reduction, and eco-friendly practices, aligning
healthcare operations with principles of environmental responsibility for long-term
ecological and financial benefits. creating a healing environment that is in harmony
with nature.
By incorporating sustainable passive design strategies, the cardiac hospital

can significantly reduce its environmental footprint. This includes maximizing
natural light and ventilation to reduce reliance on artificial lighting and mechanical
HVAC systems, thus lowering energy consumption.
Thermal mass materials regulate indoor temperatures, decreasing the need

for heating and cooling. Orientation and shading elements optimize solar gain,
reducing heating costs in winter and cooling needs in summer. Green roofs and
permeable surfaces mitigate heat island effects and stormwater runoff. These
strategies enhance energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and patient comfort, making
the hospital more resilient, cost-effective, and environmentally responsible.
Efficient Workflow
A well-designed surgical suite should accommodate both the need to

maximize throughput and financial benefits, as well as the imperative to maintain
high standards of care and minimize risks. This requires careful consideration of the
physical environment to support efficient intra-departmental and intra-room
workflows (Barach, 2015). Layouts should optimize space and resources to facilitate
smooth transitions between procedures while ensuring patient safety and quality
outcomes.
Flexibility in room configurations and equipment placement allows for

adaptation to varying surgical needs. Advanced technology integration enhances
efficiency without sacrificing patient care. Ultimately, the surgical suite should
balance operational demands with clinical excellence, creating an environment
conducive to optimal performance and patient satisfaction.
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3.2. Theoretical Framework
Evidence-Based Design (EBD) for Design of Healthcare Facilities
EBD emphasizes using empirical evidence to inform design decisions. In

healthcare, it considers how built environments affect patient outcomes, staff
efficiency, and overall well-being. EBD integrates research findings from fields
such as architecture, psychology, and medicine to optimize hospital design for
safety, comfort, and healing.
Figure 12. Evidence-Based Design of Healthcare Facilities Model
According to Craig Zimgrig (2013), Evidence-based design (EBD) of

healthcare facilities is an emerging field with the potential to significantly reduce
the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that the built

environment of healthcare settings—their layout, materials, equipment, and
furnishings—plays a key role in facilitating or preventing transmission of
pathogens.
The infection prevention community can be an important partner in further

developing this evidence base by advocating for and including healthcare facility
design in its research agenda. Simultaneously, the EBD of the built environment
holds the promise of providing an additional set of tools for infection prevention.
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Triple Bottom Line Sustainability
Figure 13. Triple-C framework for delivering sustainable healthcare
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Sustainability principles guide hospitals to

balance economic viability, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility.
This framework encourages cost savings through energy efficiency

measures, market differentiation, and return on investment. Environmentally,
hospitals focus on resource conservation, climate mitigation, and green
infrastructure implementation.
Socially, TBL sustainability promotes public health, community

engagement, and stakeholder collaboration. By adopting sustainable practices,
hospitals not only reduce operational costs and environmental impact but also
improve patient well-being, community health outcomes, and organizational
resilience, positioning themselves as leaders in sustainable healthcare delivery.
Green Hospitals
The concept of a "green hospital" refers to healthcare facilities that prioritize

environmental sustainability amid the continuously dense usage situations (Aydin,
2019).
These hospitals fulfill criteria such as opting for environmentally conscious

settlement design, utilizing nature-friendly building materials, and maintaining
environmental sensitivity throughout construction and operational processes.
Green hospitals focus on recycling and reusing materials, minimizing waste,

and promoting cleaner air. Key aspects of this approach include waste and hazardous
material management, water and energy conservation, and innovative
P a g e | 33
environmental design. Overall, green hospitals embody an environmentally

conscious management ethos, striving to minimize their ecological footprint while
delivering quality healthcare services.
Figure 14. Key elements of Green Management of Hospitals
Intradepartmental and Intra-room Workflow
According to Barach (2015), the workflow within a surgical suite is affected

by various factors such as the proximity between preoperative beds, operating
rooms, and the post-anesthesia recovery unit (PACU) or intensive care unit (ICU).
The arrangement of the surgical suite, whether it spans one floor or multiple floors,
also plays a role in workflow efficiency.
Furthermore, the physical layout of operating rooms in relation to central

sterile processing functions, whether they are horizontally or vertically aligned,
impacts instrument sterilization and supply management efficiency. If the ICU and
central sterile processing are managed as separate departments from surgery,
workflow to and from these areas may be considered inter-departmental, further
influencing overall workflow dynamics.
In contrast to intra-departmental workflow, which is influenced by traffic to

and from the operating room, intra-room workflow considers the various types of
flow possibilities and limitations within the operating room itself. Factors within the
built environment that significantly impact intra-room workflow include the
quantity and positioning of entrances into the operating room, the degree of
separation between clean and soiled goods as they enter and exit the space, the
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placement of the surgical table within the room, and the arrangement and
configuration of medical and information technology (IT) devices.
Figure 14.1. Operating Room Zoning Diagram: Illustration depicting the different
functional zones within a standard operating room (OR).
3.3. Conceptual Framework
Figure 15. Conceptual Framework
Innovative hospital design significantly impacts the built environment of cardiac

hospitals, creating therapeutic spaces that prioritize patient well-being, safety, and recovery.
P a g e | 35
Through patient-centered design, advanced technology integration, sustainable practices,

and therapeutic amenities such as healing gardens and holistic care spaces, these hospitals
promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve patient outcomes. Efficient workflow
optimization, accessible facilities, and community engagement initiatives further enhance
the patient experience, fostering a healing environment that supports holistic cardiac care
and empowers patients in their journey towards recovery and cardiac health management.
3.4. Research Design
This study will employ a qualitative analysis approach wherein this phase will
involve collecting data on key indicators such as patient satisfaction scores, length of
hospital stay, and rates of medical complications before and after the implementation of
innovative design interventions in the cardiac hospital.
3.4.1. Thematic analysis
Thematic analysis will be employed to identify recurring themes and

patterns in the qualitative data, providing deeper insights into the subjective
experiences and perspectives of stakeholders of Talon Tres residents and nearby
barangays of Las Piñas City. The findings from qualitative phases will be
triangulated to generate a comprehensive understanding of the impact of innovative
hospital design on the built environment of a cardiac hospital in Talon Tres, creating
a therapeutic environment for patients.
3.4.2. Content Analysis
Content analysis will be conducted on relevant documents in Las Piñas City

and other specialized cardiac institutes from Muntinlupa City, such as hospital
design plans, architectural blueprints, and patient feedback reports, to examine the
presence and effectiveness of specific innovative design features in promoting a
therapeutic environment. This analysis will provide additional context and insights
into the design elements that contribute most significantly to patient well-being and
satisfaction. The findings from both quantitative and qualitative phases, along with
content analysis, will be triangulated to generate a comprehensive understanding of
the impact of innovative hospital design on the built environment of a cardiac
hospital in creating a therapeutic environment for patients.
3.5. Data Gathering Procedure
A comprehensive literature review underpins the data collection approach for this
project, which investigates the development of a specialized cardiac hospital in Talon Tres,
Las Piñas City with a core focus on finding relevant studies on the impact of innovative
P a g e | 36
hospital design on therapeutic built environments. Recognizing the multidimensional nature

of this project, the group of architects began the research process by scanning several
academic databases, industry publications, and reports. The architect’s search was narrowed
down to sites on themes including “Sustainable Hospital Design”, “Innovative Hospital
Design”, and “Built Environments and its impact on Hospital Design”.
By following this data gathering procedure, comprehensive insights can be obtained

into the impact of innovative hospital design on the built environment of a cardiac hospital
in creating a therapeutic environment for patients. Integration of findings will provide
comprehensive insights into the relationship between innovative design and a therapeutic
environment, ensuring validity and reliability.
3.6. Site Selection
Figure. 16 Location Map Admiral Rd, Alabang-Zapote, Talon Tres, Las Piñas City
The Site is located in Admiral Rd, Alabang-Zapote, Talon Tres, Las Piñas City.
Talon tres is a barangay located in the city of Las Piñas, Philippines. Situated in the southern
part of Metro Manila, Talon Tres offers proximity to major thoroughfares such as Alabang-
Zapote Road and C5 Extension, providing convenient access to neighboring cities and
business districts. The area is known for its residential communities, commercial
establishments, and healthcare facilities, making it an ideal location for the establishment
of a new healthcare facility.
Talon Tres boasts excellent accessibility, with multiple transportation options

available for patients, visitors, and staff. The site is easily accessible via public
transportation, including buses, jeepneys, and tricycles, facilitating convenient travel for
individuals from surrounding areas. Additionally, Talon Tres offers proximity to
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commercial establishments, restaurants, and recreational facilities, providing convenience

and amenities for patients, visitors, and staff such as the Moonwalk Wet Market, SM
Southmall, SMDC Residences and many others.
3.7 Sources of Data
3.7.1 Primary
The primary sources of information for the case study were the direct
observations from fieldwork reports, conducting literature reviews of case studies
and research publications, drafts of the project design, and other documents about
the project sites. Additionally, analysis of relevant documents, such as architectural
plans and patient feedback reports were used.
3.7.2. Secondary
The study relies on secondary sources of information, primarily sourced

from architectural and design publications focusing on mixed-use resort
developments. Academic journals, research papers, and related case studies
exploring topics such as resort management, tourism trends, and mixed-use
developments were also consulted to establish theoretical frameworks and reference
existing models. Furthermore, industry reports, market studies, expert insights from
specialized cardiac hospital architecture professionals, e-books, and government
publications were utilized to gather additional data and bolster the case study's
findings.
3.7.2.1. Online Articles and Reports
Online articles and reports serve as valuable secondary sources of

data for designing a specialized cardiac hospital. These resources encompass
a wide range of topics relevant to hospital architecture, cardiology,
healthcare management, and facility design. They often include insights
from industry experts, case studies of successful hospital projects, and
discussions on emerging trends and innovations in healthcare facility design.
Additionally, online articles and reports from Talon Tres may provide
information on regulatory requirements, best practices, and evidence-based
design principles specific to cardiac care facilities. By accessing online
articles and reports about local cardiac hospitals, designers and healthcare
professionals can gain valuable knowledge and inspiration to inform the
design process, ensuring that the specialized cardiac hospital meets the needs
of patients, staff, and the broader healthcare community.
3.7.2.2. Academic Journals and Research Papers
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Journals and academic research papers were crucial secondary

sources of data utilized in the design of a specialized cardiac hospital in
Talon Tres, Las Piñas City. These scholarly publications provided in-depth
analyses, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks relevant to cardiac
care, hospital design, and healthcare management. They covered topics such
as cardiology advancements, patient care models, clinical outcomes,
architectural design principles, and facility planning strategies tailored to
cardiac hospitals.
By consulting journals and academic research papers, designers and

healthcare professionals accessed the latest advancements, best practices,
and evidence-based approaches in cardiac care and hospital design. This
ensured that the specialized cardiac hospital in Talon Tres was equipped with
state-of-the-art facilities and adhered to industry standards, ultimately
enhancing patient outcomes and improving the quality of care provided to
the community.
3.7.2.3. Building Codes and Regulations
The research implemented the design standards and regulations from

the following sources of information in developing a specialized cardiac
hospital in Talon Tres, Las Piñas City: National Building Code of the
Philippines, The Accessibility Code, Local Government Code, Republic Act
No. 4226 (Hospital Licensure Act), Philippine Health Facility Development
Plan (HFDP).
P a g e | 39
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS, AND INTERPRETATIONS OF DATA
4.1. Legal Basis for Design
The legal framework for designing hospitals in the Philippines is established by a

range of laws, regulations, and standards issued by government entities. Key components
of this framework include the Philippine Health Facility Development Plan (HFDP),
Republic Act No. 4226 (Hospital Licensure Act), Department of Health (DOH)
Administrative Orders, and the Building Code of the Philippines. Local government units
(LGUs) also enact ordinances governing land use, zoning, and building permits.
Additionally, accessibility laws, such as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and
environmental regulations further shape hospital design and construction. Compliance with
these legal instruments ensures adherence to standards for structural integrity, fire safety,
accessibility, sanitation, and environmental sustainability. By following this legal
framework, hospital designers and operators contribute to the delivery of safe, accessible,
and high-quality healthcare services in accordance with national and local regulations,
ultimately benefiting patients and the broader community.
4.1.1. National Regulations
1. Philippine Health Facility Development Plan (HFDP): Provides guidelines

and standards for planning, designing, constructing, and operating healthcare
facilities, including hospitals.
2. Republic Act No. 4226 (Hospital Licensure Act): Regulates the establishment,
operation, and licensure of hospitals in the Philippines, ensuring compliance
with healthcare standards.
3. Department of Health (DOH) Administrative Orders: Issued by the DOH,

these orders provide detailed regulations and guidelines for hospital design,
construction, and operation.
4. National Building Code of the Philippines: Sets minimum requirements for

structural integrity, fire safety, accessibility, and sanitation in building
construction, including hospitals.
5. Magna Carta for Disabled Persons (Republic Act No. 7277): Mandates
accessibility standards for public buildings, including hospitals, to ensure equal
access for persons with disabilities.
6. The Philippine Green Building Code:, also known as the Referral Code of The
National Building Code of The Philippines (P.D. 1096), promotes sustainable
and eco-friendly building practices.
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7. Fire Code of the Philippines: Prescribes minimum requirements for fire safety
measures and protocols in buildings, including hospitals, to prevent and mitigate
fire-related risk
8. Republic Act No. 184: the Philippine Electrical Code, covering electrical
installation standards and practices.
9. Administrative Order No. 2020-0047-A: provides planning and design

guidelines specifically for primary care facilities.
10. Administrative Order No. 2021-0037 ANNEX D: planning and design

guidelines for general clinical laboratories.
11. Administrative Order No. 2011-0015 (Revised Guidelines on the

Establishment and Operation of Lying-In Clinics): Establishes guidelines for
the design, operation, and accreditation of lying-in clinics, focusing on facility
standards, maternal and newborn care services, and quality assurance
mechanisms.
12. Administrative Order No. 2017-0027 (National Guidelines for the Design
and Construction of Hospitals and Other Health Facilities): Sets standards
and specifications for the design, construction, and renovation of hospitals and
health facilities, addressing areas such as architectural design, engineering
systems, infection control, and patient safety.
13. Administrative Order No. 2015-0002 (Revised Standards for Ambulatory

Surgical Clinics): Specifies requirements for the design and operation of
ambulatory surgical clinics, including facility layout, equipment standards,
infection control measures, and emergency preparedness protocols.
4.1.1.1. Character of Site According to Building Occupancy Type
According to the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096),

hospitals are classified under the GROUP D – “Institutional" occupancy type,
Wherein, Group D Occupancies shall include:
• Division 1 – Mental hospitals, mental sanitaria, jails, prisons,

reformatories, and buildings were personal liberties of inmates are
similarly restrained.
• Division 2 – Nurseries for full-time care of children under
kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes with non-
ambulatory patients, and similar buildings each accommodating
more than five persons.
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• Division 3 – Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for

children of kindergarten age or over, each accommodating more than
five persons: Provided, that Group D Occupancies shall not include
buildings used only for private or family group dwelling purposes.
4.1.1.2. Use of Site According to Zoning Classification
This classification encompasses buildings used for medical, surgical,

psychiatric, or custodial care on a 24-hour basis for more than five persons who are
not related to the operator. It includes facilities such as hospitals, nursing homes,
sanitariums, and orphanages. As an "Institutional" occupancy type, hospitals are
subject to specific building code requirements and regulations to ensure the safety,
health, and welfare of patients, staff, and visitors. These regulations cover various
aspects such as structural design, fire safety, accessibility, sanitation, and
environmental standards tailored to the unique needs of healthcare facilities.
4.1.1.2.1. GI (General Institutional)
The "General Institutional" occupancy type refers to the classification of the

building according to its primary function and occupancy. This designation
encompasses various areas within the hospital facility where medical, surgical,
psychiatric, or custodial care is provided to patients on a 24-hour basis. The purpose
of classifying buildings by occupancy type is to provide a framework for architects,
engineers, builders, and regulatory authorities to collaborate effectively in ensuring
that buildings meet the necessary standards and regulations to safeguard the well-
being of occupants and the public.
4.1.1.3. The Philippine Green Building Code
To adhere to the Philippine Green Building Code (Republic Act 9514),

hospitals can implement various strategies to promote sustainability, energy
efficiency, and environmental responsibility in their design, construction, and
operation. Hospitals can comply with the Green Building Code include investing in
energy-efficient lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
to reduce energy consumption, installing water-efficient fixtures to minimize water
usage, implementing waste segregation and recycling programs, prioritizing indoor
air quality, choosing sites that minimize environmental impact, using sustainable
building materials, and pursuing green building certifications.
These measures not only help hospitals comply with the Green Building
Code but also contribute to reducing their environmental footprint and promoting
sustainable healthcare practices for the benefit of patients, staff, and the community.
Some ways hospitals can comply with the Green Building Code include:
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Total Gross Floor Areas (TGFA)
Table 3. Minimum TGFA for Building Use / Occupancy
Lighting Power Density
Table 4. Maximum Allowed LPD
Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
Table 5. MRF Minimum Daily Storage Space Requirements
4.1.1.4. Batas Pambansang Bilang 344 (B.P. 344)
Batas Pambansang Bilang 344, also known as the Accessibility Law, is a

Philippine law that mandates accessibility standards for persons with disabilities
(PWDs) in public buildings, including hospitals. Enacted in 1983, this law aims to
promote the welfare of PWDs by ensuring their access to public facilities and
services.
Under Batas Pambansang Bilang 344, hospitals are required to comply with
accessibility standards to accommodate the needs of PWDs. This includes
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provisions for accessible parking spaces, ramps, elevators, handrails, signage, and
other features that facilitate mobility and usability for individuals with disabilities.
By adhering to the Accessibility Law, hospitals in the Philippines are

mandated to create an inclusive and accessible environment for all patients, visitors,
and staff, regardless of their physical abilities. This ensures that individuals with
disabilities have equal access to healthcare services and facilities, promoting dignity,
independence, and participation in society.
Doors
All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 900 mm.
Figure 17. Plan of SLIDING DOOR
Figure 17.1. Plan of SWING DOOR
Figure 17.2. Doorknobs, latches, vertical pull distance from ground
Corridors
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• Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed, stretcher, and

equipment transport may be reduced in width to 1.83 meters (or 6
feet) in clear width.
• Corridors for access by patient using bed or stretcher and equipment
shall be at least2.44 meters (or 8 feet) in clear width.
Figure 18. Turnabout spaces at corridors
Ramps
Figure 19. Design of a ramp wider than 1.20 meters

but not less than 3000 millimeters, requiring intermediate handrails.
• An entry ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance of the

hospital or health facility that is not on the same level as the ground.
• A ramp shall have a minimum clear width of 1.22 meters (or 4 feet)
in one direction (or 2.44 meters or 8 feet in two opposite directions).
4.1.2. Local Regulations
There are legal frameworks that govern the development and architectural
layout of hospitals and healthcare establishments locally in Las Piñas, Metro
Manila, Philippines, ensuring compliance with operational standards, these are:
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Hospital Mandate Administrative Order No.0022
Subject: Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No.

9240 “An Act Converting the Las Piñas District Hospital in Las Piñas City,
Metro Manila, into a Medical Center, to be Known as the Las Piñas General
Hospital & Satellite Trauma Center and Appropriating Funds Therefor”
The act specifies that there be an increase in bed capacity of hospitals

in Las Piñas City to 500 beds, upgrading its service facilities and
professional health care services, and appropriating funds for the betterment
of healthcare ad hospital services.
The involvement of local government agencies in healthcare holds

significant importance. These agencies are responsible for formulating and
enacting policies and laws pertaining to the healthcare sector, which in turn
influence the procurement and dissemination of specific medications. Such
legislation plays a pivotal role in enhancing the standard of medical facilities
and establishing the annual government budget allocated for the nation's
healthcare requirements. These policies are crafted through collaborative
efforts between lawmakers and healthcare experts, ensuring informed
decision-making. Adequate government support facilitates the efficient
administration of healthcare services, thereby extending quality healthcare
access to a broader population nationwide..
City Ordinance No. 1053-11 Series Of 2011
This ordinance is titled The Amended Comprehensive Land Use and

Zoning Ordinance of the City of Las Piñas, and commonly referred to as the
"Zoning Ordinance of 2011."
This ordinance serves several key purposes. Firstly, it aims to

prioritize and uphold public health, safety, peace, morals, comfort,
convenience, and the general welfare of the locality's inhabitants. Secondly,
it seeks to manage and regulate future growth and development in alignment
with the established Development Plan of the City of Las Piñas.
Additionally, it endeavors to preserve the distinct character and stability of
various zones within the city, including residential, commercial, industrial,
institutional, park, and open space areas. The ordinance also strives to ensure
equitable access to light, air, privacy, and property, while preventing
overcrowding and excessive concentration of population and properties.
Zoning entails the division of the city into land use zones, specifying
patterns, nature, and characteristics of uses, and providing density and
environmental regulations consistent with the approved Land Use Plan
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prepared by the City Development Planning Office and adopted by the

Sangguniang Panlungsod of Las Piñas.
4.2. Site Profile
Admiral Alabang-Zapote Rd., Talon Tres in Las Piñas City offers a prime location for the
establishment of a new healthcare facility, particularly a cardiac hospital. With its
accessibility, infrastructure, amenities, diverse community demographics, and market
potential, Talon Tres presents an opportunity to address the healthcare needs of the local
population while serving as a hub for specialized cardiac care in the southern Metro Manila
area.
Accessibility
Talon Tres boasts excellent accessibility, with multiple transportation

options available for patients, visitors, and staff. The site is easily accessible via
public transportation, including buses, jeepneys, and tricycles, facilitating
convenient travel for individuals from surrounding areas. It is surrounded by
commercial areas such as SM Southmall, Puregold, and the Moonwalk Wet market.
It is also accessible by two main roads: Alabang-Zapote Road and Admiral Road.
Figure 20. Accessible Roads to site represented by yellow line
Community Demographics
Talon Tres is home to a diverse community with a mix of residential,

commercial, and industrial establishments. The area has a growing population,
including families, professionals, and retirees, reflecting a broad demographic
profile. With a steady influx of residents and businesses, there is a demand for
comprehensive healthcare services within the community, presenting an opportunity
for a new healthcare facility to address the needs of the local population.
Market Potential
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The strategic location of Talon Tres, combined with its growing population
and accessibility, presents a favorable market potential for a new healthcare facility.
The area lacks specialized healthcare services, particularly in the field of cardiology,
presenting an opportunity for the establishment of a cardiac hospital to cater to the
needs of patients in the community and surrounding areas. Moreover, the presence
of existing healthcare facilities indicates a demand for healthcare services, further
underscoring the market potential for a new healthcare facility in Talon Tres.
4.2.1. Site Requirements
4.2.1.1. Gross Floor Area Based on Lot Type
According to the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National

Building Code of the Philippines, commonly known as PD 1096 (2005), the Gross
Floor Area calculation is established by multiplying the Building Height Limit
(BHL) with the Allowable Maximum Building Footprint (AMBF). This AMBF is
represented as a percentage (%) of the Total Lot Area (TLA), as specified in the
Table, irrespective of whether there is a firewall present or not.
Table 6. Allowable Max. Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA)* by Type/ Location of Lot
Institutional GROUP D Without Sprinkler With Sprinkler System
System & Firewalls & Firewalls
Interior (or Rear) Lot and BHL x 50% of TLA BHL x 60% of TLA
End Lot
Inside (or Regular) Lot BHL x 50% of TLA BHL x 60% of TLA
Corner Lot BHL x 60% of TLA BHL x 70% of TLA
Through Lot BHL x 60% of TLA BHL x 70% of TLA
Corner Through Lot BHL x 60% of TLA BHL x 70% of TLA
Corner Lot Abutting 3 or BHL x 60% of TLA BHL x 70% of TLA
More Streets, etc.
4.2.1.2. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy
The maximum height and number of storeys of proposed building shall be

dependent upon the character of use or occupancy and the type of construction,
considering end-user population density, light and ventilation, width of
RROW/streets particularly of its roadway/carriageway component, building bulk,
off-street cum off-site parking requirements, etc. and in relation to local land use
plan and zoning regulations as well as other environmental considerations, e.g.,
geological, hydrological, meteorological, topographical, prevailing traffic
conditions, the availability and capacity of public utility/service systems, etc.
BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL) - the maximum height to be allowed

for buildings/structures based on their proposed use or occupancy; the BHL is
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generally determined after the application of other development controls (DC) and
certain other parameters, i.e., considerations of site conditions, view, etc.
The Building Height Limit (BHL) of any proposed building/structure shall

only be as allowed under this Rule (as shown in table below) or under the duly
approved city/municipal (local) zoning ordinance, whichever is more restrictive.
Table 7. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy.
Character of Use or Type of Building/ Building Height Limit (BHL)

Occupancy Structure
Institutional - 15.00 meters (or must follow the
duly approved BHL in the major
zone it is part of)
4.2.1.3. Minimum Parking Slot, Parking Area, and Loading/ Unloading Space
Requirements
As per the National Building Code regulations, there should be one off-street
cum on-site car parking space for every twenty-five beds, as well as one off-street
passenger loading space capable of accommodating two queued jeepney or shuttle
slots.
Additionally, a minimum of one loading slot for articulated trucks or

vehicles, which can accommodate a 12.00-meter long container van plus a 6.00-
meter length for a long or hooded prime mover, should be provided, along with one
loading slot for a standard truck for every 5,000.00 square meters of gross floor area
(GFA). Truck maneuvering areas should also be provided outside of the Right of
Way (RROW), limited to within the property or lot lines.
4.2.1.4. Minimum Setbacks
Table 8. Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and

Recreational Buildings
4.2.1.5. Range of Required Sidewalk Widths
No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to

public space, yard or street/road on at least one (1) of its sides. All buildings shall
face a public street, alley or a road, which has been duly approved by the proper
authorities for residential, institutional, commercial and industrial groups.
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Road right of ways (RROW) measuring 9.00 meters wide or wider, the
minimum width of the sidewalk should be 1.20 meters on each side of the RROW,
resulting in a total of 2.40 meters on both sides. However, for RROW widths less
than 9.00 meters, the minimum sidewalk width may vary.
Table 9. Suggested Median and Lane Widths Within Alleys/Roadways/Carriageways

by Minimum RROW Width and by Suggested Vehicle Speeds
4.2.1.6. Open Space Requirements by Occupancy Type and Lot Type/Location
The measurement of the percentage (%) of site occupancy (or lot occupancy)
shall be taken at the ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards and light
wells. Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from
the walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall
copings, sills, or steel fire escapes not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.
Table 10. Minimum TOSL Requirements by Lot Type/Location.
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4.2.2. Micro Site Analysis
4.2.2.1. Site Inventory
A site inventory will be conducted to obtain a thorough understanding of the

site's attributes and constraints before undertaking any development or construction
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project. By compiling detailed information about the site, stakeholders can make
informed decisions about its suitability for the intended use, identify potential
challenges or opportunities, and develop appropriate strategies to address them.
4.2.2.1.1. Community
Talon Tres, nestled within Las Piñas City, is a vibrant community

with a diverse population of 32,963 residents.
Talon Tres 32,963 Population [2020] are as follows: Census 1.493

km² Area 22,074/km² Population Density [2020] 3.6% Annual Population
Change [2015 → 2020]. The population of Talon Tres grew from 10,951 in
1990 to 32,963 in 2020, an increase of 22,012 people over the course of 30
years.
As of the latest available statistics, the demographics of Talon Tres

reflect a dynamic mix of residents from various backgrounds. The
community encompasses a wide range of age groups, with families, young
professionals, and elderly individuals contributing to its rich tapestry of
diversity. The population density of Talon Tres is notable, with a significant
number of households residing within its boundaries. Additionally, the
community is characterized by its cultural and ethnic diversity, with
residents hailing from different regions of the Philippines and even from
other countries. Overall, Talon Tres is a thriving and inclusive community,
where residents from all walks of life come together to create a vibrant and
welcoming neighborhood.
Figure 20.1. Area figures computed by using geospatial data according to

National Statistics Office of the Philippines (web), National Statistical
Coordination Board.
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Figure 21. The population development of Talon Tres, Las Piñas
4.2.2.1.2. Transportation
Transportation in Talon Tres, Las Piñas City, is characterized by a

mix of modes catering to the diverse needs of its residents. The community
benefits from a well-developed road network, providing convenient access
to neighboring areas within Las Piñas and beyond. Public transportation
options are readily available, with jeepneys, tricycles, and buses serving as
primary modes of travel for commuters. These modes offer affordable and
accessible transportation solutions, connecting residents to key destinations
such as commercial centers, schools, and healthcare facilities.
The closest stations to the site are:

• Alabang-Zapote Road, Las Piñas City, Manila is 436 meters away, 6
min walk.
• Colegio De Sta. Monica, Marcos Alvarez Ave, Las Piñas City Manila
is 993 meters away, 13 min walk.
• Bf Resort Vill Uv Express Terminal is 1360 meters away, 18 min
walk.
In addition to public transportation, private vehicles are commonly used
by residents for daily commuting and errands. The road infrastructure in
Talon Tres includes main thoroughfares and secondary streets, facilitating
smooth traffic flow within the community. Pedestrian walkways and
sidewalks are also present, enhancing safety and accessibility for
pedestrians.
Furthermore, Talon Tres benefits from its proximity to major road

arteries, such as Alabang-Zapote Road and Coastal Road, providing
convenient access to other parts of Metro Manila and nearby provinces. This
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connectivity ensures that residents have easy access to employment

opportunities, educational institutions, and recreational facilities located
outside the community.
Overall, transportation in Talon Tres is characterized by its accessibility,

affordability, and connectivity, enabling residents to travel conveniently
within the community and beyond.
4.2.2.1.3. Roads
Figure 21.1. Road Networks to the site
Alabang-Zapote Road is major roadway that a four-lane national road

which travels east–west through the southern limits of Metro
Manila, Philippines. It runs parallel to Dr. Santos Avenue in the north and is
named for the two barangays that it links: Alabang in the city
of Muntinlupa and Zapote in both the cities of Bacoor and Las Piñas. The
entire route is designated as National Route 411 (N411). On the west of the
site is the Admiral Road that is a minor road connected to commercial areas
going to Barangay BF International.
4.2.2.1.3. Drainage and Sewage
Talon Tres, Las Piñas City has comprehensive drainage and sewage
system designed to efficiently manage rainwater runoff and wastewater
disposal. The city's drainage infrastructure comprises a network of channels,
canals, and stormwater drains strategically positioned to mitigate flooding
and prevent water accumulation during heavy rainfall. These drainage
systems are meticulously maintained by local authorities to ensure
unimpeded water flow and minimize the risk of inundation in residential and
commercial areas.
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Additionally, Las Piñas City is equipped with a modern sewage

system that collects and treats wastewater from households, businesses, and
industrial facilities. Sewage pipes and conduits transport wastewater to
treatment plants where it undergoes rigorous processing to remove
pollutants and contaminants before being discharged back into the
environment. This system plays a crucial role in safeguarding public health
and preserving the ecological balance of surrounding water bodies.
Figure 22. Drainage map of Las Piñas City
4.2.2.1.5. Solid Waste Disposal
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Las Piñas is one of the highly urbanized cities in the Philippines with
deep respect for the environment.
Waste management is a well-known best practice in the city. Regular

and efficient collection of garbage is done in over 250 private villages and
subdivisions as well as the rest if the 20 barangays. The thousand-strong
Kaagapay sa Kalinisan and Yellow Boys Volunteers are mobilized to
maintain cleanliness on streets and major roads.
In constructing a specialized hospital on the site, solid waste disposal

is managed through comprehensive waste management protocols designed
to ensure the safe and environmentally responsible handling of medical
waste.
Firstly, hospitals segregate solid waste at the source into different

categories, including general waste, infectious waste, hazardous waste, and
recyclable materials. This segregation is crucial for proper disposal and
treatment of different types of waste. Once segregated, solid waste is
collected in designated bins or containers that are color-coded and labeled
according to the type of waste they contain. Medical waste, such as
infectious or hazardous waste, is collected separately from general waste to
prevent contamination.
After collection, medical waste is transported from hospitals to

treatment facilities using specialized vehicles equipped with appropriate
containment and safety measures. Transportation protocols ensure that waste
is handled securely and does not pose risks to public health or the
environment during transit. At treatment facilities, medical waste undergoes
treatment processes tailored to its specific characteristics. This may include
autoclaving, microwaving, chemical disinfection, or incineration to sterilize
and render the waste safe for disposal. Hazardous and infectious waste
require specialized treatment to neutralize pathogens and reduce
environmental impact.
Following treatment, medical waste is disposed of according to

regulatory requirements and best practices. This may involve landfill
disposal for non-hazardous waste, or alternative methods such as energy
recovery or landfill diversion for certain types of waste. Hospitals implement
stringent monitoring and compliance measures to ensure adherence to waste
management regulations and standards. This includes regular inspections,
audits, and documentation of waste generation, handling, and disposal
practices. Overall, effective solid waste disposal management in hospitals
relies on comprehensive waste management systems, stringent protocols,
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and adherence to regulatory requirements to safeguard public health and the

environment.
4.2.2.1.6. Water Supply
Las Piñas City typically receives its water supply from the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), which sources
water from various surface and groundwater reservoirs in the region. Angat
Dam is the main source of water for Metro Manila. It supplies about 90
percent of raw water requirements for Metro Manila through the facilities of
the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System. The water supply in
Las Piñas City serves as a critical consideration when designing a hospital,
ensuring adequate access to clean and potable water for various medical and
facility needs.
4.2.2.2. SWOT Analysis
Figure 23. SWOT Analysis of Project Site
Strengths
Accessible and Well-connected via main road
The site is conveniently accessible and well-connected via the main road,
Alabang-Zapote Road. It enjoys convenient access to transportation networks,
major roads, and public transit systems, facilitating easy connectivity for customers,
employees, and visitors.
Visibility of Commercial Areas
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Surrounded by commercial establishments, the site benefits from high

visibility and exposure to foot traffic, vehicular traffic, and potential customers,
enhancing its market presence and brand awareness. The presence of nearby
commercial areas creates opportunities for collaboration, networking, and
synergistic partnerships with neighboring businesses, fostering a dynamic
ecosystem of economic activity and growth.
High Market Demand
In Las Piñas, there is a notable surge in demand for specialized cardiac

hospitals due to several factors. The city's growing population, coupled with an
aging demographic, has led to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases
and related conditions. As a result, there is a heightened need for advanced cardiac
care facilities equipped with specialized medical expertise and state-of-the-art
technology to address these health concerns effectively. Additionally, Las Piñas'
proximity to other urban centers within Metro Manila enhances its appeal as a
healthcare destination, attracting patients seeking specialized cardiac treatments and
procedures from neighboring areas. Moreover, the lack of sufficient specialized
cardiac hospitals in Las Piñas underscores the untapped market potential, presenting
a lucrative opportunity for investors and healthcare providers to fill this gap in the
local healthcare landscape and meet the rising demand for cardiac care services.
Significant Demographic Population
The city's growing population, coupled with increasing healthcare needs,

offers a strong market demand for hospital services, ensuring a steady flow of
patients. With a growing number of residents, there is an increased prevalence of
cardiovascular diseases and related ailments, necessitating access to advanced
cardiac care facilities.
Seismically Stable and Flood-resistant
Talon Tres, Las Piñas City has a unique advantage as a seismically stable
and flood-resistant locale. Situated in a region with relatively low seismic activity,
the city enjoys a reduced risk of earthquakes, providing a stable foundation for
infrastructure and development. Additionally, Las Piñas is equipped with efficient
drainage systems and flood mitigation measures, safeguarding against inundation
during heavy rainfall or flooding events. It also has a relatively high altitude in
Metro Manila. This combination of seismic stability and flood resilience enhances
the city's appeal as a safe and secure environment for residents, businesses, and
infrastructure investments, fostering sustainable growth and development
opportunities.
Weaknesses
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Environmental Constraints
In Talon Tres, Las Piñas, environmental constraints present notable

challenges, particularly concerning noise pollution and air quality control. Due to
their proximity to urban centers and major thoroughfares, these areas are particularly
susceptible to heightened levels of noise pollution from vehicular traffic and
commercial activities. Additionally, the presence of industrial zones and urban
development may contribute to air pollution, impacting the overall air quality of the
locality.
Addressing these environmental concerns requires proactive measures, such

as implementing soundproofing techniques for buildings and establishing emission
control policies for industries and transportation. By prioritizing noise reduction
initiatives and implementing stringent air quality regulations, Talon Tres can strive
towards creating healthier and more sustainable living environments for residents.
Traffic Congestion
The site faces the challenge of traffic congestion, which could potentially
impede access and pose logistical hurdles once the hospital is operational. With
bustling urban activity and densely populated areas nearby, existing traffic
congestion may exacerbate when accommodating the influx of patients, visitors, and
medical staff. Addressing this concern will necessitate strategic planning and
infrastructure improvements, such as enhanced road networks, designated parking
facilities, and efficient traffic management systems.
Because the road Alabang-Zapote carries more than 70,000 vehicles per day
as of 2016 and even more so in 2024, it suffers from traffic jams everyday which
may pose a hindrance to emergency medical transports.
Opportunities
Economic Growth
Leveraging Las Piñas City's proximity to tourist destinations and

international airports, the hospital can explore opportunities in medical tourism by
offering high-quality medical services to international patients, diversifying revenue
streams and attracting foreign investment. Collaboration with government agencies,
non-profit organizations, or private sector partners presents opportunities for joint
ventures, funding opportunities, or incentive programs, facilitating project financing
and implementation.
Sustainable Development and Infrastructure Upgrade
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The building site presents opportunities for new construction,

redevelopment, or adaptive reuse projects, catering to emerging market trends,
demographic shifts, or community needs. Leveraging the site's location and
amenities, mixed-use development strategies can create synergies between
residential, commercial, and recreational uses, maximizing land value and
diversifying revenue streams.
Community Engagement
Engaging with the local community through health education programs,

outreach initiatives, and community events can build trust, loyalty, and long-term
patient relationships, fostering a positive reputation and sustainable growth. The
local community in Talon Tres may offer substantial support for the hospital project,
fostering goodwill, patient referrals, and collaborative partnerships with local
organizations and stakeholders.
Design Innovation
The site selection presents opportunities for architectural innovation and

experimentation, allowing architects to explore new design concepts, materials, and
construction techniques that push the boundaries of traditional architectural practice
and promote sustainability and resilience. Integration of sustainable design
principles, such as energy efficiency, green building technologies, or renewable
energy systems, offers opportunities to enhance the site's environmental
performance and market appeal.
Threats
Environmental Degradation Risks
Environmental degradation poses a significant threat to the construction and

operation of a specialized hospital in Talon Tres, Las Piñas. As urbanization
intensifies and industrial activities expand, the surrounding environment faces
increasing pressure from pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction. These
environmental challenges can have far-reaching impacts on public health,
exacerbating respiratory ailments and chronic diseases prevalent in the community.
Legal or Regulatory Changes
Changes in healthcare regulations, licensing requirements, or government funding

allocations may necessitate costly compliance measures or operational adjustments,
affecting the hospital's profitability and competitive positioning.
Economic Fluctuations
Economic fluctuation presents a significant threat to the construction and

sustained operation of a specialized hospital in Talon Tres, Las Piñas. Fluctuations
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in economic conditions, such as recessions, inflation, or currency devaluation, can

impact healthcare spending, patient volumes, and revenue streams. During
economic downturns, individuals may face financial constraints, leading to reduced
demand for elective medical procedures and discretionary healthcare services.
Additionally, fluctuations in healthcare reimbursement rates and insurance

coverage may affect the hospital's revenue and cash flow, potentially leading to
financial instability or operational challenges.
4.2.2.2.1. Site Analysis
Figure 23.1. Site Analysis
Location: Talon Tres is situated in Las Piñas City, Metro Manila, Philippines, within
close proximity to major roadways, urban centers, and commercial districts. It is
strategically located for easy accessibility by both residents and visitors, offering
convenient transportation options and connectivity to neighboring areas.
Topography: The topography of Talon Tres is relatively flat, with no significant

elevation changes or natural features. This provides a stable foundation for construction and
development projects, minimizing the need for extensive site preparation or earthwork.
Infrastructure: The area benefits from well-established infrastructure, including road

networks, utilities, and public services. Major roads such as Alabang-Zapote Road provide
convenient access to the site, while nearby amenities such as schools, markets, and
healthcare facilities enhance the area's livability and convenience.
Surrounding Land Use: Talon Tres is characterized by a mix of residential,

commercial, and institutional land uses. Residential neighborhoods dominate the area,
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interspersed with commercial establishments, retail centers, and community facilities. This
diverse mix of land uses contributes to the vibrancy and accessibility of the neighborhood.
Environmental Considerations: Environmental factors such as noise pollution and

air quality may pose challenges in the area, particularly due to proximity to major roadways
and urban centers. Additionally, issues such as drainage and sewage management require
attention to mitigate potential flooding risks and ensure environmental sustainability.
Sunpath and Ventilation: The site's orientation and exposure to sunlight influence its
microclimate and indoor comfort levels. Analysis of the sun path can help optimize building
orientation and design to maximize natural daylighting and minimize solar heat gain,
enhancing energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Similarly, strategic placement of
buildings and open spaces can promote natural ventilation, facilitating airflow and reducing
the reliance on mechanical cooling systems.
Community Dynamics: The local community in Talon Tres is characterized by its

diverse demographics and strong sense of community engagement. Residents actively
participate in local events, initiatives, and governance processes, contributing to a cohesive
and supportive neighborhood environment.
Regulatory Considerations: Compliance with zoning regulations, building codes,

and environmental standards is essential for any development project in Talon Tres. Close
coordination with local authorities and adherence to regulatory requirements are critical to
ensure the successful implementation of the project.
Talon Tres presents a favorable site for development, offering strategic location,
robust infrastructure, and a vibrant community. While environmental, regulatory, and
climatic considerations require careful attention, the area's potential for growth and
accessibility make it an attractive location for various development opportunities, including
the construction of a specialized hospital.
Figure 24. Elevation map of Talon Tres, Las Piñas City
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Figure 24.1. Top Flood-free areas in Southern Metro Manila, including Talon Tres
4.2.2.2.2. Climate and Geographical Condition
Located at an elevation of None meters (0 feet) above sea level, Las Piñas has a
Tropical rainforest climate (Classification: Af). The district’s yearly temperature is 29.39ºC
(84.9ºF) and it is 2.17% higher than Philippines’s averages. Las Piñas typically receives
about 70.88 millimeters (2.79 inches) of precipitation and has 120.61 rainy days (33.04%
of the time) annually.
Figure 25. Monthly temperature and precipitation of Las Piñas in 2023.
The Geography of Las Piñas is bounded to the northeast by Parañaque; to the southeast
by Muntinlupa; to the west by Bacoor; to the southwest by Dasmariñas; and to the
northwest by Manila Bay. Half of its land area is residential and the remaining half is used
for commercial, industrial and institutional purposes. The present physiography of Las
Piñas consists of three zones: Manila Bay, coastal margin and the Guadalupe Plateau.
4.2.2.2.3. Current Site Condition
Las Piñas City, like many urban areas in Metro Manila, features soil composition
that is predominantly comprised of clayey and sandy materials. These soils are often a result
P a g e | 63
of the city's geological history and land use patterns. The presence of clayey soils indicates
high levels of clay minerals, which can lead to poor drainage and susceptibility to
compaction. Sandy soils, on the other hand, tend to have better drainage but may lack
fertility and stability. Also, the soil composition in Las Piñas may vary across different areas
of the city due to factors such as land reclamation, development activities, and natural
processes. Understanding the soil composition is crucial for construction projects, as it can
influence foundation design, drainage systems, and overall site stability. Conducting soil
tests and assessments is essential to determine the specific characteristics and properties of
the soil in Las Piñas City for effective land development and infrastructure planning.
4.3. Programming
4.3.1. User Analysis
1. Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: Individuals diagnosed with various heart

conditions such as coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, valvular
diseases, congenital heart defects, and other cardiac disorders.
2. Individuals with Risk Factors: People with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases,
including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking, sedentary
lifestyle, and family history of heart disease, who require preventive care, screening,
and risk assessment.
3. Patients Needing Diagnostic Testing: Individuals in need of diagnostic procedures

to assess heart health, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms,
stress tests, cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, and imaging studies.
4. Those Requiring Interventional Procedures: Patients requiring interventional

procedures to manage or treat cardiovascular conditions, such as angioplasty,
stenting, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve repair or replacement,
pacemaker implantation, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
5. Individuals Needing Rehabilitation: Patients recovering from cardiac events or

surgeries who require cardiac rehabilitation programs to improve cardiovascular
fitness, reduce risk factors, and enhance overall health and well-being.
6. Caregivers and Family Members: Family members and caregivers providing

support, assistance, and advocacy for patients undergoing cardiac treatments or
procedures, participating in decision-making, and facilitating patient recovery and
rehabilitation.
7. Healthcare Professionals: Medical professionals specializing in cardiovascular

care, including cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, interventional cardiologists,
electrophysiologists, cardiac nurses, rehabilitation specialists, dieticians, and social
workers involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiac patients.
P a g e | 64
8. Referring Physicians: Primary care physicians, internists, and other healthcare

providers referring patients for specialized cardiac evaluation, treatment, and
follow-up care at the hospital.
9. Community Members: Local residents and community members of Talon Tres

participating in cardiac education programs, screenings, and prevention initiatives
offered by the hospital to promote heart health awareness and improve
cardiovascular outcomes in the community.
Understanding the diverse needs and preferences of these user groups is essential for
designing and delivering specialized cardiac services that are responsive to the unique
healthcare needs of the community in Talon Tres, Las Piñas City.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary of Findings
The site selection in Talon Tres, Las Piñas greatly benefits the cardiac hospital,
particularly in terms of therapeutic built environment and innovative hospital design. With
its strategic location, diverse community, and collaborative potential, the site offers unique
opportunities to create a healing environment that prioritizes patient comfort, well-being,
and efficient care delivery. Leveraging the urban setting and existing infrastructure enables
the implementation of innovative design concepts and technologies to enhance patient
experiences and clinical outcomes.
The site in Talon Tres, Las Piñas presents unique opportunities and challenges for
the development of a cardiac hospital that prioritizes therapeutic built environment
principles and innovative design concepts to enhance the health and well-being of patients.
While the site in Talon Tres, Las Piñas presents both opportunities and challenges, its
strategic location, diverse community, and collaborative potential offer promising prospects
for the development of a cardiac hospital focused on therapeutic built environment
principles and innovative design concepts.
To summarize, the site selection plays a crucial role in supporting the hospital's
mission to provide high-quality cardiac care while promoting a holistic approach to creating
a therapeutic environment for health and wellness of patients through innovative hospital
design.
5.2 Conclusion
In conclusion, the site selection in Talon Tres, Las Piñas presents a promising
foundation for the development of a specialized cardiac hospital focused on therapeutic
built environment and innovative design principles. The strategic location, diverse
community, and collaborative potential of the site offer significant opportunities to create a
P a g e | 65
healing environment that prioritizes patient well-being and enhances clinical outcomes.
While challenges such as environmental constraints and space limitations must be
addressed, the site's advantages outweigh these obstacles. By leveraging its strengths and
implementing creative solutions, the cardiac hospital can effectively meet the unique needs
of patients while contributing to the overall health ecosystem of the community. Ultimately,
the site selection greatly benefits the hospital's mission to provide exceptional cardiac care
and improve the health and well-being of individuals in Talon Tres, Las Piñas, and beyond.
A user-centered approach to hospital design, focusing on therapeutic environments

and innovative features, ensures that the cardiac hospital meets the diverse needs and
preferences of its users, ultimately enhancing the quality of care and improving health
outcomes for patients and the community.
5.3 Recommendation
The study recommends that in planning the design of a cardiac hospital in Talon
Tres, Las Piñas City, it is crucial to prioritize a community-centric approach, engaging with
local residents to understand their healthcare needs and cultural preferences. Sustainable
and resilient design strategies should be incorporated to minimize environmental impact
and ensure the hospital's ability to withstand natural disasters. Accessibility and
connectivity are key considerations, requiring convenient transportation options and
efficient patient flow within the hospital. Integration of technology, such as telemedicine
and electronic health records, is essential to enhance patient care and streamline processes.
Collaboration among healthcare providers from various disciplines should be facilitated,
with flexible spaces promoting teamwork and care coordination. Finally, creating a healing
environment with elements such as natural light, soothing colors, and indoor greenery will
support patient comfort, relaxation, and recovery. Trough embracing these
recommendations, the cardiac hospital can effectively meet the healthcare needs of the
community while promoting sustainability, resilience, and high-quality care delivery.
P a g e | 66
Citations and References:
• Aydın, D., Yaldız, E., & Büyükşahin, S. (2017). Sustainable Hospital Design for
Sustainable Development. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on
Urban Planning, Architecture, Civil and Environment Engineering (UPACEE-17),
Dubai. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332072357_Sustainable_Hospital_Desig
n_for_Sustainable_Development
• Weather and Climate. (2019). Las Piñas, Philippines - Weather forecast. Retrieved
from https://weatherandclimate.com/philippines/metropolitan-manila/las-
pinas#google_vignette
• Topographic Map. (n.d.). Las Piñas, Philippines [Topographic map]. Retrieved

from https://en-ph.topographic-map.com/map-9pptf/Las-
Pi%C3%B1as/?center=14.47644%2C120.9892
• Presidential Decree No. 1096/National Building Code of the Philippines
• The Philippine Green Building Code
• AIA Academy of Architecture for Health (AAH). (2014). Designing a heart center.
Designing a Heart Center.
https://www.brikbase.org/sites/default/files/aah_journal_v3_2000_oct_01_0.pdf
• US Department of Veteran Affairs. (2016). Cardiovascular Laboratory Service

Design Guide. STANDARDS ALERT, 003C2B-SA-011.
https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/va/standards-alerts/003c2b-sa-011
• Republic Act No. 4226 (Hospital Licensure Act)
• Magna Carta for Disabled Persons (Republic Act No. 7277)
• Fire Code of the Philippines
• What is a heart hospital? | Healthcare Basics. (n.d.). Sharecare.

https://www.sharecare.com/health/health-care-basics/what-is-heart-hospital
• Dresler, T., Rohe, T., Weber, M., Strittmatter, T., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2015). Effects
of improved hospital architecture on coercive measures. World Psychiatry, 14(1),
105–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20201
• Barach, P., & Rostenberg, B. (2014). Design of cardiac surgery operating rooms
and the impact of the built environment. In Springer eBooks (pp. 411–424).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6566-8_34
• Zimring, C., Denham, M. E., Jacob, J. T., & Cowan, D. (2013). Evidence-Based
Design of Healthcare Facilities: Opportunities for Research and Practice in
P a g e | 67
Infection Prevention. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Advance

online publication. https://doi.org/10.1086/670220
• Bp 344 Implementing Rules And Regulations (IRR) Amendments Minimum

Requirements For Accessibility
• Las Piñas City Government. (n.d.). Clean and green environment. Retrieved from
https://laspinascity.gov.ph/tuloy-tuloy-na-serbisyo/10/clean-and-green-
environment
• Citypopulation.de. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.citypopulation.de
• Ransolin, N., Saurin, T. A., Clay-Williams, R., & Formoso, C. T. (2024). A

knowledge framework for the design of built environment supportive of resilient
internal logistics in hospitals. Applied Ergonomics, 116, 104209.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104209
• Akametalu, C. C., Jude, B., Agbonome, P. C., & Taylor-Nwanegbo, G. (2023).

Applying The Benefits Of Spatial Organization To Cardiac Specialist Hospital
Design In South Eastern Nigeria: The Case Of Spatial Organization Negligence In
Cardiac Hospital Design. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.
P a g e | 68
APPENDIX A.
CURRICULUM VITAE
JOJI MAERELTON D. BORROMEO
Block 14, Lot 23, Poland St., Veraville Townhomes Classic,

Talon Singko, Las Piñas City, Metro Manila
phone: 09616644139
Email: jmdborromeo2020@plm.edu.ph
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2020-2025 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
General Luna, corner Muralla St, Intramuros, Manila, 1002
Bachelor of Science in Architecture
2018-2020 LAS PIÑAS CITY NATIONAL SCIENCE

HIGH SCHOOL
Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon Dos, Las Piñas Senior
High School - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM)
2014-2018 LAS PIÑAS CITY NATIONAL SCIENCE

HIGH SCHOOL
Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon Dos, Las Piñas Junior
High School
RESEARCH EXPERIENCE
2023 AZTLAND: A PROPOSED THEME PARK

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
Supervisor: Arch. Juan Carlo Rillera
2020 INTEGRATION OF CHITOSAN ISOLATED

FROM BLACK TIGER SHRIMP (PENAEUS
MONODON) EXOSKELETON IN THE
PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE
UTENSILS
Las Piñas City National Science High School
Supervisor: Ayra P. Alvero
FIELDWORK/INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2021 COMPANY INTERN

Powergard Electronic Motor Protector Industries Corp.
Orbiter St., Moonwalk Village, Las Piñas City
Supervisor: Engr. Angeles V. Garcia
2020 OFFICE INTERN
Department of Human Resources and Management
Las Piñas City Hall
Supervisor: Emerina Clarisse L. Bernante
LEADERSHIP
2018-2019 STANDARD PRESS – COPYREADING AND HEADLINE
WRITING EDITOR
Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon Dos, Las Piñas
Senior High School - Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM)
P a g e | 69
AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS
2018-2020 ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE AWARD

WITH HONORS
Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon Dos, Las Piñas,
Junior High School
2014-2018 ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE AWARD WITH HONORS

Carnival Park St., BF Resort Village, Talon Dos, Las Piñas
Senior High School - Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM)
2018-2019 NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE

QUALIFIER, NCR REPRESENTATIVE
Republic of the Philippines Department of Education National
Capital Region
Lingayen, Pangasinan
2018-2019 REGIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE

(NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION), COPYREADING
AND HEADLINE WRITING ENGLISH
Capital Region
Makati, Metro Manila
2018-2019 DIVISION SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (LAS

PIÑAS CITY), COPYREADING AND HEADLINE
WRITING ENGLISH
Capital Region
Las Piñas, Metro Manila
2018-2019 DIVISION SCHOOLS GAMES, WOMEN’S CHESS –

CHAMPION
Capital Region
Las Piñas, Metro Manila
RELEVANT SKILLS & INTEREST

• Computer Skills (Microsoft Office, Revit, AutoCAD)
• Editing Skills (Copyreading)
REFERENCES
• Joemar Lazaro Furigay, Las Piñas City National Science High School,
09159818808
• Engr. Angeles V. Garcia, Powergard Electronics Motor Protector, 09167187631
JOJI MAERELTON D. BORROMEO

Printed Name and Signature
P a g e | 70
P a g e | 71

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

A Semestral Plate Presented to

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

AR. CARL JONNEL ELIPANE, UAP

A PROPOSED CARDIAC HOSPITAL IN TALON TRES, LAS PIÑAS CITY:

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

Keywords: Specialized hospital, heart center, well-being, sustainability, efficiency

APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................................ 2

Chapter III ....................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 1. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City from designkultur.wordpress.com

Figure 2. Typical plans of various non-invasive cardiology rooms

Figure 3. Functional Diagram of Cardiovascular Services from US Department of Veteran

Figure 4. Hybrid Operating Room: A state-of-the-art hybrid operating room

Figure 5. Philippine Heart Center, Quezon City, Philippines

Figure 6. Philippine Heart Center Site Development Plan

Figure 7. Asian Cardiovascular Institute, Muntinlupa City

Figure 8. Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, United States of America

Figure 9. Oklahoma Heart Hospital Lobby,

Figure 10. Oklahoma Heart Hospital Inpatient Room

Figure 11. Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai, India

Figure 12. Evidence-Based Design of Healthcare Facilities Model

Figure 13. Triple-C framework for delivering sustainable healthcare

Figure 14. Key elements of Green Management of Hospitals

Figure 14.5.Operating Room Zoning Diagram: Illustration depicting the different

Figure 15. Conceptual Framework

Figure 17. Plan of SLIDING DOOR

Figure 17.1. Plan of SWING DOOR

Figure 17.2. Doorknobs, latches, vertical pull distance from ground

Figure 18. Turnabout spaces at corridors

Figure 19. Design of a ramp wider than 1.20 meters

but not less than 3000 millimeters, requiring intermediate handrails.

Figure 20. Accessible Roads to site represented by yellow line

Figure 21. The population development of Talon Tres, Las Piñas

Figure 21.1. Road Networks to the site

Figure 22. Drainage map of Las Piñas City

Figure 23. SWOT Analysis of Project Site

Figure 23.1. Site Analysis

Figure 24. Elevation map of Talon Tres, Las Piñas City

Figure 25. Monthly temperature and precipitation of Las Piñas in 2023

Table 1. Non-invasive modalities and area requirements

Table 2. Invasive modalities and area requirements

Table 3. Minimum TGFA for Building Use / Occupancy

Table 4. Maximum Allowed LPD

Table 5. MRF Minimum Daily Storage Space Requirements

Table 7. Building Height Limit (BHL) by Type of Use or Occupancy. Table

8. Setbacks for Commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational Buildings

Table 9. Suggested Median and Lane Widths Within Alleys/Roadways/Carriageways

by Minimum RROW Width and by Suggested Vehicle Speeds

Table 10. Minimum TOSL Requirements by Lot Type/Location

1.1 Background of the Study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as a leading cause of mortality globally,

Furthermore, the absence of a dedicated cardiac hospital in Talon tres underscores a

This research aims to propose a comprehensive framework for the establishment of

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Goals of the Study

This study aims to:

1.4. Objectives of the Study

1.5. Significance and Purpose of the Study

1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Study

1.7. Assumptions of the Study

1.8. Architectural Hypothesis of the Study

The student architect hypothesizes that through meticulous space optimization

1.9. Definition of the Terms