Community Resilience: The Construction of

Modular Disaster Relief Shelter in

Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

AUTHOR 1: BORROMEO, JOJI One critical aspect of disaster

MAERELTON D. preparedness is the establishment of a modular
disaster relief shelter, serving as an immediate
jmdborromeo2020@plm.edu.ph
central hub for coordinating emergency
response efforts. The shelter's construction aims to
AUTHOR 2: ROSCA, ASHLEE DANE S.
provide a safe haven for residents during
adsrosca2020@plm.edu.ph disasters, reducing human casualties, property
damage, and displacement. Additionally, the
AUTHOR 3: Ar. Antonio C. Nudas III shelter can alleviate the strain on existing
healthcare facilities by offering temporary
acnudas@plm.edu.ph
medical services to those in need, mitigating the
impact of the area's scarcity of hospitals.

Natural disasters such as floods and By employing empirical research

earthquakes, pose significant threats to the methodologies, including surveys, interviews, and
residents of Lower Bicutan, Taguig City, data analysis, this study seeks to evaluate the
Philippines. In response to these challenges, this tangible benefits of the modular disaster relief
study investigates the effectiveness of shelter in Lower Bicutan. This study will examine
constructing a modular disaster relief shelter in the feasibility and effectiveness of constructing a
Lower Bicutan, with a focus on mitigating the modular disaster relief shelter in Lower Bicutan,
impacts of floods and earthquakes and Taguig City, to enhance community resiliency
addressing the deficiency in immediate and emergency medical response.
healthcare facilities during calamities.
Keywords: Modular, Disaster relief shelter,
Lower Bicutan is characterized by its community resiliency, emergency medical
vulnerability to flooding, compounded by its response, temporary shelter
flood-susceptible open and residential areas,
and insufficient drainage systems in major road I. Introduction
networks. Additionally, the area is situated within
an active seismic zone, the West Valley Fault
Natural Disasters pose significant
System, facing a heightened risk of earthquakes.
challenges to communities worldwide, often
This combination of environmental factors
resulting in displacement, loss of lives, and
underscores the urgent need for resilient disaster
damage to infrastructure. The Philippines, a
country prone to various natural hazards such as
response measures tailored to the community's
typhoons, earthquakes, and floods, the need for
unique circumstances.
effective disaster response and recovery

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COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR DISASTER RELIEF SHELTER TO ENHANCE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE IN LOWER BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY
mechanisms is paramount. One critical aspect of
disaster preparedness is the provision of suitable
shelter for affected populations, particularly in
the immediate aftermath of a disaster.
In addition, the provision of temporary
sheltering stands as a fundamental aspect of
disaster management protocols. In the context of
the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a heightened
need for rapid and modular temporary sheltering
solutions in densely populated urban areas to
enhance the capacity of hospitals for treatment
and care services.
However, effective emergency
management strategies for contemporary
societies necessitate the integration of resilience
principles into all stages of emergency response.
The concept of resilience introduces a
fresh perspective to disaster management
practices, with recent research indicating that
resilience initiatives lead to notable
enhancements in traditional safety and security
measures during disasters.
The construction of a modular disaster
relief shelter in Lower Bicutan, Taguig City,
presents an opportunity to enhance community
resilience and emergency response in the area.
Modular structures can provide a
holistic approach to permanent housing
reconstruction in disaster-struck areas. By
evaluating the design, construction, and
functionality of the modular shelter, the study
seeks to identify key features and improvements
that can enhance its effectiveness in providing
safe and secure housing for disaster-affected
populations.
Modular construction presents several
inherent characteristics that facilitate rapid
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deployment and user-friendly solutions. These
include:
● Speedy construction: Modular structures
allow for swift assembly, reducing
construction timeframes compared to
traditional building methods.
● End-user friendliness: Modular housing
designs prioritize user needs and
comfort, offering functional and
customizable living spaces.
● Cost-effectiveness: The prefabricated
nature of modular construction can
result in cost savings, making it a viable
option for large-scale housing projects.
● Versatility: Modular structures can be
adapted to various terrain types and
environmental conditions, ensuring
suitability for diverse disaster-affected
areas.
● Quality assurance: Controlled factory
environments ensure consistent quality
control standards, enhancing the
durability and resilience of modular
housing solutions.
By leveraging these characteristics,
modular construction offers a comprehensive
and immediate approach to permanent/
temporary housing reconstruction in
disaster-stricken regions, addressing both shelter
needs, medical recovery, and long-term
community recovery efforts.
The study aims to assess the impact of
modular disaster relief shelter design and
construction to Lower Bicutan, Taguig City in
the context of emergency disaster response and
community resilience. By evaluating the
effectiveness of the modular shelter and its
impact on community resilience and emergency
response, the study also seeks to expand the
application modular disaster relief shelter
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construction to temporary storage facilities, materials that were used, the layout of the shelter, and
modular homes, and emergency medical evaluating its potential impact on the community.
facilities.
The effectiveness of the shelter may be
A. Research Problem influenced by external factors such as the frequency
and severity of disasters, access to resources and
1. How can modular disaster relief shelters in support services, and the capacity of local authorities
Lower Bicutan, Taguig City enhance and organizations to manage and maintain the shelter.
community resilience and emergency
response to disasters? D. Assumptions and Hypothesis
2. How can modular disaster relief shelters in
The establishment of such a modular
Lower Bicutan improve the relationship path
disaster relief shelter will lead to improved
between sheltering and recovering period
emergency response coordination, medical recovery
during disasters?
efforts, and community resilience during
3. How do prefabricated modular unit
disaster-stricken times due to the prefabricated nature
structures’ building material impact the
of modular construction, cost-effectiveness, speedy
durability, deployability and versatility of
assembly, rapid deployment, versatility and
disaster relief shelters?
adaptability to different terrain types and
B. Goals and Objectives environmental conditions, ensuring suitability for
disaster-affected areas in Lower Bicutan, Taguig City
● To conduct a comprehensive assessment of
the disaster risks and vulnerabilities in E. Significance
Lower Bicutan, Taguig
The significance of assessing the
● To identify the key features and
construction of a modular disaster relief shelter in
functionalities required for a modular
Lower Bicutan, Taguig City, lies in its potential to
disaster relief shelters to effectively serve
enhance community resilience and emergency
the community’s needs
response. By evaluating the feasibility and
● To assess the potential impact of the
effectiveness of such a shelter, this can provide
modular disaster relief shelter based on the
valuable insights into improvising disaster
identified requirements and feasibility
preparedness and response mechanisms in the area.
assessment
● To conduct a review of existing literature on
The findings can inform local government
materials commonly used in disaster relief
agencies, NGOs, and other stakeholders about the
shelter construction
key features and functionalities needed for an
effective modular shelter, enabling them to make
C. Scope and Limitation
informed decisions regarding its implementation.
The scope of implementing a modular
Additionally, the study can serve as a model
disaster relief shelter in Lower Bicutan, Taguig City,
for similar initiatives in other disaster-prone areas,
includes assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of
contributing to the broader field of disaster risk
such a shelter in enhancing community resilience and
reduction and management.
emergency response.
F. Concepts and Framework
This involves identifying key features and
functionalities required for the shelter to serve the
1. Theoretical Framework
community’s needs, assessing the sustainable

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COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR DISASTER RELIEF SHELTER TO ENHANCE
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Modular Systems as Temporary Sheltering in
Emergency Response
The necessity for effective emergency
management during hazard impacts, particularly in
densely populated urban areas, is emphasized.
Temporary sheltering emerges as a fundamental
requirement, especially given the challenges posed by
the COVID-19 pandemic.
Urgency exists in deploying fast and
modular temporary sheltering solutions to enhance
medical treatment and care services, particularly for
overwhelmed hospitals. Agile and adaptable
sheltering strategies are highlighted as essential for
meeting evolving emergency needs and ensuring
effective disaster management in urban settings
(Nekooie, 2020).
The utilization of modular structures as
temporary sheltering presents a practical and efficient
solution to address the housing needs of populations
affected by emergencies or disasters. These
prefabricated structures offer several advantages in
emergency response scenarios.
They are highly adaptable to various
environmental conditions and can be configured to
accommodate different spatial requirements and
withstand harsh weather conditions. Additionally, the
modular design allows for scalability, enabling the
expansion or contraction of sheltering facilities based
on changing population needs.
Modular Construction
The historical connotation of modular or
prefabricated construction often evokes memories of
post-war architecture, where rapid reconstruction was
imperative to restore what had been lost. However,
contemporary perspectives are evolving. Driven by
advancements in technology, heightened
environmental consciousness, and shifting economic
paradigms, modular construction is transcending its
historical confines to emerge as a prominent and
sustainable building methodology. Far from being a
fleeting trend, its burgeoning acceptance is
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underpinned by multifaceted reasons. Modular
construction affords the flexibility to fashion bespoke
buildings and spaces in a manner that is ecologically
sound, operationally seamless, and easily scalable.
Design criteria of Post-disaster Temporary
Shelters
Figure 1. A model for the design criteria development of
post-disaster temporary shelter
The theoretical framework for assessing the
construction of modular disaster relief shelters can be
related to the international standards and
recommendations for temporary shelters, as outlined
in various studies and resources. These standards
emphasize several key characteristics for temporary
shelters, including resistance, durability, stability,
cost-effectiveness, upgradability, simplicity, ease of
transport, climatic suitability, recyclability, privacy
provision, and property protection (Bashawri, Garrity
& Moodley, 2014; Kim, Kim & Kim, 2021; UNHCR,
2012).
The design criteria for modular disaster
shelters encompass various aspects, spanning
technology, construction, materials, ecology, cost,
building physics, spatial organization, sociology, and
aesthetics.
In terms of technology, the selection of
materials and systems is crucial, focusing on
structural performance, ease of production, storage,
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and transportation, as well as integration of service performance, moisture control, sound insulation, fire
systems. safety, and lighting, while spatial organization
Durability is paramount to withstand addresses user needs, privacy, flexibility, and
movements and ensure longevity, while accessibility for diverse demographics, including
considerations for ease of cleaning contribute to disabled and elderly users.
hygiene and maintenance.

Ecology is another key aspect, emphasizing

minimal environmental impact, sustainable
building-ground interaction, and eco-friendly
materials.

2. Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Conceptual framework for modular disaster

relief shelters

Cost-effectiveness is essential, balancing

quality and affordability to maximize resources.

Building physics considerations ensure

indoor climatic comfort, air quality, thermal

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EMERGENCY RESPONSE IN LOWER BICUTAN, TAGUIG CITY
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Figure 3. Modular disaster relief shelters and community

resilience influencing variables

efficient, flexible, and sustainable building solutions

Prefabricated Modular Unit Structures for diverse projects.

Prefabricated modular unit structures, also Community Resilience

known as PMUS, are innovative building solutions
characterized by their off-site construction and
assembly in modular components. These units are
fabricated in controlled factory settings, where they
undergo stringent quality control measures before
being transported to the construction site for
assembly. PMUS offer several advantages, including
accelerated construction timelines, cost-efficiency,
and versatility in design and application.
They can be customized to meet specific
project requirements and are suitable for various
purposes, including residential, commercial, and
industrial applications. Additionally, PMUS are
known for their sustainability benefits, as they often
incorporate eco-friendly materials and construction
methods, minimizing waste and environmental
impact. Overall, prefabricated modular unit structures
represent a modern approach to construction, offering
Community resilience refers to the
collective ability of a community to effectively adapt,
respond, and recover from adversity or challenges,
such as natural disasters, economic downturns, social
disruptions, or health crises. It involves the
collaboration and coordination of various
stakeholders within a community, including
individuals, families, businesses, community
organizations, government agencies, and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
The concept of system resilience, as outlined
by Gopalakrishnan and Peeta (2010), is built upon
two main pillars: systematic impact and total
recovery effort. These pillars encompass three
capacities crucial for resilience: absorptive capacity,
adaptive capacity, and restorative capacity.

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1. Absorptive Capacity: The ability to withstand ● Environmental Impact Assessment:

shocks or stressors without significant Assessing the ecological consequences of
damage. the disaster, such as pollution, habitat
2. Adaptive Capacity: The ability to adapt and destruction, and contamination of water
respond to changing conditions or challenges. sources. It helps in mitigating
3. Restorative Capacity: The ability to recover environmental hazards and planning for
and restore functionality after disruption. ecosystem restoration.

II. Methods of Inventory ● Infrastructure Assessment: Examining

the functionality of critical infrastructure
A. Research Design such as hospitals, schools, communication
networks, and utilities (electricity, water,
The study will involve a mixed-use approach, sanitation) to identify areas needing urgent
combining various research methods to compare and attention and resources for repair.
correlate data and information in finding and
● Risk Assessment: Analyzing ongoing
identifying disaster damage assessment and impact of
risks posed by the disaster, such as the
modular disaster relief shelters on community
potential for secondary hazards (e.g.,
resilience in the people of Lower Bicutan, Taguig
landslides, aftershocks) and vulnerabilities
City.
in infrastructure or communities. This
1. Disaster Assessment assessment informs safety protocols and
disaster preparedness measures.
Disaster assessment is a qualitative and
● Socio-Economic Assessment:
quantitative comprehensive evaluation process
Understanding the socio-economic impact
conducted after a natural or man-made disaster to
of the disaster on communities, including
gauge its impact and determine the extent of damage
loss of livelihoods, disruptions to
to infrastructure, communities, and the environment.
economic activities, and strain on local
The process will involve surveys and information
resources. It helps in designing recovery
collection activities to determine the effects on
programs and allocating resources to
disaster victims, the stricken community of Lower
support affected populations.
Bicutan in general.
2. Qualitative Analysis
● Damage Assessment: This involves
surveying the affected areas to determine In assessing the effectiveness of modular
the extent of physical damage to buildings, disaster relief shelters on community resiliency in
roads, bridges, utilities, and other Lower Bicutan, Taguig City, a qualitative approach
infrastructure. It helps in prioritizing areas will be adopted, employing content analysis and
for immediate repair and restoration. interviews with community members.
● Human Impact Assessment: Evaluating
Content analysis will be utilized to
the impact of the disaster on human lives,
systematically examine various textual and visual
including injuries, fatalities, displaced
materials, including government reports, media
populations, and disruptions to livelihoods.
coverage, and community documents, to identify
This assessment guides emergency
prevalent themes, trends, and discourses related to the
medical response efforts and the provision
implementation and impact of modular shelters.
of humanitarian aid.

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Additionally, semi-structured interviews will
be conducted with residents, local leaders, and
stakeholders to gain firsthand insights into their
perceptions, experiences, and opinions regarding the
shelters' role in enhancing community resilience.
Through these qualitative research methods,
a comprehensive understanding of the strengths,
challenges, and implications of modular disaster
relief shelters on the resilience of the Lower Bicutan
community will be achieved, informing future
disaster response and recovery efforts.
B. Data gathering procedures
The procedure will focus on gathering data
and information from previous disaster assessment
records of Lower Bicutan, Taguig City from local
government units that is emphasized on most recent
activities of flooding, earthquakes, and from the
aftereffects of COVID 19’ pandemic.
Another method that will be utilized are surveys and
interviews. Surveys will be administered to a
representative sample of community members, to
gather quantitative data on their perceptions,
experiences, and satisfaction levels regarding the
shelters' impact on resilience. Interviews with disaster
victims, local leaders, and residents will be conducted
to gain insight about disaster experiences and
recovery as well as perspectives about strengths,
challenges, and implications of modular disaster
relief shelters on the resilience of the Lower Bicutan
as a community.
III. Review of Related Literature
Disasters, whether natural or man-made, can have
devastating effects on the community. A country that
is highly susceptible to different hazards such as
typhoons, earthquakes, and flooding such as the
Philippines, are in need of effective disaster response
and preparedness. One critical aspect of disaster
preparation is the provision of suitable shelter for
affected populations, particularly for the aftermath of
a disaster. According to Balante et. al (2018),
gymnasium, courts, classrooms, and local
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government halls are mostly converted to evacuation
centers that are not equipped to cater large numbers
of victims of calamities. Modular disaster relief
shelters have emerged as a viable solution, offering
quick deployment and flexibility to meet the evolving
needs of disaster-affected communities.
3.1 Local Studies
3.1.1 Determination of Flood-Prone Areas in
Taguig City
Cañaveral, E. V., & Refrima, C. (2022, June
8). Determination of Flood-Prone Areas in
Taguig, Metro Manila. Story Maps. March 31, 2024,
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/6299f3d125c748
9e91c6c9a982cbf313
Taguig City currently has 36 barangays
existing. And it is located in the southern section of
Metro Manila and southwestern shore of Laguna de
Bay which makes it susceptible to flooding.
According to Cabalza et al. (2017), six (6) barangays
and around 800 families were affected during the
onslaught of Typhoon Maring in 2017 and the most
recent flooding, which rose to waist-high affecting
two barangays due to habagat only (Zurbano, 2021).
Monteverde (1996) observed that the eastern part of
the city is particularly prone to flooding. Moreover,
major road networks such as C-5,C-6, Manuel L.
Quezon Ave/St, and SLEX are also at risk of
flooding, especially from neighboring inundated
areas.
To mitigate flood risks, Cañaveral, E. (2021)
recommends a combination of structural and
non-structural measures. These include urban
greening to prevent land subsidence, infrastructure
improvements to enhance drainage systems, and the
establishment of an early warning system to save
lives. Priority should be given to areas identified as
highly susceptible to flooding in the hazard maps.
3.1.2 Design of Green Emergency Housing for
Calamity-Stricken Communities
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COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR DISASTER RELIEF SHELTER TO ENHANCE
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Salvame, E. J., & Quebral, R. (n.d.). Design
of green emergency housing for calamity – stricken
communities. IRB NET.
https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC26757
The study focuses on the development of
transient evacuation centers in the Philippines using a
modular design approach with recycled container
vans. This innovative approach addresses the
country’s need to enhance its disaster preparedness,
especially in the face of its susceptibility to damaging
natural disasters. Salvame, E. (2021) proposes a
modular design that allows for easy expansion and
subdivision of structures, enabling quick relocation as
requirements change. The use of eco-friendly
construction materials, such as recycled container
vans, simplifies assembly and installation process.
The researchers presented two layout options: one
with container vans stacked at three-storey levels and
another with two container vans stacked to form a
two-storey structure. Each unit includes an average of
32 double-deck beds for the two-storey layout and 46
double-deck beds for the three-storey layout,
complete with wall fans and CFL lamps.
Additionally, separate vans are allocated for
administration offices, wash areas, kitchen areas, and
restrooms. Solar electricity is also incorporated into
the system, ensuring sustainability and efficiency.
The study suggests that introducing
alternative shelters using used container vans is
achievable, more economical compared to
conventional concrete structures, and easier to install
and dismantle. Establishing these transient evacuation
centers would enhance the country’s ability to
provide immediate and acceptable evacuation shelters
for displaced citizens during calamities.
3.1.3 Ocho Balay: Design of a permanent
typhoon shelter for the rural areas in the
Philippines
Shih, R. R., & Ravina, D. (2020). Ocho
Balay: Design of a permanent Typhoon shelter for the
rural areas in the Philippines. Pollack Periodica,
15(2), 221–232.
https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.2.20
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Natural disasters pose a significant threat to
communities in the Philippines, often leaving
thousands homeless and placing strain on local
resources. To address this challenge, Ravina & Shih
(2020), proposed the construction of a permanent
typhoon shelter that is both affordable and easily
enhanced. The shelter utilized Coco lumber (its main
structural component) which is readily available
material in the Philippines. The design features a
simple rectangular building form with a hip roof,
making it easy for local workers to construct. The
shelter’s design also incorporates slanted wall design
which enhances interior space and provides
additional storage options. The slanted roof design
encourages rainwater harvesting, addressing the need
for sustainable water sources for toilet and kitchen,
the shelter also creates job opportunities for the local
community. Overall, the proposed shelter offers a
flexible and cost effective solution to the housing
needs of disaster-affected communities.
3.2 International Studies
3.2.1. Time-Efficient Post-Disaster Housing
Reconstruction with Prefabricated Modular
Structures
Gunawardena, T., Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Aye,
L., & Crawford, R. (2014). Time-efficient
post-disaster housing reconstruction with
prefabricated modular structures. Open House
International, 39(3), 59–69.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2014-b0007
A study conducted in the University of
Melbourne, Australia discussed how prefabricated
modular structures can provide a more time-efficient
solution by analyzing several present-day examples
taken from published post disaster housing
reconstruction processes that have been carried out in
different parts of the world. It also evaluated how
other features of modular construction, such as ease
of decommissioning and reusability, can add value to
post disaster reconstruction processes and
organizations that contribute to the planning, design,
and construction stages of the reconstruction process.
The study also delved into the suitability of modular
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COMMUNITY RESILIENCE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR DISASTER RELIEF SHELTER TO ENHANCE
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construction along with context of guidelines and
best practice guides for post-disaster housing
reconstruction published by international
organizations.
Modules can be pre-engineered to perform
at various climatic conditions in order to provide a
better indoor climate to the dwellers. Better
preparedness and having a set of modules that were
prototyped previously with well-established
production logistics, can result in even faster delivery
of final products. Techniques such as BIM can be
used to efficiently gather and channel all such design
requirements from a disaster-stricken community to
the designers, and modular construction will be
highly compatible to associate such requirements to
produce custom-designed houses in a much faster
time frame. This is a great way to ensure that the
livelihoods of the affected communities are restored
to their satisfaction, and to ensure that their basic
human rights on permanent housing are provided as
early as possible. Through this analysis and
discussion, it is concluded that prefabricated modular
structures are a highly desirable time-efficient
solution to post-disaster housing reconstruction.
3.2.2. Resilient and Sustainable Modular System
for Temporary Sheltering in Emergency
Condition
This study proposes that effective
emergency management in contemporary societies
can be attained through the integration of a
resilience-based approach into all emergency
procedures. The concept of resilience offers a fresh
perspective on disaster management, as recent studies
demonstrate its substantial enhancement of traditional
safety and security methods during crises. In line
with this, Temporary shelters serve a critical function
in providing temporary accommodation and
managing emergency situations throughout disaster
periods. Accordingly, what determines the critical
success factors for resiliency and sustainability of a
modular temporary shelter are the reduction of mortar
usage, using industrialized building system and
interconnected structure.
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REFERENCES:
Cañaveral, E. V., & Refrima, C. (2022, June
8). Determination of Flood-Prone Areas in
Taguig, Metro Manila. Story Maps. March 31,
2024,
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/6299f3d1
25c7489e91c6c9a982cbf313
Gunawardena, T., Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Aye, L.,
& Crawford, R. (2014). Time-efficient
post-disaster housing reconstruction with
prefabricated modular structures. Open House
International, 39(3), 59–69.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2014-b0007
Mottaki, Z., Hosseini Sabzevari, S. A., &
Aslani, F. (2023). Designing post-earthquake
temporary shelter in hot and arid climate
(Case study: Isfahan city, Iran). Architectural
Engineering and Design Management, 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2023.22705
49
Quaglia, C. P., Dascanio, A. J., & Thrall, A. P.
(2014). Bascule shelters: A novel erection
strategy for origami-inspired deployable
structures. Engineering Structures, 75,
276–287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.00
3
Salvame, E. J., & Quebral, R. (n.d.). Design of
green emergency housing for calamity –
stricken communities. IRB NET.
https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC2
6757.pdf
Shih, R. R., & Ravina, D. (2020). Ocho Balay:
Design of a permanent Typhoon shelter for the
rural areas in the Philippines. Pollack
Periodica, 15(2), 221–232.
https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.2.20
10