ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
Course Name: English-II
Course Code: (9408)
Semester: Spring, 2023

Submitted To: MUHAMMAD SHAHBAZ AFZEL

Submitted By: MUQADDS ASHRAF

Reg. #: 0000501812

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Q.1 Read pages 1-14 carefully (the content is related to ‘academic
writing’ and various types of ‘essays’) and briefly answer the
following questions (in your own words).
a) Write an academic essay (of about 250 words) on ‘Pakistani
Culture’.
b) Define ‘Narrative essay’. How it is different than other types
of essays? Write one paragraph on ‘Travel to Hill Station’
using the techniques of narrative essay.
ANS:
a) Write an academic essay (of about 250 words) on ‘Pakistani
Culture’

Pakistan is renowned for its rich and diverse culture, which is a blend of
various ethnic, linguistic, and religious influences. This cultural diversity
is evident in every aspect of Pakistani life, from its vibrant festivals to its
traditional art forms. One of the most striking features of Pakistani
culture is its strong sense of hospitality and warmth towards guests,
which is deeply rooted in the country's Islamic heritage.

The cultural landscape of Pakistan is shaped by its long history, which

dates back thousands of years. The country has been home to various
civilizations, including the Indus Valley civilization, which has left
behind a rich legacy of art and architecture. This cultural heritage is
reflected in the numerous historical sites and monuments that dot the
Pakistani landscape, such as the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro and the
Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.

One of the most prominent aspects of Pakistani culture is its cuisine,

which is known for its rich flavors and aromatic spices. Pakistani cuisine
is a reflection of the country's diverse history and is influenced by
various culinary traditions, including Mughal, Persian, and Central
Asian cuisines. Some of the most popular dishes include biryani, nihari,
and kebabs, which are enjoyed by people of all backgrounds.

Pakistani culture is also known for its traditional music and dance,
which vary from region to region. The country has a rich tradition of
classical music, which includes genres such as Qawwali and Ghazal, as
well as more contemporary forms such as pop and rock music. Similarly,
Pakistani dance forms, such as the traditional folk dance of the Punjab
region, are an important part of the country's cultural heritage.

In conclusion, Pakistani culture is a vibrant and diverse tapestry that

reflects the country's rich history and heritage. From its colorful festivals
to its delicious cuisine and captivating music, Pakistani culture is a
testament to the country's resilience and creativity.

b) Define ‘Narrative essay’. How it is different than other types of

essays? Write one paragraph on ‘Travel to Hill Station’ using the
techniques of narrative essay.

A narrative essay is a type of essay that tells a story from the writer's
point of view. It is different from other types of essays, such as
expository or argumentative essays, in that it focuses on personal
experiences or events. Narrative essays often use vivid descriptions,
sensory details, and dialogue to create a compelling story that engages
the reader. The purpose of a narrative essay is to entertain or inform the
reader by sharing a meaningful experience or insight.

Traveling to a hill station is an experience that remains etched in

memory forever. The crisp mountain air, the lush greenery, and the
breathtaking views all combine to create a sense of tranquility and
wonder. As I embarked on my journey to the hill station, I was filled
with anticipation and excitement. The winding roads and steep cliffs
added to the thrill of the adventure, while the scenic beauty of the
surroundings left me speechless. Arriving at the hill station, I was
greeted by the warm hospitality of the locals, who welcomed me with
open arms. As I explored the area, I was struck by the rich culture and
history of the place, which added depth to my experience. Watching the
sunrise from the hilltop, I felt a sense of peace and contentment that I
had never experienced before. Overall, my trip to the hill station was a
truly unforgettable experience that taught me the importance of
embracing new experiences and cherishing the beauty of nature.

When assigned a narrative essay, you might find yourself wondering:

Why does my teacher want to hear this story? Topics for narrative
essays can range from the important to the trivial. Usually the point is
not so much the story itself, but the way you tell it.

A narrative essay is a way of testing your ability to tell a story in a clear

and interesting way. You’re expected to think about where your story
begins and ends, and how to convey it with eye-catching language and a
satisfying pace.

These skills are quite different from those needed for formal academic
writing. For instance, in a narrative essay the use of the first person (“I”)
is encouraged, as is the use of figurative language, dialogue, and
suspense.
 Q.2 Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and
informal styles of writing) and decide what type of writing style
(formal/informal) is used in the following text and how?
ANS: Formal and informal styles of writing refer to the tone,
vocabulary, and structure used in different types of writing. Here's a
breakdown of each style:

1. Formal Writing:
 Audience: Typically used for professional or academic purposes

where the audience expects a certain level of formality.

 Tone: Serious, authoritative, and professional.

 Vocabulary: Formal, avoiding slang or colloquial expressions.

 Structure: Follows a specific format (e.g., essays, reports,

academic papers) with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.

 Example: Academic essays, official letters, reports, research

papers.
Writing a formal piece that's 5000 words long requires careful planning
and organization. Here's a general structure you can follow:

1. Title Page:
 Title of the document

 Author's name

 Date of submission

2. Abstract (Optional):
 Summarize the main points of the document in a concise

paragraph.
3. Table of Contents:
 List of sections and subsections with page numbers.

4. Introduction:
 State the purpose and scope of the document.

 Provide an overview of what will be discussed.

5. Body:
 Divide the body into several sections, each covering a specific

aspect of the topic.

 Use headings and subheadings to organize the content.

 Support your points with evidence, examples, and data.

 Ensure a logical flow between sections.

6. Conclusion:
 Summarize the main points discussed in the document.

 Restate the purpose and significance of the topic.

 Offer recommendations or suggestions for further research, if

applicable.
7. References:
 List all sources cited in the document following a specific citation

style (e.g., APA, MLA).

8. Appendices (Optional):
 Include any additional material that supports the main text but is

not essential for understanding the main arguments.

9. Editing and Proofreading:
 Review the entire document for clarity, coherence, and
consistency.
 Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and formatting

issues.

Writing a formal document of this length requires thorough research,

careful planning, and attention to detail. Make sure to allocate enough
time for each stage of the writing process to ensure a high-quality final
product.
2. Informal Writing:
 Audience: Used in casual or personal communication where the

tone is more relaxed.

 Tone: Conversational, friendly, and relaxed.
  Vocabulary: Can include slang, colloquialisms, and contractions.
 Structure: Less rigid than formal writing, often with a more

narrative or descriptive style.

 Example: Text messages, emails to friends, social media posts,

personal blogs.
Understanding the differences between formal and informal writing is
important as it helps writers choose the appropriate style for their
audience and purpose. Here's a general approach you can take:

1. Title Page:
 Title (can be creative and engaging)

 Author's name (optional)

 Date (optional)

2. Introduction:
 Set the tone for the rest of the document (e.g., personal,

conversational).
 Briefly introduce the topic and why it's of interest to you.

3. Body:
 Divide the content into several sections based on different aspects

of the topic.
 Use subheadings to break up the text and make it easier to read.

 Include personal anecdotes, stories, and experiences to engage the

reader.
 Use a casual tone and language, including slang and colloquialisms

if appropriate.
 Use humor or wit to make the text more enjoyable.

4. Conclusion:
 Summarize the main points discussed in the document.

 Share your personal thoughts, feelings, or reflections on the topic.

 End with a thought-provoking statement or question to leave a

lasting impression.
5. References (if applicable):
 Include any sources you've referenced in your writing, but this is

often not necessary for informal writing.

6. Editing and Proofreading:
 While informality allows for a more relaxed writing style, it's still

important to ensure clarity and coherence.

 Check for spelling and grammatical errors.

 Consider the overall flow and organization of your writing.

Writing informally for a longer piece like this can be challenging, so it's
important to maintain a balance between informality and clarity to keep
your readers engaged.

Q.3 Carefully read the text titled as ‘Chronology of the Mughal Kings’
on pages 51-52 carefully.

Now WRITE down a narrative essay about the story of a kingdom

of your choice (for example, the Queen Elizabeth of England,
Muhammad Zahir Shah – the last king of Afghanistan) by using
appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS. You are required to use at
least FIFTEEN sequence markers in you answer (You can take help
from Wikipedia).
ANS: Once upon a time, in a kingdom far away, there ruled a monarch
whose reign was marked by both splendor and strife. This kingdom,
steeped in history and tradition, bore witness to the rise and fall of
dynasties, the ebb and flow of conquests and alliances. Let us delve into
the story of this illustrious realm, focusing on the life and times of its
monarch, King Alexander III.
The story begins with the ascension of King Alexander III to the throne.
Born into the royal family, he was groomed from a young age to rule
with wisdom and strength. His coronation was a grand affair, attended
by nobles and dignitaries from across the land. It marked the beginning
of a new era for the kingdom, one filled with promise and prosperity.

Under King Alexander's rule, the kingdom experienced a period of

unprecedented growth and development. He implemented reforms that
strengthened the economy and improved the lives of his subjects. His
policies were marked by a sense of fairness and justice, earning him the
admiration of his people.

However, not all was well in the kingdom. As King Alexander's power
grew, so did the envy and resentment of neighboring rulers. They saw
him as a threat to their own ambitions and sought to undermine his
authority. This led to a series of conflicts and skirmishes, testing the
king's resolve and the kingdom's resilience.

Despite facing numerous challenges, King Alexander remained steadfast

in his commitment to his people. He forged alliances with other
kingdoms, strengthening his position on the political stage. He also
invested heavily in infrastructure and education, laying the groundwork
for future generations to thrive.

As the years went by, King Alexander's reign was marked by both
triumphs and tragedies. He celebrated victories on the battlefield and
mourned the loss of loved ones. Through it all, he remained a beacon of
hope and strength for his kingdom, guiding them through tumultuous
times.

In the end, King Alexander's legacy was one of courage and

compassion. He was remembered as a wise and just ruler, whose reign
was a golden age in the kingdom's history. His story serves as a
reminder of the enduring power of leadership and the impact it can have
on the lives of many.
Zahir Shah was born on 15 October 1914, in a city quarter called Deh
Afghanan in Kabul, Afghanistan to a Pashtun family.[1] He was the son
of Mohammad Nadir Shah (1883–1933) a senior member of
the Mohammadzai Royal family. and commander in chief of the Royal
Afghan Army for former king Amanullah Khan, and of Begum Mah
Parwar Begum (d. 1941), a Pashtun tribe woman. Nadir Shah assumed
the throne after the execution of the self-proclaimed ruler of
Afghanistan Habibullah Kalakani on 1 November 1929.[8] Mohammad
Zahir's father, son of Sardar Mohammad Yusuf Khan, was born
in Dehradun, British India, his family having been exiled after
the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Nadir Shah was a descendant
of Sardar Sultan Mohammad Khan Telai, half-brother of Emir Dost
Mohammad Khan. His grandfather Mohammad Yahya Khan (father in
law of Emir Yaqub Khan) was in charge of the negotiations with the
British resulting in the Treaty of Gandamak. After the British invasion
after the killing of Sir Louis Cavagnari during 1879, Yaqub Khan,
Yahya Khan and his sons Princes Mohammad Yusuf Khan and
Mohammad Asef Khan were taken captive by the British and transferred
to the British Raj, where they remained forcibly until the two princes
were invited back to Afghanistan by Emir Abdur Rahman Khan during
the last year of his reign (1901). During the reign of Amir Habibullah
they received the title of Companions of the King (Musahiban).
Zahir Shah was educated in a special class for princes at Elementary
Primary, built in 1904 by the United Kingdom, and Habibia High
School, where many subjects were taught in English. For his secondary
education, he went to the Amaniya High School (built during the reign
of King Amanullah by France, where many subjects were taught in
French. This school was renamed by Nadir Shah as Esteqlal High
School)[9] after the fall of King Amanullah. Zahir Shah studied at the
Infanterie Military School in the winter (school year in Kabul, 21 March
to November). He was then sent to France for further training.[10] He
continued his education in France where his father had served as a
diplomatic envoy, studying at the Pasteur Institute and the University of
Montpellier.[11] When he returned to Afghanistan he helped his father
and uncles restore order and reassert government control during a period
of lawlessness in the country.[12] He was later enrolled at an Infantry
School and appointed a privy counsellor. Zahir Shah served in the
government positions of deputy war minister and minister of education.

Q.4 Read the text titled as ‘A Day in the Life of a Nurse’ on pages 56-57
carefully. Also read Exercise-9 given on page 58.

Now write down a PARAGRAPH of about 150 words on ‘A Day in the

Life of Air Hostess’. Follow the use of SEQUENCE MARKERS in your
answer
ANS: A day in the life of an air hostess is a dynamic and demanding
one, filled with a myriad of tasks and responsibilities that require
efficiency, grace, and a focus on passenger safety and comfort. The day
typically starts early, often before dawn, with the air hostess preparing
for her shift. This includes checking her uniform, reviewing her flight
schedule, and ensuring she has all necessary supplies for the day ahead.

Upon arriving at the airport, the air hostess attends a briefing with the
flight crew to discuss the day's flight plan, any special passenger needs,
and important safety information. She then proceeds to the aircraft,
where she conducts a thorough pre-flight check of the cabin, ensuring
that all emergency equipment is in place and functioning correctly.
As passengers begin to board, the air hostess greets each one with a
warm smile and assists them in finding their seats. Once all passengers
are settled, she conducts a safety demonstration, highlighting the
location of emergency exits and demonstrating the use of safety
equipment.

During the flight, the air hostess is responsible for the comfort and well-
being of the passengers. This includes serving meals and beverages,
responding to passenger requests, and ensuring that the cabin is clean
and orderly. She must also be prepared to handle any in-flight
emergencies that may arise, such as medical emergencies or unruly
passengers, with professionalism and composure.

After the flight lands, the air hostess assists passengers in disembarking
and ensures that the cabin is cleaned and prepared for the next flight.
She then completes any necessary paperwork and debriefs with the flight
crew before heading home, often late in the evening or early the next
morning, to rest and prepare for another day of flying.

In addition to their in-flight duties, air hostesses also undergo regular

training to ensure they are up-to-date on safety procedures and customer
service best practices. They must also adhere to strict grooming and
appearance standards, as they are the face of the airline and play a
crucial role in creating a positive and memorable experience for
passengers.
An air hostess is a young lady employed in an aircraft She looks to the
needs and comforts of the passengers travelling by air. She is good-
looking, dresses herself neatly and is fluent in various languages like
English, French, German and other foreign languages. She is a clever
girl and knows a bit of everything. She can be a nurse to an ailing child
or a sick passenger. She keeps her box of medicines with her. She can
fondle a weeping baby. She supplies breakfast to the passengers. She is
thus an angel to the passengers in the plane. The day of an air hostess
begins as soon as she has a telephone call summoning her to a particular
aircraft in which she has to fly. She arranges her hair in a particular way
and her eyes penciled in a particular fashion. Her dress too is of the
latest style and cut.

As soon as she is ready, the staff bus of the air-lines picks her up from
her residence. Once at the airport, she contacts the airlines official and
receives her orders. She is provided with a list of passengers so that she
might conduct the passengers to their respective seats.

The plane takes off according to schedule and the air-hostess begins her
work. She has a very busy time indeed. She arranges the breakfast if it a
morning flight. During the day she arranges lunch. She moves between
passengers and the pantry supplying them whatever they need. In short,
she gives prompt and efficient service to all.

This is not all that she does. She instructs the passengers from time to
time during the flight. She sees to it that the passengers are properly
strapped to their seats when the plane flies up or comes down. She does
not mind cracking a joke or two with the passengers. Ever laughing, ever
smiling, she is on her legs doing all sorts of odd jobs for the passengers.

An air hostess is, indeed, a girl of iron nerves and does not mind facing
dangers or else it will be impossible for her to do her work. When the
plane is about to land, she issues necessary instructions to the
passengers. She tells them everything about the place they are arriving at
and the number of hours they can be away to the city and the things they
can see. As long as the air hostess is in the air, she is busy but as soon as
the plane lands, her duty ends till such time as she is free. At that time
she is free to go anywhere she likes.
Q.5 Read the text titled as ‘The Evolution of Computers’ given on
Pages 64-65 carefully. Now write down a paragraph (of about 200
words) on ‘the History of Railway Train’ in your OWN word and using
appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS.

The following questions are based on Unit – 3. Read

the unit carefully and answer the questions/solve the
exercises given below.
ANS: The evolution of computers is a fascinating journey that spans
centuries, from the earliest mechanical devices to the sophisticated
machines of today. This evolution can be traced through several key
developments and innovations that have shaped the way we use and
interact with computers.

The story begins in the 17th century with the invention of mechanical
calculating devices, such as Blaise Pascal's Pascaline and Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz's stepped reckoner. These early machines were used
for basic arithmetic calculations and laid the foundation for future
developments in computing.

The 19th century saw further advancements in computing technology,

including Charles Babbage's designs for the Analytical Engine, often
considered the first mechanical computer. Although never fully
completed during Babbage's lifetime, the Analytical Engine laid the
groundwork for modern computing concepts such as programmability
and conditional branching.

The 20th century brought about the first electronic computers, starting
with the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in the
1940s. ENIAC was a massive machine that used vacuum tubes to
perform calculations, marking a significant leap forward in computing
power and speed.

The development of transistors in the 1950s paved the way for smaller,
faster, and more reliable computers. This led to the creation of
mainframe computers, which were used by large organizations for data
processing and scientific calculations.

The 1970s saw the rise of the microprocessor, a single chip that
contained all the components of a computer's central processing unit
(CPU). This innovation made computers smaller, cheaper, and more
accessible to the general public, leading to the personal computer
revolution of the 1980s and 1990s.

The 21st century has brought about further advancements in computing

technology, including the development of smartphones, tablets, and
wearable devices. These devices have revolutionized the way we interact
with computers, making computing more portable and integrated into
our daily lives.

Overall, the evolution of computers has been a story of constant

innovation and advancement, driven by the human desire to solve
complex problems and improve efficiency. As we look to the future, it is
clear that computers will continue to play a central role in shaping the
world around us, driving innovation and transforming industries.

We all use computers in our daily lives for a variety of reasons.

Computers are now portable and affordable, but once, there was a time
when a computer used to take up an entire room’s space, and only a few
of them existed in this world.
In this article, you will learn about the evolution of computers that spans
centuries, marked by groundbreaking innovations and the relentless
pursuit of technological advancement.

When you were kids, you must have owned an abacus on which you
learned basic mathematical skills. Did you know that the abacus
originated in ancient Mesopotamia and is one of the earliest known
computing devices? It consisted of beads on rods and was used for basic
arithmetic calculations.

We all know that computers work through an interaction of hardware

and software. The whole transformation and advancement of the
computer goes back decades. However, there are five apparent
generations of computers.

Each generation is defined by a paramount technological development

that changed how computers operate. Let’s start discovering!

Did you know that the 1930s marked the beginning of calculating
machines, considered the first programmable computers? Who knew that
computers were this old?

Konrad Zuse created what became known as the first programmable

computer, the Z1, in 1936 in his parent’s living room in Berlin. You can
see in the picture below just how gigantic the computer was.
 Q.6 Classification is a writing style (which you studied in Unit 3).
Read the text given on pages 73-88 carefully and WRITE a
classification essay on ‘Types of Cars’ starting with an introduction,
then going through main body and ending with proper conclusion.

ANS: Introduction

Cars have become an integral part of modern life, offering mobility,

convenience, and comfort to millions around the globe. With
advancements in technology and engineering, the automotive industry
has evolved to produce a wide array of vehicles tailored to different
needs, preferences, and lifestyles. This essay aims to classify cars into
distinct categories based on their body styles, functions, fuel types, and
technological features.

Body Styles

1. Sedans: Sedans are among the most popular types of cars, characterized
by their four-door configuration and separate trunk space. They are
known for their practicality, comfortable seating for up to five
passengers, and ample cargo space.
2. Coupes: Coupes are two-door cars with a sporty and sleek design, often
featuring a sloping roofline. They are designed to seat two to four
passengers and are favored for their stylish appearance and performance-
oriented nature.
3. SUVs (Sports Utility Vehicles): SUVs are versatile vehicles known for
their spacious interiors, high ground clearance, and rugged capabilities.
They are suitable for families and outdoor enthusiasts, offering ample
seating and cargo space.
4. Crossovers: Crossovers are a blend of SUV and sedan characteristics,
featuring a car-like driving experience with SUV-inspired styling and
versatility. They are popular for their fuel efficiency and compact size.
5. Hatchbacks: Hatchbacks are characterized by a rear door that opens
upwards to provide access to the cargo area. They are known for their
practicality, offering a balance of passenger space and cargo capacity.
6. Convertibles: Convertibles, also known as cabriolets, feature a
retractable roof that can be opened or closed to allow for open-air
driving. They are favored for their unique driving experience and stylish
design.
7. Minivans: Minivans are designed for maximum passenger and cargo
capacity, making them ideal for large families or commercial use. They
offer sliding doors for easy access and flexible seating arrangements.
8. Pickup Trucks: Pickup trucks are characterized by an open cargo area at
the back, known as the bed, which can be used for transporting goods or
materials. They are popular for their versatility and towing capabilities.

Functions

1. Economy Cars: Economy cars are designed for fuel efficiency and
affordability, making them ideal for daily commuting and urban driving.
They are often compact in size and offer basic features.
2. Luxury Cars: Luxury cars are known for their premium features, high-
quality materials, and advanced technology. They offer superior
comfort, performance, and prestige, targeting affluent consumers.
3. Sports Cars: Sports cars are designed for high performance and driving
excitement, featuring powerful engines, responsive handling, and
aerodynamic styling. They are favored by enthusiasts for their speed and
agility.
4. Electric Cars: Electric cars are powered by electric motors and batteries,
offering zero-emission driving and lower operating costs compared to
 traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. They are gaining popularity as
environmental concerns grow.
5. Hybrid Cars: Hybrid cars combine an internal combustion engine with
an electric motor and battery, offering improved fuel efficiency and
lower emissions. They are favored for their eco-friendly nature and
reduced dependency on fossil fuels.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the classification of cars into different types based on

body styles, functions, fuel types, and technological features highlights
the diversity and innovation within the automotive industry. Whether it's
a practical sedan for daily commuting, a luxurious SUV for family
outings, or a high-performance sports car for enthusiasts, there is a car to
suit every need and lifestyle. As technology continues to advance, the
future of cars promises even more variety and innovation, catering to the
ever-changing demands of consumers worldwide.

There are numerous classes in which cars may be classified, however

complete classification is hard to pin down as a car may fit into a range
of classes, or not entirely meet the requirements of any class. Cars can
be classified according to their size, performance, price, shape and
mechanical specifications. There are generally three unique types of cars
common to modern consumers: economy, sports and luxury cars.

The most common type of car common in the market is the economy
car. The economy car is designed and marketed in such a manner that
the consumer can acquire it at a price much lower than the average cost
of a new car.

Economy cars vary with respect to profitability, size, performance and

production numbers. During early production, most cars produced were
expensive and could only be afforded by rich. However, production
companies realized that they could boost up their profits by
manufacturing affordable cars for the general population. The Model T
car produced by Ford in 1908 became the first economy car to be sold in
the world. The first major characteristic of economy cars is that they
have low prices.

Economy cars are also usually small and the features of the car usually
depend on the year of manufacture. They usually have the compulsory
safety features such as safety belts but they may lack convenience
features such as GPS systems and air conditioning. An example of an
economy car is the Japanese Toyota Corolla which has sold more units
than any other car in the world.

The second type of unique cars is the sports car. Sports cars are vehicles
designed to have better performance and power than normal cars. Many
sports cars are designed for two passengers, have two doors and have
sleek bodies. Originally, sports cars had small bodies however
contemporary sports cars vary in size with many manufacturers
increasing their seating room in order to enhance practicality.

These types of cars are designed to do extremely well at

maneuverability, acceleration, braking and top speed. The main
distinguishing feature of sports cars is that the handling characteristics of
these cars have been greatly improved. The driver is usually able to keep
the car in control even under very difficult conditions.

While a powerful engine is not a prerequisite, most sports cars do

contain powerful engines. Sports cars are relatively expensive; much
more expensive than economy cars and other typical cars common in the
market. The Porsche Company is an example of a manufacturing
company that has been linked with the production of unique sports cars
designed to meet specific tastes and needs. As compared to other cars in
the market, sports cars are intended to emulate sporting performance.

Q.7 Read EXERCISE 9 given on page 96 (which is about the

classification of teachers into five types). Now WRITE a descriptive
paragraph about student you have seen in your life (during your
own school/college life) classifying them into various types and
categories.
The following questions are based on Unit – 4. Read
the unit carefully and answer the questions/solve the
exercises given below.
ANS: During my school and college life, I've encountered a diverse
range of students, each with their unique characteristics and quirks. One
common classification is the "Scholar," the student who is always at the
top of the class, excelling in academics effortlessly. They are often seen
with a stack of books, eager to learn and participate in every discussion.

Then there's the "Social Butterfly," always surrounded by friends,

chatting and laughing between classes. They are the ones organizing
events and ensuring everyone feels included and connected.

On the other end of the spectrum, there's the "Quiet Observer," the
student who prefers solitude, often found in a corner with a book or lost
in their thoughts. They are thoughtful and introspective, contributing
deeply when they do speak up.

There's also the "Athlete," easily recognizable by their athletic build and
sporty attire. They excel in sports and are often seen leading their team
to victory on the field or court.

Another category is the "Artist," often found with a sketchbook or

musical instrument, expressing themselves through their creative talents.
They see the world with a unique perspective and add color to the school
community.

Lastly, there's the "Class Clown," always ready with a joke or a prank to
lighten the mood. They bring laughter and levity to the classroom,
making learning more enjoyable for everyone.

These categories are not rigid, and many students can exhibit
characteristics from multiple groups. However, they provide a broad
overview of the diverse student body that makes up a school or college

Both school life and college life is the most memorable time of a
person's life, but both of them are quite different from each other. While
in School life, we learn everything in a protected environment, College
Life exposes us to a new environment where we have to learn new
things and face new challenges by ourselves. We spend half of our
young lives in school, and thus we get comfortable living in that
environment. But College Life is for three years only, where every year
introduces new challenges and lessons to us. While in school, our
teachers and friends always protect and guard us, in college life we form
a relationship with our mentors, and they don't protect us all the time as
our school teachers did.

Unlike school life, we don't have many limitations in college life, and it
is up to us how we want to spend our college life. In college life, we see
new faces and experience a unique environment in which we have to
mingle ourselves. We make new friends there who stay with us for the
rest of our lives. Also, we get a chance to shape our careers asking the
right decisions and studying hard. College life is not only about the
study but also about the overall development of an individual through
various activities and challenges.
In College Life, one gets a chance to make their own decisions. In
school life, students get an opportunity to be class monitors. In College
Life, an individual gets a chance to nominate himself/herself for more
prominent positions like College President, Vice President, Secretary,
and Vice Secretary. Apart from deciding the course and stream, an
individual gets a chance to build his/her confidence by being a part of
various societies and events that take place all year.

In College Life, one gets a chance to make their own decisions. In

school life, students get an opportunity to be class monitors. In College
Life, an individual gets a chance to nominate himself/herself for more
prominent positions like College President, Vice President, Secretary,
and Vice Secretary. Apart from deciding the course and stream, an
individual gets a chance to build his/her confidence by being a part of
various societies and events that take place all year.

Different from School Life, College Life has its importance in a person's
life, and one should always enjoy his/her college life.

College life is considered a bridge in our lives between our school days
and our career. It prepares us with the finest academics and platform to
generate dreams into realities. It acts as a transition to prepare us to be
more independent. In school, we were dependent on our parents.
However, we became independent in college regarding studying,
traveling, decision-making, and financially independent after college. It
is a valued and very smooth transition where we do not realize that we
have become independent.
 Q.8 Read about ‘Cause and Effect’ (as give on page 107-111)
carefully and WRITE down TWO possible causes for each of
the following effects:
a. All the students passed the exam with top grades.
b. There is water shortage in most of the countries.
c. His mother was happy to see him.
d. They are not friends any more.
e. The political leader was imprisoned for many years.
f. He welcomed them to his house.
g. Aslam come home quite early today.
h. The mobile phone’s battery was dead.
i. Finally, he got his driving license.
j. The ATM was in order.

All the students passed the exam with top grades.

Possible causes for all students passing the exam with top grades:

1. Effective Teaching: The students received high-quality instruction and support

from their teachers, which helped them understand the material thoroughly.
2. Student Effort: The students put in a significant amount of effort and hard work
in their studies, leading to their success in the exam.
3. Good Study Habits: The students had developed good study habits, such as
regular study sessions and effective note-taking, which contributed to their success.
4. Clear Exam Guidelines: The exam guidelines and requirements were clearly
communicated to the students, allowing them to prepare effectively.
5. Access to Resources: The students had access to resources such as textbooks,
online materials, and study guides, which helped them prepare for the exam.
 Possible effects of all students passing the exam with top grades:

1. High Student Morale: The success of all students can boost their confidence and
morale, leading to a positive learning environment.
2. Teacher Recognition: The teachers may receive recognition for their effective
teaching methods and support provided to the students.
3. School Reputation: The school's reputation may improve as a result of all
students performing exceptionally well in the exam.
4. Motivation for Future Students: The success of all students can serve as
motivation for future students to strive for academic excellence.
5. Higher Academic Standards: The achievement may lead to higher academic
standards being set for future exams and assessments.

Possible causes of the mobile phone's battery being dead:

1. Battery Drain: The battery may have drained due to prolonged use without
charging.
2. Faulty Charger: The charger used may not be working properly, leading to
insufficient charging of the battery.
3. Old Battery: The battery may be old and no longer holding a charge effectively.
4. Background Apps: Background apps running on the phone may have drained the
battery quickly.
5. Overheating: If the phone overheated, it could have caused the battery to drain
faster than usual.

Possible effects of the mobile phone's battery being dead:

1. Inconvenience: The user may be inconvenienced as they cannot use their phone
until the battery is charged.
2. Missed Calls/Messages: The user may miss important calls or messages if their
phone is off due to a dead battery.
3. Loss of Connectivity: The user may lose connectivity to the internet and other
online services until the phone is charged.
4. Loss of Functionality: The user may not be able to use certain functions of their
phone, such as navigation or camera, until the battery is charged.
5. Dependency on Alternative Devices: The user may have to rely on alternative
devices for communication or other tasks until their phone is usable again.