INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

MAA

EXERCISES [MAA 2.4-2.5]

COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Practice questions

1. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

Let f ( x)  10  2 x and g ( x)  5 x . Calculate
(a) ( f  g )( x) and ( g  f )( x) [2]
(b) f 1 ( x ) [2]
(c) g 1 (10) [2]
(d) ( f 1  g )( x) and ( g  f ) 1 ( x) [2]
(e) ( f  f )( x) and ( g  g )( x) [2]

2. [Maximum mark: 6]
Complete the following table with the inverse of each function

Original function Inverse function

f ( x)  x  5 f 1 ( x )  x  5

f ( x)  x  5

f ( x)  x  100

f ( x)  3x

x
f ( x) 
5

f ( x)  x3

f ( x)  3x  100

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

3. [Maximum mark: 4]
Consider the following table of values for f

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

f (x) 3 4 5 6 1 2

(a) Write down the values of

(i) f (1) (ii) f 1 (1) [2]
(b) Given that f ( x )  2 write down the value of x . [1]

(c) Given that f 1 ( x)  2 write down the value of x . [1]

4. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

The tables below show some values of two functions f and g

x 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4
f (x) 2 –3 –1 3 g(x) 5 3 1 –3

(a) Write down the values of g (3) , f 1 (3) . [2]

(b) Calculate ( f  g )(2) [2]
(c) Calculate ( g  g )(3) [2]
(d) Find a solution of the equation ( g  f )( x)  3 . [2]

5. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

x
Find the inverse of the function f ( x) 
x5

6. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x
Let f ( x)  2 x , and g ( x)  , x  2 . Find
x2
(a) ( g  f )(3) ; [3]

(b) g 1 (5) . [3]

METHOD A [by finding ( g  f )( x) and g 1 ( x) first]

METHOD B [directly by definitions: ( g  f )(3)  g ( f (3)) and g 1 (5)  x  g ( x)  5 ]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

7. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

The function f is given by f ( x)  x 2 , for 0  x  3 .
(a) Sketch the graph of f . [2]
(b) State the domain and the range of f . [2]
(c) Find the inverse function f 1 . [2]
1
(d) On the same axes with f , sketch the graph of f [2]
1
(e) State the domain and the range of f . [2]

8. [Maximum mark: 12]

The graph of the function f is shown below.

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

(a) Write down the values of

(i) f (0) (i) f (2) (ii) f (4) [3]
(b) Write down the values of
(i) f 1 (3) (ii) f 1 (8) (iii) f 1 ( 1) (iv) f 1 (0) [4]

(c) Write down the solution of the equation f ( x )  0 [1]

(d) Write down the solution of the equation f ( x )  2 [1]

(e) On the diagram above sketch the graph of f 1 [3]

9*. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]

2x  3
Let f ( x)  . Show that
3x  2
1
(a) f  f (i.e. the function is self-inverse) [4]
(b) ( f  f )( x)  x [4]

10*. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

The function f is defined by f : x ֏ x3.

(a) Find an expression for f 1 . [2]

(b) Find an expression for g ( x) in terms of x in each of the following cases
(i) ( f  g )( x)  x  1 ;
(ii) ( g  f )( x)  x  1 . [5]

11**. [Maximum mark: 6]

(a) Given that f  g  h , express f in terms of g and h . [2]

(b) Given that f  g  h , express g in terms of f and h . [2]

(c) Given that f  g  h  k , express g in terms of f , h and k . [2]

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

12. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

5x
Let g ( x )  3 x  2 , h( x)  , x  4.
x4
(a) Find an expression for ( h  g )( x ) . Simplify your answer. [3]
(b) Solve the equation ( h  g )( x )  0 . [3]

13. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

The functions f and g are defined by f : ֏ 3x, g : x ֏ x  2 .
(a) Find an expression for ( f  g )( x) . [2]

(b) Show that f –1(18) + g–1(18) = 22. [4]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

14. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Let f ( x )  2 x  1 and g ( x )  3x 2  4 . Find

(a) f 1 ( x ) ; [2]

(b) ( g  f )( 2) ; [2]

(c) ( f  g )( x) . [2]

15. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

3
The function f is defined by f: x ֏ 3  2x , x 
2
Evaluate f 1 (5) .

16. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Let f ( x)  x  4 x  4 and g ( x)  x 2 , x .
(a) Find ( g  f )(3) [2]
1
(b) Find f ( x) [3]
1
(c) Write down the domain of f . [1]

17. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Let f ( x )  x 3  4 and g ( x )  2 x .
(a) Find ( g  f )( 2) . [2]

(b) Find f 1 ( x) [3]

18. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

1
Consider the functions f ( x)  2 x and g ( x)  , x  3.
x 3
(a) Calculate ( f  g )( 4) . [2]
1
(b) Find g ( x ) [3]
(c) Write down the domain of g 1 . [1]

19. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

Two functions f , g are defined as follows:

f : x ֏ 3x + 5 g : x ֏ 2(1 – x)
Find
(a) f 1 (2) ; [2]
(b) ( g  f )( 4) . [2]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

20. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Two functions f and g are defined as follows:

f ( x)  cos x , g ( x)  2 x  1
(a) Find ( g  f )( x ) . [2]
(b) Find ( f  g )( x ) . [2]
(c) Find ( g 1  g )( x ) and ( g  g 1 )( x ) . [2]

21. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

6–x
Consider the functions f : x ֏ 4(x – 1) and g : x ֏ .
2
(a) Find g 1 . [2]

(b) Solve the equation ( f  g 1 )( x )  4 . [4]

22. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Let f ( x )  x 2 and g ( x )  2 x  3 .
(a) Find g 1 ( x ) . [2]

(b) Find ( f  g )(4) . [3]

23. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Let f ( x )  7  2 x and g ( x )  x  3 .
(a) Find ( g  f )( x ) . [2]
1
(b) Write down g ( x ) . [1]
(c) Find ( f  g 1 )(5) . [2]

24. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

Let f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 2x – 5 and h( x )  ( f  g )( x ) .

(a) Find h(x). [2]

(b) Find h–1(x). [3]

25. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

Let f (x) = x , and g (x) = 2x.
(a) Find (f –1  g)(x) [4]
(b) Solve the equation (f –1  g)(x) = 16 [2]

26. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Consider the functions f and g where f (x) = 3x – 5 and g (x) = x – 2.

Solve the equation (f −1 ◦ g) (x) = (g–1 ◦ f) (x).

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

27. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

4
Let f ( x)  , x  2 and g ( x)  x  1 . If h  g  f , find
x2
(a) h(x) [2]

(b) h 1 ( x) [4]

28. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]

1
Given functions f : x ֏ x  1 and g : x ֏ x , find the function ( f  g )
3

29. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

x
If f ( x)  , for x  1 and g ( x)  ( f  f )( x) , find
x 1
(a) g ( x) . [3]
(b)  g  g  (2) . [2]

30. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]

3x  4
The function f is defined as f ( x)  , x  2 .
x2
(a) Find an expression for f 1 ( x ) . [4]
1
(b) Write down the domain of f . [1]

31*. [Maximum mark: 9] [with / without GDC]

The function f is given by f (x) = x2 – 6x + 13, for x ≥ 3.

(a) Show that f may also be written in the form f (x) = (x – 3)2 + 4. [2]
(b) Hence find the inverse function f 1 . [3]
(c) State the domain and the range of f . [2]

(d) State the domain and the range of f 1 . [2]

32*. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

The functions f and g are both defined in the interval [-4,4] and g is invertible.
Some values of the functions are given below.

x 1 3 4 x 1 3 4
f (x) 3 2 1 g(x) 4 1 -3

(a) Calculate ( f  f )(1) . [2]

1
(b) Calculate ( g  f )( 4) . [2]
(c) Find a solution of the equation ( f  g )( x )  1 . [2]
(d) Calculate ( g 1  g )( 2) . [1]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

33. [Maximum mark: 4]

The graph of the function f is shown below. On the same diagram sketch the graph of
the function f 1 .

34*. [Maximum mark: 6] [with / without GDC]

The functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) are given by f ( x )  x – 2 and g ( x )  x 2  x .

The function ( f  g )( x ) is defined for x  ℝ , except for the interval ] a, b [

(a) Calculate the value of a and of b . [5]

(b) Find the range of f  g . [1]

35**. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]

Consider the functions
f ( x)  3 x 2  12 x  7 , x  a and g ( x)  3 x 2  12 x  7 , x  b .

(a) Given that f 1 , g 1 exist, find

(i) the smallest possible value of a . (ii) the largest possible value of b . [3]
(b) Within the domains determined in (a), find
(i) f 1 (7) . (ii) g 1 (7) [2]

36*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

The function f is defined by f : x ֏ x  1

3

(a) Find g ( x ) given that ( f  g )( x )  2 x  1 ; [3]

(b) Find g ( x ) given that ( g  f )( x )  2 x  1 . [3]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

37**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x 1
Let f and g be two functions. Given that ( f  g )( x)  and g ( x )  2 x  1 ,
2
find f ( x  3) .

38*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

x2 – 1
The function f is defined for x  0 by f ( x )  2
. Find an expression for f 1 ( x ) .
x 1

39**. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]

The following diagram shows part of the graph of f ( x )  x 3  x  1

(a) Find (i) f 1 (1) (ii) f 1 (0) (iii) f 1 (2) . [3]

(b) Solve f ( x )  f 1 ( x ) . [3]

C. Exam style questions (LONG)

40. [Maximum mark: 12] [with / without GDC]

The function f is given by f ( x )  2 x 2  8 x  1 for x  2 .
(a) Find ( f  f )(0) . [2]

(b) Express the function in the form f ( x )  a ( x  h ) 2  k . [3]

(c) State the range of f . [1]

(d) Find the inverse function f 1 . [4]

(e) State the domain and the range of f 1 . [2]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

41. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

3x  1
The function f (x) is defined by f ( x )  , x  3.
x 3
(a) Show that f is a self-inverse function, that is f 1  f [4]
(b) Hence find, in terms of k, the value of ( f  f )(k ) , where k  3 . [1]

The figure below shows a sketch of a one-to-one function g (x) defined over the
domain  2  x  2 . The graph of y  g (x) consists of two straight line segments and
the range of g (x ) is  5  g ( x)  6 .

(c) Find the value of ( f  g )(2) . [2]

1
(d) On the same diagram above, sketch the graph of the inverse function y  g ( x )
and state its domain. [3]

42**. [Maximum mark: 13] [without GDC]

(a) The function f is defined by f ( x )  ( x  2) 2  3 .

The function g is defined by g ( x )  ax  b , where a and b are constants.
Find the value of a , a  0 and the corresponding value of b , such that
3
f  g ( x)   4 x 2  6 x  . [8]
4
(b) The functions h and k are defined by h( x )  5 x  2 and k ( x )  cx 2  x  2

respectively. Find the value of c are such that h  k ( x)  has equal roots. [5]

43**. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]

Let f ( x )  x  1  1 and g ( x)  x 2 .
(a) Solve the equation ( g  f )( x )  1 . [3]

(b) Find f 1 in a simplified form. [3]

(c) Find the function h ( x ) given that h  f  g . [2]

(d) Find the function k ( x ) given that f  k  g . [2]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION

44**. [Maximum mark: 11] [without GDC]

The following diagram shows part of the graph of the function f is defined by
f ( x )  1  x , for x  0

1
(a) Find an expression for f ( x) . [3]
1
(b) State the domain and the range of f ( x) . [2]
1
(c) On the same diagram above sketch the graph of f ( x) . [2]
1
(d) Find the exact value of the solution of the equation f ( x )  f ( x) . [4]

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 [MAA 2.4-2.5] COMPOSITION – INVERSE FUNCTION
SOLUTIONS
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

A. Practice questions

1. (a) ( f  g )( x)  10  10 x ( g  f )( x)  50  10 x
10  x
(b) f 1 ( x) 
2
(c) g 1 (10)  2

10  5 x 50  x
(d) ( f 1  g )( x )  , ( g  f ) 1 ( x ) 
2 10
(e) ( f  f )( x)  4 x  10 ( g  g )( x)  25 x

2.
Original function Inverse function

f ( x)  x  5 f 1 ( x )  x  5
f ( x)  x  5 f 1 ( x )  x  5
f ( x)  x  100 f 1 ( x )  x  100
f ( x)  3 x f 1 ( x )  x / 3
f ( x)  x / 5 f 1 ( x )  5 x
f ( x)  x 3 f 1 ( x )  3 x
x  100
f ( x)  3 x  100 f 1 ( x) 
3

3. (a) (i) f (1)  3 (ii) f 1 (1)  5

(b) x  6
(c) x  4

4. (a) g(3) =1 f -1(3) =4

(b) (fog)(2) = -1
(c) (gog)(3) = 5
(d) x = 1
x 5y
5.  y  x  xy  5 y  x(1  y )  5 y  x 
x5 1 y
5x 5 x
f 1 ( x)  (or )
1 x x 1

1
6. METHOD A
2x 23 8 4
(a) ( g  f )( x)  . Hence ( g  f )(3)   
2 2
x
2 2 6 3
3

x 2y
(b)  y  y (x –2) = x  yx –2y = x  x (y – 1) = 2y  x =
x2 y 1
2x
g 1 ( x ) 
x 1
1 10
Hence g (5) = = 2.5
5 – 1
METHOD B
8 4
(a) f (3) = 8, (g ° f ) (3)  g (8) = 
6 3
x 5
(b)  5  x  5 x  10  4 x  10  x 
x2 2
5
Hence g 1 (5) = = 2.5
2
7. (a) parabola between x= 0 and x = 3
(b) 0 x3 0 y9
(c) y x
(d)

graph symmetric about the line y  x

(e) 0 x9 0 y3

8. (a) (i) f (0)  2 (ii) f (2)  0 (iii)

f (4)  2
(b) (i) f (3)  5 (ii) f (8)  6 (iii) f 1 ( 1)  1 (iv) f 1 (0)  2
1 1

(c) x  2
(d) x  4

2
 2x  3
9. (a)  y  3 xy  2 y  2 x  3  3 xy  2 x  2 y  3
3x  2
2y  3
 x(3 y  2)  2 y  3  x 
3y  2
2x  3
Hence f 1 ( x)   f ( x)
3x  2

2x  3
2 3
2(2 x  3)  3(3 x  2) 5 x
(b) ( f  f )( x)  3 x  2   x
2x  3
3  2 3(2 x  3)  2(3 x  2) 5
3x  2
1
10. (a) f ( x)  x 3

(b) f(g(x)) = x + 1  [g(x)]3 = x + 1

so g(x) = 3
x 1

OR g  f 1  ( f  g ) , so g(x) = 3
x 1

(b) g(f(x)) = x + 1  g(x3) = x + 1

so g(x) = 3
x 1

OR g  ( g  f )  f 1 , so g(x) = 3
x 1

11. (a) f  h  g 1
(b) g  f 1  h
(c) g  f 1  k  h 1

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

53x  2  15 x 10
12. (a) (h ◦ g) (x) = 
3x  2  4 3x  6
2
(b) numerator = 0  M1) x   0.667
3
13. (a) (f ° g): x ֏ 3(x + 2) (= 3x + 6)
(b) METHOD 1

f –1(x) = x g–1(x) = x – 2
3

f –1(18) = 18 = 6 g–1(18) = 18 – 2 = 16
3
f –1(18) + g–1(18) = 6 +16 = 22
METHOD 2
3x = 18, x + 2 = 18
x = 6, x = 16
f –1(18) + g–1(18) = 6 +16 = 22

3
 y 1 x 1
14. (a) y  2x  1  x  , f 1 ( x) 
2 2
(b) g  f (2)   g (3)  3(3) 2  4  23

(c) f  g ( x )   f (3x 2  4)  2(3x 2  4)  1  6 x 2  7

15. 3  2 x = 5  3 – 2x = 25  –2x = 22  x = –11

OR
3  y2
Let y = 3  2 x  y2 = 3 – 2x  x =
2
3  x2 3  25
 f –1(x) =  f –1(5) = = –11
2 2
16. (a) METHOD 1
f (3) = 7 (g ◦ f) (3) = 7
METHOD 2
2
(g ◦ f) (x) = x4 = x + 4

(g ◦ f) (3) = 7
(b) y  x  4  y2  x  4  x  y2  4
f 1(x) = x2  4
(c) x0
17. (a) METHOD 1
f (2) = 12
(g ◦ f) (2) = g (12) = 24
METHOD 2
(g ◦ f) (x) = 2x3 8
(g ◦ f) (2) = 24

(b) y = x3  4  y  4 = x3  x  3 y4

f 1(x) = 3 x  4
18. (a) METHOD 1
(f ◦ g) (4) = f (g (4)) = f (1) = 2
METHOD 2
2
(f ◦ g) (x) = so (f ◦ g) (4) = 2
x 3
1  1 1  1 3 y 
(b) Let y =  y(x  3) = 1  x  3   x   3   
x 3  y y  y 

1  1  3x 
g 1(x) = 3  
x  x 
(c) x  0 (or \ {0})

4
19. (a) For f –1(2) , 3x + 5 = 2 x = –1
f –1(2) = –1
(b) g(f (–4) = g(–12 + 5) = g(–7) = 2(1 + 7) = 16

20. (a) (g ° f ) (x) =2cos x + 1

(b) (f ° g) (x) =2cos(2x + 1)

(c) ( g 1  g )( x)  x , ( g  g 1 )( x)  x
6 x
21. (a) y=  x = 6 – 2y  g–1(x) = 6 – 2x
2
(b) (f ° g–1) (x) = 4[(6 – 2x) –1] = 4(5 –2x) = 20 – 8x
20 – 8x = 4  8x = 16  x = 2
y3 x3
22. (a) y = 2x – 3  2x = y + 3  x  g–1(x) =
2 2
(b) METHOD 1
g(4) = 5  f(5) = 25
METHOD 2
f ° g(x) = (2x – 3)2

f ° g(4) = (2 × 4 – 3)2 = 25

23. (a) (g ° f)(x) = 7 – 2x + 3 = 10 – 2x

(b) g–1(x) = x – 3
(c) METHOD 1
g–1(5) = 2
f (2) = 3
METHOD 2
(f ° g–1)(x) = 7 – 2(x – 3) = 13 – 2x

(f ° g–1)(5) = 3

24. (a) h(x) = f(2x – 5) = 6x – 15

y  15
(b) 6x – 15 = y  6 x = y + 15  x 
6
x  15
h 1  x  
6
25. (a) f –1(x) = x2
(f –1 ° g)(x) = f –1(2x) = 22x

(b) 22x = 16  2x = 4  x = 2

5
 1 x5
26. f ( x)  g 1 ( x )  x  2
3
x3
(f1◦ g) (x) = (g1◦ f) (x) = 3x  3 
3
x3 12 3
 3x  3  x  3  9 x  9  x  
3 8 2

4
27. (a) h( x)  g ( f ( x))  1
x2
4 4 4 4
(b) y 1  y 1   x2  x 2
x2 x2 y 1 y 1
4 2  2x
Hence h 1 ( x)  2 (or )
x 1 x 1

28. (f ° g) : x ֏ x3 + 1
(f ° g)–1 : x ֏ (x – 1)1/3
x
29. (a) g(x) = (f ° f)(x) = x 1 = x
x 2x  1
1
x 1
2 2
(b) (g ° g)(2) = g   =
5 9
30. (a)

31. (a) f (x) = (x – 3)2 + 4 = x2 – 6x+9+4 = x 2 – 6x +13

(b) y = (x – 3)2 + 4
y – 4 = (x – 3)2
y4 =x–3

y4 +3=x

 f –1(x) = x4 +3
(c) x  3 and y  4
(d) x  4 and y  3
6
32. (a) ( f  f )(1)  f ( f (1))  f (3)  2

(b) ( g 1  f )( 4) = g 1 ( f (4))  g 1 (1)  3

(c) f ( g ( x ))  1 , so g ( x )  4 , so x  1

(d) ( g 1  g )( 2) =2

33.

34. (a) ( f  g )( x)  x 2  x  2
x2  x  2  0
y = x2 + x –2

–2 1

a = –2, b = 1
(b) range is y  0

35. (a) in both cases it is the x-coordinate of the vertex.

b
EITHER by the formula x   OR by GDC graph, minimum
2a
(i) a  2 , (ii) b  2
(b) EITHER by solving f ( x )  7  3 x 2  12 x  7  7 OR by GDC graph x-CAL

(i) f 1 (7)  4 , (ii) g 1 (7)  0

7
36. METHOD A
1
We firstly find f ( x)  3 x  1
(a) g  f 1  ( f  g ) , so g ( x )  3 2 x  2
(b) g  ( g  f )  f 1 , so g ( x )  2 3 x  1  1

METHOD B
(a) f (g(x)) = x + 1  [g(x)]3 -1 = 2x + 1, so g(x) = 3 2 x  2
(b) g (f(x)) = 2x + 1  g(x3-1) = 2x + 1
Set y  x 3  1 , then x  3 y  1 , so g ( x )  2 3 x  1  1

37.

x2 – 1
38. Let y = = > yx2 + y = x2 – 1
x 1
2

1 y 1 y
x2(1 – y) = 1 + y = > x2 = =>x=
1– y 1– y
1 x
Interchanging, f –1(x) = –
1– x
39. (a) By using GDC, graph, x-CAL OR SolveN
(i) f 1 (1)  0 , (ii) f 1 (0)  0.682 , (iii) f 1 (2)  0.682 .

(b) Since f ( x )  f 1 ( x )  x , we solve instead, f ( x )  x

EITHER by graph, OR by SolveN OR analytically x 3  x  1  x  x 3  1

The solution is x  1

C. Exam style questions (LONG)

40. (a) ( f  f )(0)  f (1)  5

(b) f ( x )  2( x  2) 2  7
(c) y  7
x7
(d) f 1 ( x)  2 
2
(e) Domain: x  7 , Range: y  2

8
 1 3x  1
41. (a) We show that f ( x) 
x 3
(b) ( f  f )(k )  k
16
(c) ( f  g )(2)  f (5)   2.
8
(d)  5  x  6 .

42.

43. (a) x  1
(b) f 1 ( x)  ( x  1) 2  1  x 2  2 x
(c) h( x )  ( x 2  2 x )2
(d) k ( x)  x 4  2 x 2

9
 1
44. (a) f ( x )  ( x  1) 2 .
(b) x  1 , y  0
(c)

(d) We solve f ( x )  x OR f 1 ( x )  x
3 5
x .
2

10