Biology Weekly Exam Material

Week 9:
Exam Timetable:

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

AMS/HW
Questions in bold are Grid Questions
Questions in italic are Poorly Answered Questions in past exam(s).
Questions with ** indicate anticipated low average questions.

AMS/HW Material: 2021-10008 / 2021-BLH18-WRCC

Chapter 4: Methods of Cell Transport
Chapter 5: Cellular Respiration and Energy (Section 5.1-5.4)
1. Indicate why the cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable.
2. Define passive transport.
3. Enumerate the types of passive transport.
4. Define concentration gradient.
5. Define diffusion.
6. Define simple diffusion.
7. What does the diagram below represent?

8. Identify molecules that can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion.
9. Define facilitated diffusion.
10. Give examples of substances that cross the membrane by facilitated diffusion.
11. Define gas exchange.
12. G Identify factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
13. Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of diffusion?
14. G Define the term osmosis.
15. Describe isotonic solutions.
16. Describe hypertonic solutions.
17. Describe hypotonic solutions.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 1

18. G Use the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic o describe the following
solutions.
19. Refer to the diagram below.

a) By what process does movement of water occur between the solutions?

b) Fill in the blanks.
c) Draw an arrow to indicate the movement of water between the solutions.
20. Describe what happens to an animal cell, such as a red blood cell or a white blood
cell, when placed in a hypotonic solution.
21. Describe what happens to an animal cell, such as a red blood cell or a white blood
cell, when placed in a hypertonic solution.
22. Describe what happens to a plant cell placed in a concentrated solution.
23. Identify the state of the plant cell below. Label the parts.

24. Describe a turgid plant cell.

25. G Describe the fate of plant and animal cells in hypertonic and hypotonic
26. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

27. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 2

28. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

29. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

30. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

31. Refer to the below diagram of a plant cell to answer the questions that follow.

Name the force labeled A and define it.

Name the force labeled B and define it.
32. State the significance of turgor pressure in plants.
33. G Define active transport.
34. State one example of active transport in plants and in animals.
35. Active transport occurs in epithelial cells of the intestine, tubular cells of the
kidneys and root hair cells of plants. State how these cells are adapted to carry out
active transport.
36. Describe the role of carrier proteins.
37. What forms of transport across the cell membrane require carrier proteins?

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 3

38. G Define exocytosis, with an example.
39. G Define the term endocytosis.
40. The experiment below shows the rate of osmosis and water flow.
a. Name the experimental set up shown below.

b. What is osmometer used for?

c. Outline the movement of water in the setup above.
d. Indicate how to calculate the rate of osmosis.
41. Compare and contrast dialysis tubing and cell membrane.
42. Refer to the experiment below:
A piece of dialysis tubing is filled with 1% starch solution. The tube is inserted into
a test-tube containing dilute iodine solution.

a. What does this experiment demonstrate?

b. What is meant by: the dialysis tubing is selectively permeable?
c. What is the color of the starch solution and iodine solution at the start of the
experiment?
d. What changes would be observed after about 20-30 minutes.
43. The diagram below represents 3 identical pieces of dialysis tubing. The three
pieces are filled with 5% sugar solution. What is expected to happen to the mass
and volume of the dialysis tubings?

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 4

44. What would happen to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic / concentrated
solution?
45. The figure below represents a plasmolyzed cell:

Label parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

46. A potato cylinder was left overnight in a solution X which could be hypertonic,
hypotonic or isotonic. Explain what would happen in each case.
47. Six potato cylinders of equal mass and dimensions were placed in different sucrose
solutions with different concentrations, including 10%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2% and 1%.
Which solution is expected to cause the greatest decrease in length? Explain your
answer.
48. Five potato cylinders of equal dimensions were placed in different sucrose
solutions with different concentrations. Each piece was weighed before being
placed in its respective sucrose solution. After 2 hours, the pieces were taken out,
dried and reweighed. The results are shown in the table below. Which solution is
the most dilute and which solution is the most concentrated?
Solution Mass at start (g) Mass after two hours (g)
1 25 30
2 24 32
3 26 28
4 28 25
5 23 19
49. G Define respiration.
50. G State the uses of energy in living organisms.
51. How is the energy released from respiration stored?
52. G Why is ATP important?
53. Identify the protein needed for respiration to occur.
54. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
55. Identify the precise site of aerobic respiration.
56. Define aerobic respiration.
57. Write in words, the equation for aerobic respiration.
58. Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration using symbols.
59. What are the starting molecules of aerobic respiration?
60. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
61. Define anaerobic respiration.
62. Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
63. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous
exercise.
64. Identify the term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in muscles.
65. What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
66. Name the product of lactic acid fermentation/anaerobic respiration in muscles
cells.
67. Where does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?
68. What causes fatigue in muscles while exercising?

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 5

69. What happens to the lactic acid that accumulates in the muscles after strenuous
exercise?
70. Explain what is meant by the term oxygen debt.
71. Outline how the oxygen debt is removed following physical exercise.
72. Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast.
73. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
74. State the balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
75. Name the two products formed from alcoholic fermentation/anaerobic respiration
in yeast.
76. Identify the term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in yeast.
77. G Which type of anaerobic respiration takes place in muscle cells and which type
occurs in yeast?
78. Name industries that use the alcoholic fermentation process in yeast.
79. Identify the product of anaerobic respiration in yeast that is used in bread making.
80. Identify the product of anaerobic respiration in yeast that is used to make biofuel.
81. Define sustainable resource with an example.
82. State the advantages of using biofuel.
83. Where is most energy produced within a cell?
84. In a table, distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Grid Sample Questions (T1Wk9)
1. G State the function of chloroplasts.
2. G A palisade cell is a type of plant cell found in leaves. A liver cell is an animal cell.
Identify the structures present in each type of cell by completing the table below.
3. G What are the levels of cellular organization starting from the lowest?
4. G What are the essential elements that make up proteins?
5. G Answer the following questions:
a. What are the building blocks of proteins?
b. By what bonds are the building blocks of proteins joined together?
6. G Name the building blocks (subunits) of nucleic acids.
7. G What is a nucleotide made up of?
8. G List the functions of the nucleus.
9. G What is the function of the mitochondria?
10. G What are the major differences in characteristics and structure of
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
11. G Why is water important for living cells?
12. G State the role of ribosomes.
13. G Describe the general characteristics and structure of lipids.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 6

 Biology Weekly Exam Material
Week 9:
Exam Timetable:

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

AMS/HW
Questions in bold are Grid Questions
Questions in italic are Poorly Answered Questions in past exam(s).
Questions with ** indicate anticipated low average questions.

AMS/HW Material: 2021-10008 / 2021-BLH18-WRCC

Chapter 4: Methods of Cell Transport
Chapter 5: Cellular Respiration and Energy (Section 5.1-5.4)
1. Indicate why the cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable.
The cell membrane is said to be selectively / partially permeable because it only allows
specific molecules to pass into and out of the cell through its pores.
2. Define passive transport.
Passive transport is a type of cellular transport in which molecules or ions are
transported across the cell membrane [down] a concentration gradient without using
[energy].
3. Enumerate the types of passive transport.
The types of passive transport include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and
osmosis.
4. Define concentration gradient.
Concentration gradient, also known as diffusion gradient, is the difference in
concentration between two regions.
For example, the concentration of salt inside a cell is 4%, while its concentration in the
extracellular environment is 9%. This difference in concentration in the two regions is
called concentration gradient.
5. Define diffusion.
Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or ions from an area of [higher]
concentration to an area of [lower] concentration until [equilibrium] is reached.
Equilibrium is the state in which the molecules are equally spread around an available
space.
6. Define simple diffusion.
Simple diffusion is the movement of substances from a [high] concentration to a [low]
concentration across the cell membrane without the help of [carrier proteins] or
expenditure of [energy].

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 7

7. What does the diagram below represent?

The diagram above represents simple diffusion as indicated by the movement of

molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration without the use of carrier
proteins.
8. Identify molecules that can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion.
Small, non-charged molecules such as [oxygen] and [carbon dioxide] can cross the
membrane freely, and can move down their concentration gradients through a process
called [simple diffusion].
9. Define facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion is also known as [controlled] diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a
region of [higher] concentration to a region of [lower] concentration [down] a
concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion does not require the use of [energy] in the form of ATP.
Facilitated diffusion requires the use of [carrier proteins] in the cell membrane.

The process shown in the diagram is: [facilitated diffusion].

10. Give examples of substances that cross the membrane by facilitated diffusion.
Large charged molecules such as glucose and amino acids and ions such as Na+ and Cl
cross the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion. These molecules and ions can cross the
membrane only with the help of transport proteins that are embedded in the cell
membrane.
11. Define gas exchange.
Gas exchange is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between a cell/organism
and its external environment.
12. G Identify factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
 High temperature would increase the rate of diffusion.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 8

  Low temperature would decrease the rate of diffusion.
 High pressure would increase the rate of diffusion.
 Thin membrane would increase the rate of diffusion.
 Thick membrane would decrease the rate of diffusion.
 Smaller particles diffuse at a higher rate.
 Larger particles diffuse at a lower rate.
 The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
 The larger the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion.
 Diffusion occurs fastest in gases and slowest in solids.
13. Why does a higher temperature increase the rate of diffusion?
Increased temperature increases the kinetic energy and therefore the movement of the
particles.
14. G Define the term osmosis.
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water potential
(dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a
selectively permeable membrane.
15. Describe isotonic solutions.
 A n isotonic solution has same concentration of solutes as the other solution.
 An isotonic solution has the same water potential as the other solution.
 An isotonic solution shows no net flow of water molecules with the other solution.
16. Describe hypertonic solutions.
 A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the other solution.
 A hypertonic solution has a lower water potential.
 A hypertonic solution would gain water.
17. Describe hypotonic solutions.
 A hypotonic solution is lower concentration of solutes than the other solution.
 A hypotonic solution has a higher water potential
 A hypotonic solution would lose water.
18. G Use the terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic o describe the following
solutions.
 A solution that is more concentrated than a reference one, is called a [hypertonic]
solution.
 Pure water is always [hypotonic] compared to any solution.
 A 5% sucrose solution is [isotonic] to a 5% glucose solution.
19. Refer to the diagram below.

a) By what process does movement of water occur between the solutions?

The movement of water occurs between the solutions by the process of [osmosis].
Water will move down its diffusion gradient.
b) Fill in the blanks.
Water molecules will move from a solution with [higher water potential] to a
solution with [lower water potential].

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 9

 c) Draw an arrow to indicate the movement of water between the solutions.

 20% salt solution has a [lower water potential] compared to a 10% salt
solution.
 5% sugar solution has a [higher water potential] than 10% sugar solution.
 Distilled water has a [higher water potential] than 10% sugar solution.
 0.1 M salt solution has a [higher water potential] than 0.15 salt solution.
20. Describe what happens to an animal cell, such as a red blood cell or a white blood
cell, when placed in a hypotonic solution.
 A hypotonic solution has a relatively higher water potential than the cytoplasm of
the animal cell.
 Water will move into the cell by osmosis from a higher water potential to a lower
water potential across the selectively permeable cell membrane.
 An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell up and eventually burst.
21. Describe what happens to an animal cell, such as a red blood cell or a white blood
cell, when placed in a hypertonic solution.
 A hypertonic solution has a relatively lower water potential than the cytoplasm of
the animal cell.
 Water will move out of the cell by osmosis from a higher water potential to a
lower water potential across the selectively permeable cell membrane.
 An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink and shrivel.
22. Describe what happens to a plant cell placed in a concentrated solution.
When a plant cell is placed in a concentrated solution:
 The plant cell will [lose] water by the process of [osmosis] because the water
potential of the concentrated solution is [lower] than that of the plant cell.
 The cell vacuole and cytoplasm [shrink].
 The cytoplasm and the cell membrane are [pulled away] from the cell wall.
 The plant cell is [plasmolyzed].
23. Identify the state of the plant cell below. Label the parts.

The plant cell is plasmolyzed.

1- Nucleus
2- Chloroplasts
3- Cell wall (remains intact so the cell doesn’t shrivel)
4- Cell membrane (pulls away)
5- Concentrated solution

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 10

24. Describe a turgid plant cell.
When placed in a [dilute] solution or a solution with a [higher] water potential or a
[hypotonic] solution:
 Water will move from [higher] water potential of the solution to [lower] water
potential of the cell sap by [osmosis], through the cell membrane.
 The cell vacuole and cytoplasm [enlarge].
 The cytoplasm and cell membrane are [push against] the cell wall.
 The pushing force exerted by the cytoplasm when it presses out against the cell
wall is called [turgor pressure].
 The plant cell becomes [turgid].
25. G Describe the fate of plant and animal cells in hypertonic and hypotonic
solutions.
 Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not burst in a [hypotonic] solution because of the
presence of a cell wall.
 Plant cells placed in a hypertonic solution undergo [plasmolysis].
 When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will pass out of the
cell by [osmosis], causing the [cytoplasm] to shrink and the cell to shrivel up.
26. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Cell A is an animal cell.

It is an animal cell that has been placed in an [isotonic] solution of the same
concentration as the cytoplasm. The net movement of water into and out of the cell is
zero.
27. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Cell B is a dehydrated animal cell that was placed in a [hypertonic] solution.

Water has moved from a higher water potential of the cytoplasm of the cell to lower
water potential of the concentrated/[hypertonic] solution outside by osmosis. The
cytoplasm has shrunk and the cell has shriveled.
28. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Cell C is an animal cell that was placed in a solution with a [higher] water potential.
It is an animal cell that has undergone osmotic lysis. Water has diffused from higher
water potential of the dilute/[hypotonic] solution outside to the lower water potential of

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 11

 the cytoplasm inside the cell by osmosis. Since it is an animal cell with no [cell wall],
the cell membrane cannot withstand the pressure created by the movement of water; the
cell bursts.
29. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Cell D is a [plasmolyzed] plant cell.

Water has moved from higher water potential of the cell sap to lower water potential of
the concentrated/[hypertonic] solution outside by osmosis. The cytoplasm and cell
membrane are [pulled away] from the cell wall.
30. State whether the cell depicted below is an animal cell or a plant cell and describe
what has happened?

Cell E is a [turgid] plant cell.

Water has diffused from a higher water potential of the dilute/[hypotonic] solution
outside to the lower water potential of the cytoplasm and cell sap in the vacuole of cell
by osmosis. Since it has a [cell wall] it will not burst. The cytoplasm and [cell
membrane] are pressed up against the cell wall.
31. Refer to the below diagram of a plant cell to answer the questions that follow.

Name the force labeled A and define it.

The inward push force by the cell wall of a plant cell is called [wall pressure].
Name the force labeled B and define it.
The pushing force exerted by the cytoplasm when it presses out against the cell wall is
called [turgor pressure].

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 12

32. State the significance of turgor pressure in plants.
Turgid cells make a plant firm, help it maintains its shape, and allow it to function
efficiently. When plant cells become flaccid they lose their firmness and the plant wilts.
33. G Define active transport.
[Active transport] is the movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region
of [lower] concentration to a region of [higher] concentration [against] a concentration
gradient.
Active transport requires the use of [energy] in the form of [ATP].
Active transport requires the use of [carrier proteins] in the cell membrane.

The process shown in the diagram is the [active transport].

34. State one example of active transport in plants and in animals.
 Example of active transport in plants: uptake of mineral salts by the root hair
cells.
 Example of active transport in animals: absorption of glucose and amino acids by
the epithelial cells of villi in the small intestine and the tubular cells of the
kidneys.
35. Active transport occurs in epithelial cells of the intestine, tubular cells of the
kidneys and root hair cells of plants. State how these cells are adapted to carry out
active transport.
 The epithelial cells of villi in the small intestine and the tubular cells of the
kidneys in animals and the root hair cells in plants have numerous [mitochondria]
that generate the required amount of energy as ATP for the active transport.
 The root hair cells have a [long extension], enabling them to maximize their
[surface area] for active transport.
 The epithelial cells of the intestine and the tubular cells of the kidney have
extensions known as the [microvilli], enabling them to maximize their [surface
area] for active transport.
36. Describe the role of carrier proteins.
Carrier proteins form the other type of transport proteins, they transport substances
across the membrane by binding to them.
They can flip between two shapes; as a result, the binding site is alternately open to one
side of the membrane and then to the other.
37. What forms of transport across the cell membrane require carrier proteins?
Carrier proteins are required for active transport and facilitated diffusion.
38. G Define exocytosis, with an example.
Exocytosis is a vesicle-mediated mechanism by which solid or liquid macromolecules
are expelled out of the cell via a temporary vesicle.
The released content can be harmful like wastes particles, harmful substances or
important molecules like functional proteins like enzymes.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 13

 Exocytosis is the process depicted in the diagram above.
39. G Define the term endocytosis.
Endocytosis is the energy requiring process by which cells take in large substances such
as food particles. The cell membrane forms a small sac that engulfs the material. The
sac pinches off to form a vesicle.
[Endocytosis] is the process by which single celled animals like amoeba take in solid
particles.

40. The experiment below shows the rate of osmosis and water flow.
a. Name the experimental set up shown below.
The experimental set up shown below is the osmometer.

b. What is osmometer used for?

An osmometer is used to measure the rate of osmosis.
c. Outline the movement of water in the setup above.
Water will move by osmosis from the water in the beaker to the sugar containing
solution by osmosis across the selectively permeable dialysis tubing from a higher
water potential to a lower water potential. This will causes the level of fluid in the
capillary tube to rise.
d. Indicate how to calculate the rate of osmosis.
The rate of osmosis is measured by recording the distance the level of liquid rises
in the capillary tube over a fixed time interval.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 14

41. Compare and contrast dialysis tubing and cell membrane.
 Dialysis tubing is selectively permeable due to presence of microscopic pores.
Cell membrane is selectively permeable due to presence of microscopic pores and
special protein carriers.
 Both visking dialysis tubing and cell membrane are selectively permeable
allowing only small sized molecules such as water molecules, to diffuse through
them easily according to their pore size.
 Both Visking dialysis tubing and cell membrane do not allow the passage of large
molecules like starch and protein.
 The dialysis tubing is non-living barrier, and is made of cellulose, while the cell
membrane is living and not made of cellulose.
42. Refer to the experiment below:
A piece of dialysis tubing is filled with 1% starch solution. The tube is inserted into
a test-tube containing dilute iodine solution.

a. What does this experiment demonstrate?

The experiment demonstrates that the dialysis tubing is [selectively permeable].
b. What is meant by: the dialysis tubing is selectively permeable?
Dialysis tubing is selectively permeable means that it allows molecules to diffuse
across it only if their size is smaller than the size of its pores.
c. What is the color of the starch solution and iodine solution at the start of the
experiment?
At the start of the experiment: the starch solution is [colorless] and the iodine
solution is [yellow-brown].
d. What changes would be observed after about 20-30 minutes.
The starch solution turned [blue black]. [Iodine] molecules being small have
diffused through the pores of the dialysis tubing to interact with starch molecules.
The iodine solution outside stayed [yellow-brown]. The [starch] molecules are
[too large] to diffuse out of the dialysis tubing through the pores.
43. The diagram below represents 3 identical pieces of dialysis tubing. The three
pieces are filled with 5% sugar solution. What is expected to happen to the mass
and volume of the dialysis tubings?

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 15

  In the first tubing water is expected to move by osmosis from the tap water to the
5% sugar solution inside, resulting in an increase in mass and volume of the
dialysis tubing.
 In the second tubing the 5% sugar solution inside the tubing is isotonic to the 5%
sugar solution outside the tubing. The net movement of water will therefore be
zero. The mass and volume of the dialysis tubing will remain the same.
 In the third tubing water is expected to move by osmosis from the 5% sugar
solution inside to the 20%sugar solution outside, resulting in a decrease in mass
and volume of the dialysis tubing.
44. What would happen to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic / concentrated
solution?
 A plant cell placed in a concentrated solution / hypertonic solution becomes
plasmolyzed.
 In a plasmolyzed plant cell the cytoplasm and vacuole shrink, the cytoplasm and
the cell membrane pull away from the cell wall, leaving the cell flaccid.
45. The figure below represents a plasmolyzed cell:

Label parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

1 – cell wall
2 – vacuole
3-solution in which the cells are immersed
4 – cytoplasm
5 – cell membrane
6 – nucleus
46. A potato cylinder was left overnight in a solution X which could be hypertonic,
hypotonic or isotonic. Explain what would happen in each case.
 The mass of a potato cylinder increases, the potato becomes firm and increases in
length when placed in a hypotonic solution, such as distilled water.
 The mass of a potato cylinder decreases, the potato becomes soft and decreases in
length when placed in a hypertonic solution, such as a concentrated sugar solution.
 The mass of a potato cylinder remains the same when placed in an isotonic
solution. When placed in an isotonic solution the percentage change in mass of a
potato cylinder is zero.
47. Six potato cylinders of equal mass and dimensions were placed in different sucrose
solutions with different concentrations, including 10%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2% and 1%.
Which solution is expected to cause the greatest decrease in length? Explain your
answer.
10% sucrose solution. The higher the concentration of solutes in a solution, the lower
the water potential, causing water to exit the potato cells by osmosis. The potato
cylinder will therefore decrease in length and become flabby.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 16

48. Five potato cylinders of equal dimensions were placed in different sucrose
solutions with different concentrations. Each piece was weighed before being
placed in its respective sucrose solution. After 2 hours, the pieces were taken out,
dried and reweighed. The results are shown in the table below. Which solution is
the most dilute and which solution is the most concentrated?
Solution Mass at start (g) Mass after two hours (g)
1 25 30
2 24 32
3 26 28
4 28 25
5 23 19
 Solution 2 is the most dilute as observed by the greatest increase in mass of the
potato cylinder. Water passed by osmosis from the dilute / hypotonic solution into
the potato cells causing an increase in mass.
 Solution 5 is the most concentrated as observed by the greatest decrease in mass
of the potato cylinder. Water passed by osmosis from the potato cells into the
concentrated/hypertonic solution causing a decrease in mass.
49. G Define respiration.
The chemical process which occurs in every cell, by which energy is released from the
breakdown of food substances, is called [respiration].
50. G State the uses of energy in living organisms.
 Energy is used to synthesize [proteins] from amino acids for growth.
 Energy is used to carry out cell activities like growth, development and [cell
division].
 Energy is used to allow [muscle contraction] and consequently the movement of
the organism as a whole.
 Energy is used to maintain body [temperature] in warm blooded animals.
 Energy is used to allow [nerve impulses] to travel along nerves.
 Energy is used to transport substances across the cell membrane against their
concentration gradient by [active transport].
51. How is the energy released from respiration stored?
Energy released from respiration is stored as ATP. ATP is the energy currency of the
cell.
52. G Why is ATP important?
 Energy is stored in the cell in the form of [ATP].
 ATP energy can be used to drive different [reactions].
 ATP is important because it stores energy in [small] packages; therefore, it
provides energy instantly whenever required, thus avoiding the waste of energy.
53. Identify the protein needed for respiration to occur.
Respiration is a series of chemical reactions that require the use of [enzymes].
[Enzymes] are needed for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
54. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
[Aerobic respiration] is defined as the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to
breakdown nutrient molecules to release energy.
[Anaerobic respiration] is defined as the chemical reactions in cells that breakdown
nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
55. Identify the precise site of aerobic respiration.
The precise site of aerobic respiration is the [mitochondria].

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 17

56. Define aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration is defined as the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to
breakdown nutrient molecules to release energy.
57. Write in words, the equation for aerobic respiration.
[Glucose] + [oxygen] → [carbon dioxide] + [water] + energy (2830kJ)
58. Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration using symbols.
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (2830 kJ)
59. What are the starting molecules of aerobic respiration?
The starting molecules of aerobic respiration are glucose and oxygen.
60. What are the products of aerobic respiration?
The products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.
61. Define anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is defined as the chemical reactions in cells that breakdown
nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
62. Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm.
63. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous
exercise.
The word equation for the anaerobic respiration in muscles is:
glucose → lactic acid + energy
64. Identify the term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in muscles.
The term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in muscles is lactic acid
fermentation.
65. What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
During lactic acid fermentation glucose is broken down without the use of oxygen to
produce lactic acid.
66. Name the product of lactic acid fermentation/anaerobic respiration in muscles
cells.
The product formed from the lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells is lactic acid.
Unlike alcoholic fermentation no carbon dioxide is released.
67. Where does anaerobic respiration occur in humans?
Anaerobic respiration in humans occurs primarily in [muscle] cells during high intensity
exercise when the circulatory and respiratory systems cannot deliver enough oxygen.
68. What causes fatigue in muscles while exercising?
When [oxygen] is not delivered to muscles quickly enough, [anaerobic] respiration
occurs resulting in the accumulation of [lactic acid] in the muscles, which feel
[fatigued].
69. What happens to the lactic acid that accumulates in the muscles after strenuous
exercise?
The lactic acid diffuses from the muscles into the blood to be carried to the liver where
it is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
70. Explain what is meant by the term oxygen debt.
[Oxygen debt] is the extra oxygen needed to oxidize and remove the lactic acid in the
liver.
71. Outline how the oxygen debt is removed following physical exercise.
 Lactic acid is broken down by [aerobic] respiration in the [liver].
 After exercise deeper breathing supplies [oxygen] for aerobic respiration of lactic
acid in the [liver].

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 18

72. Describe anaerobic respiration in yeast.
During anaerobic respiration, in microorganisms like yeast, glucose is broken down into
[alcohol], [carbon dioxide] and energy is released.
A lot less energy is produced in the [anaerobic] breakdown of glucose compared to
[aerobic] respiration.
73. State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
The word equation for the anaerobic respiration in yeast is;
glucose→ [alcohol] + [carbon dioxide] + 118 kJ
74. State the balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔 →2𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯+ 2𝑪𝑶𝟐 +energy
75. Name the two products formed from alcoholic fermentation/anaerobic respiration
in yeast.
The two products formed from the alcoholic fermentation in yeast are alcohol
(𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯) and carbon dioxide (𝑪𝑶𝟐 ).
76. Identify the term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in yeast.
The term used interchangeably with anaerobic respiration in yeast is alcoholic
fermentation.
77. G Which type of anaerobic respiration takes place in muscle cells and which type
occurs in yeast?
[Lactic acid] fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm of muscle cells, in the absence of
oxygen. It is accompanied by small amounts of [energy] release.
Yeast switch from aerobic respiration to [alcoholic] fermentation to obtain energy even
in the absence of [oxygen].
78. Name industries that use the alcoholic fermentation process in yeast.
Fermentation process in yeast is used for:
 Making biofuel using the alcohol produced.
 Brewing beer using the alcohol produced.
 Making wine using the alcohol produced.
 Producing bread using the carbon dioxide produced.
79. Identify the product of anaerobic respiration in yeast that is used in bread making.
The [carbon dioxide] produced by the anaerobic respiration of yeast is used for baking
(making bread) since it allows the bread dough to rise.
80. Identify the product of anaerobic respiration in yeast that is used to make biofuel.
The [alcohol] produced by the anaerobic respiration of yeast is used for making biofuel.
81. Define sustainable resource with an example.
A sustainable resource is one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the
environment so that it does not run out.
[Biofuel] formed from the anaerobic respiration in yeast is an example of a sustainable
resource.
82. State the advantages of using biofuel.
 [Biofuel] is a sustainable resource that can be used instead of fossil fuels. We can
therefore conserve fossil fuels which are non-renewable energy sources.
 [Biofuels] are less polluting to the environment than fossil fuels.
83. Where is most energy produced within a cell?
Most energy is produced in the mitochondria from aerobic respiration.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 19

84. In a table, distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Site Mitochondria Cytoplasm of muscle cells
Yeast cells
Oxygen requirement Oxygen is required Oxygen is never required
Products Carbon dioxide and water The product of lactic acid
fermentation is lactic acid.
The products of alcoholic
fermentation are alcohol
and carbon dioxide.
Amount of energy released Large Small
Energy remaining in Little energy left in Large amount of energy
products products (carbon dioxide left in products (alcohol).
and water)

Grid Sample Questions (T1Wk9)

1. G State the function of chloroplasts.
[Chloroplasts] convert sunlight energy into chemical energy, which is used by cell to make
carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in a process called [photosynthesis].
2. G A palisade cell is a type of plant cell found in leaves. A liver cell is an animal cell.
Identify the structures present in each type of cell by completing the table below.

Structure Palisade cell (plant cell) Liver cell (animal cell)

Nucleus Present Present
Cell wall Present (forms outermost Absent
boundary of cell)
Cell membrane Present Present (forms outermost
boundary of cell)
Mitochondria Present Present
Cytoplasm Present Present
Large central vacuole Present Small temporary vacuoles
Ribosomes Present Present
Golgi body Present Present
Endoplasmic reticulum Present Present
Glycogen granules absent Present
Starch grains Present Absent
Chloroplasts Present Absent
Lysosomes Absent Present

3. G What are the levels of cellular organization starting from the lowest?
[Cells], [tissues], [organs], [organ systems], and [organisms] are the levels of cellular
organization.
4. G What are the essential elements that make up proteins?
[Carbon], [hydrogen], [nitrogen], [oxygen] (CHON) and sometimes [sulfur].
5. G Answer the following questions:
a. What are the building blocks of proteins?
[Amino acids]

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 20

 b. By what bonds are the building blocks of proteins joined together?
[Peptide bonds]
6. G Name the building blocks (subunits) of nucleic acids.
[Nucleotides] are building blocks of nucleic acids.
7. G What is a nucleotide made up of?
[Nucleotides] are made up of a simple sugar, a phosphate group and an organic base.
8. G List the functions of the nucleus.
1. It serves as the information and control center.
2. It contains chromosomes, which carry hereditary information.
3. It controls the type and quantity of proteins produced by the cytoplasm.
4. It regulates the chemical changes in the cell.
5. It controls cell division.
9. G What is the function of the mitochondria?
The organelle responsible for manufacturing energy from the breakdown of food
substances, like sugar, is the [mitochondria].
10. G What are the major differences in characteristics and structure of
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?
The carbohydrates which are formed by two sugar molecules joined together are
[disaccharides]. They are sweet and soluble in water just like [monosaccharides]. On
the other hand, most [polysaccharides] are insoluble in water and do not taste sweet.
11. G Why is water important for living cells?
The [cytoplasm] that fills the inside of cells is mainly made up of water. Water is
important for the [transport] of substances throughout the body. It is also essential for
the process of [digestion], since it is needed to dissolve enzymes and nutrients in the
alimentary canal.
12. G State the role of ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the site of [protein] synthesis.
13. G Describe the general characteristics and structure of lipids
 Compared to carbohydrates, lipids have more [hydrogen] atoms per oxygen atom.
 Fats are common representatives of lipids, in which one [glycerol] molecule is
joined with three fatty acids.
 The common feature of all lipids is their [insolubility] in water.

Date 15-10-2020 | Level L | 21