SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.

143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon

(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7
Week 13 & 14
Lesson 10. Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Reproduction: Biological Mechanism of Heredity

Heredity
Do you know that the traits that an offspring inherits from his or her parents can be
identical or varied?
 Heredity is the transfer of traits from parents to their offspring.
 This happens through reproduction, or the biological process by which an
offspring is produced from its parents.

Two methods of reproduction:

Asexual reproduction, an individual organism produces an offspring even without
interacting with another organism.
Sexual reproduction, an offspring is produced from the fusion of the female gamete of
one organism with the male gamete of another.

Example:

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction
A cell grows. Growth, in general, results from subsequent cell reproduction, during
which a single cell divides into two, then into four, then into eight and so on.
Cell division, in turn, result in cell differentiation, as new cells, sperm cells, or egg cells.

In a single celled organism, the zygote, or the fertilized egg cell that resulted from the
fusion of the male and female gametes, gradually divides and transforms into a sexually
mature organism.
Cell Division
Cells vary but each of them reproduce new cells in either of two ways: mitosis or
meiosis.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7

Mitosis
A duplicative process, whereby a single parent cell produces two identical “daughter”
cells with identical sets of chromosomes.
Chromosomes contain genes.
A gene is the part of the chromosome that controls the physical characteristics, growth,
and development of an organism.

The Cell Cycle

The production of a new cell through mitosis is the beginning of the cell cycle, when the
new cell also divides into two to produce another cell.
 G1 (Gap 1)
 S (Synthesis)
 G2 (Gap 2)
 M (Mitosis)

 The G1 phase is the earliest stage in the interphase of the cell cycle. It is
characterized by a period of increased RNA and protein synthesis.
 The cell is in its S phase when the DNA replicates from precursors produced
during the G1 phase.
 The G2 phase is characterized by protein synthesis. It paves the way to actual
cell division during the M phase.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7
 During replication, a new chromosome strand, which is an exact copy of the
parent strand, is formed.
 Each chromosome has two sets of chromatids, or arms, joined to gather by
centromeres or kinetochore.

Phases of Mitosis
The interphase phase in cell division leads us to the six phases that are involved in
mitosis. (phophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis)

 During prophase, the chromosomes duplicate. In the early part of the phase, the
centrioles start to move apart to the opposite sides of the nucleus.
 During metaphase, the nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes
align at the equatorial region and divide equally and longitudinally.
 During anaphase, the centromeres split and the chromosomes move toward the
opposite poles of the spindle.
 During telophase, the chromosomes move to the poles. The nuclear membranes
form around each set of chromosomes. Two daughter nuclei are formed.
 During cytokinesis, the cell divides into two daughter cells, with each daughter
cell containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Meiosis
Cell division goes through a process similar to that of mitosis, although with some
complexity.
In meiosis, a parent cell produces four daughter cells, each containing 23 individual
chromosomes instead of the 23 pairs of chromosomes produced in mitosis.

Phases of Meiosis
Just as in mitosis, meiosis takes place in several phases that are clustered in two major
nuclear divisions.
Each division is comprised of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.

 During prophase I, matching chromosomes, pair up, forming a tetrad of

chromatids. This pairing is called synapsis. This does not occur in mitosis.
 During metaphase I, the pairs of chromosomes line up across the equator of the
spindle and are divided equally and longitudinally.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7
 During anaphase I, the chromosomes separate from each other and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
 During telophase I, the nuclear membrane forms around each group of
chromosomes.
 A cell wall separates the cell into two daughter cells.

 During prophase II, two sister chromatids of a chromosome are connected

together in the centromere region and stay side by side with a chromosome that
has its own chromatids.
 During metaphase II, the chromosomes, each with two chromatids, line up on
the equator of the spindle.
 During telophase II, the nuclear membranes form and the cell walls divide the
two cells into four daughter cells.
 Each daughter cell has half the chromosomes of each pair of chromosomes.
 There is no duplication of chromosomes between the two divisions.

Sexual and asexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sexual reproduction is the formation of new organisms from parent cells that have
undergone meiosis, gamete formation, and fertilization.

Parts of Flower
Four major parts of the flower:
 Pistil
 Stamen

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7
 Petals
 Sepals
Flowers with all four parts are said to be complete, while those that do not have all
these parts are called incomplete.

Reproductive Parts
 The stamen is the male reproductive structure and consists of the anther and
the filament.
 The anther is the fertile part of the stamen and is responsible for the production
of the sticky powder called pollen. An anther usually contains two pollen sacs.
 Within the pollen sacs are many cells called microspore mother cells. The
anther is found at the tip of the filament, a long threadlike stalk.

 The pistil is the female reproductive structure and consists of the stigma, style,
and ovary. It is responsible for collecting the pollen.
 The stigma is the bulb that is found in the center of most flowers. It receives the
pollen grains that then germinate in this part.
 The style is the long stalk to w/c the stigma is attached. The ovary contains the
ovules, or the seeds that turn into fruit.
 The petals are the colorful and attractive parts of the flower while sepals are the
outer and green leaflike parts that enclose a developing bud of the plant and
protect it.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7

Tissue Culture
 Tissue culture method makes use of plant tissue samples such as leaf stems.
 The surface of a leaf stem can be scraped or cut thinly into small pieces and
transferred to a sterile agar-based growth medium.
 The scraped or thinly cut tissue samples are cultures for a certain period of time
until these grow into small plants or plantlets.

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

 Conjugation is the temporary sexual union of two or more cells or organisms
where they share genetic material through a cytoplasmic bridge.
 Conjugation is considered a primitive form of sexual reproduction for lower forms
of animals such as paramecium.

 Syngamy, which is also called fertilization, is the permanent union of egg and
sperm cells.
 It occurs in higher forms of animals.
 The reproductive organ of some animals are collectively referred to as gonads,
or specifically, testis in males and ovaries in females.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7

Internal and External Fertilization

Animals exhibit two patterns for bringing their sperm and egg cells together. These are
through internal and external fertilization

 External fertilization usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs

and sperm are released into the water. After the sperm reaches the egg,
fertilization takes place.

 Internal fertilization occurs most often in land-based animals, although some

aquatic animals also use this method.

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 SAN ANTONIO INFOTECH SCHOOL INC.
143 ME C. Harina Street, Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon
(043) 703-2273
Quarter 2
Science 7
Week 13 & 14
Lesson 10. Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

Name: __________________________________

Activity #1.
Directions: Answer the following statement/s or question/s below. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1-10. Give 5 (five) examples of External and Internal Fertilization in animals.

External Fertilization Internal Fertilization
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

11-15. Explain the phases of Mitosis.

16-20. Explain the phases of Meiosis.