DIVERSITY OF MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT • A solid substance that dissolves completely in a of solute per unit volume, the solution
of solute per unit volume, the solution is said to be
SOLUTIONS
Parts of a Solutions
• The particles of solutions are too tiny to be seen by
the naked eye. Thus solutions appear to be
homogeneous. Solutions also cannot be filtered
because particles of solutions can pass through
the holes of filter paper. An unlike colloids,
solutions do not scatter light.
• Solute is the material present in smaller amount.
• Solvent is the substance present in larger amount.
• The solvent is also referred to as the substance
that dissolves, while the solute is the substance
that is dissolved. A solution that has water as the
solvent is generally termed as an aqueous
solution.
Types of Solutions
• Solutions may be classified according to the state
of the solvent, according to their solubility, and
according to their concentrations.
• Solutions exist in the three states of matter: solid,
liquid, and gas.
• A solute or a solvent can either be a gas, liquid, or
solid but the final state of the solution is
determined by the state of the solvent.
Solubility
• The maximum amount of solute that is dissolved in
a given amount of solvent at a specific
temperature. It is usually expressed in grams of
solute in exactly 100 g of solvent.
• In the solution process, the terms soluble and
miscible refer to solids dissolved in liquids and
liquids dissolved in liquids, respectively.
given solvent is said to be soluble. concentrated.
• Two liquids that completely mix in each other are • However, if the solution contains a relatively small
said to be miscible. amount of solute per unit volume, the solution is
• Solutes and solvents that differ in state and do not said to be diluted. This concentration of solutions
dissolve appreciably are insoluble. is only expressed qualitatively.
• Solutes and solvents of the same state that do not • The concentration of solution is the amount of
mix appreciably are immiscible. solute present in a given quantity of solution.
Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions Percent by Mass and Percent by Volume
• A solution that has reached its maximum solubility Percent by Mass
is referred to as a saturated solution. • Percent by mass, or % (m/m) of solution, refers to
• An unsaturated solution is a solution that can still the mass of solute dissolved in 100 g solution. It
dissolved more solute in the given amount of has no unit because it is a ratio of mass expressed
solvent at a given temperature. in grams.
• A supersaturated solution is prepared by setting a mass mass of solute
• %( ¿= x 100
saturated solution at a higher temperature. mass mass of solution
Factors Affecting Solubility • The mass of solution is obtained by adding the
The Nature of Solute and Solvent mass of solute and the mass of solvent. The
• The solubility of some solutes depends on the equation is expressed this way:
nature of the solute and solvent • mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of
• Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes. solvent
Temperature Percent by Volume
• Solids are usually more soluble in liquids at higher • Percent by volume, or % v/v, refers to the number
temperatures. of milliliters of solute dissolved in 100 mL solution.
• For instance, sugar dissolves faster in hot water volume of solute
than in cold. • % volume/volume = x 100
volume of solution
Pressure Percent by Mass/ Volume
• Pressure does not affect the solubility of liquids • Percent by mass/ volume, or % (m/v), refers to the
and solids. However, it greatly affects the solubility mass of solute dissolved in milliliters solution. It is
of gases in liquids. calculated by dividing the grams of solute by the
Concentration of Solutions milliliters of solution and multiplying by 100.
• Solutions may be classified on the basis of the mass of solute
amount of solvent and solute present in them. • % mass/volume = x 100
volume of solution
When a solution contains a relatively large amount