SOLUTIONS

WHAT ARE SOLUTIONS?

• homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

dispersed as molecules, atoms or ions
• COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION

• A. Solute – substance being dissolved present in lesser quantity

• B. Solvent – dissolving medium and usually of greater amount
• SOLUTION PROCESS:

• Solutions form when one substance disperses uniformly

throughout another. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the
molecules or ions that make up the solute separate from one
another as they become surrounded by molecules of the solvent.
• SOLUTION PROCESS:

• - The attractive interaction of solvent molecules with

solute is called solvation.
• - When the solvent is water, the interaction is called
hydration.
• • Attractions which must be overcome for a solute to
dissolve in a solvent
• 1. Solute – solute attraction
• 2. Solvent – solvent attraction
• • Driving force for solution formation: solute – solvent
attraction
• CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOLUTIONS

• A. Based on the physical state of the solvent

• B. Based on solubility
• C. Based on the Amount of solute dissolved
A. BASED ON THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE
SOLVENT
Classification Solute Solvent Example
1. Gaseous Solutions Gas Gas Air
Liquid Gas Water vapor in Air
Solid Gas Naphthalene sublime in air
1. Liquid Solutions Gas Liquid Carbonated Drinks
Liquid Liquid Wine, Vinegar
Solid Liquid Salt in Water
1. Solid Solutions Gas Solid Hydrogen in palladium
Liquid Solid Dental Amalgam (Hg in Ag)
Solid Solid Sterling Silver (Cu in Ag), Bronze (Cu
& Sn), Brass (Cu & Zn)
B. BASED ON SOLUBILITY

• Solubility – maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given

volume of a solvent at a specified temperature
Solute Solubility g per 100 g Solvent Quality Solubility Description

Less than 0.1 Insoluble

0.1-1.0 Slightly Insoluble
1.0-10 Soluble
Greater than 10 Very Soluble
B. BASED ON SOLUBILITY

• 1. Saturated Solution – contains the maximum amount of solute that can

be dissolved under conditions at which the solution exists. A saturated
solution containing excess undissolved solute is in an equilibrium situation
where the rate of dissolution of undissolved solute is equal to the rate of
crystallization of dissolved solute.
• 2. Unsaturated solution – contains less solute than the maximum amount
possible
• 3. Supersaturated solution – contains more than the maximum amount
possible that could normally be dissolved in the given amount of solvent at
a specific temperature.
• FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF SOLUTE

• 1. Nature of Solute and Solvent – “Like Dissolves Like”

• 2. Temperature – Solubility of solids in liquids increases as the
temperature of the liquids increases. The solubility of gases in liquids
decreases with an increase of temperature.
• 3. Pressure – the solubility of a gas is directly proportional with the
pressure of the gas at constant temperature (Henry’s law). Pressure has
very little effect on the solubility of liquids and solids.
• FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF
DISSOLUTION

• 1. Particle size/ surface exposed

• 2. Agitation / Stirring
• 3. Heating
• SOLUBILITY OF LIQUIDS IN LIQUIDS

• 1. Miscible – substances dissolve in each other at any

amount
• 2. Partially miscible – substances have limited
solubility in each other
• 3. Immiscible – do not dissolve in each other
C. BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE
DISSOLVED

• 1. Dilute Solutions – a solution where small amount of

solute is present in solution relative to the amount that
can be dissolved in the solvent.
• 2. Concentrated Solution – contains a relatively large
amount pf solute relative to the amount that can
dissolve
• • Concentrations of Solutions – amount of dissolved
substances present in a specified amount of solvent or
solution.
• Some Methods of expressing concentrations:
• DILUTIONS OF SOLUTIONS

• Dilution – addition of solvent to a solution in order to lower the

concentration solution
• Amount of the dissolved solute before dilution = amount of dissolved
solute after dilution
• But: amount of dissolved solute = concentration x volume of solution
• So: C1V1 = C2V2
• • Titration – very careful addition (from a burette) of a
measured volume of a concentration (titrant) into a
solution containing the substance being analyzed
(analyte)
• o Equivalence point – point in the titration where
enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the
analyte
• o Endpoint – point where the indicator actually
changes color
• o Standardization – titrating a primary standard with a
solution of unknown concentration