Concentration of Solution SUPERSATURATED – unstable condition in which

there is more solute in solution than can normally exist

SOLUTION at a given temperature.
• A homogeneous mixture of two or more SOLUBILITY
substances in a single physical state.
• A measure of the maximum amount of solute
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to
form a stable solution
1. SOLUTE
• Property which allows solute particles to form
– substance that is dissolved
uniform mixture with solvent particles
-smaller amount that solvent
SOLUTE CAN BE:
2. SOLVENT
• SOLUBLE – A given solute can easily dissolve
– dissolving medium in a given amount of solvent

- larger amount than solute • SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE – the solute is partially

dissolved in a given amount of solvent
Water – “universal solvent”
• INSOLUBLE- a given solute does not dissolve
SOLVATION AND HYDRATION in a given amount of solvent
• SOLVATION – the process in which an ion or a MISCIBILITY
molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules
arranged in specific manner • Solubility of liquid with another liquid

• HYDRATION – the process in which an ion is • MISCIBLE – if 2 liquids dissolve in each other
surrounded by water molecules arranged in in any proportion
specific manner
• PARTIALLY MISCIBLE – when 2 liquid
AQUEOUS SOLUTION components form a single phase when mixed in
certain proportions but form 2 phases when
• A solution in which the solvent is water mixed in different proportions
A solute that dissolved in water can be: • IMMISCIBLE – 2 components are insoluble in
each other
(a.) ELECTROLYTE- a substance that when dissolved
in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
(b) NON-ELECTROLYTE- a substance that does not • Nature of solute and solvent
conduct electricity when dissolved in water
• Temperature
Type of Solution
• Pressure
• SATURATED- contains maximum amount of
solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given Nature of Solute and Solvent
temperature
• Like dissolves like”
• UNSATURATED- there is less solute that can
• When 2 substances are similar, they can dissolve
be dissolved at a given temperature
in each other
 Percent by mass
Solute Polar solvent Non-polar
solvent Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

Polar soluble insoluble % SOLUTE =mass of solute x 100

mass of solution
Non- insoluble soluble
polar % SOLVENT=mass of solvent x 100
Ionic Soluble Insoluble mass of solution

A solution is prepared by mixing 10g NaCl with 250g of

H2O. Determine %NaCl and % H2O
Some Polar and Non-polar Substances
%NaCl= _10 g_ x 100 = 3.85% NaCl
POLAR
260 g
 Water
 Alcohols % H2O = 250 g_ x 100 = 96.15 % H2O
 Acetone
260 g
 Acetic acid
 Formic acid 3.85% NaCl solute

NON-POLAR + 96.15 % H2O + solvent

 Hexane 100 % solution

 Heptane
 Octane
 Carbon tetrachloride % H2O = 100 % - 3.85% = 96.15 %H2O
 In general, greases, petroleum oils, vegetable oils,
waxes, gasolines How many grams of glucose and of H2O are in 500g of
5.3% by mass glucose solution
FACTORS THAT SPEED UP THE RATE OF
SOLUBILITY
solute 5.3 % glucose ?g
• Surface Area
+ solvent 94.7% H O ?g
2
• Stirring
solution 100 % 500 g
• Temperature

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION % glucose = g glucose x 100

 The amount of a solute in a given amount of g solution

solvent or solution
5.3% = g glucose x 100
 Refers to the quantitative relationship between
solute and solvent 500 g
 A complete description of a solution
g glucose = (0.053) (500 g) = 26.5 g glucose
% H2O = g H2O x 100 A solution is prepared by mixing 10g NaCl with 250g of
H2O. Determine the mole fraction of NaCl and H2O
g solution

94.7% H2O = g H2O x 100

500 g

g H2O = (0.947) (500g) = 473.5 g H2O

or

g H2O = 500 g - 26.5 g = 473.5 g H2O

Percent by volume
MOLARITY or Molar Concentration(M)
Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of
solvent M = mole of solute = mole

% SOLUTE =volume of solute x 100 Liter of solution L

volume of solution Mole of solute = mass in gram of solute

% SOLVENT=volume of solvent x 100 Molar mass of solute

volume of solution Molarity

Percent by volume Example Problem 1

• Rubbing alcohol is an aqueous solution 12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making 344mL of
containing 70% isopropyl alcohol by volume. solution. Calculate the molar concentration.
How would one prepare 250mL rubbing alcohol
from pure isopropyl alcohol?

Example Problem 2

How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL of

solution with a concentration of 1.25 M?
Mole Fraction (Mf)

Mf of solute = mole of solute

mole of solution

Mf of solvent = mole of solvent

mole of solution
How many grams of NaCl are contained in 250.mL of The density of 2.45M aqueous solution of methanol
solution with a concentration of 1.25 M? (CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality of the
solution?
M= (mass in gram of solute)
M = 2.45 mol d = m/v
(Molar mass of solute) (Liter of solution)
1L
g NaCl = (M) (Molar mass) (Liter of solution)
1L x 1000 mL x 0.976 g = 976 g solution
g NaCl = (1.25 mol) (58.44 _g ) (0.250 L)
1L mL
L mol
2.45 mol CH3OH x 32.04 g = 78.50 g CH3OH
g NaCl = 18.3 g
mol
MOLALITY or Molal Concentration (m)
mass of water = 897.5 g
m = mole of solute = mole
m= 2.45 mol CH3OH = 2.73 mol/kg or 2.73 m
kilogram of solvent kg
0.8975 kg
Mole of solute = mass in gram of solute
NORMALITY or Normal Concentration (N)
Molar mass of solute
N = Equivalent of solute
m = (mass in gram of solute)
Liter of solution
(Molar mass of solute) (Kilogram of solvent)
Equivalent of solute = formula mass in grams

number of H+ (acid)
What is the molality of a solution in which 20g of
Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 250g of water? or OH- (base) or +/- ions (salt)

m = 20 g H3PO4

(74.10g/mol) (0.250kg) Equivalent of solute = formula mass in grams

m = 1.08 mol/kg or 1.08m number of H+

Calculate the molality of 35.4% by mass aqueous Equivalent of H3PO4 = 97.994 grams = 32.66 g
solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The molar mass of
Phosphoric acid is 98.00g/mol. 3

35.4% H3PO4 =g H3PO4 x 100 1 Equivalent = 32.66g

100 g Mg(OH)2

g H3PO4 = (0.354) (100g) = 35.4 g Equivalent of Mg(OH)2 = 58.321 g = 29.16 g

g H2O = 100 g - 35.4g = 64.6 g 2

m= 35.4 g H3PO4 1 Equivalent = 29.16 g

(98.00 g/mol)(0.0646kg)

m = 5.59 mol/kg or 5.59 m

CaCl2 = Ca2+ Cl1- = 2+ 2(1-) Normality and Molarity

2+ 2- What is the normality of 2.5M H2SO4 solution?

Equivalent of CaCl2 = 110.978 g = 55.489 g 1 mole = 2 equivalent

2 2.5 mol x 2 equivalent = 5.0 N

1 Equivalent = 55.489 g L 1 mol

Normality What is the molarity of 1.5 N H3PO4 1 mole = 3

equivalent
Calculate the normality of phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
solution containing 2.5g of H3PO4 in 150 mL solution in 1.5 equivalent x 1 mol = 0.5 M
reaction that replaces all three hydrogen ions.
L 3 equivalent
1 Equivalent = 32.66g H3PO4
Parts per million (ppm)
N= 2.5g x 1 Equivalent

32.66g

0.150 L

N = 0.51 equivalent/L or 0.51 N

Calculate the normality of Mg(OH)2 solution containing

5.25g Mg(OH)2 in 750mL solution.

1Equivalent = 29.16 g

N = 5.25 g x 1 Equivalent

29.16 g

0.750L

N = 0.24 equivalent/L or 0.24N

Calculate the normality of solution containing 3.65g

CaCl2 in 250mL solution.

1 Equivalent = 55.489 g

N = 3.65 g x 1 Equivalent

55.489 g

0.250 L

N = 0.263 equivalent/L or 0.263 N